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Instrumentation and Measurements BE-56 A&B Fall 2020: Instructor: LT Dr. Col Humayun Zubair Khan

This document discusses the fundamentals of instrumentation, including the functional elements, performance characteristics, and classification of instruments. It describes the primary sensing element, data conditioning element, and data presentation element as the three main functional elements of an instrument. The performance characteristics are divided into static characteristics like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and dynamic characteristics related to the instrument's response to changing input signals over time. Various input signal types and their representations are also outlined.

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100 views

Instrumentation and Measurements BE-56 A&B Fall 2020: Instructor: LT Dr. Col Humayun Zubair Khan

This document discusses the fundamentals of instrumentation, including the functional elements, performance characteristics, and classification of instruments. It describes the primary sensing element, data conditioning element, and data presentation element as the three main functional elements of an instrument. The performance characteristics are divided into static characteristics like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and dynamic characteristics related to the instrument's response to changing input signals over time. Various input signal types and their representations are also outlined.

Uploaded by

ahmad khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instrumentation and Measurements

BE-56 A&B
Fall 2020

Instructor: Lt Dr. Col Humayun Zubair Khan


Week-2
Basics of Measurement

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Instrumentation by Uday A. Bakhsi


Introduction

 Introduction
 Standard of Units
 Functional Elements of an Instruments
 Performance Characteristics
 Static Characteristics
 Dynamic Characteristics
 Instrument Classification
 Methods of Measurement
 Types of Errors
 Loading Effects
Functional Elements of an Instrument

 Functional elements of an instruments are divide into


three parts
 Primary sensing element
 Data conditioning element
 Data presentation element
Primary sensing element (PSE)

 An element of an instrument which makes,


first, the contact with quantity to be
measured is called primary sensing element
(PSE)
 The first detection of measurand is done by
PSE
 Generally transducers follows PSE, which
converts measurand into corresponding
electrical signals.
Variable conversion element

 When output from PSE is not suitable for


actual measurement system, variable
conversion element is required e.g. Analog to
Digital convertors
 The original information about measurand
should be retained as it is while performing
conversion
 Some instruments need variable conversion
element and some do not
Variable manipulation element

 Manipulation involves change in the numerical


value of the signal
 Low Signal – Amplifiers
 High Signal - Attenuators
 Noise – Clipper/ clamping
 Variable conversion + variable manipulation +
signal conditioning = Data Conditioning or
Signal Conditioning element
Data transmission element

 When elements of system are physically


separated, it is necessary to transmit the data
from one stage to other. This is done through
data transmission element
 Signal conditioning + Data transmission =
Intermediate stage of an instrument
Data presentation element

 Transmitted data may be used by the system for


monitoring, controlling or analysis purpose
 The observer should get to data in proper form. This
is done by data presentation element
 Monitoring: visual display devices
 Record & Analysis: magnetic tapes, recorders, high speed
cameras
 Control & Analysis: microprocessors, computers,
microcontrollers
 This stage is known as terminating stage
Introduction

 Introduction
 Standard of Units
 Functional Elements of an Instruments
 Performance Characteristics
 Static Characteristics
 Dynamic Characteristics
 Instrument Classification
 Methods of Measurement
 Types of Errors
 Loading Effects
Performance Characteristics

 Selecting a proper instruments for a


particular measurand needs knowledge of
the performance characteristics of an
instrument
 Two categories
 Static Characteristics
 Dynamic Characteristics
Introduction

 Introduction
 Standard of Units
 Functional Elements of an Instruments
 Performance Characteristics
 Static Characteristics
 Dynamic Characteristics
 Instrument Classification
 Methods of Measurement
 Types of Errors
 Loading Effects
Static Characteristics

 Set of criteria defined for the instruments,


which are used to measure the quantities
which are slowly varying with time or mostly
constant, is called static characteristics
 It includes accuracy, precision, error,
sensitivity, threshold, resolution, linearity,
zero drift, stabilityetc.
Static Characteristics: Accuracy

  It is the degree of closeness with which the


instrument reading approaches the true value
of the measurand
 It indicates true value of the measurand
 Types
 Percentage of Full Scale Reading
 Percentage of True Value
 Percentage of Scale Span
Static Characteristics: Precision

 It denotes the closeness with which


individuals measurements are departed or
distributed about average of measured
values
 It is the measure of consistency or
repeatability of measurements
 Difference b/w accuracy and precision?
Static Characteristics: Precision

 Example 1.1:
Static Characteristics: Precision
Static Characteristics: Error

 It is the algebraic difference between the


indicated value and the true value of the
measurand
 Types
 Absolute Error
 Relative Error
 Percentage Relative Error
 Error in percentage of full scale reading
Static Characteristics: Error

 Absolute Error

 
𝒆= 𝑨 𝒕 − 𝑨 𝒎
Static Characteristics: Error

 Relative Error

 Percentage relative error


Static Characteristics: Error

 Relative Percentage Error Accuracy


Static Characteristics: Error

 Percentage of full scale deflection


Static Characteristics: Error
 Solution
 Absolute error =150-149 = 1
 Percentage error = 1/150*100= 0.667%
 Relative accuracy= 1-[Error/True value]
 = 1-[1/150] = .9933

 Percentage accuracy= Relative accuracy*100


 = 99.33%
 Error %full scale = [Error/Full scale reading]*100
 = [1\200]*100=0.5%
Static Characteristics: Error

 Example: An ammeter reads 8.3 A and the


true value of the current is 8.5 A. Determine
(i) absolute error (ii) relative error (iii) relative
percentage error?

 Solution
 Absolute error=8.5-8.3=0.2
 Relative error=0.2/8.5= 0.0235/1
 Relative %error= 0.0235*100=2.35%
Static Characteristics: Sensitivity

 It is the ratio of the change in the output of


the instrument to a change in the value of
measurand
 It denotes the smallest change in the
measurand value to which the instrument
responds
Static Characteristics: Sensitivity

 Inverse Sensitivity = Deflection Factor


 Units: mm/μA, mm/Ω, counts/volt
Static Characteristics: Sensitivity
 Example: A particular ammeter require a change
of 2 A in its coil to a change in deflection of the
pointer by 5mm. (i)Determine its sensitivity and
(ii) deflection factor?

Solution

 Sensitivity=5mm/2A = 2.5 mm/A


 Deflection factor=1/2.5mm/A
 = 0.4 A/mm
Static Characteristics: Resolution

 The smallest measurable input change is


called resolution
Static Characteristics: Zero Drift

 It is defined as the deviation in the instrument


output with time when measurand is
constant
 Factors of drift
 Electrical field, Magnetic field, temperature
changes, changes in atomic structure, wear &
tear, corrosion etc.
 Stability is to retain instrument performance
throughout its specified operating life
Static Characteristics: Dead Space

 For a certain range of input values, there is no


change of output. This range is called dead
space
Introduction

 Introduction
 Standard of Units
 Functional Elements of an Instruments
 Performance Characteristics
 Static Characteristics
 Dynamic Characteristics
 Instrument Classification
 Methods of Measurement
 Types of Errors
 Loading Effects
Dynamic Characteristics
 When instrument is subjected to rapidly varying
inputs, then relation between input and output
become different. The behaviour of system
under such condition is called dynamic response
of system
 Energy storage elements causes dynamic
behaviour
 Transient & Steady state response
 Dynamic behaviour of instrument is determined
by applying some known and predetermined
variations of input to the sensing element
Types of inputs

 Step Input: It represents a sudden, instantaneous


change in the input

 Ramp Input: It represents a linear change in input


Types of inputs
 Parabolic Input: It represents an input signal which is proportional to the square of
time and represents acceleration

 Impulse Input: It exists only at t=0 and has zero value at any other time
 Sinusoidal Input: This represents an input which changes in accordance of the
sinusoidal function of constant amplitude
Dynamic Characteristics
 Dynamic Error: It is the difference between the
true value of a measurand changing with time
and the value indicating by the instrument.

 Fidelity: It is defined as degree to which an


instrument indicates change in the measurand
without dynamic error

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