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ALGExercises 1

This document contains 9 exercises related to linear algebra concepts such as linear independence, subspaces, and bases in vector spaces. The exercises involve determining if sets of vectors are linearly independent or dependent, finding bases and dimensions of subspaces, describing subspaces with linear equations, and verifying that sets of matrices form linear subspaces. The document provides background information and references for linear algebra taught in a first year physics bachelor's program.

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Cayuss Andrei Mihăițoaia
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126 views2 pages

ALGExercises 1

This document contains 9 exercises related to linear algebra concepts such as linear independence, subspaces, and bases in vector spaces. The exercises involve determining if sets of vectors are linearly independent or dependent, finding bases and dimensions of subspaces, describing subspaces with linear equations, and verifying that sets of matrices form linear subspaces. The document provides background information and references for linear algebra taught in a first year physics bachelor's program.

Uploaded by

Cayuss Andrei Mihăițoaia
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© © All Rights Reserved
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*

Linear Algebra
Exercises set 1

Bachelor in Physics, 1st year


University of Bucharest

Linear (in)dependence in vector spaces, generators, subspaces, basis

1. In each vector space V specified below, is the vector u a linear combination of the
vectors ui ?
(a) V = R2 , u = (1, 2), u1 = (1, −2), u2 = (2, 3);
(b) V = R3 , u = (3, 1, m), u1 = (1, 3, 2), u2 = (1, −1, 4). Discuss by the value of m ∈ R;
(c) V = R[X], u(X) = 16X 3 − 7X 2 + 21X − 4, u1 (X) = 8X 3 − 5X 2 + 1, and u2 (X) =
X 2 + 7X − 2
(d) V = F(R, R), u(x) = sin(2x), u1 (x) = sin x, u2 (x) = cos x

2. (a) Is the family {u, v, w} with u = (1, 2, −1), v = (1, 0, 1), w = (−1, 2, −3) linear
independent in R3 (over R)?
(b) Is the family {u, v, w, z} with u = (1, 2, 3, 4), v = (5, 6, 7, 8), w = (9, 10, 11, 12) and
z = (13, 14, 15, 16) linear independent in R4 (over R)?

3. Let {P1 , . . . , Pn } be a family of non-zero polynomials such that deg(P1 ) < deg(P2 ) <
· · · < deg(Pn ). Show that it is a linear independent family. The same requirement for one
of the infinite families 1 {eax }a∈R or {cos(ax)}a>0 - on choice - in the (infinite dimensional)
vector space of functions F(R, R). Hint. For the second part take the derivative(s) of
a (finite!) linear combination supposed to be identically 0.

4. Let e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 be four linearly independent vectors in Rn . Are the following families


linearly independent? (a) {e1 , 2e1 + e4 , e3 + e4 }; (b) {2e1 + e2 , e1 − 2e2 , e4 , 7e1 − 4e2 }.

5. Let u1 = (1, 1, 3), u2 = (1, −1, −1), u3 = (1, 0, 1) and u4 = (2, −1, 0) be vectors in R3 .
Prove that span{u1 , u2 } = span{u3 , u4 }.

6. Give the dimension of the (sub)spaces span{u, v, w}, and span{u, v, w, z} given by the
two set of vectors in Exercise 2 and indicate a basis. Describe these linear subspaces by
a (sytem of) linear equation(s) and indicate the geometric object that they represent in
3 and 4-dimensional ambient space, respectively.
* Lectures given by Prof. N. Cotfas. Assistant R.Slobodeanu. You can address your questions at
radualexandru.slobodeanu@g.unibuc.ro or at nicolae.cotfas@unibuc.ro
1
An infinite family {fa (x)}a is called linearly independent if for any finite sequence of indices a1 <
a2 < · · · < ap , where p is arbitrary, {fa1 (x), . . . , fap (x)} is linearly independent.

1
7. Which of the following W are subspaces in the corresponding ambient vector space?
(a) W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 |x = 2y = 3z}
(b) W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 |2x + 3y − 5z = 0} ∩ {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 |x − y + z = 0}. Same for ’∪’
(c) W = {(x, y, z, t) ∈ R4 |x2 + y 2 + z 2 − c2 t2 = 0}
(d) W = {u : (0, 1) → R|u(0) = u(1)}; same for W = {u : (0, 1) → R|u0 (0) = u0 }, u0 ∈ R
(e) W = {derivable functions u : R → R}, same for bounded functions, even functions
(f) W = {solutions u : I → R of the ODE u0 + a(x)u = f0 } where a is some fixed
continuous function on the interval I. Discuss by the value of f0 ∈ R.
Justify briefly your answer and guess the dimension in each case when the answer is
affirmative.

8. Find a basis and give the dimension of the subspace of R4 given as the space of solutions
of the following homogeneous linear system:

 x+y+z−t =0
y+z−t =0 (1)
2x + y + z − t = 0

  
ia w
9. Consider the set of matrices W = , a ∈ R, w ∈ C . Verify that W =
n o −w −ia
t
A ∈ M2×2 (C), A = −A, trace A = 0 and that it is a linear subspace of the vector space
over R whose elements are 2 × 2 matrices with complex elements. Consider the following
matrices (called Pauli matrices 2 ):
     
0 1 0 −i 1 0
σ1 = , σ2 = , σ3 =
1 0 i 0 0 −1

Show that {iσ1 , −iσ2 , iσ3 } form a set of linear independent generators (basis) of W .

References
[1] N. Cotfas, Elements of Linear Algebra & some applications, on-line pdf at link

[2] N. Cotfas, L.A. Cotfas, Elemente de algebră liniară, Ed. Univ. Bucureşti, 2015.

[3] Lipschutz, S., Lipson, M. Schaum’s outline. Linear algebra, McGraw-Hill Education,
2018.

2
These matrices have been used by W.E. Pauli (1900-1958) in the nonrelativistic theory of electron
spin.

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