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International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”, CONECT 2018

International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”, CONECT 2018
Availability factor of a PV poweronplant: evaluation based on
Availability factor
The 15th of a PV
International power plant:
Symposium District evaluation based on
Heating and Cooling
generation and inverter running periods
Assessinggeneration and inverter
the feasibility of usingrunning
the heatperiods
demand-outdoor
Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar *, Srikar Dasari , Jagathpally Bhagwan Reddyc
a b
temperature
Nallapanenifunction
Manoj Kumarfora*,a Srikar
long-term
Dasaribdistrict heat
, Jagathpally demand
Bhagwan forecast
Reddy c
a
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia
b
Automation
a and Power
Faculty Engineering,
of a,b,c
Electrical Faculty
a ofEngineering,
and Electronics Electrical Engineering, Media Engineering
a Universiti Malaysia and Computer
bPahang, Pahang, Science,
Pekan,c26600, THD Technische
Malaysia c
b I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
Automation and Power Engineering,Hochschule
FacultyDeggendorf,
of ElectricalEdlmairstr, Deggendorf,
Engineering, 94469, Germany
Media Engineering and Computer Science, THD Technische
c
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Hochschule Nalla
Deggendorf, Malla Reddy
Edlmairstr, Engineering
Deggendorf, College,
94469, Ghatkesar, Telangana, 500 088, India
Germany
a
c IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Electrical and b
Electronics Engineering, Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College, Ghatkesar, Telangana, 500 088, India
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
Abstract
In a solar PV power plant, the plant availability factor is one of the important factors to be evaluated. This depends on the
Abstract
operative
In a solar functioning
PV power plant,of various components
the plant and factor
availability grid regulation.
is one of theIn this paper, factors
important a simpleto method is proposed
be evaluated. to evaluate
This depends on the
availability factors of aofsolar
operative functioning PV plant
various by considering
components and gridthe real time In
regulation. data of paper,
this 1 MWpa solarsimplepower plantis that
method was commissioned
proposed to evaluate the in
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
2011 in south
availability India.ofGeneration
factors a solar PVstart
planttime, end time, and
by considering theactual running
real time dataperiods
of 1 MWp of thesolar
inverter
powerwere selected
plant as prominent
that was commissioned data in
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
the study.
2011 A consecutive
in south five financial
India. Generation years
start time, endoftime,
data and
(2011–2012; 2012–2013;
actual running periods2013–2014; 2014–2015;
of the inverter were selected2015–2016) was used
as prominent data to
in
sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
observe
the study. theAvariations
consecutive in availability
five financialfactors
yearsofofinverters, as well as2012–2013;
data (2011–2012; the plant availability
2013–2014; factors. From the
2014–2015; analysis, itwas
2015–2016) is observed
used to
prolonging the investment return period.
that tripping
observe time greatly
the variations effects the availability
in availability factor of as
factors of inverters, inverter
well asasthe
well as the
plant PV plant.factors.
availability The variation
From the in availability
analysis, it isfactor over
observed
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
the five
that consecutive
tripping financial
time greatly years
effects is seen to be
the availability within
factor the range
of inverter as of 92.44
well % PV
as the to 95.69
plant. %.
TheThis clearly
variation in states that, on
availability average
factor over
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
4.31 % toconsecutive
the five 7.56 %, thefinancial
installedyears
solar isPV power
seen to beis within
technically not generated
the range of 92.44any
% to power.
95.69Hence,
%. Thisestimating the availability
clearly states factor
that, on average
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
could
4.31 %betovery7.56much
%, theessential to solar
installed deal with the performance
PV power is technicallyof the
not PV systemsany
generated andpower.
possible options
Hence, of reducing
estimating energy losses
the availability due
factor
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
to availability
could be very factors could betosuggested.
much essential deal with the performance of the PV systems and possible options of reducing energy losses due
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
to availability factors could be suggested.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
©(the
2018 error
The inAuthors.
annual Published
demand was by lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
This
© is an
2018 Theopen accessPublished
Authors. by Elsevier
article under Ltd.
the CC BY-NC-ND
Elsevier Ltd. license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
scenarios,
This the error
is an open accessvalue increased
article under theupCC to BY-NC-ND
59.5% (depending
license on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and access
This is an open peer-review
article under theresponsibility
CC BY-NC-ND of the (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
scientific
license committee of the International Scientific Conference )
Selection
The value andofpeer-review under responsibility
slope coefficient increased onofaverage
the scientific
withincommittee
the rangeofofthe3.8%
International
up to 8%Scientific Conference
per decade, ‘Environmental
that corresponds to the
‘Environmental
Selection
and Climate and and Climate
peer-review Technologies’,
under CONECT
responsibility of 2018.
the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference
decrease in Technologies’,
the number of CONECT
heating hours2018.of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
‘Environmental and Climate Technologies’, CONECT 2018.
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
Keywords: solar energy; PV power plant; inverter availability factor; plant availability factor; inverter outages; PV plant generation periods
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
Keywords: solar energy; PV power plant; inverter availability factor; plant availability factor; inverter outages; PV plant generation periods
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +919-491-925-258.
Cooling.
* Corresponding nallapanenichow@gmail.com
E-mail address:author. Tel.: +919-491-925-258.
E-mail address:
Keywords: nallapanenichow@gmail.com
Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open
1876-6102 access
© 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review under
access article responsibility
under of the scientific
the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee of the International Scientific Conference ‘Environmental and Climate
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Technologies’, CONECT 2018.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference ‘Environmental and Climate
1876-6102 © 2017
Technologies’, CONECTThe Authors.
2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102  2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference ‘Environmental and
Climate Technologies’, CONECT 2018.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.035
72 Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 71–77
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

Solar energy is most freely available energy resource on a global level serving variety of needs in conventional
form as well as by integrating with modern technology. Solar energy can be harvested in to useful energy with the
help of photovoltaic cells, and solar thermal collectors [1]. Authors interest in this paper is photovoltaics, these can
generate electrical energy without the involvement of complex components that are witnessed in traditional power
plants. Photovoltaic systems generate electricity by direct conversion of solar irradiance that is incident on its
surface. These systems became most popular and widely accepted due its advantages in terms of easy operation,
limited emission release, elimination in fuel cost, abundant availability etc. [2]. It is one of the primary technology
that gave a scope for transformation in energy and environment sector by shifting to decarbonized energy generation
on centralized levels as well as in distributed levels. Initially these systems were economically not affordable, but
due to the advancements in technological growth, rapid down fall in the cost is witnessed. On other side promotional
activities and policies towards the green and sustainable aspects gave an uptrend move to the photovoltaics. All
these factors gave positive support for the growth of PV sector in the electricity markets.
Even though, PV systems have seen remarkable growth in present energy sector, the productivity of the solar PV
system significantly depending on various other factors like ambient conditions, technology, type of installation,
design followed etc. [3]. Hence, the evaluation of PV productivity considering various influential parameters is
needed. Many studies exist in the literature dealing with the performance study of photovoltaic systems considering
various parameters. Among these, simulated studies dealing with the performance of solar PV systems in different
configurations, sizes, and in different locations [4–7]. Similarly, different studies on the real time performance of PV
system with respect to specific weather conditions also exist [8–11]. Few studies dealt with the performance on
consideration of different PV technologies, electrical system components, installation configuration. Among these
almost all the studies followed the performance parameters (array yield, reference yield, final yield, performance
ratio, capacity factor, efficiency, losses) of International Energy Agency (IEA) [12], and National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL) [13]. Among these, availability factor is one among the loss parameters, in most of the
studies this factor is assumed based on certain assumptions and regulations.
Availability factor of any power generating system cannot be assumed or cannot be kept constant. It depends
various aspects of system reliability, dependability on grid regulation, power purchase agreements, periodic
maintenance of the system etc. [14]. Due to these aspects, interruptions are possible in the power generation facility.
From this, availability factor of a typical power plant is defined as the percentage of time duration that could not
generate a power due to certain inabilities. In PV systems also, the availability factor plays a notable effect on the
energy generations. For instance, in actual point of view, the PV systems can generate power from the sunrise
situation to sunset situation. But in practical and real time conditions, due to the limitations of system reliability,
running interruptions, component failures etc. the generation ability and generation periods reduces giving a scope
for quantifying actual availability time of PV system [15, 16].
In this paper, a study on availability factor and its evaluation based on the real time monitored parameters from
a 1 MWp solar PV plant is executed. A method based on generation start time, end time, and actual running periods
of the inverters is proposed and for convenient purpose, this is generalized and can be applied for any power plant
with the relevant data monitored from the power plant.

2. Materials and methodology

This section, description of the inspected power plant, data collection, and the proposed methodology is discussed.

2.1. Description of the PV plant

The solar photovoltaic plant that is under investigation is installed in the Revulapally (Latitude: 16.3°N and
Longitude: 77.6°E), Mahbubnagar District, Telangana, India. The nominal capacity of the solar PV plant is 1 MWp
or 1000 kWp installed in 5 acres site with fixed tilt and allowing a provision for seasonal tilt variation. This 1 MWp
PV project was allotted to Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited (TSGENCO) [17] under the
Government of India’s strongest vision on promotional incentives offered for solar PV projects under the Jawaharlal
 Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 71–77 73
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) [18]. Supply, erection, and the civil works towards the installation of the
project with in the stipulated times were awarded to M/S. Photon Energy Systems Ltd, Hyderabad on EPC basis.
The solar PV project consists a total of 4284 PV modules each having a 235 Wp capacity, 4 inverters each having
250 kW, and 2 power transformers each of 630 kVA. PV array installation of the investigated project is shown in
Fig. 1. And the specifications were tabulated in Table 1.

Fig. 1. 1 MWp solar PV plant commissioned at Revulapally, Mahbubnagar District, Telangana, India (image courtesy: plant site).

Table 1. PV plant specifications.

Component or parameter Name or value Units/Notation
Latitude 16.3 °N
Longitude 77.6 °E
PV plant capacity 1 MWp
Inverter capacity 1000 kW
No. of Inverters 4 (each of 250 kW) Inv-x (where ‘x’ is the inverter number)
Type of PV module Poly crystalline c-Si
Total area 5 acres

2.2. Data collection

Data collection is done by physical visit to the site where PV plant is installed and commissioned. Five financial
years (starting from the commissioning date to March 2016) of data containing generation start time, generation end
time, and tripping caused due to inverter etc. are collected. Financial year is typically considered from April of
preset year to March of next year. Data durations along with the method of inspection or measuring is shown in
Table 2.

Table 2. Data collection from the solar PV plant.

Parameter Measuring Data duration (For each financial year) Units
method
PV plant start time in a day Manual 2011–2012; 2012–2013; 2013–2014; 2014–2015; 2015–2016 Hours:minute:seconds
PV plant end time in a day Manual 2011–2012; 2012–2013; 2013–2014; 2014–2015; 2015–2016 Hours:minute:seconds
Possible duration of Tripping Automation 2011–2012; 2012–2013; 2013–2014; 2014–2015; 2015–2016 Hours:minute:seconds
74 Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 71–77
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

2.3. Methodology

A methodology based on generation periods and inverter running periods is proposed here. The methodology
describes the relation between PV plant generation periods to actual running periods in the form of an availability
factor. Initially the availability factor is evaluated for each inverter, then depending on the number of inverter used
in the PV plant, the plant availability factor is evaluated. Methodology proposed here is shown from Eq. (1) to
Eq. (4).

Generation Period  End Time  Start Time (1)

Eq. (1), is used to estimate the generation period of the PV plant. In Eq. (1), the end time represents the time at
which no power is generated from a PV plant i.e. typically happens in the night times. Start time represents, the time
at which power generation is possible i.e. typically in the morning. Generation period is the time for which the PV
plant is made to operate i.e. from morning time (start time) to evening time (end time). These three parameters are
typically measured in hours: minutes: seconds.

Running Periods  Generation Period  Trippings (2)

Running hours are estimated using Eq. (2), and it is difference of generation periods to the tripping caused in the
PV plant and its components. In any PV plant, the running periods are bit lower than the maximum possible
generation periods this is because of the hurdles or problems caused by various components in PV system like grid
failure, inverter failure etc. Running periods are typically measured in hours: minutes: seconds.

Running Periods
Availabili ty FactorInverter ( AFinverter )   100 (3)
Generation Periods

Inverter availability factor of an inverter is estimated using the Eq. (3). In PV plant inverter is one of major
component, that helps in the conversion of DC electricity generated by the PV arrays to the AC electricity required
by the utility. Typically, in a PV plant, the number of inverter they use depends on the capacity of the PV plant.
The availability factor is defined as the ratio of inverter running periods to the maximum generation periods. It is
mostly measured in terms of percentages; hence the units are possible.

1
Plant Availabili ty Factor ( PAF )   ( AFinverter 1  AFinverter 2  ...  AFinverter n ) (4)
n

Plant availability factor is estimated using the Eq. (4), and it is average sum of the availability factors of inverters
in solar PV plant.

3. Results and discussion

This section presents the evaluated results of inverter and PV plant availability factors. Monitoring the generating
periods of the PV plant and running hours of the inverter are most responsible factors for calculating the availability
factors of the inverters installed over the PV plant site. Generating periods are monitored as per the starting time and
ending time on daily basis as per the Eq. (1) over the period of five financial years. Similarly, using Eq. (2) running
periods are monitored with reference to the possible tripping over study duration. During the first financial years,
only few month data was collected as the PV plant commissioned almost in the ending of the financial year.
Generation periods are measured in hours:minutes:seconds as 3654:16:00, 16604:00:00, 16591:08:00, 16489:04:00,
and 15675:44:00 for the financial years 2011–2012, 2012–2013, 2013–2014, 2014–2015, 2015–2016 respectively.
Running periods are measured in hours: minutes: seconds as 3453:44:00, 15607:43:00, 15875:44:00, 15415:15:00,
and 14490:52:00 for the financial years 2011–2012, 2012–2013, 2013–2014, 2014–2015, 2015–2016 respectively.
 Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 71–77 75
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

Average generation periods and running periods over the study duration were shown in Fig. 2. Average generation
periods in hours: minutes: seconds are as 913:34:00, 4151:00:00, 4147:47:00, 4122:16:00, and 3918:56:00 and
average running periods in hours: minutes: seconds are 863:26:00, 3901:55:45, 3968:56:00, 3853:48:45, 3622:43:00
for financial years 2011–2012, 2012–2013, 2013–2014, 2014–2015, 2015–2016 respectively.

4800:00:00
Time, hours:minutes:seconds

3600:00:00

2400:00:00

1200:00:00

0:00:00
2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016
Financial Year

Average Generation Periods (hours: minutes: seconds) Average Running Periods (hours: minutes: seconds)

Fig. 2. Average generation and running periods over the study period of five financial years.

2011-2012 Inv-1 2011-2012 Inv-2 2011-2012 Inv-3 2011-2012 Inv-4 2012-2013 Inv-1
2012-2013 Inv-2 2012-2013 Inv-3 2012-2013 Inv-4 2013-2014 Inv-1 2013-2014 Inv-2
2013-2014 Inv-3 2013-2014 Inv-4 2014-2015 Inv-1 2014-2015 Inv-2 2014-2015 Inv-3
2014-2015 Inv-4 2015-2016 Inv-1 2015-2016 Inv-2 2015-2016 Inv-3 2015-2016 Inv-4
Inverter Availability Factor in %

96

95

94

93

92

91

90
Inverters (Inv-x) where {x=1,2,3,4}

Fig. 3. Average generation and running periods over the study period of five financial years.

From the Fig. 2, it is observed that, the running hours of the PV plant will always be lesser than that of the actual
generating periods. The reason for this would be due to the failure of the PV system components, or any other
external influences such as grid failure, grid regulation etc. In the studied PV plant, there are four 250 kW inverters,
hence each inverter availability factor is calculated using Eq. (3). The calculated availability factors of Inv-1, Inv-2,
Inv-3, and Inv-4 in the study period of five financial years represented in Fig. 3. From the analysis, it is observed
that during the financial years 2011–2012, 2013–2014, 2015–2016 all the four inverters shown an availability factor
of 94.51 % (not available is 5.49 %), 95.69 % (not available is 4.31 %), and 92.44 % (not available is 7.56 %)
respectively. For the financial years 2012–2013, and 2014–2015, the available factors of inverters 1 to 4 are
observed to be 93.83 %, 93.66 %, 93.57 %, 94.95 %, and 93.50 %, 93.46 %, 94.50 %, 93.50 % respectively. It is
observed that, the availability factor varies from time to time and its depends on many factors, on an average energy
equivalent to the not available factor is lost. From the observed available factors of inverters, the plant availability
76 Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 71–77
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

factor is estimated using Eq. (4). It is average sum of the inverter available factors. In our study, four 250 kW
inverter were utilized in the 1MWp solar power plant, hence the average sum of the four inverter availability factors
was considered for each financial year, and the value of PAF is computed and shown in Fig. 4. PAF is observed to
be in the range of 92.44 % to 95.69 %. As the age of PV plant increases the availability factor of the plant is
observed to be reduced. But during the financial year 2013–2014, PAF value is seen to be slightly higher than
previous financial year. Summary of the results is shown in Table 3.

2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

Plant Availability Factor

96
95
(PAF) in %

94
93
92
91
90
Financial Year

Fig. 4. Average generation and running periods over the study period of five financial years.

Table 3. Summary of the availability factor results.

Financial year Inverter number Generation period Running period Availability factor PAF, %
(hours:minutes:seconds) (hours:minutes:seconds) of inverter, %
2011–2012 Inv-1 913:34:00 863:26:00 94.51 94.51
Inv-2 913:34:00 863:26:00 94.51
Inv-3 913:34:00 863:26:00 94.51
Inv-4 913:34:00 863:26:00 94.51
2012–2013 Inv-1 4151:00:00 3894:44:00 93.83 94.00
Inv-2 4151:00:00 3887:55:00 93.66
Inv-3 4151:00:00 3883:53:00 93.57
Inv-4 4151:00:00 3941:11:00 94.95
2013–2014 Inv-1 4147:47:00 3968:56:00 95.69 95.69
Inv-2 4147:47:00 3968:56:00 95.69
Inv-3 4147:47:00 3968:56:00 95.69
Inv-4 4147:47:00 3968:56:00 95.69
2014–2015 Inv-1 4122:16:00 3854:15:00 93.50 93.49
Inv-2 4122:16:00 3852:30:00 93.46
Inv-3 4122:16:00 3854:15:00 93.50
Inv-4 4122:16:00 3854:15:00 93.50
2015–2016 Inv-1 3918:56:00 3622:43:00 92.44 92.44
Inv-2 3918:56:00 3622:43:00 92.44
Inv-3 3918:56:00 3622:43:00 92.44
Inv-4 3918:56:00 3622:43:00 92.44
 Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 71–77 77
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7

In Table 3 the summary of the availability factors evaluated for each inverter, PV plant specific to each financial
year is tabulated. Also, the generation periods and running periods during of the PV plant specific to inverter are
represented. It is observed that, as the age of the PV plant increases the availability factor is slightly reduced.

4. Conclusion

The study carried out in this paper, investigates on the availability factors of inverter and the PV plant that is in
the Revulapally, Mahbubnagar district of Telangana State, India. A monitoring period of five financial years is
considered during the evaluation of availability factors in this study. The work presented in this paper, provides
a clear understanding of the availability factor and how it is influenced by generation periods, inverter running
periods. The evaluated availability factors of the inverter and PV plant for the 1 MWp solar PV under study are
summarized as follows: The variation in availability factor is observed to be in the range of 92.44 % to 95.69 % over
the five consecutive financial years. On an average, the PV system is found to have energy reductions over the five
consecutive financial years ranging in between 4.31 % to 7.56 %. The reasons for not achieving the 100 %
availability factors are the occurrence of failure in the solar inverter. Other reasons are strings continuity failure,
failure in cables and connections. Here, mostly the specified two reasons occurred. The work supports future
research aiming towards the improvement in performance of PV plant keeping the availability as one of witness
factors affecting the energy yields.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the authorities in providing the data of 1MWp
TSGENCO Grid Connected Solar Power Plant installed at Revulapally, Mahbubnagar District, Telangana, India.

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[16] Availability factor. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_factor
[17] Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited. Available: http://tsgenco.telangana.gov.in/
[18] Government of India. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.