DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
Department of Information Science and Engineering
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

Database Management Systems

Course code:19IS7IEDBS

Faculty Name : Madhura J Sem: VII A

Designation: Assistant
Professor

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 Course objectives

1. Know the fundamentals of database management

systems, transactions and related concepts
2. Study E-R model and relational model for designing
database.
3. Understand normalization techniques for designing
good database.
4. Learn writing SQL queries for the given requirements.

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 Course Outcomes

Interpret the essentials of database management systems,

CO1
transactions and related concepts.

Apply E-R and relational modeling techniques for designing

CO2
database.
CO3 Analyze and apply transaction processing on data

CO4 Construct queries using SQL for the given requirements.

CO5 Design good database using normalization techniques.

Evaluate, design and build a database application for the
CO6 specified requirements

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 TEXT BOOKS

1. Fundamentals of Database Systems, Ramez Elmasri and

Shamkant B. Navathe, 7th Edition,2017,Pearson.(1:1.1,1.2,
1.3,1.6,1.8;2:2.1,2.2,2.4;3:3.2,3.3,3.4,3.5,3.7;5:5.1,5.2,5.3;8:8.1,
8.2, 8.3, 8.4; 9:9.1; 14:14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5)

2. Database management systems, Ramakrishnan, and

Gehrke, 3rd Edition, 2014, McGraw Hill (5: 5.1-5.8; 6: 6.1,6.5;
16: 16.1,16.2,16.3,16.4,16.6)
 

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 UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION
• Database
• Data
• Examples
• Properties of database
– DB represents mini world
– Logically coherent collection of data
– Data for specific purpose

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 UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION

• A database has
– some source from which data is derived,
– some degree of interaction with events in the
real world,
– and an audience that is actively interested in
its contents.
• A database can be of any size and
complexity
• A database may be generated and
maintained manually or it may be
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 UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION

• A database management system (DBMS)

is a computerized system that enables
users to create and maintain a database.
• The DBMS is a general-purpose software
system that facilitates the processes of
defining, constructing, manipulating, and
sharing databases among various users
and applications.

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 UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION

• Defining a database :
– specifying the data types, structures, and constraints of the
data to be stored in the database.
• Constructing the database:
– storing the data on some storage medium that is controlled
by the DBMS.
• Manipulating a database:
– includes functions such as querying the database to retrieve
specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in
the miniworld, and generating reports from the data
• Sharing a database:
– allows multiple users and programs to access the database
simultaneously

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 UNIT 1- INTRODUCTION
• Application program
– accesses the database by sending queries or
requests for data to the DBMS.
• A query
– causes some data to be retrieved
• A transaction
– causes some data to be read and some data
to be written into the database.

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UNIT 1- AN EXAMPLE

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UNIT 1- AN EXAMPLE

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 AN EXAMPLE
• Design of a new application for an existing database or
design of a brand new database starts off with a phase
called requirements specification and analysis.
• These requirements are documented in detail and
transformed into a conceptual design that can be
represented and manipulated using some computerized
tools .
• The design is then translated to a logical design that can
be expressed in a data model implemented in a
commercial DBMS.
• The final stage is physical design, during which further
specifications are provided for storing and accessing the
database
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 Characteristics of the Database Approach
• In traditional file processing, each user defines
and implements the files needed for a specific
software application as part of programming the
application.
• Example:
1. Grade reporting office : students & their grades
2. Accounting office: Students fees and payments
• Both users- interested in same data( student
data), maintains different files.
• Redundancy occurs.
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 Characteristics of the Database Approach

• In the database approach, a single repository maintains data that is

defined once and then accessed by various users repeatedly
through queries, transactions, and application programs.
• The main characteristics of the database approach versus the file-
processing approach are the following:

■ Self-describing nature of a database system

■ Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction

■ Support of multiple views of the data

■ Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

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 Self-Describing Nature of a Database System

• Meta-data - DBMS catalog, which contains

information such as the structure of each file, the
type and storage format of each data item, and
various constraints on the data.
• New database such as NOSQL systems, do not
require meta-data.
• They contain self-describing data that includes
the data item names and data values together in
one structure
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Self-Describing Nature of a Database System

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Insulation between Programs and Data, and
Data Abstraction
• In traditional file processing, the structure of
data files is embedded in the application
programs.
• The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS
catalog separately from the access programs –
called as Program – Data independence

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 Insulation between Programs and Data, and Data Abstraction

• An operation (also called a function or method)

is specified in two parts.
• The interface (or signature) of an operation
includes the operation name and the data types
of its arguments (or parameters).
• The implementation (or method) of the
operation is specified separately and can be
changed without affecting the interface.
• Program – Operation Independence

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 Insulation between Programs and Data, and Data Abstraction

• Data abstraction: allows program-data

independence and program-operation
independence
• Conceptual representation: Does not include
many of the details of how the data is stored or
how the operations are implemented.
• Data model: It is a type of data abstraction that
is used to provide this conceptual representation19
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 Support of Multiple Views of the Data

• A view may be a subset of the database or

it may contain virtual data that is derived
from the database files but is not explicitly
stored.
• A multiuser DBMS whose users have a
variety of distinct applications must
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Support of Multiple Views of the Data

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 Sharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction Processing

• The DBMS must include concurrency control.

• Several reservation clerks try to assign a seat on an
airline flight – DBMS should ensure that each seat can
be accesses by only one clerk at a time
• Online transaction processing (OLTP) applications.
• A transaction is an executing program or process that
includes one or more database accesses.
• The DBMS must enforce several transaction properties.
• The isolation property ensures that each transaction
appears to execute in isolation from other transactions,
even though hundreds of transactions may be executing
concurrently.
• The atomicity property ensures that either all the
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database operations in a transaction are executed or
 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach
• Controlling Redundancy
• Restricting Unauthorized Access
• Providing Persistent Storage for Program Objects
• Providing Storage Structures and Search Techniques for
Efficient Query Processing
• Providing Backup and Recovery
• Providing Multiple User Interfaces
• Representing Complex Relationships among Data
• Enforcing Integrity Constraints. Eg: specifying datatype
• Permitting Inferencing and Actions Using Rules and
Triggers

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 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach

• Additional Implications of Using the

Database Approach
– Potential for Enforcing Standards.
– Reduced Application Development Time
– Flexibility
– Availability of Up-to-Date Information.
– Economies of Scale

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 When Not to Use a DBMS?

The overhead costs of using a DBMS are

due to the following:
•High initial investment in hardware,
software, and training
•The generality that a DBMS provides for
defining and processing data
•Overhead for providing security,
concurrency control, recovery, and integrity
functions
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 Data Models, Schemas, and Instances
• Data abstraction: Reduction of a particular
body of data to a simplified representation
of the whole.
• Data model—a collection of concepts that
can be used to describe the structure of a
database
• Dynamic aspect or behavior of a database
application - allows the database designer
to specify a set of valid user-defined
operations that are allowed on the
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 Categories of Data Models

• High-level or conceptual data models

• Low-level or physical data models
• Representational (or implementation) data
models
• Conceptual data models use concepts such as
entities, attributes, and relationships.
• Entity
• Attribute
• Relationship
• Entity–relationship model
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 Categories of Data Models
• Representational or implementation data models are the
models used most frequently in traditional commercial
DBMSs.
• They include Relational data model & network and
hierarchical models
• Representational data models represent data by using
record structures and hence are sometimes called
record-based data models.
• Access path is a search structure that makes the search
for particular database records efficient.
• An index is an example of an access path that allows
direct access to data using an index term or a keyword.

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 Schemas, Instances, and Database State
• The description of a database is called the database schema, which
is specified during database design and is not expected to change
frequently.
• A displayed schema is called a schema diagram.

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 Schemas, Instances, and Database State

• Each object in the schema—such as STUDENT or COURSE—a

schema construct.
• The data in the database at a particular moment in time is called a
database state or snapshot. It is also called the current set of
occurrences or instances in the database.
• The distinction between database schema and database state is
very important. When we define a new database, we specify its
database schema only to the DBMS. At this point, the corresponding
database state is the empty state with no data. We get the initial
state of the database when the database is first populated or
loaded with the initial data.
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 The Three-Schema Architecture

• The goal of the three-schema architecture

is to separate the user applications from
the physical database.
• In this architecture, schemas can be
defined at the following three levels:
• The internal level
• The conceptual level
• The external or view level
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The Three-Schema Architecture

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 The Three-Schema Architecture

• The internal level has an internal schema, which

describes the physical storage structure of the
database.
• The conceptual level has a conceptual schema,
which describes the structure of the whole
database for a community of users.
• The external or view level includes a number of
external schemas or user views.

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 Data Independence
• Data independence is defined as the capacity to
change the schema at one level of a database
system without having to change the schema at
the next higher level.
• Two types of data independence are:
• Logical data independence is the capacity to
change the conceptual schema without having
to change external schemas or application
programs.
• Physical data independence is the capacity to
change the internal schema without having to
change the conceptual schema.
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 The Database System Environment
DBMS Component Modules

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 DBMS Component Modules

• Operating system (OS)

• Buffer management module
• Stored data manager module
• Interactive query
• Query compiler
• Query optimizer
• Precompiler
• Runtime database processor
• System catalog
• Concurrency control and backup and recovery systems

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 Database System Utilities

• Database utilities help the DBA manage

the database system. Common utilities
have the following types of functions:
– Loading
– Backup
– Database storage reorganization
– Performance monitoring

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 Tools, Application Environments, and
Communications Facilities

• Data dictionary (or data repository) system

• Information repository
• Application development environments
• Communications software
• DB/DC system

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