CBSE 2023

MAHENDRA KALRA

NAME OF STUDENT

K.V.ITARANA

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IMPORTANT REASONING BASED QUESTIONS
UNIT: 10.HALOALKANES & HALOARENES
1. Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards Nucleophilic Substitution reactions. Answer: Aryl halides
are extremely less reactive towards Nucleophilic Substitution reactions. because C—X bond acquires a partial
double bond character due to resonance. As a result, the bond cleavage in haloarene is difficult than haloalkane
and therefore, they are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.(draw the resonating structures of
chlorobenzene)
2. Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes and haloalkenes.
3. C-X bond length in halobenzene is smaller than C-X bond length in CH3-X Answer: because C—X bond in
halobenzene acquires a partial double bond character due to resonance
4. Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as main product while AgCN forms isocyanides as main
product. Answer: Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as main product while AgCN forms
isocyanides as main product.since KCN is predominantly ionic and provides cyanide ions in solution. Although
both carbon and Nitrogen can donate electron pair but carbon donates electron pair instead of Nitrogen to form
more stable C-C bond. How ever, AgCN is mainly covalent in nature and Nitrogen is free to donate electron pair
forming isocyanide as the main product.
5. Allyl chloride is more reactive than n - propyl chloride towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Answer: Allyl chloride is more reactive than n - propyl chloride towards nucleophilic substitution
reaction.because allyl carbocation is stabilized by resonance whereas n propyl carbocation is stabilized by +I
effect only.
6. Allyl chloride is hydrolysed more readily than n-propyl chloride.
7. Tert-Butylbromide reacts with aq. NaOH by SN1 mechanism while n-butylbromide reacts by SN2
mechanism
8. Ethyl iodide undergoes SN2 undergoes reaction faster than ethyl bromide. Answer:Since I- ion is better
leaving group than Br- ion, Ethyl iodide reacts faster than ethyl bromide in SN2.
9. Benzyl chloride undergoes SN1 reaction faster than cyclohexyl methyl chloride. Answer: because in case of
benzyl chloride the carbocation formed is stablised by resonance.
10. p - nitro chlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution faster than chlorobenzene Answer: p - nitro
chlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution faster than chlorobenzene,due to presence of electron
withdrawing groups such as nitro group in p - nitro chlorobenzene.,it forms more stable carbanion
11. The presence of nitro group (–NO2 ) at ortho and para postions in haloarenes increases the reactivity of
haloarenes towards Nucleophilic substitution reaction. Answer: The presence of nitro group (–NO2 ) at ortho
and para postions in haloarenes helps in stabilization of resulting carbanion by –R and –I effects and hence
increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards Nucleophilic substitution reaction.
12. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in haloarenes occur slowly. Answer:Chlorine withdraws
electrons through inductive effect and releases electrons through resonance. The inductive effect is stronger than
resonance and causes net electron withdrawal as a result Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in
haloarenes occur slowly
13. Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing group, yet it is ortho-, para- directing in electrophilic
aromatic substitution reactions. Answer: As the weaker resonance (+R) effect of Chlorine which stabilize the
carbocation formed tends to oppose the inductive effect of Chlorine which destabilize the carbocation at ortho
and para postions and makes deactivation less for ortho and para postion.
14. The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride. Answer: The dipole moment
of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.because in chlorobenzene electron withdrawing
inductive effect is opposed by electron releasing resonance effect there fore it is relatively less polar. On the other
hand in cyclohexyl chloride there is only electron with drawing is inductive effect of -Cl atom due to which more
polar.
15. Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions. Answer: Grignard reagents should be
prepared under anhydrous conditions.because Grignard reagent reacts with water and get decomposed and form
alkanes RMgX + H2O→ R-H + Mg (OH) X.
16. The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aq.KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in the presence of
alc.KOH alkenes are major products. Answer: The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aq.KOH leads to the
formation of alcohols but in the presence of alc.KOH alkenes are major products.because in presence of
aq.KOH(more polar), nucleophilic substitution reaction takes place ,thus alcohols are formed while in
presence alc.KOH(less polar),elimination reaction takes place.thus alkenes are major products.
16. Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water. Answer: Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible
with water.because alkyl haides are unable to form H-bond with water as well as unable to break the existing H-
bonds among water molecules.
17. The solubility of haloalkanes in water very low.

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18. Haloalkanes easily dissolve in organic solvents. Answer: because the new intermolecular attractions between
haloalkanes and organic solvents have much the same strength as ones being broken in the separate haloalkanes
and solvent molecules.
19. Halogen compounds used in industry as solvents are alkyl chlorides rather than bromides and iodides.
Answer: because alkyl chlorides are more stable and more volatile than bromides and iodides.
20. Haloalkanes have higher boiling points as compared to those of corresponding alkanes.
Answer:Haloalkanes have higher boiling points as compared to those of corresponding alkanes.Due to greater
polarity as well as higher molecular mass as compared to the parent hydrocarbon,
21. n- butyl bromide has higher point than tert.- butyl bromide. Answer: n- butyl bromide being a straight chain
alkyl halide has larger surface area than tert. butyl bromide. Larger the surface area ,larger the magnitude of the
vanderwaal’s forces and higher is the boiling point.
22. The boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF. Answer: The boiling points of
alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF.This is because with the increase in size and mass of
halogen atom, the magnitude of van der Waal forces increases
23. .P-Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p and solubility than those of o- and m- isomers. Answer: P-
Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p and solubility than those of o- and m- isomers. Since p-dichlorobenzene has
more symmetrical structure than other two isomers, hence its molecules fit more closely in the crystal lattice and
consequently stronger intermolecular attractive forces.
24. Racemic mixture is optically inactive. Answer: A Racemic mixture contains two enantiomers in d & l equal
proportions. As the rotation due to one enatiomer is cancelled by equal and opposite rotation of another isomer.
Therefore it is optically inactive..
25. 1-Bromobutane optically inactive but 2-Bromobutane is optically active. Answer: 2-Bromobutane has four
different groups attached to the tetrahedral carbon and has chiral carbon, therefore it is optically active
22. Preparation of alkyl chloride from alcohols by treating it with Thionyl chloride SOCl2 is the best
method. Answer: Because it gives almost pure alkyl chloride since the by products of the reaction i.e. SO2 and
HCl are in gaseous phase.
23. Alkyl halides are generally not prepared in laboratory by free radical halogenations of alkanes.
Answer: Alkyl halides are generally not prepared in laboratory by free radical halogenations of alkanes.since
Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex mixture of isomeric mono- and
polyhaloalkanes, which is difficult to separate as pure compounds. Consequently, the yield of any one
compound is low.
24. Sulphuric acid is not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI. Answer: H2SO4 cannot be used along
with KI in the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl iodide as it converts KI to corresponding HI and then
oxidizes it to I2.
25. Chloroform is stored in closed dark coloured bottles. Answer: Chloroform is stored in closed dark
coloured bottles.because it is slowly oxidized by air in the presence of light to an extremely poisonous gas,
phosgene.
Unit:11. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
26. O-nitrophenol is steam volatile whereas p-nitrophenol is not. Ans:O-nitrophenol is steam volatile due to
presence of intramolecular Hydrogen bonding whereas p-nitrophenol is not steam volatile due to presence of
intermolecular Hydrogen bonding
27. O-nitrophenol has lower boiling point than p-nitrophenol Ans: O-nitrophenol has lower boiling point than
p-nitrophenol.due to presence of intramolecular Hydrogen bonding in Ortho-nitro phenol and presence of
intermolecular Hydrogen bonding in p-nitrophenol.
28. Phenols not undergo Nucleophilic substitution reaction easily but undergo elecrophilic substitution
reaction easily at ortho and para positions. Ans: Phenols not undergo Nucleophilic substitution reaction
easily because of double bond character between C=O bond which is difficult to break.but Electrophilic
substitution reaction take place easily ortho and para positions in the ring are electron rich due to the
resonance .(also draw the resonating structures of phenol).
29. Nucleophilic substitution reactions are not very common in phenols. Ans: Phenols not undergo
Nucleophilic substitution reaction easily because of double bond character between C=O bond which is
difficult to break
30. The carbon-oxygen bond in phenol is slightly stronger than that in methanol. Ans: because of partial
double bond character between carbon-oxygen bond in phenol due to resonance.
31. -OH group in phenols more strongly held as compared to -OH group in alcohols. Ans: because of partial
double bond character between carbon-oxygen bond in phenol due to resonance
32. In Phenol, the –OH group activates the benzene ring towards elecrophilic substitution and directs the
substituents to Ortho and para positions in benzene ring. Ans: . because the OH group attached to the
benzene ring activates it towards electrophilic substitution. Also, it directs the incoming group to ortho and

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para positions in the ring as these positions become electron rich due to the resonance effect caused by –OH
group.(also draw the resonating structures of phenol)
33. Phenol is more easily nitrated than benzene. Ans: As the presence of —OH group in phenol increases the
electron density at ortho and para positions in benzene ring by +R effect. The nitration, being an electrophilic
substitution reaction is more facile where the electron density is more.
34. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than the corresponding hydrocarbons Ans: because
it can form intermolecular Hydrogen -bonding with water
35. Low molecular mass alcohols are soluble in water. Ans: because it can form intermolecular Hydrogen -
bonding with water
36. Propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane. Ans: because propanol are held
together by stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding.whereas the molecules of butane are held together by
weak yan der Waals forces of attraction
37. The boiling point of alcohols and phenols are higher in comparison to hydrocarbons, ethers,
haloalkanes. Ans: because the –OH group in alcohols and phenols is involved in intermolecular hydrogen
bonding
38. Alcohols and ethers of comparable molecular mass have different boiling points. Ans: because alcohols
can form intermolecular Hydrogen -bonding
39. The boiling point of alcohols and phenols increase with increase in number of carbon atoms. Ans:
because of increase in van der Waals forces.
40. In alcohols the boiling point decreases with increase in branching. Ans: because of decrease in van der
Waals forces with decrease in surface area
41. The acid strength of alcohols decreases in the following order:1o>2o>3o. Ans: Because more is number of
electron releasing groups lesser is the acidic strength
42. The presence of electron withdrawing groups such as nitro group enhances the acidic strength of
phenol. Ans: Because withdrawing groups, such as nitro group, in general, favour the formation of phenoxide
ion resulting in increase in acid strengthThis effect is more pronounced when such a group is present at ortho
and para positions.
43. The presence of electron releasing groups such as alkyl group decreases the acidic strength of phenol
Ans: Because electron releasing groups, such as alkyl groups, in general, do not favour the formation of
phenoxide ion resulting in decrease in acid strength. Cresols, for example, are less acidic than phenol
44. Ortho – nitrophenol is more acidic than Ortho – methoxyphenol. Ans: Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic
because nitro group is electron withdrawing and will increase +Ve Charge on Oxygen to make it more acidic
whereas – OCH3 group is electron releasing and it will not break easily
45. O-nitrophenol is more acidic than o-cresol . Ans: because nitro group is electron withdrawing group
whereas – OH group is electron releasing
46. p-nitrophenol is more acidic than phenol. Ans: because nitro group is electron withdrawing group.
47. 2-chloroethanol is more acidic than ethanol. Ans:Due to –I effect of chlorine atom.
48. Phenol is more acidic than alcohols(Ethanol) Ans: Because Phenoxide ion is more stablised than alkoxide
since in phenoxide ion, the charge is delocalised.,The delocalisation of negative charge makes phenoxide ion
more stable and favours the ionisation of phenol.( also draw the resonating structures of phenoxide ion)
49. Phenol does not undergo protonation easily. Ans: Because in phenols, the lone pairs of electrons on the
oxygen atom are delocalized over the benzene ring due to resonance and hence are not easily available for
protonation.
50. Phenol has small dipole moment than methanol. Ans: Due to electron-withdrawing effect of the benzene
ring, the C ―O bond in phenol is less polar but in case of methanol due to electron-donating effect of CH3
group, C ―O bond is more polar.
51. The C—O—H bond angle in alcohols slightly less than the tetrahedral angle whereas the C—O—C bond
angle in ether is slightly greater.
52. Out of ethanol and propanol, ethanol gives iodoform test whereas propanol does not do so. Ans:
because ethanol has CH3CH(OH)- linkage while propanol has not.
53. Thionyl chloride preferred over PCl5 in nucleophilic substitution reaction to convert alcohol to alkyl
halide. Ans: because all by – product are gases and escape easily and pure alkyl halide is Obtained CH3CH2OH
+ SOCl2 → CH3CH2Cl + SO2 (g) + HCl (g)
54. Among HI, HBr, HCl, HI is most reactive towards alcohol. Ans:.Due to low bond dissociation energy of HI
55. In aryl alkyl ethers (i) the alkoxy group activates thebenzene ring towards electrophilic substitution
and (ii) it directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring.. . Ans:In aryl
alkyl ethers (i) the alkoxy group activates thebenzene ring towards electrophilic substitution and (ii) it directs
the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring. because the –OR(alkoxy group) group
activates the benzene ring towards elecrophilic substitution and directs the substituents to Ortho and para
positions in benzene ring. Also, it directs the incoming group to ortho and para positions in the ring as these

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positions become electron rich due to the resonance effect caused by –OR group.(also draw the resonating
structures of aryl alkyl ethers).
56. Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method.
Ans: because dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohol will take place and alkene will be product.
57. O=C=O is nonpolar while R—O—R is polar. Ans:Due to lone pair of electrons on Oxygen atom.
Unit:12.ALDEHYDES,KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
58. Aldehydes and Ketones have lower boiling point than alcohols.
• It is because alcohol molecules are associated with intermolecular H-bonding whereas aldehydes and ketones
are not.
59. Aldehydes are more reactive than Ketones towards Nucleophilic addition reaction
• Because aldehydes are more polar than ketons due to lesser number of electron releasing alkyl groups which
reduce +Ve charge in aldehyde than ketones.
60. Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6 – tri methylcyclohexanone does not.
• because there is Steric hinderance of three methyl groups in 2,2,6 – tri methylcyclo hexanone.
61. There are two – NH2 group in semi carbazide however only one is involved in the formation of semi
carbazones.
• Since the NH2 group attached to carbonyl group is stabilized by resonance and has double bond character.
62. During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid
catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as fast as it is formed.
• .It is done so that ester formed does not get hydrolysed.
63. Melting Point of an acid with even number of carbon atoms higher than those of its neighbours with
odd number of carbon atoms
• .It is because acids having even number of carbon atoms can fit into crystal lattice more easily than odd ones,
therefore have higher melting point.
64. It is necessary to control the pH during the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia
derivatives.
• The addition of ammonia derivative to aldehyde and ketones is done in weakly acidic medium in case the
medium is strongly acidic, then the ammonia derivative will be also protonated and will not be able to act as a
nucleophile.
65. Formaldehyde does not take part in Aldol condensation.
• Due to absence of  hydrogen atom.
66. Benzaldehyde gives a positive test with Tollens reagent but not with Fehling and Benedict’s solution.
• Benzaldehyde gives a positive test with Tollens reagent but not with Fehling and Benedict’s solution. Because
The electron donating resonance effect of the benzene ring increases the electron density in the carbonyl
group of benzaldehyde. Hence only stronger oxidizing agent can oxidise C-H to COOH to form carboxylic acid
but weaker reagent (like fehling, Benedict) fail to oxidise.
67. Carboxylic acids do not give the characteristic reactions of carbonyl group.
• Carbonyl carbon of carboxyl group is less electrophilic than carbon of carbonyl group in aldehyde.
68. Chloroacetic acid is stronger than acetic acid.
• because Cl is electron withdrawing, therefore chloroactate ion is more stable than acetate ion that is why
chloroacetic acid is stronger than acetic acid.
69. The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable
molecular masses.
• .It is due to weak molecular association in aldehydes and ketones arising out of the dipole-dipole interactions.
70. The lower members of aldehydes and ketones such as methanal,ethanal and propanone are miscible
with water in all proportions.
• because they form hydrogen bond with water
71. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition
reactions.with reasons (i) Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.(ii) Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde,
p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.(iii) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-
butyl ketone
• (i) Butanone <Propanone <Propanal <Ethanal.
(ii), Acetophenone< p-Tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde,. p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
(iii) Di-tert-butyl ketone,<Methyl tert-butyl ketone< Acetone< Acetaldehyde
72. Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions
than propanal.

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• The carbon atom of the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde is less electrophilic than carbon atom of the carbonyl
group present in propanal. The polarity of the carbonyl group is reduced in benzaldehyde due to resonance as
shown below and hence it is less reactive than propanal.
73. Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than aldehydes, ketones and even alcohols of comparable
molecular masses.
• Due to extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
74. Aliphatic carboxylic acids having upto four carbon atoms are miscible in water.
• Due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water.
75. Carboxylic acids are more acidic than phenols.
• Because, resonance in phenoxide ion is not as important as it is in carboxylate ion. Further, the negative
charge is delocalised over two electronegative oxygen atoms in carboxylate ion whereas it is less effectively
delocalised over one oxygen atom and less electronegative carbon atoms in phenoxide ion Thus, the
carboxylate ion is more stabilised than phenoxide ion, so carboxylic acids are more acidic than phenols.
76. Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic
acid is a stronger acid than phenol.
77. Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of carboxylic acids.
• since Electron withdrawing group (EWG) stabilises the carboxylate anion and strengthens the acid
78. Electron donating groups decrease the acidity of carboxylic acids.
• since Electron donating group (EDG) destabilises the carboxylate anion and weakens the acid
79. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of acid strength.(i)CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH,
CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH, (CH3)2CHCOOH,CH3CH2CH2COOH (ii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-
Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)
• (i)(CH3)2CHCOOH<CH3CH2CH2COOH< CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH< CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, (ii) 4-Methoxybenzoic acid
<Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid,< 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, (increasing acid strength)
80. Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?(i) CH3CO2H or CH2FCO2H (ii) CH2FCO2H
or CH2ClCO2H(iii) CH2FCH2CH2CO2H or CH3CHFCH2CO2H.
• (i) CH2FCO2H (ii) CH2FCO2H (iii) CH3CHFCH2CO2H.
Unit:13.AMINES
81. Ammonia are basic in nature . Ans due to the presence of unshared electron pair
82. Amines are basic in nature. Ans due to the presence of unshared electron pair.
83. Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than ammonia. Ans due to +I effect of alkyl groups leading to high
electron density on the nitrogen atom.
84. The order of basicity of amines in the gaseous phase follows the order:
Tertiary amine > Secondary amine > Primary amine > NH3. Ans Because the more the number of Electron
donating groups(EDG) i.e alkyl groups more is the basicity.
85. The order of basicity of amines is not regular in the aqueous state. Ans because there is a subtle interplay
of the inductive effect, solvation effect and steric hinderance of the alkyl group which decides the basic
strength of alkyl amines in the aqueous state.
86. The order of basic strength in the aqueous state. (C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2 > NH3
• (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N > NH3
• Reason : because there is a subtle interplay of the inductive effect, solvation effect and steric
hinderance of the alkyl group which decides the basic strength of alkyl amines in the aqueous state.
87. Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines. Ans because in aliphatic amines electron
releasing group (EDG) i.e. Alkyl group is/are present, Whereas in aromatic amines like aniline the lone pair of
electron of nitrogen atom is involved in resonance with benzene ring hence is not easily available for donation.
88. pKb of aniline is more than that of methylamine Ans It means aniline is less basic than that of methylamine
because in aniline the lone pair of electron of nitrogen atom is involved in resonance with benzene ring hence
is not easily available for donation.
89. Aromatic amines are weaker bases than ammonia. Ans due to the electron withdrawing nature of the aryl
group
90. The observed Kb order Et2 NH  Et3N EtNH2in aqueous solution .where Et is ethyl.
91. The observed Kb order Me2 NH  MeNH2 Me3N in aqueous solution .where Me is Methyl
92. Primary amines have higher boiling point than tertiary amines . Ans because in primary amines RNH 2 ,
the molecules have intermolecular hydrogen bonding but the a same cannot be present in the case of tertiary
amines
93. Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not. Ans Because ethylamine is soluble in water due to
the formation of hydrogen bonds with water whereas aniline due to large hydrocarbon part, the extent H –
Bonding decreases.
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94. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising primary amines. Ans because Gabriel
phthalimide synthesis gives pure primary amines without any contamination of secondary and tertiary
amines therefore it is preferred for synthesising primary amines.
95. Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis. Ans because in
preparation by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis,Ar-X is needed and aryl halides do not undergo nuleophilic
substitution esily due to presence of partial double character .
96. Although amino group is o– and p– directing in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, aniline
on nitration gives a substantial amount of m-nitroaniline. Ans because Nitration is usually carried out
with a mixture of conc HNO3 and conc H2SO4. In presence of these acids aniline gets protonated to form the
anilinium ion which is meta directing.
97. Direct nitration of aniline is not carried out. Ans Because by doing this it gets oxidized to protonated anilne
which gives 47% m-nitroaniline.
98. Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction. because aniline being a lewis base reacts with lewis acid
AlCl3 to form a salt
99. Amines are less acidic than alcohols of comparable molecular masses . Ans because oxygen is more
electronegative than nitrogen, therefore O-H bond breaks early than N – H bond.
100. Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate hydrated ferric oxide. because
Methylamine being more basic than water ,accepts a proton from from water liberate OH- ions ,these OH- ions
combine with Fe3+ to form a browm ppt of hydrated ferric oxide.
101. Aniline is soluble in aqueous HCl . Ans because Aniline forms the salt anilinium chloride which is
water soluble.
102. MeNH2 is stronger base than MeOH. Ans because Nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen
therefore lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is readily available for donation. Hence, MeNH2 is more basic than
MeOH.
103. NH2 group of aniline acetylated is before carrying out nitration. Ans Because the acetyl group
reduces the reactivity of of the ring thus its oxidation does not occur easily with HNO3
104. Acetylation of —NH2 group of aniline reduce its activating effect Ans Because with acetylation of
aniline result in decrease of electron density on Nitrogen.
105. Arrange the following in increasing order of:
a. C2H5NH2, C2H5OH, (CH3)3N (boiling point)
b. C2H5OH, (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2 (boiling point)
c. C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2. (solubility in water)
d. CH3NH2 (CH3)2NH (CH3)3N (basic strength in aqueous phase)
e. (C2H5)3N, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH (basic strength in aqueous phase)
f. C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2 (pKb values)
g. Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine(basic strength)
h. C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5) 2NH, NH3(basic strength in aqueous phase)
i. C2H5NH2, (C2H5) 2NH, (C2H5) 3N,NH3 (basic strength)
j. C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5) 2NH, C6H5NH2(basic strength)
k. C6H5NH2, C6H5N(CH3)2, (C2H5) 2NH,CH3NH2(basic strength)

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MECHANISM BASED QUESTIONS
UNIT: 10 HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES.
1. Explain the SN1 & SN2 mechanism with suitable examples.
Answer:
1. SN1 mechanism
• Substitution Nucleophilic Unimoecular (SN1)
• In this reaction, the rate of reaction depends only on the concentration of alkyl halide ie rate=K [ R X ]
• It is mainly shown by tertiary alkyl halids eg. Tertiary butyl halide.
• Example: The reaction between tert-butyl bromide and hydroxide ion yields tert-butyl alcohol and
follows the first order kinetics

• It is Two step reactions.

• Step I: In the first step slow dissociation of alkyl halide takes place by reversible reaction forming a
carbocation.

• Step II: The carbocation at once combines with the nucleophile to form final product.

• Order of reactivity: 30 > 20 > 10 alkyl halide

• Greater the stability of carbocation, greater will be its ease of formation from alkyl halide and faster will
be the rate of reaction. In case of alkyl halides, 30 alkyl halides undergo SN1 reaction very fast because of
the high stability of 30 carbocations.
• For a given alkyl group, the reactivity of the halide, R-X, follows the order R–I> R–Br>R–Cl>>R–F.( As
iodine is a better leaving group because of its large size, it will be released at a faster rate in the presence
of incoming nucleophile.)
2. SN2 mechanism
• Substitution Nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2)
• In this reaction, the rate of reaction depend on the concentration of both the alkyl halide and Nucleophile ie
rate = [ R X ] [ Nu- ]
• It is mainly given by primary alkyl halides e.g. n-alkyl halide
• Example: The reaction between CH3Cl and hydroxide ion to yield methanol and chloride ion
• CH3Cl + OH- → CH3 OH + Cl-
• It is One step reaction

• It results in complete inversion of configuration

• Order of reactivity of alkyl halide : Primary halide10 > Secondary halide20 > Tertiary halide 30
• Of the simple alkyl halides, methyl halides react most rapidly in SN2 reactions because there are only three
small hydrogen atoms. Tertiary halides are the least reactive because bulky groups hinder the approaching
nucleophiles.

2. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which would undergo SN2 reaction faster?

Answer: ( 1st one is faster It is primary halide and therefore undergoes SN2 reaction faster.)
(1st one is faster As iodine is a better leaving group because of its large size, it will be released at a faster rate in
th presence of incoming nucleophile)
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3. Predict the order of reactivity of the following compounds:
(i)The four isomeric bromobutanes (SN1)
(ii) C6H5CH2Br, C6H5CH (C6H5) Br, C6H5CH (CH3) Br, C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br (SN2)
Answer: (i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br < (CH3)2CHCH2Br < CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 < (CH3)3CBr (SN1)
(ii) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br > (CH3)2CHCH2Br > CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 > (CH3)3CBr (SN2)
4. Which alkyl halide from the following pairs would you expect to react more rapidly by an SN2 mechanism?
Explain your answer.

Answer:

5. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound undergoes faster SN1 reaction?

Answer:

6. Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reaction with –OH? (i) CH3Br or CH3I
(ii) (CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl Answer: (i) CH3I (ii) CH3Cl
7. Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

Answer:

8. Arrange the compounds of each set in order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane , 2-Bromopentane
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 3-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(iii) 1-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
Answer: (i) 1-Bromopentane >2-Bromopentane>2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane > 3-Bromo-2-methylbutane >2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(iii) 1-Bromobutane>1-Bromo-3-methylbutane >1-Bromo-2-methylbutane>1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
UNIT: 11 ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS & ETHERS
1. Mechanism for the Hydration of alkenes

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Mechanism
The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:
Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack of H3O+.

Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation.

Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol.

2. Mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give alkenes

Mechanism
Step 1: Formation of protonated alcohol.

Step 2: Formation of carbocation: It is the slowest step and hence, the rate determining step of the reaction.

Step 3: Formation of ethene by elimination of a proton.

The acid used in step 1 is released in step 3. To drive the equilibrium to the right, ethene is removed as it is formed.

3. Mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give ethers

Mechanism

4. Mechanism for the addition Grignard reagent on carbonyl compounds.

The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct.
Hydrolysis of the adduct yields an alcohol.

5. Mechanism for the reaction of HI on Ethoxymethane

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 CBSE 2021

When HI is in excess and the reaction is carried out at high temperature, ethanol reacts with another molecule of
HI and is converted to ethyl iodide.

1. Give mechanism for the Hydration of alkenes

2. Give mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give alkenes..Or Write the mechanism of acid
dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.
3. Give mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give ethers or Give mechanism of preparation of
ethoxyethane from ethanol.
4. Give mechanism for the addition Grignard reagent on carbonyl compounds.
5. Give mechanism for the reaction of HI on methoxymethane.
6. Describe the mechanism of hydration of propene to yield propan-2-ol.
Write the mechanism of the following reaction :

7. Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

CH3CH2OH + HBr→ CH3CH2Br + H2O
UNIT: 12 Aldehydes,Ketones & Carboxylic acids
1. Give mechanism for Nucleophilic addition reaction in carbonyl compounds.
2. Write the mechanism of reaction between actetaldehyde and HCN.
3. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition
reactions.with reasons
• (i) Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.
• (ii) Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.
• (iii) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone

Answers:1 & 2
• Mechanism - Nucleophile attacks electrophilic sp2 hybridised carbon. the hybridization changes to sp3 and a
tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate is formed which reacts with proton to form addition product.
•

3.
• (i),Butanone. Propanone Propanal, Ethanal
• (ii) Acetophenone , p-Tolualdehyde ,Benzaldehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde ,.
• (iii)Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone, Acetone, Acetaldehyde

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 CBSE 2021
CHEMICAL TEST TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PAIR OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
1. Lucas test
• To distinguish between Primary (10), Secondary (20), & Tertiary (30) Alcohols)
• Lucas reagent: ZnCl2/HCl
• Test & Reactions:
(i) Primary(10) + Lucas reagent(ZnCl2/HCl) → No Turbidity at room temperture
R – CH2 – OH + HCl ZnCl2 R – CH2 – Cl
1 Alcohol Lucas Reagent No Turbidity
(ii)Secondary (20) + Lucas reagent(ZnCl2/HCl) → Turbidity after some time (5-10 min)

(iii) Tertiary (30) + Lucas reagent(ZnCl2/HCl) → Turbidity at once(immediately)

2. Iodoform test (Alcohols)

• Alcohols containing linkage like Ethanol ,Propan-2-ol etc.)

• Reagent: I2 / NaOH
• Test: Alcohols containing CH3-CH(OH)-linkage on reaction I2 / NaOH gives Yellow Ppt of CHI3 .
• Reaction:

3. Neutral ferric chloride test

• Phenol give this test
• Test:Phenol reacts with Neutral FeCl3 to form a complex of Violet colour.
3 PhOH (Phenol) + FeCl3 (Neutral) → Violet colouration (PhO)3 Fe + 3 HCl
Ferric Phenate
4. Tollens test
• [Aliphatic Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Propanal etc) & Aromatic Aldehydes (Benzaldehyde etc.)]
• Tollens reagent: Ammoniacal .AgNO3 or [Ag (NH)2]+OH –
• Test: On warming an aldehyde with freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (Tollens’ reagent), a
bright silver mirror[Ag] is produced due to the formation of silver metal.
• Reaction:
R CHO + 2 [Ag (NH)2]+ OH - → R COOH + 2 Ag + 4 NH3 +H2O
Aldehyde Tollen’s reagent Silver
mirror..
O
||
R – C – R + Tollen’s reagent → No. silver mirror.
Ketone
Important Note: Ketones do not give this test

5. Fehling’s test:
• [Only Aliphatic Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Propanal etc)
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 CBSE 2021
• Fehling’s reagent: Fehling solution A is aqueous copper sulphate and Fehling solution B is alkaline sodium
potassium tartarate (Rochelle salt)
• Test: On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent,(equal amount of Fehling solution A & Fehling solution B )a
reddish brown precipitate of [Cu2O] is obtained.
• Reaction:R CHO + 2 Cu2+ + 5 OH¯ → RCOO¯ + Cu2O + 3 H2O
Aldehyde Red ppt

O
||
R – C – R + Fehling solution → No red ppt.

Important Note: Ketones do not give this test & also Aromatic aldehyde do not reduce fehling solution

6. Iodoform Test (Aldehydes & Ketones)

• [Aldehydes & Ketones containing linkage.e.g.Ethanal(Acetaldehyde) Propanone(Acetone) etc.]

• Reagent: I2 / NaOH
• Test: Aldehydes & Ketones containing –COCH3 linkage on reaction I2 / NaOH gives Yellow Ppt of CHI3
• Reaction
O
||
R – C – CH3 + I2 + NaOH → R COONa + CHI3 + NaI + H2O
Yellow Ppt
7. Sodium bicarbonate test
• Aliphatic & Aromatic Carboxylic acids give this test.
• Reagent: NaHCO3 Sodium Hydrogencarbonate
• Test: Carboxylic acids on reaction with NaHCO3 (Sodium Hydrogencarbonate ) gives effervescence due to
evolution of CO2 gas.
• Reaction: R COOH + NaH CO3 → R COONa + H2O + CO2 (g) bubbled

8. Test for Methanoic acid (Formic acid)

• Methanoic acid (Formic acid) give Tollen’s test & Fehling test.
• Reaction:H COOH + Tollen’s reagent → 2 Ag + CO2 + H2O
• ( Silver Mirror)
H COOH + Fehling sol → Cu2O + CO2 + H2O
(Red ppt)
9. Isocyanide test (Carbylamine reaction)
• Primary Aliphatic (e.g.Ethanamine) & Aromatic amines(e.g.Aniline) give this test.
• Reagent: Chloroform(CHCl3) + Alcoholic KOH
• Test: Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium
hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines which are foul smelling substances. (Unpleasent odur)
• Reaction:
RNH2 + CHCl3 + 3 KOH(alc) Warm R NC + 3 KCl + 3H2O
Alkyl isocyanide)( (offensive smel
• Important note: Secondary and tertiary amines do not give this test.
10. Heinsberg test
• To distinguish between Primary (10), Secondary (20), & Tertiary (30) Amines.
• Reagent: Benzenesulphonyl chloride C6H5SO2Cl Heinsberg reagent
Test:(i) Primary amine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride (Heinsberg reagent) to give N-ulphonyl amide
which is soluble in alkali because the hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic

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(ii) Secondary amine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride (Heinsberg reagent) to give N,N-
diethylbenzenesulphonamide which is insoluble in alkali Since N, N-diethylbenzene sulphonamide does not
contain any hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom.

(iii)Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride.

Important note: Now day’s benzenesulphonyl chloride is replaced by p-toluenesulphonyl chloride.
11. Azo dye test
• Aniline & its derivative give this test.
• Reagent: (NaNO2 + HCl )[Nitrous acid] followed by  -napthol
• Test: Aniline on reaction with NaNO2 + HCl at 273-278 K gives BDC which forms a brilliant orange dye with
 -napthol in sodium hydroxide.
• Reaction:
C6H5-NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ C6H5-N+2 Cl¯ ⎯⎯
273 -278K
⎯⎯→ orange Azo dye
- napthol

Summary of chemical Test

S.No Test Reagent Inference
1. Lucas test :To distinguish ZnCl2/HCl (3 ) Alcohols gives Turbidity
0

between Primary (10), (immediately), 20 Turbidity after some

Secondary (2 ), & Tertiary
0 time (5-10 min) 10 does not give
(30) Alcohols) Turbidity at room temperture

2. Iodoform test (Alcohols I2 / NaOH Yellow Ppt of CHI3 .is formed

containing CH3-CH(OH)-
linkage)
3. Neutral ferric chloride Neutral FeCl3 Violet colouration
test(Phenol)

4. Tollens test [Aliphatic Ammoniacal . Bright silver mirror [Ag] is produced due
Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Propa AgNO3 to the formation of silver metal.
nal etc) & Aromatic
Aldehydes (Benzaldehyde
etc.)]
5. Fehling’s test [Only Fehling solution A Reddish brown precipitate of [Cu2O] is
Aliphatic Aldehydes] (aqueous copper obtained.
sulphate & Fehling
solution B alkaline
sodium potassium
tartarate(Rochelle
salt)

6. Iodoform test (Aldehydes & I2 / NaOH Yellow Ppt of CHI3 .is formed
Ketones containing –COCH3
linkage)

7. Sodium bicarbonate test NaHCO3 Effervescence due to evolution of CO2 gas.

(Aliphatic & Aromatic Sodium
Carboxylic acids) Hydrogencarbonate

8. Isocyanide test Primary Chloroform(CHCl3) + Unpleasent odur (foul smelling) of

Aliphatic & Aromatic Alcoholic KOH isocyanides or carbylamines .
amines.

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 CBSE 2021
9. Heinsberg test(To Benzenesulphonyl Product of 10 Amines soluble in alkali.
distinguish between (10), chloride C6H5SO2Cl Product of 20 Amines are insoluble in
(20), & (30) Amines. alkali

10. Azo dye test(Aniline) (NaNO2 + HCl Reaction with NaNO2 + HCl at 273-278 K
)[Nitrous acid] gives BDC which forms a brilliant orange
followed by  - Azo dye with  -napthol in sodium
napthol hydroxide

11. Test for Methanoic acid Amm . AgNO3 & Bright silver mirror [Ag] is produced due
(Formic acid) Fehling solution A&B to the formation of silver metal
Tollens test & Fehling’s Reddish brown precipitate of [Cu2O] is
test obtained.

Give a chemical test to distinguish between following pairs of compounds:

UNIT: 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
1. Ethyl bromide & Bromobenzene
2. Ethyl bromide & Vinyl chloride
3. Chlorobenzene & n-hexyl chloride
4. Chlorobenzene & chlorocyclohexane
5. Chlorobenzene and Benzylchloride
6. Bromobenzene and Benzylbromide
UNIT: 11 ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS & ETHERS
7. Methanol and Ethanol
8. Propanol and Propan-2-ol
9. n-Propyl alcohol & Isopropyl alcohol
10. 2-Methyl Propan-2-ol and Propanol
11. n-Butyl alcohol & Sec.butyl alcohol
12. Sec.butyl alcohol & Tert.butyl alcohol
13. Phenol and Cyclohexanol
14. 10,20,&30 Alchols
15. Phenol and Benzoic acid
UNIT: 12 ALDEHYDES,KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
16. Propanal and Propanone
17. Acetophenone and Benzophenone
18. Phenol and Benzoic acid
19. Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate
20. Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
21. Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
22. Ethanal and Propanal
23. Benzaldehyde & Propanal
24. Acetone and Acetaldehyde
25. CH3CHO & CH3COCH3
26. C6H5CHO & CH3CHO
27. Acetaldehyde and Benzaldehyde
28. Ethanoic acid and Ethnoyl chloride
29. Methanoic acid and Ethanoic acid
30. Formic acid and Acetic acid
UNIT: 13 AMINES
31. Methylamine and dimethylamine
32. CHCl3 & CH3Cl
33. Ethylamine and aniline
34. Aniline and benzylamine
35. Aniline and N-methylaniline
36. N-methyl Propane -2-amine and N-ethyl N-methyl ethanamine
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37. Secondary and tertiary amines
38. 10,20,& 30 Amines
39. Describe a method for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Also write chemical
equations of the reactions involved

NAME REACTIONS BASED QUESTIONS

UNIT: 10 HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
1. Wurtz reaction : Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbons
(Alkanes) containing double the number of carbon atoms present in the halide
2R – X +2Na ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ R – R + 2NaX
Dryether

2CH3 –Br +2Na ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ CH3 – CH3 + 2Na Br

Dryether

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2. Fittig reaction: Aryl halides(Haloarenes) when treated with sodium in dry ether gives in which two aryl
groups are joined together. 2Ar – X +2Na ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ Ar – Ar + 2NaX

3. Wurtz-Fittig reaction : A mixture of an alkyl halide(Haloalkanes) and aryl halide(Haloarenes.) gives an

alkylarene when treated with sodium in dry ether.
Ar – X + Na + R – X ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ Ar – R + 2NaX

4. Finkelstein reaction: Alkyl chlorides/ bromides on reaction with NaI in dry acetone to give Alkyl iodides.
R – Cl +NaI ⎯acetone
⎯⎯→ R – I + NaCl
R – Br +NaI ⎯⎯⎯→ R – I + NaBr
acetone

5. Swarts reaction Heating of alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2
or SbF3 to give alkyl fluorides R – X ⎯⎯ ⎯2⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ R – F example :
AgF, Hg F2 , CoF2 or SbF3

CH3 –Br + AgF ⎯ ⎯→ CH3 –F + AgBr

6. Markovnikov’s rule : During addition of a polar molecule to unsymmetrical alkene, the negative part of
addendum attaches to that double bonded carbon which has least no. of hydrogen atom.
CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr ⎯ ⎯→ CH3CHBrCH3 (2-Bromo Propane)
7. Peroxide effect (kharasch effect) when a polar molecule is added to unsymmetrical alkene in the presence of
organic peroxide then addition occurs against the Markovnikov’s rule (only for addition of H Br)
CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr ⎯Peroxide
⎯⎯⎯→ CH3-CH2-CH2-Br (1-Bromo Propane)
8. Grignard Reagent: Alkyl or aryl magnesium halide is called grignard reagent. It is obtained by treating alkyl or
aryl bromide with magnesium in the presence of ether.
R – X + Mg ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ RMg X
CH3 CH2Br + Mg ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ CH3 CH2Mg Br
9. Saytzeff rule: If in an elimination reaction there is availability of more than one  -hydrogen atom then that
alkene is the major product which is highly alkylated ie containing greater number of alkyl groups attached to
the doubly bonded carbon atoms.

UNIT: 11 ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS & ETHERS

10. Hydroboration –oxidation reaction : The alcohol obtained corresponds to anti- Markownikov ’s addition of water
−
on alkenes. CH3-CH=CH2 ⎯(⎯ ⎯⎯⎯→ CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
i ) B2 H 6 ( ii ) OH

11. Reimer-Tiemann reaction

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12. Kolbe’s reaction

13. Williamson’s synthesis :In this method an alkyl halide (Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary)
reacts with a sodium alkoxide to form symmetrical or unsymmetrical ethers.

• Limitation In case of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination competes over substitution. If a tertiary alkyl
halide is used, an alkene is the only reaction product and no ether is formed. For example, the reaction of CH3ONa
with (CH3)3C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene. It is because alkoxides are not only nucleophiles but strong
bases as well. They react with alkyl halides leading to elimination reactions.

14. Friedel crafts alkylation in anisole:

15. Friedel crafts acetlyation in anisole

UNIT: 12 Aldehydes,Ketones & Carboxylic acids

16. Aldol Condensation :Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α – hydrogen undergo a condensation
reaction in the presence of dilute alkali (NaOH ,KOH etc.)as catalyst to form β- hydroxyaldehyde (aldol)or β –
hydroxyketone (ketol) respectively.

17. Cross Aldol Condensation: When aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes and / or
ketones, it is called cross aldol condensation. If both of them contain α-hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture of
four products.

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18. Cannizzaro Reaction: Aldehydes, which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali.In this reaction one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to
alcohol and another is oxidized to carboxylic acid salt.

19. Clemmensen Reaction: The carbonyl group of aldehydes and Ketones are reduced to CH2 group on treatment
with zinc amalgam(Zn/Hg) and concentrated hydrochloric acid.(Conc.HCl)

⎯− Hg
Example: CH3CH =O ⎯Zn ⎯, HCl
⎯→ CH3CH3
⎯− Hg
CH3CO CH3 ⎯Zn ⎯, HCl
⎯→ CH3CH2CH3

20. Wolf Kishner Reaction

Example: CH3CH =O ⎯NH

⎯2⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ CH3CH3
NH 2 , KOH ,Glycol

CH3CO CH3 ⎯NH

⎯2⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ CH3CH2CH3
NH 2 , KOH ,Glycol

21. Rosenmund Reaction:Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium
sulphate. RCOCl + H2 ⎯ ⎯→ RCHO + HCl

22. Etard Reaction

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23. Stephen Reaction

24. Gatterman-Koch reaction:

25. Ozonolysis of alkenes involves the addition of ozone molecule to alkene to form ozonide, and then cleavage of
the ozonide by Zn-H2O to Aldehyde and/or Ketones.

26. Esterification: Esters are generally prepared by heating carboxylic acids with alcohols in the presence of a
mineral acid such as conc. H2SO4 or HCl gas.

27. Decarboxylation : Sodium salts of acids when heated with soda lime, alkanes are formed.

28. Hell Volhard Zelinsky: Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position on treatment
with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give α-halocarboxylic acids

Example : CH3COOH + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯4 → CH2(Cl)COOH + Cl2

Re dP

29. Acetylation: The introduction of acetyl (CH3CO) group in alcohols or phenols is known as acetylation.

UNIT: 13 AMINES

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30. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction: When primary amides are treated with bromine in the presence
of an alkali, a primary amine containing one carbon less than the amide is formed.
RCONH2 + 4NaOH + Br2 →RNH2 + 2 NaBr + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

CH 3 − C − NH 2 + Br2 + 4 NaOH / KOH → CH 3 NH 2 + Na2CO3 / K 2CO3 + 2 NaBr or 2 KBr + 2H 2O

31. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: Phthalimide on treatment with KOH which on heating with alkyl halide
followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary amine.

32. Ammonolysis

33. Carbylamine reaction(Isocyanide test):Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform
and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines which are foul smelling substances.
R − NH 2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH ⎯⎯ ⎯
heat
→ R − NC + 3KCl + 3H 2O

34. Diazotization :

35. Sandmeyers reaction:The Cl–, Br– and CN– nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring in the
presence of Cu(I) ion[cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide or cuprous cyanide]

.
36. Gatterman reaction:Chlorine or bromine can also be introduced in the benzene ring by treating the diazonium
salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper powder

37. Coupling reaction:Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its para
position is coupled with the diazonium salt to form p-hydroxyazobenzene.. Similarly the reaction of diazonium
salt with aniline yields p-aminoazobenzene.

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 38. Acylation: (Replacement of hydrogen atom of –NH2 or >N–H group by the acyl group.)Aliphatic and aromatic
primary and secondary amines react with acid chlorides, anhydrides and esters by nucleophilic substitution
reaction. This reaction is known as acylation. .The products obtained by acylation reaction are known as amides.

39. Benzoylation: Amines reacts with benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl) to form N Alkylbenzamide

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE BASED

Write the structures of the following organic compounds
1. 1-Chloropropane 24. 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane
2. 1-Bromobutane 25. 4-tert-Butyl-3-iodoheptane
3. 2-Chloropropane 26. 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene
4. 1-Chloro2-methyl propane 27. Methanol
5. 1-Chloro2, 2-dimethyl propane 28. Propan-1-ol
6. 1, 1, dichloroethane 29. Propan-2-ol
7. 1, 2, dichloroethane 30. Butan-1-ol
8. 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 31. Butan-2-ol
9. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 32. 2-Methylpropan-1-ol
10. 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene 33. 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
11. Chlorophenylmethane 34. Propane -1, 2, 3-triol
12. 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane 35. Methoxymethane
13. 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane 36. Ethoxyethane
14. 4-tert. Butyl-3-iodoheptane 37. 1-Methoxypropane
15. 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene 38. Methoxybenzene(Anisole)
16. 1-Bromo-4-sec. butyl-2-methylbenzene. 39. Ethoxybenzene(Phenetole)
17. 4-Bromopent-2-ene 40. 1-Phenoxyheptane
18. 3-Bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene 41. 2-Methoxypropane
19. 4-Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene 42. 3- Methylbutoxybenzene
20. 1-Bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene 43. 1,2-Dimethoxyethane
21. 1-Bromobut-2-ene 44. 2-Ethoxy--1,1-dimethylcyclohexane
22. 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 45. 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol
23. 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane 46. 2-Ethoxypropane

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47. 2,6-Dimethylphenol 72. 2-Methylcyclohexanone
48. 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrocyclohexane 73. 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
49. 2-Methylbutan-2-ol 74. 3-Hydroxybutanal
50. 1-Phenylpropan-2-ol 75. 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde
51. 3,5-Dimethylhexane –1, 3, 5-triol 76. 4-Oxopentanal
52. 2,3 – Diethylphenol 77. Di-sec. butyl ketone
53. 1 – Ethoxypropane 78. 4-Fluoroacetophenone
54. 2-Ethoxy-3-methylpentane 79. 3-Phenylpropanoic acid
55. Cyclohexylmethanol 80. 3-Methylbut-2-enoic acid
56. 3-Cyclohexylpentan-3-ol 81. 3-Methylbutanal
57. Cyclopent-3-en-1-ol 82. p-Nitropropiophenone
58. 3-Chloromethylpentan-1-ol. 83. p-Methylbenzaldehyde
59. 3-Chloromethyl-2-isopropylpentan-1-ol 84. 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
60. 2, 5-Dimethylhexane-1,3-diol 85. 4-Chloropentan-2-one
61. 3-Bromocyclohexanol 86. 3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid
62. Hex-1-en-3-ol 87. Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid
63. 2-Bromo-3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol 88. Ethanamine
64. Methanal 89. Propan-1-amine
65. Ethanal 90. Propan-2-amine
66. 2-Methylpropanal 91. N-Methylethanamine
67. 3-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde 92. N,N-Dimethylmethanamine
68. 2-Methoxypropanal 93. N,N-Diethylbutan-1-amine
69. 3-Bromobenzaldehyde 94. Prop-2-en-1-amine
70. Pentan-2-one 95. Hexane-1,6-diamine
71. 2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one 96. Aniline or Benzenamine

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE BASED

1. Write IUPAC names of the following:

2. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:(i) CH3CH(Cl)CH(Br)CH3 (ii) CHF2CBrClF (iii) ClCH2C≡CCH2Br
(iv) (CCl3)3CCl
3. Write IUPAC names of the following:

4. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

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5. Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

6. Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

7. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

8. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature: (i)

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CHO (ii) CH3CH2COCH(C2H5)CH2CH2Cl (iii)
CH3CH=CHCHO (iv) CH3COCH2COCH3 (v)
CH3CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)2COCH3 (vi) (CH3)3CCH2COOH (vii)
OHCC6H4CHO-p (viii) CH3CO(CH2)4CH3 (ix)

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 CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH(CH3)CHO (x) CH3(CH2)5CHO (xi) Ph-CH=CH-
CHO (xii) PhCOPh
9. Write IUPAC names of the following compounds and classify them into primary,secondary and tertiary amines.

a. CH3)2CHNH2 e. C6H5NHCH3
b. CH3(CH2)2NH2 f. CH3CH2)2NCH3
c. CH3NHCH(CH3)2 g. m–BrC6H4NH2
d. (CH3)3CNH2
10. Classify the following amines as primary, secondary or tertiary:

WORD PROBLEMS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound B which on heating
with Br2 and KOH forms compound C of molecular formula C6H7N .Write the structures and IUPAC names of
compounds A,B,C.
2. An organic compound A with molecular formula C8H16O2 was hydrolysed with sulphuric acid to give a
carboxylic acid B and alcohol C. Oxidation of C with chromic acid produced B. C on dehydration gives but-1-
ene.Write reactions involved.
3. An organic compound A which has a characteristic odour on treatment with NaOH forms two compounds B and
C. Compound B has a molecular formula C7H8O which on oxidation gives back compound A. Compound C is
sodium salt of acid. C when heated with sodalime yields an aromatic hydrocarbon D. Deduce structures A-D .
4. A compound ‘X’ (C2H4O) on oxidation gives ‘Y’ (C2H4O2). ‘X’ undergoes haloform reaction. On treatment with HCN
‘X’ forms a product ‘Z’ which on hydrolysis gives 2- hydroxy propanoic acid. (i) Write down structures of ‘X’ and
‘Y’. (ii) Name the product when ‘X’ reacts with dil NaOH. (iii) Write down the equations for the reactions
involved.
5. Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b). Compound (b) is reacted with
HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a). When (a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d), C8H18
which is different from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium. Give the structural
formula of (a) and write the reactions for all.
6. .An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orange-red precipitate with 2,4-DNP reagent
and gives yellow precipitate on heating with iodine in the presence of sodium hydroxide. It neither reduces
Tollens’ or Fehlings’ reagent, nor does it decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent. On drastic oxidation
with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular formula C7H6O2. Identify the compounds A and
B and explain the reactions involved.
. An organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollens’ reagent and
undergoes Cannizzaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

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 CONVERSION BASED QUESTIONS

Write the reactions and the conditions involved in the conversion of:
1. Chloroethane to butane 9. Propene to Propan-2-ol
2. 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane 10. Phenol to Salicylic acid
3. Benzene to diphenyl 11. Phenol to Salicylaldehyde
4. Bromopropane to Iodopropane 12. Ethanal to 3-Hydroxybutanal
5. Bromopropane to Flouropropane 13. Ethanal to But-2-enal
6. 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane 14. Benzaldehyde to Toluene
7. 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane 15. Propanal to Propane
8. Propene to Propan-1-ol 16. Acetone to Propane

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17. Benzoyl chloride to Benzaldehyde 32. Methyl magnesium bromide to 2-
18. Acetyl chloride to Acetaldehyde Methylpropan-2-ol
19. Toluene to Benzaldehyde 33. Acetone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
20. Acetic acid to chloroacetic acid 34. Butanol to butanoic acid
21. Benzamide to Aniline 35. Ethanol to Ethanal
22. Aniline to Chlorobenzene 36. Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol
23. Cumene to phenol 37. Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid
24. Chlorobenzene to phenol 38. Acetophenone to 2-Phenyl -butan-
25. Phenol to 2,4,6 –tribromophenol 2-ol
26. Phenol to picric acid 39. Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol
27. Phenol to benzoquinone 40. CH3–CH2–Cl into CH3–CH2–CH2–NH2
28. Ethylmagnesium chloride to 41. C6H5–CH2–Cl into C6H5–CH2–CH2–NH2
propan-1-ol 42. Benzene into aniline
29. Methylmagnesiumbromide to 43. Benzene into N, N-dimethylaniline
propanol 44. Cl–(CH2)4–Cl into hexan-1,6-diamine
30. Methylmagnesium bromide to 45. Ethanoic acid into methanamine
propan-2-ol 46. Hexanenitrile into 1-aminopentane
31. Ethanal to propan-2-ol
47. Methanol to ethanoic acid 69. Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
48. Ethanamine into methanamine 70. But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
49. Ethanoic acid into propanoic acid 71. Aniline to phenylisocyanide
50. Methanamine into ethanamine 72. 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
51. Nitromethane into dimethylamine 73. Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
52. Propanoic acid into ethanoic acid 74. Propene to propan-1-ol
53. Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid 75. Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
54. Benzene to m-bromophenol 76. 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
55. Benzoic acid to aniline 77. tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
56. Aniline to 2,4,6-tribromofluorobenzene 78. Ethanal to Butane-1,3-diol
57. Benzyl chloride to 2-phenylethanamine 79. Ethanal to But-2enoic acid
58. Chlorobenzene to p-chloroaniline 80. Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde
59. Aniline to p-bromoaniline 81. Ethanol to 3-Hydroxybutanal
60. Benzamide to toluene 82. Benzene to m-Nitroacetophenone
61. Aniline to benzyl alcohol. 83. Benzaldehyde to Benzophenone
62. Ethanol to but-1-yne 84. Bromobenzene to 1-Phenylethanol
63. Toluene to benzyl alcohol 85. Benzaldehyde to 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol
64. Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene 86. Benazaldehyde to α-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
65. Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid 87. Benzoic acid to m- Nitrobenzyl alcohol
66. Aniline to chlorobenzene
67. Ethanol to propanenitrile 88. Propanone to Propene
68. 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-
methylpropane

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 COMPLETE THE REACTIONS
1. Complete the Following reactions:
a) CH3CH2CH2Cl +Na I ⎯acetone
⎯⎯→
b) CH3CH2CH2 – Br +Na I ⎯acetone
⎯⎯→
c) CH3CH2Br + AgF→
d) (CH3)3CBr + KOH(aq)→
e) (CH3)3CBr + KOH(alc)→
f) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3 + NaOH(aq)→
g) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3 + NaOH(alc)→
h) CH3CH2Br + KCN→
i) C6H5ONa + C2H5Cl→
2.

2. 2

3. What happens when (i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH, (ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in
the presence of dry ether, (iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis, (iv) ethyl chloride is treated with
aqueous KOH, (v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether, (vi) methyl chloride is
treated with KCN?
4. Write structures of the products of the following reaction:

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5. GIVE EQUATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS:
(i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution.
(ii) Catalytic reduction of butanal.
(iii) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid.
(iv) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.
(v) Acid catalysed dehydration of 1-methylcyclohexanol
(vi) Acid catalysed dehydration of butan-1-ol
(i) Butan-1-ol reacts with (a) HCl –ZnCl2 (b) HBr and (c) SOCl2.
(ii) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol reacts with (a) HCl –ZnCl2 (b) HBr and (c) SOCl2..
6. NAME THE REAGENTS USED IN THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS:
(i) Oxidation of primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
(ii) Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde.
(iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
(v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene.
(vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol.
7. Give the major products that are formed by heating each of the following ethers with HI.

8. Predict the products of the following reactions:

(i)CH3−CH2−CH2−O – CH3+HBr →

(ii) (CH3)3C-OC2H5 ⎯⎯→HI

(iii)

9. Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents. (i) PhMgBr and then
H3O+ (ii)Tollens’ reagent (iii) Semicarbazide and weak acid (iv)Excess ethanol and acid (v) Zinc amalgam and
dilute hydrochloric acid
10. Write the structures of products of the following reactions

11. Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products

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12. Predict the products of the following reactions:

13. Complete each synthesis :

14. Give the structures of A, B and C in the following reactions:

15. Complete the following reactions:

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16. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j) CH3CN A B

k) CH3COOH A B C

17. Write structures and IUPAC names of (i) the amide which gives propanamine by Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
(ii) the amine produced by the Hoffmann degradation of benzamide.
18. Write chemical equations for the following reactions: (i) Reaction of ethanolic NH3 with C2H5Cl. (ii) Ammonolysis
of benzyl chloride and reaction of amine so formed with two moles of CH3Cl.
19. An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound B which on heating
with Br2 and KOH forms compound C of molecular formula C6H7N .Write the structures and IUPAC names of
compounds A,B,C
20. Write the reactions of (i) aromatic and (ii) aliphatic primary amines with nitrous acid.
21. Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which
neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction. (i)
Methanal (ii) 2-Methylpentanal (iii) Benzaldehyde (iv) Benzophenone (v) Cyclohexanone (vi) 1-
Phenylpropanone (vii) Phenylacetaldehyde (viii) Butan-1-ol (ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal

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 UNIT 14:BIOMOLECULES
1. The carbohydrates may be defined as optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the compounds
which produce such units on hydrolysis.
2. Classification of Carbohydrates:.
• Monosaccharides: A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler unit of polyhydroxy
aldehyde or ketone is called a monosaccharide. examples are glucose, fructose, ribose, etc.
• Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates that yield two to ten monosaccharide units, on hydrolysis, are called
oligosaccharidesFor example, sucrose on hydrolysis gives one molecule each of glucose and fructose whereas
maltose gives two molecules of glucose only .
• Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates which yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called
polysaccharides. Some common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums, etc.
3. Reducing or Non-reducing sugars. All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollens’
reagent are referred to as reducing sugars. They contain free aldehydic or ketonic group. e.g.all monosaccharides.
4. Non-reducing sugars: All those carbohydrates which do not reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent are
referred to as non reducing sugars. They do not contain free aldehydic or ketonic group. sucrose
5. Reactions of Glucose:

6. Cyclic Structure of Glucose (Pyranose structure)

7. Anomers: The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1,
called anomeric carbon (the aldehyde carbon before cyclisation). Such isomers, i.e., α-form and β-form, are called
anomers.
8. The open chain structure could not following reactions: Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not
give 2,4-DNP test, Schiff’s test and it does not form the hydrogensulphite addition product with NaHSO3.
9. All proteins are polymers of α-amino acids. Amino acids contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional
groups.
10. Amino acids are classified as acidic, basic or neutral depending upon the relative number of amino and carboxyl
groups in their molecule. Equal number of amino and carboxyl groups makes it neutral; more number of amino
than carboxyl groups makes it basic and more carboxyl groups as compared to amino groups makes it acidic.
11. The amino acids, which can be synthesised in the body, are known as non essential amino acids.e.g. Glycine ,
Alanine (R=CH3)On the other hand, those which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained through
diet, are known as essential amino acids.e.g. Phenylalanine.
12. Zwitter ion: In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and amino group can accept a proton,
giving rise to a dipolar ion known as zwitter ion.
13. Peptide bond or Peptide linkage. Chemically, peptide linkage is an amide formed between –COOH group and
–NH2 group. peptide bond –CO–NH– Involves of elimination of a water.
14. ‘When the number of such amino acids is more than ten, then the products are called polypeptides.
15. Primary structure of proteins: It tells us sequence of ά-amino acids present in the polypeptide chains. Each
protein has a specific sequence of ά-amino acids.
16. Secondary structure of proteins:It refers to shape in which long polypeptide chain exists.A protein may
assume α-helix and β-pleated sheet structure.
17. α-Helix results due to regular coiling of polypeptide chain which is stablised by intramolecular hydrogen
bonding.e.g.Keratin
18. In β-structure all peptide chains are stretched out to nearly maximum extension and then laid side by side
which are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.e.g Silk
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 19. Tertiary structure of proteins: The tertiary structure of proteins represents overall folding of the polypeptide
chains i.e., further folding of the secondary structure. The main forces which stabilise the 2° and 3° structures of
proteins are hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van der Waals and electrostatic forces of attraction.
20. Globular proteins : This structure results when the chains of polypeptides coil around to give a spherical
shape.They are soluble in water.e.g. Insulin and albumins
21. Fibrous proteins: The molecules have long and thread like structures. They are insoluble in water. examples are
keratin (present in hair, wool, silk)
22. Quaternary structure of proteins: Some of the proteins are composed of two or more polypeptide chains
referred to as sub-units. The spatial arrangement of these subunits with respect to each other is known as
quaternary structure
23. Denaturation of Proteins: When a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical change like change in
temperature or chemical change like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. This is called denaturation of
protein. During denaturation 2° and 3° structures are destroyed but 1º structure remains intact. Examples :
coagulation of egg white on boiling, curdling of milk
24. Nucleic acids : The particles in nucleus of the cell, responsible for heredity, are called chromosomes which are
made up of proteins and another type of biomolecules called nucleic acids.
25. Nucleosides: It consists of nitrogen containing bases and four carbon sugar. Base + Sugar → Nucleosides
26. Nucleotides: It consists of nitrogen containing bases ,four carbon sugar and phosphate unit.
Base + Sugar + Phosphate → Nucleotides.
27. RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions. They are named as messengerRNA (m-
RNA), ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) and transfer RNA (t-RNA).
28. DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
It contains β-D-2-deoxyribose sugar. It Contains β-D-ribose sugar.
It Contains adenine (A), guanine (G), It Contains adenine (A), guanine (G),
cytosine (C) and thymine (T) as bases. cytosine (C), uracil (U). as bases
It has double helix structure It has single helix structure
It Can replicate It Can not replicate
It is present in the nucleus cell. It is present in the cytoplasm of the cell.
(QUESTIONS RELATED TO CARBOHYDRATES)
1. Define carbohydrates.
2. How are carbohydrates classified on the basis of their behaviour on hydrolysis?
3. What are reducing and non reducing sugars? Give example of each.
4. How is Glucose prepared? Write the reactions when D-Glucose reacts with following: (a)Hydrocyanicacid, HCN (b)
acetic anhydride (c) Tollens reagent (d)HI (e)ConcHNO3 (f)Phenyl Hydrazine (g) Hydroxlamime (h)Bromine
5. Write the reaction which show that all the carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight chain.
6. How do you explain the presence of an aldehydic group in a glucose molecule?
7. How do you explain the presence of five —OH groups in glucose molecule?
8. Under what conditions glucose is converted to gluconic and saccharic acid?
9. Explain Pyranose structure of glucose.
10. Write such reactions & facts of Glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain structure.
11. Define the term Anomers.
12. What is essentially the difference between the α- form of glucose & β- form of glucose?
13. Explain the structure of Structure of Fructose
14. What is the basic structural difference Glucose and Fructose?
15. Despite having an aldehyde group glucose does not give 2, 4 - DNP test. What does this indicate?
16. What is the significance of D and (+) in D(+)-glucose ?
17. Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides.Ribose,2 deoxyribose, maltose, galactose, fructose
and lactose.
18. Monosaccharides contain carbonyl group hence are classified, as aldose or ketose. The number of carbon atoms
present in the monosaccharide molecule are also considered for classification. In which class of monosaccharide
will you place fructose?
19. What are the hydrolysis products of (a) Sucrose. (b) Lactose (c)Maltose.
20. Name the sugar present in milk. How many monosaccharide units are present in it? What are such oligosaccharides
called?
21. Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene are insoluble in water. Explain
22. How do you explain the absence of aldehyde group in the pentaacetate of D-glucose?
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 33 of 34
 23. Write two main functions of carbohydrates in plants.
24. What do you understand by the term glycosidic linkage?
25. Name the linkage connecting monosaccharide units in polysaccharides.
QUESTIONS RELATED TO PROTEINS
1. Draw the structure of Glycine, Alanine, and Phenylalanine.
2. Amino acids may be acidic ,alkaline or neutral.How does this happen.
3. ●What are essential and non essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type.
4. ●Write a note on zwitter ion and isoelectric point.
5. Amino acids behave like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. Explain
6. What do you understand by the term Peptide linkage&Poly Peptide linkage?
7. Write the name of linkage joining two amino acids.
8. ●Distinguish between the following: (a)Essential &Nonessential amino acids (b) Fibrous &Globular proteins(c)
-helix and -pleated sheet proteins
9. Write a note on: (a)Primary structure of proteins (b) secondary structure of proteins
10. What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?
11. ●What type of bonding helps in stabilizing the -helix structure of proteins
12. ●How do you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?
13. What is Denaturation of proteins
14. ●What is the biological effect of Denaturation on the structure of proteins?
15. Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg.
16. Coagulation of egg white on boiling is an example of denaturation of protein. Explain it in terms of structural
changes.
17. The melting point and solubility in water of amino acids are generally higher than that of the corresponding
haloacids.Explain.
18. Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg?
19. What changes occur in the nature of egg proteins on boiling?
20. Name the type of bonding which stabilizes -helix structure of proteins.
21. Name the type of bonding which stabilizes -pleated sheet proteins .
22. Name the type of bonding which stabilizes tertiary structure of proteins.
QUESTIONS RELATED TO NUCLEIC ACIDS
1. Define Nucleic acids. How are they classified? Mention their two important sources.
2. Write the full forms of DNA and RNA.
3. Write the important differences between DNA and RNA.
4. Name the four bases present in RNA.
5. Of the two bases below which one present in RNA and which one present in DNA? (i) Thymine (ii) Uracil
6. Out of the two bases Thymine & Uracil which one is present in DNA.
7. Out of the four bases name those which are common to both DNA
8. Which of the following are purine bases? Guanine,AdenineThymine & Uracil
9. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
10. What is phosphodiester linkage.
11. Which moieties of nucleosides are involved in the formation of phosphodiester linkages present in
dinucleotides?
12. The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary. Explain
13. What are different types of RNA molecules which perform different functions.?
14. What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed?
15. When RNA is hydrolysed, there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases obtained. What does
this fact suggest about the structure of RNA?
QUESTION RELATED TO VITAMIN
1. Define vitamins. How are vitamins classified?
2. Name the deficiency diseases caused due to lack of vitamin A, C, E, B1, B2, B6 , B12 E &K.
3. Give the main sources of vitamin A, C, E, B1, B2,, B6 , B12 E &K.
4. Write the name of Vitamin responsible for the : (a) Pernicious anaemia (b) Increased blood clotting time(c)
Xerophthalmia(d) Rickets (e) Muscular weakness (f) Night blindness (g) Beri Beri(h) Bleeding gums (i) Osteomalacia
5. Which of the following B group vitamins can be stored in our body? Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 ,Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12
6. Except for vitamin B12, all other vitamins of group B, should be supplied regularly in diet. Why?
7. Why cannot Vitamin C be stored in our body? Why Vitamin B & C essential for us.

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