Grade

10

MATHEMATICS
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 4
MELC 6, 7 & 8
Tangents, Secants, Segments and
Sectors of a Circle
and
Application of Circles
PART I.
MELC 6: Illustrates tangents, secants, segments and sectors of a circle

A. Introduction and Discussion

This module was made to help you understand better the key concepts of tangents, secants,
segments and sectors of a circle, and the different geometric relationships involving tangents and
secants of a circle. It will serve as a guide for you to find out how the different geometric relationships
involving tangents and secants of a circle facilitate finding solutions to real-life problems and making
wise decisions.
After going through this module, you are expected to illustrate tangents, secants, segments and
sectors of a circle.
B. Illustrative Examples:
Tangent Line

A tangent to a circle is a line coplanar with the circle

and intersects it in one and only one point. The point of . A

intersection of the line and the circle is called the B

point of tangency.
C
Example: In the figure on the right, ⃡ intersects A at C.
D
⃡ is a tangent line and C is the point of intersection or
M
of tangency.

Secant Line
A secant to a circle is a line that intersects a circle at . O
N
exactly two points. A secant contains a chord of a circle.

Example: In circle O, ⃡ is a secant line.

A
External Secant Segment
An external secant segment is the part
of a secant segment that is outside a circle.
In the figure, ⃡ and ⃡ are secants. ̅̅̅̅ B

and ̅̅̅̅̅are external secant segments.

C
E
D
Sector and Segment of a Circle
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by an arc of the circle and the two radii to the
endpoints of the arc. The shaded region in the figure below is a sector of U.
To find the area of the sector of a circle, get the product of the
ratio and the area of the circle. S
60°

Example: The radius of U is 12 cm. If m ̂ = 60, what is the

12 cm
area of sector SUV? V
Solution: To find the area of sector SUV: U

a. Determine first the ratio .

= or
 b. Find the area (A) of the circle using the equation A = , where r is the length of the radius.
A=
A=
A=

c. Get the product of the ratio and the area of the circle.
Area of sector SUV = ( )
=
The area of sector SUV is .

A segment of a circle is the region bounded by an arc

and the segment joining its endpoints. X
The shaded region in the figure on the right is a segment of Y
Y. It is the region bounded by ̂ and ̅̅̅̅.

To find the area of the shaded segment in the figure, subtract

the area of the triangle XYZ from the area of the sector XYZ. Z

If m ̂ = 90 and the radius of the circle is 8 cm, then the area

of sector XYZ is one-fourth of the area of the whole circle. That is,
Area of sector XYZ = ( )
=()
= 16
In the same figure, the area of = or 32 .
The area of the shaded region segment, then, is equal to 16 – 32 which is approximately
18.265 .
Note:

 A tangent to a circle is a line coplanar with the circle and intersects it in one and only one point. The
point of intersection of the line and the circle is called the point of tangency.
 A secant to a circle is a line that intersects a circle at exactly two points. A secant contains a chord of a
circle. An external secant segment is the part of a secant segment that is outside a circle.
 A sector of a circle is the region bounded by an arc of the circle and the two radii to the endpoints of
the arc.
 A segment of a circle is the region bounded by an arc and the segment joining its endpoints.

MELC 7: Proves theorems on secants, tangents, and segments

A. Introduction and Discussion

This module is about the different theorems on secants, tangents, secant segment and tangent
segment of a circle. It includes relationships involving angles formed and their intercepted arcs.
After going through this module, you will understand the different geometric relationships
involving tangents and secants of a circle. You are expected to prove theorems on tangents and
secants of circles.

B. Illustrative Examples:
Theorems on Tangent Line
1. If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular
to the radius drawn to the point of tangency. V

If ⃡𝐿𝑉 is tangent to E at O, then it is

O E
perpendicular to radius EO.
2. If a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its

L
 endpoint that is on the circle, then the line is tangent
to the circle.

⃡ is perpendicular to radius IN at N,
If 𝐾𝐷
then it is tangent to I.
I

K D

3. If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent N

to a circle, then the two segments are congruent.

If ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑆 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝑆 are tangent to A,
then 𝐶𝑆 ≅ 𝐻𝑆̅̅̅̅. C
A

S H

Theorems on Angles Formed by Tangents and Secants

1. If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-half
the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
In the figure below ⃡ and ⃡ are two secants
intersecting outside the circle at point S. ̂ and ̂ are
two intercepted arcs of .

m 𝐸𝑆𝐿 = m𝐸𝐿̂ – m𝑀𝐼

̂)
I
̂ = 160 and
For example, if m𝐸𝐿 S
̂ = 40, then
m𝑀𝐼
M E
m 𝐸𝑆𝐿 = 0 − 0)
= 0)
m 𝐸𝑆𝐿 = 60

2. If a secant and a tangent intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is
one-half the positive difference of the measure of the intercepted arcs.

In the figure below, ⃡ is a secant and ⃡ is a tangent intersecting outside the circle at point
B. ̂ and ̂ are the two intercepted arcs of .
 ̂ – m𝑅𝐸
m 𝑅𝐵𝑉 = (m𝑅𝐴𝑉 ̂) B
R
̂ = 192
For example, if m𝑅𝐴𝑉

̂ = 76, then E
and m𝑅𝐸

m 𝑅𝐵𝑉 = (192 – 76)

A
= (116)
V
m 𝑅𝐵𝑉 = 58

3. If two tangents intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-half
the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
In the figure below, ⃡ and ⃡ are two tangents intersecting outside the circle at point H.
̂ and ̂ are the two intercepted arcs of .

̂ – m𝐸𝑂
m 𝑂𝐻𝐸 = (m𝐸𝑀𝑂 ̂)

M
̂ = 240
For example, if m𝐸𝑀𝑂
O
̂ = 120, then
and m𝐸𝑂

m 𝑂𝐻𝐸 = (240 – 120)

= (120)
H
m 𝑂𝐻𝐸 = 60
E

4. If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an angle formed is one-half
the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
In the figure below, ⃡ and ⃡ are two secants intersecting inside the circle. ̂ and ̂ are the
two intercepted arcs of while ̂ and ̂ are the two intercepted arcs of .

m ̂ + m𝐹𝑇
= (m𝐼𝐺 ̂) m ̂ + m𝐺𝑇
= (m𝐼𝐹 ̂)

For example, For example,

I
̂ = 80
if m𝐼𝐺 ̂ = 100
if m𝐼𝐹
G
̂ = 110, then
and m𝐹𝑇 ̂ = 70, then
and m𝐺𝑇
1
m = (80 + 110) m = (100 + 70) 2

= (190) = (170)
F
T
m = 95 m = 85

5. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the measure of each angle formed
is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.
 In the figure below ⃡ , is a secant and ⃡ is a tangent intersecting at R , the point of
tangency. ̂ is the intercepted arc of while ̂ is the intercepted arc of

M
̂)
m 𝑀𝑅𝐷 = (m𝑀𝑅 ̂)
m 𝑀𝑅𝐸 = (m𝑀𝐴𝑅
D
For example, For example,

̂ = 160, then
if m𝑀𝑅 ̂ = 200, then
if m𝑀𝐴𝑅 R
A
m 𝑀𝑅𝐷 = (160) m 𝑀𝑅𝐸 = (200)

m 𝑀𝑅𝐸 = 100 E
m 𝑀𝑅𝐷 = 80

Theorems on Secant Segments, Tangent Segments, and External Secant Segments

1. If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the product of the lengths
of one secant segment and its external secant segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the
other secant segment and its external secant segment.

and are secant segments

drawn to the circle from an exterior R G
point G. From the theorem,
EG●RG =AG●TG.
E
For example; If EG=8; RG=3; AG=6; T
and TG=4, then, 8(3) = 6(4)
24 24
units==24
24 units

2. If a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the
square of the length of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the secant
segment and its external secant segment.

is a secant segment drawn to the H

E
circle from exterior point E. is a
tangent segment that is also drawn to
the circle from the same exterior point E L
. From the theorem, .

For example: If HE=4, PE=8, and LE=2,

then, 42 = 8 (2)
P
16 units = 16 units
16= 16

Theorem on Two Intersecting Chords

If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the measures of the segments of one
chord is equal to the product of the measures of the segments of the other chord.
 In the circle shown on the right,
intersects at H. From the T
theorem, TH●AH = KH●NH. N
For example:

If TH=4, Ah=9, KH=3, and NH=12,

then, 4 (9) = 3 (12) H
K
3636
units == 3636
units

A
MELC 8: Solves problems on circles

A. Introduction and Discussion

This module facilitates deeper thinking and tests your understanding of the different geometric
relationships involving tangents and secants of a circle. You will be able to find solutions to real-life
problem and make wise decisions using the mathematics concepts and principles learned in solving
problems.
After going through this module, you should be able to solve problems involving circles.

B. Illustrative Examples:
1. A central angle γ in a circle of radius 10 units forms a sector with an area of 2.62 square units.
Find the measure of γ.
Solution: Let's start by drawing a diagram of the problem. We'll call the sector S, and we
know S = 2.62 units2. We can use the formula to relate the area S of the sector to the
area A of the circle.

Calculate the area A using the given radius of 10 units.

A = πr2 = π(10 units)2 ≈ 3.14(100 units2) ≈ 314 units2
Now let's find γ.

Thus, the angle has a measure of 3°.

2. The secant segment PA to a circle released from a point P outside the circle has the measure
of 9 units (Figure 1). Its external part PB has the measure of 4 units. Find the measure of the
tangent segment PC to the circle released from the same point P. Solution: From the
theorem, if a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an exterior
point, then the square of the length of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the
lengths of the secant segment and its external secant segment.

Thus, PC2= PA ∙ PB. Substituting

the given we have PC2 = 9 units ∙
4 units, then PC2= 36 units or PC
≈ 6 units.
Note: Theorems on Circles

1. If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.
2. If a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its endpoint that is on the circle, then the line is
tangent to the circle.
3. If two tangents intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-half
the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
4. If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an angle formed is one-half the
sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
5. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the measure of each angle formed
is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.
6. If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the product of the lengths of
one secant segment and its external secant segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the
other secant segment and its external secant segment.
7. If a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the
square of the length of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the secant
segment and its external secant segment.
PART
8. If twoII.chordsActivities
of a circle intersect, then the product of the measures of the segments of one chord is
Activity
equalI.toA. theTangents
product ofor theSecants?
measures of the segments of the other chord.

In the figure on the right, ⃡ , ⃡ , ⃡ , and ⃡ intersect N

A at some points. Use the figure to answer the
following questions. M O

1. Which lines are tangent to the circle?

Why?
2. Which lines are secants?
K . A P
Why?
3. At what point does each tangent intersect the circle?
4. At what points do each secant intersect the circle? Q

R
Activity I. B. Find This Part
Find the area of the shaded region of each circle. Use . Give the final answer up to two
decimal places.

1. 2. 3.
90

10 cm 6 cm

Activity II. A. Make Me Complete!

Complete the proof of the given theorem. L
.E
If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent
to a circle, then the two segments are congruent.

P
Given: ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ are tangent to E at L and P, respectively.
Prove: ̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
To prove: Draw ̅̅̅̅ , ̅̅̅̅, and ̅̅̅̅.
H

Proof:
Statements Reasons
Radii of the same circle are congruent.
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence Theorem
CPCTC (Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Triangles are Congruent)

Activity II. B. Prove Me Right!

Show a proof of the theorem.
If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an angle formed is one-half the
sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
Given: ⃡ and ⃡ are secants intersecting in the
interior of at R. ̂ and ̂ are the intercepted L
arcs of and .
.W
Prove: = ( ̂ + ̂) P M
R

N
Activity III. Find My Length!
Find the length of the unknown segment (x) in each of the following figures.
1. 2.

3.
Activity III
1. 4 cm
2. 12 cm
3. 8 cm
Activity II. A. Make Me Complete
tatements Reasons
̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝑃
𝐸𝐿 Radii of the same circle are congruent.
̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝑃 ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐿 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝐿 ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐿 A line tangent to a circle is perpendicular to
the radius.
̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐻
𝐸𝐻 Reflexive Property
𝐻𝐸𝐿 ≅ 𝐻𝐸𝑃 Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence Theorem
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝐿 ≅ 𝐻𝑃 CPCTC (Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Triangles are Congruent)
Activity I. B. Find this Part
1. 10.67𝜋 or 33.52 cm2
2. 12.5 𝜋 or 39.27 cm2
3. 10.27 cm2
Activity I. A. – Tangents or Secants?
1. 𝑁𝑃 ⃡ are tangent to the circle. Each line intersects the circle at exactly one point.
⃡ and 𝑃𝑅
2. 𝐾𝑄 ⃡
⃡ , and 𝑀𝑄 are secant lines. Each line intersects the circle at two points.
3. 𝑁𝑃 ⃡ intersects the circle at Q.
⃡ intersects the circle at O. 𝑃𝑅
4. 𝐾𝑄 ⃡ intersects the circle at M and Q.
⃡ intersects the circle at K and Q. 𝑀𝑄
Key Answer
PART III. Assessment
I. True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect.

________1. A line coplanar with the circle and intersects it in one and only one point is tangent to a
circle.

________2. An external secant segment is a part of a secant segment that is inside a circle.

________3. When a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, the measure of each
angle formed is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

________4. Sector of a circle is the region bounded by an arc of the circle and the two radii to the
endpoints of the arc.

________5. If two tangents intersect in the interior of a circle, the measure of an angle formed is one-
half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.

________6. If a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its endpoint that is on the circle, then the
line is tangent to the circle.

________7. If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is
one-half the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

II. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer.

______ 1. If ̂ measures 202° and ̂ measures 62°, what is the measure of

a. 70°
b. 80°
E c. 90°
d. 105°

______2. In the figure, a secant and a tangent intersect in the exterior of a circle. What is the measure
of if ̂ = °and ̂ = °?

a. 70°
B
b. 60°
c. 80°
d. 95°

______3. If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, what is the measure of if ̂ =155°
and ̂ =55°?

a. 70°
b. 50°
c. 80°
d. 105°
______4. In the figure two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, if measure of ̂ = 150° and ̂ =
44° what is the measure of ?

a. 60°
b. 53°
c. 80°
d. 15°

______5. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency and the angles formed are given
in the figure below, what is the measure of

a. 39°
b. 53°
c. 50°
d. 45°

______6. In the figure below ̂ measures 160°, what is the measure of

a. 95°
b. 58°
c. 80°
d. 85°

______7. In the figure below, if ̂ measures 110°, what is the measure of

a. 25°
b. 108°
c. 80°
d. 55°

______8. In the figure two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, if measure of ̂ = 125° and =
37° what is the measure of ̂ ?

a. 51°
b. 58°
c. 70°
d. 75°
 III. Solve each problem below.
1. In the figure below, two radii OA and OB form an angle of 70° for two
concentric circles with 8 cm and 5 cm radii. Calculate the area of the shaded
region formed by the radii and concentric circles.

2. A central angle of 60° is plotted on a circle with a 4 cm radius. Calculate the

area of the segment between the chord joining the ends of the two radii and
its corresponding arc.

REFERENCE:

Grade 10 Mathematics Learner’s Module

pp.178-210