CAO

WRITTEN EXAM BOOKLET

Special Edition

INSTRUMENT
RATING 2018

Azmoon Online
azmoon-online.com
@azmoononlinecom
info@azmoon-online.com
 T able of Contents

AIP 1

Aircraft Performance 18

Airway Manual 57

Annex 2 141

Annex 3 177

Annex 6 200

Annex 10 229

Annex 11 250

Annex 14 256

Document 4444 265

Flight Planning 286

Human Performance 310

Instrumentation 366

Meteorology 403

Radio Navigation 487

Figures 526
AIP Page |1

1- What are the lower and upper vertical limits of Tehran UIR?
A) 28500 ft – Unlimited
B) FL285 – Unlimited
C) FL290 – FL410
 D) Nil

2- What is the unusable area for ANARAK VOR/DME below 18000 ft AMSL?
A) 200°-180° clockwise
B) 130°-360° counterclockwise
 C) 200°-180° counterclockwise
D) 130°-360° clockwise

3- What is transponder code for indicating transponder malfunction in Tehran FIR?

A) 2000
 B) 0000
C) 7500
D) 1200

4- What is the altitude error between level readout and the reported level for verifying transponder
Mode C malfunction?
A) 200 ft
B) Less than 200 ft
 C) More than 200 ft
D) Less than 150 ft

5- Which type of flight(s) in Tehran FIR can use Code 0000 in transponder?
 A) Domestic flights
B) International flights
C) Controlled flights
D) Uncontrolled and controlled flights

6- Which of the following statements regarding Air Move Display (AMD) is incorrect?
A) Improving efficiency and traffic observation.
 B) AMDs are suitable for radar vectoring.
C) The information provided by AMD is derived from enroute radar service.
D) It is used as supplementary facility.
AIP Page |2

7- What is the magnetic direction from NABOX to DAVEP on ATS route A453?
 A) 238˚
B) 058˚
C) 246˚
D) 066˚

8- What is the call sign of ATS unit within Sector 6 of Tehran FIR?
A) Tehran Radar
B) Tehran Radar / Control
 C) Tehran Control
D) Tehran ACC

9- What is (are) the airspace(s) classification of Bandar Abbass CTA?

A) A, D
B) C
 C) A
D) D

10- What is the center of Rasht CTA?

A) Rasht NDB
B) Aerodrome Reference Point
C) Rasht VORTAC
 D) Rasht DVOR

11- Which unit does control the Ahwaz CTR?

 A) Ahwaz Tower
B) Ahwaz Approach
C) Ahwaz Radar
D) Ahwaz Ground

12- Calculate ASDA RWY25 Ardabil airport.

A) 2600 ft
B) 3659 m
C) 3528 ft
 D) 2600 m
AIP Page |3

13- What is the minimum take off visibility when runway is equipped with center line lighting and
marking according to Iran AIP?
A) 500 m
B) 400 m
 C) 300 m
D) 200 m

14- What is the aerodrome fire fighting category at which 27300 litters water available for production of
level A foam?
A) 6
B) 7
 C) 8
D) 9

15- How many enroute holding are established over Saveh NDB/DME?
A) 3
 B) 2
C) 1
D) Withdrawn

16- According to Iran Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) criterias all departures should not be made
……………………. EOBT.
A) More than 15 minutes after
B) More than 10 minutes after
C) More than 15 minutes before
 D) More than 10 minutes before

17- Which of the following aerodrome is not belong to major international aerodromes in Iran?
A) Bandar Abbass
B) Yazd / Shahid Sadooghi
 C) Kish Island / Kish
D) Tehran / Imam Khomeini

18- Calculate the total mileage of ATS route UT211.

A) 217.6 NM
 B) 271.6 NM
C) 200.8 NM
D) 208.0 NM
AIP Page |4

19- On which frequency DARBAND VOR/DME operates?

 A) 113.700 MHz
B) 114.500 MHz
C) 117.300 MHz
D) 115.400 MHz

20- What is the time of activity of “OI R74” in Tehran FIR?

A) Continuous day and night service
B) Sunset to sunrise
 C) Sunrise to sunset
D) No specific working hours

21- Regular amendments to Iran AIP will be issued:

 A) Once a year
B) Two times in a year
C) Four times in a year
D) Six times in a year

22- What is the width of RWY 14R in Abadan airport?

A) 35 m
B) 60 m
C) 55 m
 D) 45 m

23- Which ATS route is passing through significant points ALROT and ALKUP?
A) A416
B) UP567
 C) UL333
D) UL223

24- What is the PCN of RWY13 in Persian Gulf airport?

A) 80
B) 85
C) 90
 D) 95
AIP Page |5

25- Which type of fuel(s) is (are) available in Esfahan / Shahid Beheshti International airport?
A) Jet A1
 B) Jet A1 – 100LL
C) Jet A1 – JP4
D) Jet A1 – JP4 – 100LL

26- Choose the correct definition of “Damp”.

A) The surface is soaked but there is no standing water.
B) The significant patches of standing water are visible.
 C) The surface shows a change of color due to moisture.
D) None.

27- What is the ATS unit call sign controlling OISS CTR?
A) Shiraz Tower
 B) Shiraz Approach / Radar
C) Shiraz Information
D) Shiraz Ground

28- What is the lower limit of Shiraz TMA?

A) FL245
B) 24500 ft AMSL
 C) 11500 ft AMSL
D) FL115

29- Each flight plan either submitted individually or based on RPL criteria has a validity time of:
A) 30 minutes after EOBT for IFR flight
B) 60 minutes after EOBT for VFR flight
C) 60 minutes after EOBT for all controlled and uncontrolled flight
 D) A and B are correct

30- How many times a flight plan can be modified?

 A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Not applicable
AIP Page |6

31- What is the last AIRAC effective date on 2019?

 A) 5th December
B) 6th December
C) 7th December
D) 8th December

32- What is the time (UTC) of sunset on 28th March at OITT?

A) 19:45
B) 16:15
C) 19:39
 D) 15:15

33- What is the purpose of “Persian Gulf DVOR/DME”?

 A) Aerodrome facility
B) Enroute facility
C) Aerodrome and Enroute facility
D) Off route facility

34- What is the magnetic variation at ARDABIL VOR/DME?

A) 5˚E
B) 4.5˚E
C) 4˚E
 D) 5.5˚E

35- What is the firefighting category at OIHH during Hadj flights?

A) CAT 5
B) CAT 6
 C) CAT 7
D) CAT 8

36- What is the minimum rate of climb when executing TULGU 1A DEP after crossing overhead
VOR/DME at OITZ?
A) 375 ft/NM
 B) 250 ft/NM
C) 310 ft/NM
D) 300 ft/NM
AIP Page |7

37- What is the OCH on straight approach RWY11 Jam airport?

A) 2800 ft
 B) 701 ft
C) 1278 ft
D) 668 ft

38- The highest obstacle within 25 NM from YASOUJ NDB is ……….

A) 13819 ft AMSL
B) 15500 ft AMSL
 C) 13984 ft AMSL
D) 11510 ft AMSL

39- What is the speed restriction within Tehran TMA?

A) Maximum 250 KT TAS
 B) Maximum 270 KT IAS
C) Maximum 250 KT IAS
D) Maximum 270 KT TAS

40- What is the speed restriction within Tehran CTR?

A) Maximum 230 KT TAS
B) Maximum 200 KT IAS
 C) Maximum 230 KT IAS
D) Maximum 200 KT TAS

41- What is the minimum rate of climb during missed approach ILS 1 RWY29R at OIIE?
A) 350 ft/NM
B) 300 ft/NM
C) 250 ft/NM
 D) 200 ft/NM

42- On which radial from ESFAHAN DVOR/DME the north initial approach fix is established?
A) R298
 B) R348
C) R328
D) R289
AIP Page |8

43- What is the OCA in ILS 1 RWY29L OIII, when glide path is inoperative?
A) 4040 ft
B) 246 ft
 C) 4450 ft
D) 656 ft

44- Where can you find the abbreviations used in AIS publication?
 A) GEN 2
B) GEN 3
C) ENR 1
D) ENR 3.1

45- Which part of AIP contains the list of radio navigation aids?
A) ENR 1
B) ENR 4
 C) GEN 2.5
D) GEN 3

46- Which part of AIP contains the radio navigation aids/systems?

 A) ENR 4
B) ENR 1
C) GEN 2.5
D) GEN3

47- What is the accuracy of the location of navigational aids measured by GPS in Iran?
A) ± 10 meters.
 B) ± 5m.
C) Within 8 meters.
D) B, C are correct.

48- What is the accuracy of sunrise and sunset time published in AIP?
A) Less than 3 min
 B) Less than 2 min
C) 2 min
D) 3 min
AIP Page |9

49- What is the color of regular AIP amendment cover sheet?

 A) Light blue
B) Pink
C) Red
D) Yellow

50- What is the color of AIRAC amendment cover sheet?

A) Blue
 B) Pink
C) Red
D) Yellow

51- The color of AIP supplement papers are ................

A) Blue
B) Pink
C) Red
 D) Yellow

52- Which temporary changes may be included in AIP supplement?

A) 2 months
 B) 3 months and longer
C) 1 month
D) 4 month & longer

53- Which section of AIP contains the information of "NOTAM"?

A) GEN 2.4
B) ENR 3.5
 C) GEN 3.1
D) ENR 1.7

54- The series of international NOTAM is............

 A) A
B) B
C) C
D) R
AIP P a g e | 10

55- Which class of VDF antenna has bearing accuracy ±10°?

A) A
B) B
 C) C
D) D

56- What is the series of domestic NOTAM?

A) A
 B) B
C) C
D) S

57- Name the chapter in the AIP where one can find a list of significant differences between national
regulations and practices of the State and the related ICAO Standards, Recommended Practices and
Procedures:
 A) GEN 1.7
B) AD 1.2
C) ENR4
D) GEN 2.5

58- Detailed description of meteorological information provided at the aerodrome and an indication of
which meteorological office is responsible, is in the following part of the AIP:
A) ENR
 B) GEN
C) MET
D) AD

59- In which section of AIP are contained information elements relating to refueling facilities and
limitations on refueling services?
A) ENR
B) GEN
C) SAR
 D) AD

60- Each AIRAC AIP amendment page shall display:

A) Page number only.
B) Date of issue only.
 C) The effective date, page number and date of issue.
D) Color coding.
AIP P a g e | 11

61- Which section of the AIP contains information relating to the provision of Communication Services?
A) ENR
B) AD
C) SUPP
 D) GEN

62- Prohibited, Danger, Restricted and caution areas must be designated by:
A) Country identifier, followed by P/D/R/C, followed by the identifier.
 B) Country identifier followed by P/D/R/C, followed by assigned number.
C) P/D/R/C followed by the identifier.
D) Country identifier followed by numbers.

63- According to AIP “FBL” is the abbreviation of:

A) Fixed Beacon Location
B) Forecastable
 C) Light
D) Forecast based level

64- What is the purpose of “KAZ NDB”?

A) Aerodrome & Enroute
B) Enroute
 C) Aerodrome
D) Airway fan marker

65- What is the fire fighting category of Dezful airport?

 A) CAT 7
B) CAT 8
C) CAT 5
D) CAT 6

66- All flights before entering Iran ADIZ (Tehran FIR) are required to contact the appropriate air defense
radar station on ……….…… or ……………, at least 10 minutes prior to entering Tehran FIR.
A) 121.500 MHz – 243.000 MHz
B) 121.000 MHz – 243.000 MHz
C) 127.000 MHz – 135.000 MHz
 D) 127.800 MHz – 135.100 MHz
AIP P a g e | 12

67- What is the location name of “OISR”?

A) Fasa
B) Jahrom
C) Lar
 D) Lamerd

68- What is the time of sunrise in Ramsar city on 27th of April?

A) 06:25
 B) 06:18
C) 06:23
D) 06:21

69- What is the radius of Esfahan / Shahid Beheshti international airport CTR?
A) 40 NM
B) 5 NM
C) 15 NM
 D) 30 NM

70- What types(s) of fuel is (are) available in Abadan Airport?

A) 100 LL
B) Jet A1, 100LL, JP4
 C) Jet A1
D) Jet A1, JP4

71- What is the vertical limit of Nowshahr CTR?

A) 6000 ft
B) 15500 ft
 C) FL155
D) B & C are correct

72- What is the upper vertical limit of “OI D66”?

A) FL200
B) FL240
C) FL120
 D) FL150
AIP P a g e | 13

73- What is the transition altitude of Kerman airport?

A) 11000 ft MSL
B) FL120
 C) 12000 ft MSL
D) FL130

74- What is the upper vertical limit and radius of Bandar abbas TMA?
A) 6500 ft – 60 NM
B) FL275 – 70 NM
C) FL065 – 70 NM
 D) FL245 – 60 NM

75- What is the minimum flight altitude for entering Tehran FIR?
 A) FL150
B) 10000 ft MSL
C) 16000 ft MSL
D) FL100

76- What is the ADIZ frequency?

A) 127.800 MHz
B) 135.100 MHz
C) 118.400 MHz
 D) A & B are correct

77- How long before entering Tehran FIR an aircraft shall report to ADIZ?
A) At least 20 minutes
B) At least 15 minutes
 C) At least 10 minutes
D) At least 5 minutes

78- What is the time zone (difference between local time and UTC) during summer period?
A) 03:30
 B) 04:30
C) 05:30
D) 02:30
AIP P a g e | 14

79- Where can we find clearway information?

 A) AD 2
B) ENR
C) GEN
D) AD 1

80- Where can we find information about danger area?

A) GEN 4
 B) ENR 5
C) AD 1
D) ERN 6

81- What is the speed limitation for IFR flights within class “C” airspace below 10000 ft AMSL?
A) 250 KT IAS.
B) 260 KT IAS.
C) 250 KT TAS.
 D) Not applicable.

82- Which type of separation is provided for VFR flights within class “C” airspace?
A) IFR from VFR.
 B) VFR from IFR.
C) IFR from SVFR.
D) VFR from VFR.

83- Within which class of airspace in Tehran FIR, IFR and VFR flights receive flight information service
only?
A) A, C, D, G.
B) A, C, D.
 C) G.
D) F.

84- In Iran, VFR flights are not authorized to fly within:

A) B airspace.
 B) A airspace.
C) G airspace.
D) E airspace.
AIP P a g e | 15

85- Which airspaces are not available in Iran?

A) A, C, D, G.
 B) B, E, F.
C) A, B, E, F.
D) C, E, F.

86- What is the ATS route classification within TMA in Iran?

A) A, C, D, G.
B) B, E, F.
C) D, A
 D) A, C.

87- Issued start up clearance by ATC unit is valid up to ------ from the time of startup clearance.
A) 10 to 15 minutes.
B) 20 minutes.
C) 15 minutes.
 D) 10 minutes.

88- According to Iran AIP, flight plan is required for:

A) VFR flight.
B) IFR flight.
C) IFR flight only.
 D) A & B are correct.

89- What is the lateral limit of ATS ROUTE UR660 between TABRIZ and RAKED?
A) 10 NM.
B) 15 NM.
 C) 20 NM.
D) 25 NM.

90- What is the distance between SHIRAZ and VAVAS on ATS route G665?
A) 60.5 NM.
B) 78.3 NM.
 C) 70.0 NM.
D) 106.6 NM.
AIP P a g e | 16

91- What are the entry and exit point on ATS route R205?
A) DEHNAMAK and EGLUL.
B) BUBUX and BOJNORD.
 C) ANARAK and BIRJAND.
D) BUBUX and EGLUL.

92- What is MOCA on ATS route UN440?

A) 13340 ft.
 B) 9100 ft.
C) 10700 ft.
D) 8100 ft.

93- On which ATS route(s) significant point “SIVIM” is (are) used?

 A) W8.
B) W8, UP574.
C) L124.
D) W8, UL124.

94- When will the critical snow banks outside runway and taxiway be reported?
A) Its height exceeds 20 cm.
B) Its height exceeds 30 cm.
 C) Its height exceeds 60 cm.
D) Its height exceeds 70 cm.

95- Which of the following meteorological watch office(s) can issue SIGMET?
 A) OIII.
B) OIIE.
C) OIFM.
D) A & B are correct.

96- What is the aerodrome elevation of Mashhad international airport?

A) 3423 ft.
 B) 3266 ft.
C) 3254 ft.
D) 3662 ft.
AIP P a g e | 17

97- The reported QNH is valid up to ……. in Iran:

A) CTR.
 B) 25 NM.
C) 15 NM.
D) TMA.

98- Within which control airspace in IRAN the VFR flights are not authorized to fly?
A) Airway.
B) TMA.
 C) TMA above FL200.
D) TMA below FL200.

99- Night in IRAN is:

A) 15 min after sunrise up to 15 min before sunset.
B) 15 min before sunset up to 15 min before sunrise.
 C) 15 min after sunset up to 15 min before sunrise.
D) 15 min before sunset up to 15 min after sunrise.

100- In which chart you can find transition altitude?

A) Instrument approach
B) SID
C) STAR
 D) All answers are correct
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 18

1- What is the maximum operation speed during flight?

A) VFE
 B) VMO
C) VNE
D) VLS

2- Density altitude increase when:

A) Temperature decrease
B) Pressure increase
 C) Temperature increase
D) Altitude decrease

3- The primary reason for computing density altitude is to determine A/C performance.
 A) True
B) False
C)
D)

4- When the aircraft will obtain the maximum grade of its performance?
A) High density altitude
B) High Temperature
C) High weight
 D) A, B & C are incorrect

5- High density altitude cause ….

A) Engine power out decrease
B) Propeller efficiency decrease
C) Aerodynamic lift decrease
 D) All answers are correct

6- In high humid air the piston engine performance decrease approximately as:
A) 10%
 B) 7%
C) 19%
D) 21%
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 19

7- In high relative humidity condition, takeoff and climb performance for piston engine aircraft reduce
approximately as:
A) 7%
 B) 10%
C) 14%
D) 19%

8- The most adverse effect on aircraft performance occur at ………….

 A) High altitude, hot, humid
B) High altitude, cold, humid
C) Low altitude, hot, humid
D) Low altitude, cold, humid

9- “Humidity has most effect on density altitude.”

A) True
 B) False
C)
D)

10- “Humidity “causes to ………….

A) Increase density altitude at lesser degree
B) Decrease piston engine power output
C) Decrease takeoff efficiency performance
 D) All answers are correct

11- The maximum rate of climb that can be maintained at the absolute ceiling is:
A) 125 ft/min.
 B) 0 ft/min.
C) 500 ft/min.
D) 100 ft/min.

12- Minimum drag speed (VMD) is:

 A) Proportional to weight.
B) A function of pressure altitude.
C) A function of density altitude.
D) Proportional to temperature.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 20

13- Which statement is correct for glide with maximum lift to drag ratio speed?
A) A tailwind component decreases the ground distance.
B) A headwind component increases the ground distance.
C) A tailwind component increases fuel and time to descent
 D) A headwind component decreases the ground distance.

14- Which one gives the shortest gliding time?

A) Lower mass.
B) A headwind.
C) A tailwind.
 D) Higher mass.

15- Flying the “backside of thrust curve” means:

A) The thrust required is independent of the airspeed.
 B) A lower airspeed requires more thrust.
C) A thrust reduction results in an acceleration of the aeroplane.
D) A lower airspeed requires less thrust because drag is decreased.

16- In a glide by jet aeroplane the maximum range will be obtained by flying at:
A) VNE
 B) 1.32 VMD
C) VMD
D) VMO / MMO

17- What condition is found at the intersection of the thrust available and the drag curve?
A) Un-accelerated flight in a climb.
B) Accelerated climb.
 C) Un-accelerated level flight.
D) Accelerated level flight.

18- An aeroplane is flying at its maximum speed in level flight. Which of the following statements is
correct?
A) Thrust is set for minimum drag.
B) Aeroplane is flown at the best Lift to Drag ratio.
 C) Aeroplane has reached to maximum drag condition.
D) Aeroplane has reached to minimum drag condition.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 21

19- Density altitude is the:

 A) Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.
B) Altitude reference to the standard datum plane.
C) Altitude read directly from the altimeter.
D) Height above the surface.

20- A reduction in air density causes:

A) An increase in CL.
 B) An increase in takeoff distance.
C) A decrease in takeoff distance.
D) A decrease in CL.

21- Which one of the following statements is true concerning the effect of changes of ambient
temperature on an areoplane’s performance, assuming all other performance parameters remain
constant?
A) An increase will cause a decrease in the landing distance required.
B) An increase will cause a decrease in takeoff distance required.
 C) A decrease will cause an increase of the climb gradient.
D) A decrease will cause an increase in the takeoff ground run.

22- An aeroplane is climbing at a speed 10 kts lower than the speed for best rate of climb:
A) Angle of climb will decrease.
 B) Angle of climb will increase.
C) Angle of climb will not change.
D) Rate of climb will not change.

23- In a power-off glide with piston engine aircraft in still air, to obtain the maximum glide range, the
aircraft should be flown:
 A) At a speed corresponding to the maximum lift to drag ratio.
B) At a speed close to the stall.
C) At a speed corresponding to the minimum drag coefficient.
D) At a speed close to VNE.

24- If cruising into a 15 kts headwind and a 180˚ turn is made so the wind is directly behind the aircraft,
the lAS would:
 A) Be the same and the ground speed would increase by 30 kts.
B) Be the same and the ground speed would increase by 15 kts.
C) Decrease by 15 kts and the ground speed would increase by 15 kts.
D) Increase by 30 kts and the ground speed would remain the same.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 22

25- How does the indicated airspeed for best angle of climb and best rate of climb vary with increasing
altitude in jet aeroplane?
A) Both decrease.
B) Both increase.
 C) Best angle of climb speed will constant while best rate of climb speed decreases.
D) Best angle of climb decreases while best rate of climb increases.

26- Considering TAS for maximum range and maximum endurance, if other factors remaining constant:
A) TAS for maximum range will increase with increased altitude while TAS for maximum
endurance will decrease with increased altitude.
B) Both will decrease with increasing altitude.
C) Both will stay constant regardless of altitude.
 D) Both will increase with increasing altitude.

27- Maximum endurance for jet aircraft:

 A) Can be achieved in level unaccelerated flight with minimum fuel consumption.
B) Can be achieved by flying at the best rate of climb speed in straight and level flight.
C) Can be achieved in a steady climb.
D) Can be achieved by flying at the absolute ceiling.

28- Climbing to cruise altitude with a headwind will:

A) Increase time to climb.
 B) Decrease ground distance covered to climb.
C) Decrease time to climb.
D) Increase ground distance covered to climb.

29- Suppose an aircraft is flying straight and level at specified height. If the mass were increased what
actions would be necessary to maintain a constant angle of attack and altitude?
A) Decrease speed, increase power.
B) Decrease speed, decrease power.
C) Increase speed, decrease power.
 D) Increase speed, increase power.

30- Climbing to cruise altitude in a tailwind will:

A) Decrease the time taken.
 B) Increase the ground distance covered.
C) Increase the time taken.
D) Increase the fuel flow rate.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 23

31- The effect of a decrease in air density is to:

 A) Increase the takeoff distance and reduce the rate of climb.
B) Decrease the takeoff distance and reduce the rate of climb.
C) Decrease the takeoff distance and increase the rate of climb.
D) Increase the takeoff distance and increase the rate of climb.

32- Jet aeroplane is in a glide (power off descent) at the VMD, if the pitch angle is increased the glide
distance will:
A) Increase.
 B) Decrease.
C) Remain constant.
D) Depend on the aircraft.

33- A higher temperature causes __ in air density and __ in lift.

A) Increase; decrease
B) Decrease; increase
C) Increase; increase
 D) Decrease; decrease

34- How does an increase in aircraft mass affect the gliding range?
 A) Has no effect on gliding range.
B) Decreases gliding range.
C) Increases gliding range.
D) Decrease glide angle but gliding range increase.

35- Uphill slope:

 A) Increases the takeoff distance more than the accelerate stop distance required.
B) Decreases the accelerate stop distance only.
C) Decreases the takeoff distance only.
D) Increases the allowed takeoff mass.

36- A constant headwind component:

A) Increases the best rate of climb.
B) Decreases the angle of climb.
C) Increases the maximum endurance.
 D) Increases the angle of flight path during climb.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 24

37- The margin between the power available and the power required for jet engine aircraft:
A) Increases when the aircraft climbs.
 B) Decreases when the aircraft climbs.
C) Decreases when the aircraft descends.
D) Remains the same.

38- What is the effect of increasing weight on Vs?

 A) Increases.
B) Decreases.
C) Remains constant.
D) Increases or decreases, depending on the amount of weight which increase.

39- Relative to the ground, a headwind ……………… the effective climb angle and a tailwind ……………….
the effective climb angle.
 A) Increases, decreases
B) Decreases, increases
C) Increases, increases
D) Decreases, decreases

40- When does THRUST is equal to DRAG during flight?

A) Climbing at a constant IAS.
B) Descending at a constant IAS.
 C) Flying level at a constant IAS.
D) All answers are correct.

41- Two identical aircraft, one with a light load and one with a heavy load, are in a glide descent from
the same height in the same atmospheric conditions, the heavy aircraft will:
 A) Require a faster speed to achieve the same descent angle as the lighter aircraft.
B) Descend at the same angle with the same time in the descent but at a faster speed.
C) Descend steeper, at a faster speed with a greater rate of descent.
D) Descend at a steeper angle at a faster speed at the same rate of descent.

42- What is the influence of the mass on maximum rate of climb (ROC) speed if all other parameters
remain constant?
 A) The ROC speed increases with increasing mass.
B) The ROC speed decreases with increasing mass.
C) The ROC is affected by the mass, but not the ROC speed.
D) The ROC and the ROC speed are independent of the mass.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 25

43- For a given power setting in the climb, if the speed is increased:
A) The ROC will decrease if the speed is below Vy.
 B) The ROC will increase if the speed is below Vy.
C) The gradient of climb will increase if the speed is above VX.
D) The gradient of climb will decrease if the speed is below Vx.

44- What happens to the speeds, Vx and Vy, when lowering the aircraft’s landing gear?
A) VX increases, Vy decreases.
 B) VX decreases, Vy decreases.
C) VX increases, Vy increases.
D) VX decreases, Vy increases.

45- What happens to VX and Vy in terms of TAS as altitude increases?

A) Vy remains constant and VX decreases.
B) Vy remains constant and VX increases.
 C) Both will increase.
D) Both remain constant.

46- If the aircraft mass increases, how does the (i) rate of climb, and (ii) rate of climb speed change?
 A) (i) Decreases, (ii) Increases.
B) (i) Increases, (ii) Decreases.
C) (i) Decreases, (ii) Decreases.
D) (i) Increases, (ii) Increases.

47- What effect has a downhill slope on the takeoff speeds? The slope:
 A) Decreases the takeoff speed V1.
B) Decreases the TAS for takeoff.
C) Increases the IAS for takeoff.
D) Has no effect on the takeoff speed V1.

48- When in a gliding maneuver, in order to achieve maximum endurance, the piston engine aircraft
should be flown at:
A) The speed for maximum lift.
B) The speed for minimum drag.
C) The speed for maximum lift/drag.
 D) The speed for minimum power.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 26

49- If the headwind is … of takeoff speed the takeoff distance will decrease by …
A) 19% - 10%
B) 10% - 7%
 C) 10% - 19%
D) 14% - 10%

50- If tailwind is …… take off speed the takeoff distance will increase by …………
A) 10% - 19%
B) 14% - 21%
C) 7% - 19%
 D) 10% - 21%

51- What is the maximum allowable crosswind component of aircraft for which the VSO is 70 kts?
A) 120 kts
B) 15 kts
C) 12 kts
 D) 14 kts

52- Which statement is not correct about effect of increase weight an aircraft performance?
 A) Increase service ceiling
B) Increase takeoff distance
C) Decrease climb performance
D) Decrease acceleration

53- Which of the following item has adversely effect on takeoff performance but is beneficial for landing
performance?
A) Increase weight
 B) Positive runway gradient
C) Negative runway gradient
D) Humidity

54- Negative runway gradient is good for landing but is not preferable for takeoff.
A) True
 B) False
C)
D)
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 27

55- The maximum amount of friction is on …………

A) Wet runway
B) Slushy runway
 C) Dry runway
D) Grass runway

56- “Hydroplaning “ is caused by ……………….

 A) Thin layer of water that decrease braking action.
B) Thin layer of snow that increase braking action.
C) Thin layer of snow that separate the tires from runway.
D) Thin layer of water that separate the tires from runway.

57- “Dynamic Hydroplaning “ is defined as:

 A) Standing water about one-tenth of one inch or more.
B) Standing water or slush about one-thousands inch.
C) A thin film of water, more than one-thousands inch.
D) A thin film of water, not more than one- tenth of an inch.

58- A lower temperature causes ______ in air density and _____ in drag.
A) Increase, decrease
B) Decrease, increase
 C) Increase, increase
D) Decrease, decrease

59- Which runway has a minimum amount of braking action?

A) Dry
B) Grass
 C) Wet
D) All answers are correct

60- One which Runway braking action completely lost?

A) Dry
B) Slushy
C) Wet
 D) Ice
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 28

61- On which runway, aircraft roll-out increase:

A) Ice
B) Slushy
C) Wet
 D) All answers are correct

62- Which statement is correct?

A) VX is best angle of climb speed.
B) VX increase by altitude increase for piston engine aircraft.
C) VX increase engine temperature.
 D) All answers are correct.

63- Which statement is correct?

A) VX use for climb and obstacle clearance
B) VX is best angle of climb speed
C) VY decrease by altitude increase for piston engine aircraft
 D) All answers are correct

64- Which statement is correct?

A) VX is difference between thrust horse power and thrust required.
B) Vy is difference between thrust horse power available and thrust horse power required.
C) Max altitude gains in short distance when climb by VX.
 D) B and C are correct.

65- Which statement is correct?

A) Thrust required is constant by altitude increase.
B) Maximum rate of climb in service ceiling is 100 ft/min for piston engine aircraft.
C) Maximum rate of climb at absolute ceiling is zero.
 D) All answers are correct.

66- Which statement is correct about absolute ceiling?

A) The point that VX is equal to Vy
B) The rate of climb is zero
C) The speed of aircraft in absolute ceiling is VZRC
 D) All answers are correct
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 29

67- High temperature reduces gas turbine engine performance about:

A) 7%
B) 14%
 C) 20%
D) 40%

68- “Humidity “effects on:

A) Reciprocating engine more than jet engine.
 B) Reciprocating engine but has no effect on jet engine.
C) Jet engine but has no effect on reciprocating engine.
D) Jet engine more than reciprocating engine.

69- Which symbol indicates minimum steady flight speed when airplane is still controllable?
 A) VS
B) VS1
C) VS0
D) VSC

70- At which speed the pilot can control the airplane when critical engine is in operative but other
engine is in Take-Off power.
A) VS
 B) VMC
C) V1
D) VMV

71- “V1“ is the speed defined as:

A) Lift off speed
B) The safety speed
 C) Take off must be aborted when engine failure below V1
D) All answers are correct

72- “VR“ is the speed defined as:

A) Rotation speed
B) VR may not be less than V1
C) Wake turbulence commence from VR
 D) All answers are correct
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 30

73- Which speed represents the takeoff safety speed?

A) VMC
B) VLOF
C) VMU
 D) V2

74- At which speed the aircraft first becomes airborne?

A) VMC
 B) VLOF
C) VMU
D) V2

75- Profile drag is:

A) Inversely proportional to the square root of the speed.
 B) Directly proportional to the square of the speed.
C) Inversely proportional to the square of the speed.
D) Directly proportional to the square root of the speed.

76- What is the effect of head wind on angle and rate of climb during departure with constant IAS?
A) Improves angle and rate of climb.
B) Does not have any effect on the angle of flight path during climb.
 C) Has no effect on rate of climb.
D) Decreases angle and rate of climb.

77- As speed is reduced below VMD:

A) Drag decreases and speed stability increases.
B) Drag decreases and speed stability decreases.
C) Drag increases and speed stability increases.
 D) Drag increases and speed stability decreases.

78- In jet engine aeroplane achieve the maximum range over ground with headwind the airspeed
should be:
A) Reduced to the gust penetration speed.
B) Equal to the speed for maximum range cruise with no wind.
C) Lower compared to the speed for maximum range cruise with no wind.
 D) Higher compared to the speed for maximum range cruise with no wind.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 31

79- For a jet engine aircraft, the rate of climb is maximum when:
A) Angle of climb is maximum.
B) Excess thrust is maximum.
C) Lift is maximum.
 D) Excess power is maximum.

80- What does density altitudes signify?

A) Pressure altitude.
B) Flight levels.
C) ISA altitude.
 D) An accurate indication of aircraft and engine performance conditions.

81- In order to achieve the maximum rate of climb, jet aircraft should be flown at the indicated airspeed
which:
A) Gives the best lift to drag ratio.
 B) Gives maximum excess power.
C) Gives the best thrust to drag ratio.
D) Give the best speed to drag ratio.

82- For an aircraft gliding at its best glide range speed if angle of attack is reduced:
A) Glide distance will increase
B) Glide distance will remain unaffected
 C) Glide distance will decrease
D) Glide distance

83- A change in aeroplane weight affects:

A) Glide angle.
 B) Glide speed.
C) Glide angle and glide speed.
D) Neither glide angle nor glide speed.

84- Which of the following factors lead to the maximum flight time of a glide?
A) High mass.
B) Headwind.
C) Tailwind.
 D) Low mass.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 32

85- The landing distance required will be decreased as a result of:

A) Higher aircraft mass, higher air density, uphill runway slope.
B) Higher aircraft mass, higher air density, downhill runway slope.
C) Low aircraft mass, lower air density, uphill runway slope.
 D) Low aircraft mass, high air density, uphill runway slope.

86- In term of indicated airspeed for jet aeroplane, the VX and Vy with takeoff flaps will be:
A) Same as that for clean configuration.
B) Higher than that for clean configuration.
 C) Lower than that for clean configuration.
D) Changed so that VX increases and Vy decreases compared to clean configuration.

87- The pilot of a single engine aircraft has established the climb performance. The carriage of
additional pieces of baggage will cause the climb performance to be:
A) Unchanged, if a short field takeoff is adopted.
B) Improved.
C) Unchanged.
 D) Degraded.

88- Any acceleration in climb, with a constant power setting:

A) Decreases rate of climb and increases angle of climb.
B) Improves the climb gradient if the airspeed is below VX.
C) Improves the rate of climb.
 D) Decreases the rate of climb and the angle of climb.

89- Which of the following factors will lead to an increase of ground distance during a glide, while
maintaining the appropriate minimum glide angle speed?
A) Decrease of aircraft mass and head wind.
B) Increase of aircraft mass.
 C) Tailwind.
D) Headwind.

90- A headwind will:

 A) Increase the flight path angle.
B) Increase the angle of climb.
C) Increase the rate of climb.
D) Shorten the time of climb.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 33

91- A decrease in ambient temperature causes the absolute ceiling to:

A) Decrease.
 B) Increase.
C) Remain unchanged.
D) Increase subject to its relation to ISA.

92- To maintain climb airspeed following an increase in temperature the rate of climb is:
 A) Reduced
B) Increased
C) Zero
D) Unaffected

93- Which of the following will decrease the value of VS in jet aeroplane?
A) The CG in an aft position within the CG envelope.
B) Decrease altitude.
C) Decreased weight.
 D) All answers are correct.

94- With increasing altitude, the rate of climb:

A) Decreases because power available decreases and power required is constant.
B) Increases because density and drag decrease.
 C) Decreases because power available decreases and power required increases.
D) Decreases because power available is constant and power required increases.

95- On a jet engine aeroplane, with increasing altitude at constant gross mass, angle of attack and
configuration, the power required:
 A) Increases and the TAS increases by the same percentage.
B) Increases but TAS remains constant.
C) Decreases slightly because of the lower air density.
D) Remains unchanged but the TAS increases.

96- An upward runway slope:

A) Decreases the accelerated stop distance available.
B) Increases the accelerated stop distance available.
 C) Increases the takeoff distance required.
D) Decreases the takeoff distance required.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 34

97- A higher outside air temperature:

A) Does not have any noticeable effect on climb performance.
B) Increases the angle of climb but decreases the rate of climb.
 C) Reduces the angle and the rate of climb.
D) Reduces the angle of climb but increases the rate of climb.

98- As you accelerate in level flight from the speed at VS to VMO the total drag:
A) Decreases.
B) Increases then decreases.
C) Increases.
 D) Decreases then increases.

99- The induced drag of an aeroplane:

A) Is independent of the airspeed.
B) Increases with increasing airspeed.
 C) Decreases with increasing airspeed.
D) Decreases with increasing gross weight.

100- The best rate of climb speed at a constant gross mass:

 A) Decreases with increasing altitude since the thrust available decreases due to the lower air
density.
B) Increases with increasing altitude since the drag decreases due to the lower air density.
C) Increases with increasing altitude due to the higher true airspeed.
D) Is independent of altitude.

101- The angle of climb with flaps extended, compared to that with flaps retracted, will normally be:
A) Not changed.
B) Larger.
 C) Smaller.
D) Increase at moderate flap setting, decrease at large flap setting.

102- Which of the following combinations adversely effect on takeoff and initial climb performance?
A) Low temperature and low relative humidity.
B) Low temperature and high relative humidity.
C) High temperature and low relative humidity.
 D) High temperature and high relative humidity.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 35

103- What is the minimum power required for jet engine aircraft?
A) Usually a constant at all altitudes.
 B) Minimum drag speed (VMD)
C) Above VMD
D) Below VMD

104- In a power-off glide, an increase in aircraft mass will:

A) Increase the glide angle and increase the speed for minimum glide angle.
 B) Not affect the glide angle, but increase the speed for minimum glide angle.
C) Increase the glide angle, but not affect the speed for minimum glide angle.
D) Not affect the glide angle, and not affect the speed for minimum glide angle.

105- To obtain the maximum rate of climb:

A) Power available must be less than the power required.
 B) Power required must be less than the power available.
C) Power available must be equal to power required.
D) Thrust must exceed drag by the greatest margin.

106- To maintain the same angle of attack and at a higher gross weight an aeroplane needs:
A) Less airspeed and same power.
B) Same airspeed.
C) More airspeed and less power.
 D) More airspeed and more power.

107- Compared to (VX and Vy) in lower mass, (VX and Vy) in higher mass will be:
A) Lower.
B) Same.
 C) Higher.
D) VX higher and Vy lower.

108- During a climb with jet engines aircraft, the altitude where the rate of climb reduces to 500 ft/min
is called:
A) Absolute ceiling.
 B) Service ceiling.
C) Thrust ceiling.
D) Maximum transfer ceiling.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 36

109- When flying in a headwind, the speed for maximum range should be:
A) Slightly decreased.
 B) Slightly increased.
C) Unchanged.
D) Should be increased or decreased depending on the strength of the wind.

110- For a jet engine aeroplane, the speed for maximum range is:
A) That which gives the maximum value of lift.
 B) 1.32 times of VMD.
C) That which gives the minimum lift to drag ratio.
D) 1.4 times the Stall speed in clean configuration.

111- If the thrust available exceeds the thrust required for level flight:
A) The aeroplane decelerates if the altitude is maintained.
B) The aeroplane descends if the airspeed is maintained.
C) The aeroplane decelerates if it is in the region of reversed command.
 D) The aeroplane accelerates if the altitude is maintained.

112- Which of the equations below expresses approximately the unaccelerated percentage climb
gradient for small climb angles?
 A) Climb Gradient = ((Thrust - Drag) ÷ Weight) x 100
B) Climb Gradient = ((Thrust + Drag) ÷ Lift) x 100
C) Climb Gradient = ((Thrust - Mass) ÷ Lift) x 100
D) Climb Gradient = (Lift ÷ Weight) x 100

113- The TODA is:

A) Declared runway length plus clearway and stopway.
B) Declared runway length plus stopway.
 C) Declared runway length plus clearway.
D) Declared runway length only.

114- V1 has to be:

A) Higher than VR.
B) Equal to or higher than V2.
 C) Equal to or higher than VMCG.
D) Equal to or higher than VMCA.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 37

115- VR must be:

A) Between 1.05 VMCA and V1.
B) Greater than VMCA and greater than 1.1 V1.
 C) Greater than 1.05 VMCA and not less than V1.
D) No greater than 0.95 VMU.

116- What happens to the field limited Takeoff Mass with runway slope?
 A) It increases with a downhill slope.
B) It is unaffected by runway slope.
C) It decreases with a downhill slope.
D) It increases with an uphill slope.

117- For a turbojet aeroplane the 3rd segment of takeoff climb begins when:
 A) Acceleration to flap retraction speed begins (min 400 ft).
B) Landing gear is fully retracted.
C) Acceleration from VLOF to V2 begins.
D) Flaps are fully retracted.

118- For a turbojet aeroplane the 2nd segment of the takeoff climb begins when:
A) Accelerating from V2 to flap retraction speed begins.
 B) Landing gear is fully retracted.
C) Flap retraction begins.
D) Flaps are fully retracted.

119- The speed V2 is defined for jet aeroplane as:

 A) Takeoff safety speed.
B) Lift off speed.
C) Takeoff decision speed.
D) Critical engine failure speed.

120- The speed V1 is defined as:

 A) Takeoff decision speed.
B) Takeoff climb speed.
C) Speed for best angle of climb.
D) Engine failure speed.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 38

121- What is the stalling speed at specific configuration?

A) VS0
B) VS
C) VST
 D) VS1

122- Which factor does effect on VS1 in jet aeroplane?

A) Weight
B) Configuration
C) Altitude
 D) All answers are correct

123- The stalling speed for piston engine aircraft at specific configuration increase significantly by
altitude increase.
A) True
 B) False
C)
D)

124- Which factor does effect on VS1 for piston engine aircraft?
A) Weight
B) Configuration
C) Altitude
 D) A and B are correct

125- Which statement regarding V1 is correct?

A) When determining V1, reverse thrust may only be used on the remaining symmetric
engines.
B) The correction for upslope on the balanced V1, is negative.
 C) VR may not be lower than V1.
D) V1 may not be higher than VMCG.

126- A balanced field exists if:

A) TORA = EDA.
B) TORA = TODA.
C) TODA is greater than EDA.
 D) TODA = ASDA.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 39

127- During takeoff the third segment begins:

A) When acceleration starts from VLOF to V2.
B) When flap retraction is completed.
 C) When acceleration to flap retraction speed is started.
D) When landing gear is fully retracted.

128- When climbing at a constant Mach number in the troposphere, what is the effect on (i) IAS and (ii)
TAS?
A) (i) increases, (ii) decreases
B) (i) remains constant, (ii) decreases
C) (i) decreases, (ii) increases
 D) (i) decreases, (ii) decreases

129- In a constant Mach number climb, how does True Airspeed vary?
A) Remains constant.
 B) Decreases.
C) Increases.
D) Increases then decreases.

130- When climbing at a constant Mach number through the troposphere, TAS:
A) Increases.
 B) Decreases.
C) Remains constant.
D) Increases then decreases.

131- A jet aeroplane is climbing at constant Mach number below the tropopause. Which of the following
statements is correct?
A) IAS increases and TAS decreases.
B) IAS increases and TAS increases.
C) IAS decreases and TAS increases.
 D) IAS decreases and TAS decreases.

132- As altitude increases the stalling speed of an aircraft in terms of IAS _____ , TAS _____ and Mach
number _____ . (with constant Thrust Available)
A) Remains constant, increases, decreases
B) Increases, increases, decreases
 C) Remains constant, increases, increases
D) Increases, decreases, increases
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 40

133- A jet aeroplane is climbing at a constant IAS and maximum climb thrust, how will the climb angle /
the pitch angle change?
 A) Reduce / decrease.
B) Reduce / remain constant.
C) Remain constant / decrease.
D) Remain constant / become larger.

134- The optimum cruise altitude increases:

A) If the temperature (OAT) is increased.
B) If the tailwind component is decreased.
C) If the aeroplane mass is increased.
 D) If the aeroplane mass is decreased.

135- Specific Range will:

 A) Decrease if CG is moved further forward of the CP.
B) Increase if CG is moved further forward of the CP.
C) Not be affected by CG position.
D) Only be affected by CG position, if it is behind the CP.

136- The optimum altitude:

A) Decreases as mass decreases.
 B) Increases as mass decreases and is the altitude at which the specific range reaches its
maximum.
C) Is the altitude at which the specific range reaches its minimum.
D) Is the altitude up to which cabin pressure of 8000 ft can be maintained.

137- Maximum endurance:

A) Can be flown in a steady climb only.
B) Is the same as maximum specific range with wind correction.
 C) Is achieved in unaccelerated level flight with minimum fuel consumption.
D) Can be reached with the best rate of climb speed in level flight.

138- “V2 “is the speed that define as:

 A) Must be attained before reaching a height of 35 ft AGL with all engine operative.
B) Takeoff decision speed.
C) Meet the requirement of climb gradient to 3000 ft.
D) In some case would be less than V2min.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 41

139- What is the stalling speed with the landing configuration?

A) VS1
B) VS
 C) VSO
D) VST

140- Which one is correct?

A) V1< VR< VMU< V2MIN < V2
 B) V1< VR < VMU < VLOF < V2MIN < V2
C) V1< VMU< VR< VLOF< V2MIN < V2
D) V1< VR< VMU< V2MIN < VLOF< V2

141- Which one is correct?

 A) VLOF is a speed that aircraft first become airborne.
B) The takeoff must be aborted if engine failure occurs at a speed above V1 but below V2.
C) V2min is a speed that airplane can safely lift off the ground.
D) All answers are correct.

142- “ASDA” is defined as:

 A) The length of runway plus stopway.
B) Assuming the critical engine to fail at V1.
C) ASDA use for takeoff and landing.
D) All answers are correct.

143- The balance field length is area define as:

A) ASDA > TODA
B) TODA > ASDA
 C) Stopway = Clearway
D) Depend to Runway length

144- Which is correct about clearway?

A) Minimum width is 500 ft
B) Maximum climb gradient in clearway 1.25%
C) Maximum length of clearway is one-half of the runway
 D) All answers are correct
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 42

145- “Clearway “ is the area defined as:

A) Is area on the ground.
B) Clearway is suitable for stop after aborted takeoff.
 C) Is area extending into the air from the end of runway.
D) A and B are correct.

146- “Clearway “ is the area defined as:

A) Clearway use for aborted takeoff.
 B) Provide additional takeoff distance for climb.
C) Clearway use for computing ASDA.
D) Clearway does not provide extra distance after liftoff.

147- “Stopway “ is the area defined as:

A) Area beyond takeoff runway which use for aborted takeoff.
B) Over run is another name of stopway.
C) Use for takeoff computation only.
 D) All answers are correct.

148- “Takeoff distance” is the distance from:

A) Starting point up to 35 ft height AGL.
B) The point of break releases up to 50 ft AGL with engine failure.
C) Starting point up to 50 ft AGL with all engine operative.
 D) Starting point up to 35 ft height AGL with critical engine failure.

149- Which statement is correct?

A) Takeoff distance with critical engine failure is from stating point up to 50 ft AGL.
 B) Takeoff distance with all engine operative is 1.15 times of TODR with critical engine failure.
C) Take off distance with all engine operative is lesser then distance with critical engine failure.
D) All answers are correct.

150- “Takeoff Run“ is a distance …………….

 A) From starting point up to mid-point of lift off and 35 ft height AGL with critical engine failure
at V1.
B) From starting point up to lift off point.
C) From starting point up to 50 ft height of AGL.
D) None.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 43

151- Which statement is correct?

A) Takeoff run is a distance from starting point up to midpoint between lift off point and 35 ft
height AGL for critical engine failure at V1.
B) Takeoff run for all engine operative is 1.15 times of takeoff run with critical engine failure.
C) Takeoff run for all engine operative is greater than takeoff run with critical engine failure.
 D) All answers are correct.

152- “Ground roll “ is a distance from ………….

 A) Starting point up to lift off point.
B) Starting point up to 35 ft height AGL.
C) Starting point up to 50 ft height AGL.
D) Starting point up to mid-point between lift off point and 35 ft height AGL.

153- “Landing distance” is measure from …………...

A) 35 ft height above landing surface
 B) 50 ft height above landing surface
C) 60 ft height above landing surface
D) 70 ft height above landing surface

154- Which statement is correct?

A) Landing distance is determined from 50 ft above landing surface until aircraft stop
completely.
B) Landing distance must not be greater than 60% of effective runway.
C) Landing distance must not be greater than 60% of effective runway in alternate aerodrome.
 D) All answers are correct.

155- Which statement is correct?

A) Climb gradient is the flight path achieved.
B) Clearway begins at the end of stopway.
C) Stopway use for both takeoff & landing computations.
 D) All answers are wrong.

156- What is the takeoff distance with all engines are operating?
Distance between starting point and LOF point = 5000 ft
Distance between LOF point and 35 ft height = 1000 ft
A) 6000 ft
 B) 6900 ft
C) 5000 ft
D) 6325 ft
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 44

157- Optimum altitude can be defined as:

A) The highest permissible altitude for an aeroplane type.
 B) The altitude at which an aeroplane attains the maximum specific air range.
C) The altitude at which the ground speed is greatest.
D) The altitude at which specific fuel consumption is highest.

158- The optimum cruise altitude is:

 A) The pressure altitude at which the best specific range can be achieved.
B) The pressure altitude at which the fuel flow is a maximum.
C) The pressure altitude up to which a cabin altitude of 8000 ft can be maintained.
D) The pressure altitude at which the speed for high speed buffet as TAS is a maximum.

159- The optimum altitude for a turbojet is:

A) When the stall speed equals VP MIN.
B) When the TAS at the buffet boundary is greatest.
C) Where fuel consumption is highest.
 D) When specific range is a maximum.

160- For a turbojet flying at maximum range speed the angle of attack:
A) Will be more than that for the maximum L/D ratio.
 B) Will be less than that for the maximum L/D ratio.
C) Will be that for the maximum L/D ratio.
D) Will be that for CLMAX.

161- Which of the following statements about the optimum flight level is true?
 A) ATC never allow you to fly at it continuously.
B) You should always fly at this level because it is the most economically variable.
C) You should always fly above it.
D) You should always fly below it.

162- A jet aeroplane descends with constant Mach number, which of the following speed limits is most
likely to be exceeded first?
A) Maximum operational Mach number.
B) Never exceed speed.
C) High speed buffet limit.
 D) Maximum operating speed.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 45

163- If an aircraft is descending at a constant Mach number:

A) The IAS will increase and the margin to low speed buffet will decrease.
 B) The IAS will increase and the margin to low speed buffet will increase.
C) The IAS will decrease and the margin to low speed buffet will decrease.
D) The IAS will decrease and the margin to low speed buffet will increase.

164- When in a gliding maneuver with jet aeroplane, in order to achieve maximum endurance, the
aircraft should be flown at:
A) The speed for maximum lift.
B) The speed for maximum drag.
 C) The speed for maximum lift-to-drag ratio.
D) The speed for minimum power.

165- Given:
Distance from starting point to LOF point is 5000 ft
Distance from LOF point up to midpoint between liftoff and 35 ft height (AGL) is 500 ft
Find takeoff distance when critical engine is failed:
 A) 6000 ft
B) 6900 ft
C) 5000 ft
D) 6325 ft

166- Find “Takeoff distance“ for aircraft with critical engine failure when:
Distance from starting point up to LOF point = 5000 ft
Distance from LOF point up to 35 ft height AGL = 1000 ft
 A) 6000 ft
B) 6900 ft
C) 5000 ft
D) 6325 ft

167- Find “ASDA“ when:

Runway length = 8000 ft
Clearway =6000 ft
Stopway = nil
A) 14000 ft
B) 12000 ft
C) 11000 ft
 D) 8000 ft
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 46

168- Find “TODA“ when:

TORA = 8000 ft
Clearway = 6000 ft
Stopway = 3000 ft
A) 14000 ft
 B) 12000 ft
C) 11000 ft
D) 8000 ft

169- Find “TODA” when:

Runway length = 7000 ft
Stopway = 3000 ft
Clearway = 2000 ft
A) 7000 ft
B) 10000 ft
 C) 9000 ft
D) 8500 ft

170- What is the length of displace threshold?

Runway length = 9000 ft
Stopway = 800 ft
Clearway = 3000 ft
A) 9000 ft
B) 8200 ft
C) 6000 ft
 D) Zero

171- What is the length of displace threshold?

Runway length = 10000 ft
Landing distance available = 9500 ft
Stopway = 400 ft
A) 400 ft
 B) 500 ft
C) 1000 ft
D) 10000 ft
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 47

172- What is the landing distance from 50 ft above surface when?

Landing runway length = 10000 ft
Stopway = 1000 ft
A) 10000 ft
B) 11000 ft
 C) 6000 ft
D) 10600 ft

173- What is the Landing distance at destination alternate aerodrome?

Destination alternate runway length = 10000 ft
Destination aerodrome runway length = 8000 ft
Stopway = 4000 ft
A) 4800 ft
 B) 6000 ft
C) 8400 ft
D) 7200 ft

174- The first segment of climb is ……………….

 A) Actual lift off to landing gear retraction.
B) Actual lift off to gear & flaps up.
C) V1 point up to gear retraction.
D) V1 point up to gear & flaps retraction.

175- The second segment of climb is from ……………

A) Gear & flaps retract up to 400 ft above AGL
 B) Gear retract up to 400 ft above AGL
C) Gear & flaps retract up to 1500 ft above AGL
D) Gear retract up to 1500 ft above AGL

176- The third segment of climb is from …………….

A) 400 ft AGL up to 1000 ft AGL
B) Flap retraction up to 1500 ft AGL
 C) 400 ft AGL up to 1500 ft AGL
D) Gear retraction up to 1000 ft AGL
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 48

177- Which take off limitation for a turbine engine air carrier airplane must not exceed 11100 feet when
(1) runway length is 8600 feet (2) stopway is 2500 feet and (3) the clearway is 4200 feet?
A) Take off path
B) Take off distance
 C) Accelerate stop distance
D) Take off run

178- What is the maximum accelerate stop distance for a turboprop powered air carrier airplane?
Runway length 8800 feet
Clearway length4450 feet
Stopway length2700 feet
A) 13250 feet
 B) 11500 feet
C) 10225 feet
D) 8300 feet

179- Defines VSO, as the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed:
 A) In the landing configuration
B) In the takeoff configuration
C) With the critical engine operative
D) At which the airplane is controllable

180- What approximate speed should you expect dynamic hydroplaning to occur if a tire has an air
pressure of 95 PSI?
 A) 84 knots
B) 87 knots
C) 90 knots
D) 93 knots

181- What approximate speed should you expect dynamic hydroplaning to occur if a tire has an air
pressure of 115 PSI?
A) 89 knots
 B) 92 knots
C) 95 knots
D) 98 knots
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 49

182- Which is the correct symbol for the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the
airplane is controllable?
A) VSO
B) V2
 C) VS
D) VS1

183- What is the stall speed of an airplane under a load factor of 2 G’s if the unaccelerated stall speed is
100 knots?
A) 66 knots
B) 74 knots
C) 84 knots
 D) 141 knots

184- Which is the correct symbol for indicating absolute ceiling speed?
A) Vs1
B) Vs
 C) VZRC
D) V2

185- Which is the correct symbol for best endurance speed?

 A) VBE
B) Vs
C) VBR
D) V2min

186- Which is the correct symbol for best range speed?

A) VMA
B) VMO
C) VBE
 D) VBR
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 50

187- What is the maximum takeoff run for a turbine engine transport category aircraft on the runway?
Runway length8800 feet
Clearway length 3000 feet
Stopway length1000 feet
 A) 8800 feet
B) 9000 feet
C) 9500 feet
D) 11000 feet

188- Which computation must not exceed the length of a runway plus the length of the stopway for a
turbine engine powered transport category airplane?
 A) Take off run
B) Accelerate stop distance
C) Take off distance
D) Take off path

189- What is the maximum takeoff run for a turbine powered domestic air carrier airplane?
Available runway length 6500 ft
Length of clearway 3500 ft
Length of stopway 1500 ft
A) 10000 feet
B) 9750 feet
C) 3000 feet
 D) 6500 feet

190- In a constant Mach descent which one of the following speeds will be exceeded first?
A) VNE
B) VD
 C) VMO
D) MMO

191- A stall warning system is based on a measure of:

A) Attitude.
B) Airspeed.
 C) Aerodynamic incidence.
D) Ground speed.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 51

192- An airplane is in steady descent, the auto-throttle maintains a constant Mach number, if the total
temperature remains constant, the calibrated airspeed:
 A) Increases.
B) Decreases.
C) Remains constant.
D) Decreases if the static temperature is lower than the standard temperature, increases if
above.

193- An aeroplane is in steady cruise at FL270. The auto throttle maintains a constant calibrated
airspeed. If the total temperature increases, the Mach number:
A) Decreases.
B) Increases.
 C) Remains constant.
D) Decreases if the outside temperature is higher than the standard temperature, increases if
lower.

194- An aeroplane is in steady cruise at FL270. The auto-throttle maintains a constant calibrated
airspeed. If the total temperature decreases, the Mach number:
A) Increases if the outside temperature is higher than the standard temperature, decreases if
lower.
B) Increases.
C) Decreases.
 D) Remains constant.

195- An aeroplane is in steady descent. The auto-throttle maintains a constant calibrated airspeed. If the
total temperature remains constant, the Mach number:
A) Increases.
 B) Decreases.
C) Remains constant.
D) Increases if the static temperature is lower than the standard temperature, decreases if
higher.

196- An airplane is in steady cruise at FL290. The auto throttle maintains a constant Mach number. If the
total temperature decreases, the calibrated airspeed:
A) Decreases if the outside temperature is lower than the standard temperature, increases if
higher.
B) Increases.
C) Decreases.
 D) Remains constant.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 52

197- Considering the maximum operational Mach number (MMO) and the maximum operational speed
(VMO) ft the captain of a pressurized aircraft begins his descent from a high flight level. In order to
meet his scheduled time of arrival, he decides to use the maximum ground speed at any time of the
descent. He will be limited:
A) Initially by the VMO then by the MMO below a certain flight level.
B) By the MMO.
C) By the VMO in still air.
 D) Initially by the MMO then by the VMO below a certain flight level.

198- An airplane is cruising at FL190, the auto-throttle maintains a constant CAS, if the total
temperature decreases, the Mach number:
 A) Remains constant.
B) Increases.
C) Decrease.
D) Decrease if OAT is lower than standard.

199- At flight level and Mach number constant, if the total temperature decreases, the CAS:
A) Decreases if OAT is lower than standard temperature, increases in the opposite case.
B) Increases.
C) Decreases.
 D) Remains constant.

200- Below the tropopause in standard conditions, when climbing at a constant Mach number:
 A) TAS decreases.
B) TAS increases.
C) TAS remains constant.
D) The difference between surrounding conditions and ISA must be known to deduce the TAS
variation.

201- Below the tropopause in standard conditions, when descending at a constant CAS:
A) Mach number and the velocity of sound decrease.
B) Mach number increases and the velocity of sound decreases.
C) Mach number and the velocity of sound increase.
 D) Mach number decreases and the velocity of sound increases.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 53

202- Below the tropopause in standard conditions, when descending at a constant Mach number:
A) TAS remains constant.
B) TAS decreases.
 C) TAS increases.
D) The difference between surrounding conditions and ISA must be known to deduce the TAS
variation.

203- During a climb at a constant calibrated airspeed (CAS) below the tropopause in ISA conditions:
A) The Mach number decreases and the speed of sound increases.
 B) The Mach number increases and the speed of sound decreases.
C) The Mach number and the speed of sound increase.
D) The Mach number and the speed of sound decrease.

204- The Mach number is proportional to the ratio:

(Note: "a" indicates the local speed of sound)
A) EAS ÷ a
B) CAS ÷ a
 C) TAS ÷ a
D) IAS ÷ a

205- The maximum TAS is obtained at:

A) The maximum flight level.
 B) The flight level at which simultaneously CAS = VMO and M = MMo
C) All the flight level(s) where CAS = VMO
D) All the flight level(s) where M = MMo

206- When climbing at a constant CAS in a standard atmosphere:

1)TAS decreases.
2)TAS increases.
3)Mach number increases.
4)Mach number decreases.
The combination regrouping all the correct statements is:
A) 1,4
B) 2,4
C) 1,3
 D) 2,3
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 54

207- When climbing at a constant CAS:

A) Mach number decreases.
 B) Mach number increases.
C) Mach number remains constant.
D) The difference between surrounding conditions and ISA must be known to deduce the Mach
number variation.

208- You are flying at a constant FL290 and constant Mach number, the total temperature increases by
5°C, the CAS will:
 A) Remain approximately constant.
B) Increase by 10 kts.
C) Decrease by 10 kts.
D) Increase or decrease depending on whether you are above or below ISA.

209- The yaw damper indicator supplies the pilot with information regarding the:
A) Yaw damper action only on the ground.
B) Rudder displacement by the rudder pedals.
 C) Yaw damper action on the rudder.
D) Rudder position.

210- The yaw damper, which suppresses Dutch roll:

A) Controls the rudder, with Mach number as the input signal.
B) Controls the ailerons, with Mach number as the input signal.
 C) Controls the rudder, with the angular rate about the vertical axis as the input signal.
D) Controls the ailerons, with the angular rate about the vertical axis as the input signal.

211- The yaw damper affects:

A) Ailerons only.
B) All control surfaces in a coordinated way.
C) Ailerons and rudder.
 D) Rudder only.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 55

212- The Yaw Damper system:

1)Counters any wrong pilot action on the rudder pedals
2)Counters Dutch roll
3)Is active only when autopilot is engaged
The combination regrouping all the correct statements are:
A) 1,2
B) 1,2,3
 C) 2
D) 2,3

213- The correct sequence of speeds in climb is:

 A) VS, VX, Vy.
B) VX, VS, Vy.
C) VS, max range speed, max endurance speed.
D) Max endurance speed, VS, max range speed.

214- The speed for best rate of climb:

A) May be higher or lower than the speed for best angle of climb depending on helicopter
type.
B) Will be the same as the speed for best angle of climb under any circumstances.
 C) Will be equal or higher than the speed for best angle of climb.
D) Lower than the speed for the best angle of climb.

215- An aircraft with a Centre of Gravity towards the aft limit will experience:
A) An increased range and increased stalling speed.
B) A decreased range and increased stalling speed.
 C) An increased range and decreased stalling speed.
D) A decreased range and decreased stalling speed.

216- Changing the takeoff flap setting from flap 15˚ to flap 5˚ will normally result in:
A) A shorter takeoff distance and an equal climb.
 B) A longer takeoff distance and a better climb.
C) A better climb and an equal takeoff distance.
D) A shorter takeoff distance and a better climb.
Aircraft Performance P a g e | 56

217- An aircraft has two certified landing flaps positions, 25° and 35°, if a pilot chooses 35° instead of
25°, the aircraft will have:
A) A reduced landing distance and better go-around performance.
 B) A reduced landing distance and degraded go-around performance.
C) An increased landing distance and degraded go-around performance.
D) An increased landing distance and better go-around performance.

218- Aft center of gravity (within the approved limits):

 A) Increases maximum range.
B) Improves longitudinal stability.
C) Decreases maximum range.
D) Increases stalling speed.

219- Heavy rain may temporarily cause:

A) Increased weight.
B) Increased stalling speed.
C) Reduced forward speed.
 D) All answers are correct.

220- What is the effect of increased mass on the best rate of climb speed (all other factors considered
unchanged)?
 A) Speed for maximum rate of climb increases with increasing mass.
B) Maximum rate of climb is dependent of mass, but not the speed for maximum rate of climb.
C) Speed for maximum rate of climb decreases with increasing mass.
D) Maximum rate of climb and the corresponding speed are dependent of mass.
Airway Manual P a g e | 57

1- What is the meaning of an “X” along an airway structure?

A) Mileage break.
B) Turning point.
C) Computer navigation fix.
 D) All answers are correct.

2- What is the meaning of “O>” on an airway?

A) Odd and even level will be used in opposite direction.
B) Odd level is used in the direction of arrow.
 C) Odd level is used on one-way airway on the direction of arrow.
D) Even level will be used in opposite direction.

3- What is the meaning of a waypoint placed within a circle on SID or STAR chart?
A) Turning point.
 B) Fly over fix.
C) Fly by fix.
D) Reporting point.

4- When the geographical co-ordination of the site of a navigation aid may be shown on an en-route
chart?
A) The facility used for high altitude.
B) The facility used for low altitude.
C) The facility used for VFR.
 D) A & B are correct.

5- The “M” shown on an identification of a VOR or NDB on an en-route chart means this station is
selected as?
A) Meteorological reporting station by MET office.
B) Meteorological reporting station by ATS until.
C) Meteorological reporting station by VOLMET.
 D) Meteorological reporting station by pilot.

6- What is the meaning of “G” as a suffix to the level, indicated on an airway?

A) MORA
 B) GPS MEA
C) GRID MORA
D) MOCA
Airway Manual P a g e | 58

7- How a ghost VOR may be shown on an enroute chart?

A) Within brackets.
B) Remote site.
 C) Within parentheses.
D) Above NAV aid name.

8- The " ┤├ " symbol shown on the center line of a route on an airway chart mean?
A) Change of MOCA.
B) Change of MORA.
C) Change of MAA.
 D) All answers are correct.

9- For which enroute facility change-over-point may be established?

 A) VOR
B) DME
C) TACAN
D) NDB

10- What is the meaning of an asterisk on a frequency?

A) Operating all the time.
 B) Operating not continues.
C) Operating when requested.
D) Operating day time.

11- What is the term of beginning of final approach segment of precision approach?
A) FAP (USA)
B) FAP (ICAO)
C) FAF (USA)
 D) B & C are correct

12- The unboxed identification of navigation aid on a low and high altitude chart means:
A) En-route facility.
 B) Off airway facility.
C) Off chart facility.
D) VFR facility.
Airway Manual P a g e | 59

13- How the MOCA may be shown on an enroute chart?

A) By (A)
B) By (g)
 C) By (T)
D) By (D)

14- What is the meaning of shaded symbol on an en-route chart coverage diagram?
A) Main airport
 B) Area chart coverage
C) CTA
D) TMA

15- The altitude of 5600 ft on a profile view of an approach chart means?

A) Maximum altitude.
B) Mandatory altitude.
 C) Minimum altitude.
D) Recommended altitude.

16- How the location of FAF may be identified on the profile view of approach chart?
 A) By Maltese cross symbol.
B) By an asterisk.
C) By the FAF.
D) All above maybe used.

17- What is the meaning of letter (R) after the air traffic service unit?
A) RNAV
B) RNP
 C) Radar capability
D) Radio

18- What is the meaning of Grid MORA following by “±”?

 A) Doubtful accuracy.
B) Doubtful clearance.
C) Doubtful position.
D) Doubtful planning.
Airway Manual P a g e | 60

19- How an uncontrolled airspace may be shown on an airway chart?

A) White
B) Red
 C) Tint
D) Yellow

20- Location name in blue means?

A) Procedure are published.
B) VFR procedure are published.
 C) IFR procedure are published.
D) Controlled flight procedure are published.

21- How database identifiers may be shown on STAR or SID charts?

A) Within a closed box.
 B) Within brackets.
C) Within parentheses.
D) Within a circle.

22- Which instrument approach procedure on its profile view has the symbol of missed approach point?
A) Precision approach.
B) Circling approach.
C) Straight in approach.
 D) Non precision approach.

23- The symbol “V” on a profile view of a non-precision approach means?

A) Visual approach point.
 B) Visual descend point.
C) Minimum visual point.
D) Visual maneuvering circling.

24- What is the meaning of a small circle enclosing dot on an enroute chart H/L?
A) Radio facility.
 B) Remote communication site.
C) Airport site.
D) Navigation facility site.
Airway Manual P a g e | 61

25- By which color the grid MORA may be shown?

A) Less than 10000 ft maroon, above 10000 ft green.
B) Less than 10000 ft green, above 10000 ft maroon.
 C) Less than 10000 ft green, at and above 10000 ft maroon.
D) Above 10000 ft maroon, at and below 10000 ft green.

26- What is the meaning of letter (x) behind of a frequency on an approach chart?
A) Part time operation.
B) H24 operation.
C) Operating at night.
 D) On request.

27- What is the meaning of “Full” on the landing minima of approach chart?
A) All facilities are operating.
B) All parts of MLS are operating.
 C) All components of ILS are operating.
D) All lights are operating.

28- What is the meaning of the “PANS-OPS4” margin notation?

A) Holding speed is based on PANS-OPS fourth edition.
B) Acceleration segment is deleted.
C) Noise procedure is not applicable.
 D) “A” and “B” are correct.

29- What is the minimum obstacle clearance of grid MORA in mountainous area provided by a state?
A) 1000 ft
 B) 2000 ft
C) 1500 ft
D) 2500 ft

30- What is the obstacle clearance of grid MORA provided by JEPPESEN where highest elevation is 6700
ft?
A) 1000 ft
B) 1500 ft
 C) 2000 ft
D) 2500 ft
Airway Manual P a g e | 62

31- What is the maximum wing span of DL category aircraft?

A) 65 m
B) 70 m
C) 75 m
 D) 80 m

32- What is the maximum turn off speed on high speed taxiway?
A) 65 KT
 B) 60 KT
C) 55 KT
D) 50 KT

33- For which radio fix on an airway the MOCA may be published?
A) TACAN
 B) VOR
C) NDB
D) VOR/DME

34- What is the maximum lateral limits of route MORA derived by JEPPESEN?
A) 10 NM
B) 12 NM
 C) 20 NM
D) 22 NM

35- Grid MORA provide for...................

 A) Terrain clearance.
B) Navigation signal coverage.
C) Communication signal coverage.
D) Radar coverage.

36- What is the purpose of determination of MSA by "FAA"?

A) Direct route.
B) Reception of NAVAID.
 C) Emergency use only.
D) Visual contact.
Airway Manual P a g e | 63

37- Which type of instrument approach procedures may have "VDP"?

A) Precision approach.
 B) Non-Precision (straight-in).
C) Circling.
D) Non-Precision.

38- What is the dividing point of runway length indicated on the location name, labeled on an en-route
chart?
A) 50 ft
B) 60 ft
 C) 70 ft
D) 80 ft

39- What color is the grid MORA value of an obstacle with a height of 12700 FT?
A) Green
 B) Maroon
C) Blue
D) Red

40- How the GPS MEA may be shown on an en-route chart?

A) By letter T.
B) By letter A.
C) By letter X.
 D) By letter G.

41- What color is the grid MORA value of an obstacle with a height of 4900 FT?
 A) Green
B) Maroon
C) Blue
D) Red

42- If the value of grid MORA on an en-route chart is shown 98, what will be the actual elevation of
obstacle?
A) 7700 ft
B) 8700 ft
C) 8800 ft
 D) 7800 ft
Airway Manual P a g e | 64

43- How the change of GPS MEA may be shown on an en-route chart?
A) By symbol T.
 B) By symbol X.
C) By symbol A.
D) By symbol G.

44- The continues line of T symbols on en-route chart coverage is:

A) Telephone line.
 B) Time zone boundary.
C) Sector boundaries.
D) Communication boundaries.

45- How the MEA and MAA change may be shown on an en-route chart?
A) By letter " T ".
B) By letter " a ".
C) By symbol " X ".
 D) By symbol " ┤├ ".

46- The indication of route designator with gap means:

A) PPR route.
 B) Gap in navigation aids coverage.
C) Conditional route.
D) Day light operation route.

47- Which region supply conditional route based on figure 1, 2, 3 as a suffix of route designator?
A) MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH SEA
B) NAT (NORTH ATLANTIC)
C) NAM (NORTH AMERICAN)
 D) EUROPE

48- Which conditional route (CDR) is required appropriate message?

A) CDR 1
B) CDR 3
 C) CDR 2
D) All CDRs
Airway Manual P a g e | 65

49- The visual maneuver for landing on a parallel runway which is not more than 1200 ft from the
runway that instrument approach is conducted, is called?
 A) Sidestep maneuver
B) Circle to land
C) Circling approach
D) Visual approach

50- Which elevation above aerodrome level of man-made structure may be shown on a plan view of
instrument approach chart?
A) Higher than 500 ft.
 B) Higher than 400 ft.
C) 500 ft and higher.
D) 400 ft and lower.

51- Which of the following fixes have to label on the approach plan view?
A) IAF, FAF
 B) IAF, IF
C) IF, FAF
D) IAF, MAP

52- How the approach transition track will be depicted on the approach plan view?
A) Heavy weight line.
B) Heavy weight dashed line.
C) Medium weight dashed line.
 D) Medium weight line.

53- How the primary navigation aid will be indicated on the approach plan view?
 A) Shadowed navigation aid box.
B) Bold type.
C) Navigation aids box.
D) Unbox navigation aids.

54- How the final approach course will be shown on the approach plan view?
A) Bold text.
 B) Bold text with directional arrow.
C) Heavy weight line.
D) Medium weight line.
Airway Manual P a g e | 66

55- Which navigation aid is intended to provide final approach course?

A) Off-aerodrome navigation aid.
B) On-aerodrome navigation aid.
 C) Primary navigation aid.
D) Boxed navigation aid.

56- If a runway length is 12965 ft. What figure may be shown on location name?
A) 130
 B) 129
C) 129 ft
D) 130 ft

57- What is the meaning of underline below the NAV aid identifier?
A) Part time
B) On-request
 C) BFO required
D) Not co-located

58- How the location of FAF may be identified on the plan view of approach chart?
A) By written FAF
B) By an asterisk
C) By Maltese cross symbol
 D) No indication on plan view

59- What is the horizontal accuracy of GPS for civil use?

A) 50 meters
 B) 100 meters
C) 150 meters
D) 200 meters

60- What are the three dimensional information translated by GPS receiver?
A) Position, velocity, level
B) Position, bearing, time
C) Velocity, level, time
 D) Position, velocity, time
Airway Manual P a g e | 67

61- For which category aircraft, the additional OCA/H to be provided?

A) D
 B) DL
C) E
D) H

62- Who is responsible to designate international airport?

A) ICAO
 B) Contracting state
C) IATA
D) None

63- Between which radio fixes the MOCA may be published?

A) VOR+DME
B) NDB+DME
 C) VOR
D) TACAN

64- Within what total width the MORA may be derived?

 A) 20 NM
B) 10 NM
C) 15 NM
D) 5 NM

65- What changes in elevation within 10 NM shall be considered as mountainous area?

A) 4000 ft
B) More than 5000 ft
C) 3000 ft
 D) Exceed 3000 ft

66- When you are using approved lighting system, by activating the mike 7 times within 5 seconds
which lights will be available or off?
A) Medium intensity is available
B) REIL off
 C) Highest intensity is available
D) REIL in lower intensity
Airway Manual P a g e | 68

67- What is the reference of aircraft height when using radio altimeter?
 A) Surface
B) Threshold
C) Touchdown
D) Airport

68- What is the maximum coverage of airport surveillance radar (ASR)?

A) 40 NM
B) 50 NM
 C) 60 NM
D) 70 NM

69- What is the maximum assuring navigation signal coverage of a route within USA airspace where
MOCA is published?
A) Within entire route
B) Within midpoint of route segment based on navigation aids
 C) Within 22 NM from VOR
D) None

70- Which system of runway edge lights in USA has no variable intensity?
 A) RL
B) MIRL
C) HIRL
D) LDIN

71- Which portion of instrument runway in USA the runway edge lights are amber?
A) Last 1000 ft
 B) Last 2000 ft
C) Last 1500 ft
D) Last 2500 ft

72- What color is the runway edge lights (ICAO) from beginning of runway up to displaced threshold in
the approach direction?
A) Amber
B) White
C) Green
 D) Red
Airway Manual P a g e | 69

73- How many categories of significant point may be specified on an ATS route or flight path for ATS
purpose?
A) 1
B) 2
 C) 3
D) 4

74- The high altitude en-route chart designed by JEPPESEN, has the information of .......................
 A) At and above FL200.
B) Above FL200.
C) At and above FL150.
D) Above FL150.

75- How many en-route charts, except area chart are designed by JEPPESEN?
A) 4
 B) 3
C) 2
D) 1

76- What will be the index number of airport chart when it is printed on the reverse SID of the approach
chart where the first approach chart is VOR approach?
A) (10-9)
B) (11-1)
 C) (13-1)
D) (16-1)
ENROUTE

77- How an area navigation airway (ICAO) may be identified on en-route chart?
A) By adding “V” as a prefix on the route designator.
 B) By adding “L” as a prefix on the route designator.
C) By adding “Y” instead of “R” as a prefix.
D) “Z” instead of “R” as a suffix.

78- Which suffix of route designator shall not be used in voice communication?
 A) F, G, Y or Z
B) A, B, Y or Z
C) K, U, or G
D) L, M, N or P
Airway Manual P a g e | 70

79- When the transponder shall be in “off” or “standby“ position?

A) When the runway is vacated.
B) When aircraft arrived on aircraft stand.
 C) After completing landing roll.
D) When entering taxiway.

80- What SSR code you may select when entering Jeddah FIR as an uncontrolled flight?
A) 2000
B) 4000
 C) 7000
D) None

81- What is the meaning of (F) as a suffix when added after the basic designator of an ATS route?
A) ATC is provided.
 B) Advisory service is provided.
C) Flight information is provided.
D) All ATS services are provided.

82- How the route designator of “UL426F” shall be used in voice communication?
A) Uniform Lima 426 foxtrot.
 B) Upper Lima 426.
C) Uniform Lima 426.
D) Upper Lima 426 foxtrot.

83- When SSR must be switch on?

 A) Prior to takeoff.
B) After takeoff.
C) After landing.
D) Assign by ATSU.

84- Which of the following transponder codes is not a valid SSR mode A squawk?
A) 0000
 B) 5678
C) 7700
D) 7777
Airway Manual P a g e | 71

85- Before departure a SSR transponder is found to be inoperative and repair is not possible:
A) A flight can be continued only to the destination airport.
B) A flight to the closest airport, where a repair can be made is allowed.
C) A flight cannot be made.
 D) A flight to the closest airport, where a repair can be made and insert appropriate code in
flight plan.

86- In the airway designator UA1Y, what does the prefix “U” mean?
A) Uniform.
 B) Upper.
C) Undesignated.
D) Unidirectional.

87- Which of the following prefixes indicate an area navigation route which does not form part of the
regional network of ATS routes?
A) G
B) M
C) H
 D) Q

88- Which suffixes of route designator does not use in voice communication?
A) F, S, T
B) R, Y, Z
 C) F, Y, Z
D) Y, Z, U

89- Who is responsible to direct the modes/codes for selection or reselection on transponder in normal
condition?
A) Pilot-in-command
B) Operator
C) State
 D) ATC

90- Which item of flight plan shall be inserted the appropriate code when the aircraft has no serviceable
transponder?
A) 9
 B) 10
C) 17
D) 18
Airway Manual P a g e | 72

91- Which section provide information regarding ATS route designator?

A) RADIO AIDS
B) GENERAL
C) TERMINAL
 D) ENROUTE

92- Which section you can find the preferential route system?
A) RADIO AIDS
B) GLOSSARY
 C) ENROUTE
D) INTRODUCTION

93- In which section you can find route restriction?

 A) ENROUTE
B) RADIO AIDS
C) ATC
D) GLOSSARY
RADIO AIDS & METEOROLOGY

94- What is the range of VHF transmission, when the height of aircraft is 35000 ft?
A) 200 NM
B) 210 NM
C) 220 NM
 D) 230 NM

95- What is the frequency band for VOR (even and odd tenths MHz)?
 A) 111.975-117.975
B) 108.000-111.975
C) 111.975-117.795
D) 108.000-111.795

96- Which ground facility may be used by ATS unite(s) to help a pilot to indicate the direction of aircraft,
by pilot transmission, when the pilot is not aware of its position?
A) ADF
 B) VHF DF
C) LORAN
D) RADAR
Airway Manual P a g e | 73

97- What is the CAIRO VOLMET frequency?

A) 126.00
 B) 126.20
C) 127.27
D) 128.80

98- What is the NICOSIA VOLMET frequency?

A) 126.25
B) 122.27
C) 126.62
 D) 127.20

99- What is the ANTALYA ATIS frequency?

A) 118.67
B) 118.47
 C) 118.27
D) 118.87

100- What is the ARDABIL ATIS frequency?

 A) 126.65
B) 127.00
C) 122.90
D) 128.65

101- What information do you expect to receive from ERZURUM VOLMET regarding ERZURUM airport?
A) METAR
B) TREND
 C) SIGMET
D) QNH

102- Within which section of airway manual you can find ANKARA VOLMET frequency?
A) RADIO AIDS
 B) METEOROLOGY
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE
Airway Manual P a g e | 74

103- Within which section of airway manual you can find ANNEX 3 information?
A) RADIO AIDS
 B) METEOROLOGY
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

104- Within which part of airway manual you can find METAR decoding information?
A) ENROUTE
B) APT DIRECTORY
C) EMERGENCY
 D) METEOROLOGY

105- Within which section of airway manual you can find range of navigation facility frequency?
 A) RADIO AIDS
B) METEOROLOGY
C) EMERGENCY
D) ENROUTE

106- Within which section of airway manual you can find class of VDF antenna?
 A) RADIO AIDS
B) METEOROLOGY
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE
TABLES & CODES

107- The duration of a NOTAM may be indicated by:

A) Ten figure of date-time group
B) PERM
C) EST if duration is uncertain
 D) All answers are correct

108- If the second and third letter of NOTAM code is not in NOTAM code and the subject of NOTAM is
related to the runway, which of the following letter can be used?
A) CO
B) AD
 C) AG
D) RC
Airway Manual P a g e | 75

109- What is the meaning of “QNMAS” in NOTAM code?

A) VOR is u/s
B) DME is u/s
 C) VOR/DME is u/s
D) ILS/DME is u/s

110- How much of the depth of wet snow is changed requires to issue new SNOWTAM?
A) 10 mm
B) 3 mm
 C) Greater than 10 mm
D) Greater than 3 mm

111- What is the pressure in inches of mercury if pressure is 994 hPa?

A) 29.23
B) 29.26
 C) 29.35
D) 29.41

112- Within which part of airway manual you can find NOTAM information?
A) EMERGENCY
 B) TABLES & CODES
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

113- Within which part of airway manual you can find country dial number?
A) EMERGENCY
 B) TABLES & CODES
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

114- How long is the maximum validity of SNOWTAM?

A) 6 Hours
B) 12 Hours
C) 18 Hours
 D) 24 Hours
Airway Manual P a g e | 76

115- The 50 km is equal to........ NM.

 A) 27
B) 26
C) 25
D) 24

116- What is the NOTAM code "QMRLC"?

A) Runway active
 B) Runway closed
C) Aerodrome active
D) Aerodrome closed

117- What pressure altitude corresponds to 23.58 inches of mercury?

A) 6432 ft
 B) 6444 ft
C) 6455 ft
D) 6466 ft

118- What pressure altitude corresponds to 30.16 inches of mercury?

A) -202 ft
B) -211 ft
 C) -220 ft
D) -229 ft

119- What pressure in inches of mercury corresponds to 1110 ft?

A) 28.71
B) 28.72
C) 28.73
 D) 28.74

120- The pressure is 876 hPa, what is the value of pressure in inches of mercury?
A) 25.98
B) 25.90
 C) 25.87
D) 25.81
Airway Manual P a g e | 77

121- What pressure in millimeter of mercury corresponds to 941.3 millibar?

 A) 706
B) 707
C) 708
D) 709

122- The rate of climb is 16 MPS corresponds to .................FPM.

A) 3110
B) 3130
C) 3145
 D) 3150

123- The 36 MPS corresponds to................... Knots.

A) 66
 B) 70
C) 76
D) 74

124- The 17 MPS corresponds to................... Knots.

A) 38
B) 36
 C) 33
D) 30

125- The 20 <˚C> is equal to................... <˚F>.

 A) 68
B) 65
C) 75
D) 71

126- The 50 <˚F> is equal to..................... <˚C>.

A) 16
B) 7
C) 14
 D) 10
Airway Manual P a g e | 78

127- The 32 Kgs is equal to...................... Lbs.

 A) 70
B) 75
C) 79
D) 80

128- The 441 Lbs equal to...................... Kgs.

A) 196
 B) 200
C) 203
D) 204

129- The 40 KM is equal to....................... NM.

A) 22.1
B) 22.40
C) 21.90
 D) 21.60

130- The 60 NM is equal to...................... SM.

A) 69.0
B) 71.0
 C) 69.05
D) 70.05

131- The 67 Imp Gal is equal to................. US Gal.

A) 78
 B) 80
C) 82
D) 84

132- The 211 US Gal is equal to................. Liters.

 A) 799
B) 803
C) 804
D) 806
Airway Manual P a g e | 79

133- The -10 <˚C> is equal to..................... <˚F>.

A) 18
B) 10
C) 16
 D) 14

134- The 42 <ᵒC> is equal to...................... <˚F>.

A) 106.7
B) 107.0
 C) 107.6
D) 108.0

135- The 68 KTS is equal to........................ MPS.

A) 37
B) 38
C) 31
 D) 35

136- The “QNVAS” in NOTAM code means:

A) NDB is u/s
B) DME is u/s
 C) VOR is u/s
D) ILS is u/s

137- The “QITAO” in NOTAM code means:

 A) ILS CAT II is operational
B) LLZ is operational
C) OM is operational
D) DME is operational

138- What is the specific gravity of wet snow?

A) 0.5 up to 0.8
 B) 0.35 up to but not including 0.5
C) 0.5 and over
D) 0.35 up to 0.5
Airway Manual P a g e | 80

139- What units of measurement shall be used for issuance of SNOWTAM?

A) MM
B) Inches
C) FT
 D) Metric

140- How the time of observation shall be indicated in SNOWTAM?

A) By 10 figure date/time group
B) 24 HR
 C) By 8 figure date/time group
D) 12 HR

141- How many sections, the runway length shall be divided for the measurement and issuance of
SNOWTAM?
A) 4
 B) 3
C) 2
D) 1

142- What symbol may be used, if mean depth of deposit is not significant or is not measurable?
A) TT
B) MM
 C) XX
D) AA

143- What is the value of temperature correction for each 10 <˚C> ISA deviation?
A) 5%
B) 3%
 C) 4%
D) 2%

144- Snow which can be blown if loose or, if compacted by hand, will fall apart again upon release,
called as:
A) Wet snow
 B) Dry snow
C) Slush
D) Compacted snow
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
Airway Manual P a g e | 81

145- When acknowledging mode/code setting instruction pilots shall:

 A) Read back the mode and code to be set.
B) Read back only the code to be set.
C) Use only the word WILCO.
D) Use only the word ROGER.

146- When the aircraft carries serviceable Mode C equipment, the pilot:
A) Shall continuously operate this mode only when directed by ATC.
 B) Shall continuously operate this mode unless otherwise directed by ATC.
C) Shall continuously operate this mode regardless of ATC instructions.
D) Shall continuously operate this mode only when the aircraft is within controlled airspace.

147- How many aircraft proximity, on the opinion of a pilot or ATS personnel are classified?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
 D) Four

148- If the stall speed of an airplane with maximum mass and landing configuration over threshold is
126 kts what will be its category?
A) A
B) B
C) C
 D) D

149- What is the reference of “DH”?

A) Aerodrome elevation
 B) Threshold elevation
C) Runway elevation
D) Elevation of “GP” site

150- What is the minimum climb gradient with all engine operation during departure if climb gradient is
not specified on departure procedure?
A) 152 ft/NM
 B) 200 ft/NM
C) 250 ft/NM
D) 300 ft/NM
Airway Manual P a g e | 82

151- What amount of wind will be considering to design SID?

A) 20 kts
 B) 30 kts
C) 10 kts
D) 40 kts

152- What bank angle considers for constructing missed approach procedure?
A) 25°
B) 20°
 C) 15°
D) 30°

153- How many entry procedures may be applied for an Omni-directional holding?
A) 1
 B) 3
C) 2
D) 4

154- What is the distance of buffer area of a holding?

A) 5 km
B) 3 km
C) 3 NM
 D) 5 NM

155- How many phases have a missed approach procedure?

A) 1
B) 2
 C) 3
D) 4

156- What is the maximum holding speed of jet airplane at FL100 during normal condition according to
second edition of PANS-OPS?
 A) 220 kts
B) 210 kts
C) 240 kts
D) 265 kts
Airway Manual P a g e | 83

157- The noise abatement procedure is not to be initiated less than? (NADP 1 or 2)
A) 1000 ft.
 B) 800 ft.
C) 600 ft.
D) 400 ft.

158- What is the height reference of MDH of circle-to-land?

A) Threshold elevation
B) Elevation of site of NAV AIDS
C) Runway elevation
 D) Aerodrome elevation

159- VMC descend maybe authorized within airspace of:

A) Class ``D``
B) Class ``E``
C) Class ``G``
 D) Class ``D`` and ``E``

160- What significant change of crosswind shall be transmitted to an airplane in the final approach?
A) 4 kts
 B) 5 kts
C) 3 kts
D) 2 kts

161- When the cloud information shall be transmitted to arriving aircraft?

A) Cloud below 5000 ft
B) Cloud below minimum sector altitude
 C) “A” or “B” whichever is greater
D) “A” or “B” whichever is lower

162- Within which ICAO region, the B-RNAV is implemented?

A) Middle-east
B) ASIA pacific
 C) Europe
D) North ATLANTIC
Airway Manual P a g e | 84

163- Which edition of PANS-OPS has no acceleration portion for missed approach?
A) First
B) Second
C) Third
 D) Fourth

164- What is the maximum speed for CAT B during turning departure?
A) 120 kts
B) 290 kts
 C) 165 kts
D) 300 kts

165- What is the maximum rate of descent during final with no FAF for CAT C?
A) 590 ft/min
B) 655 ft/min
 C) 1000 ft/min
D) 800 ft/min

166- What is the maximum speed during final for CAT C?

A) 100
 B) 160
C) 185
D) 130

167- What bank angle will be considering to design of a turning departure between 1000 ft up to 3000
ft?
A) 25°
 B) 20°
C) 15°
D) 10°

168- What is the total time of flight technical tolerances for turning departure?
A) 3 Sec
B) 5 Sec
 C) 6 Sec
D) 4 Sec
Airway Manual P a g e | 85

169- How many separate segments may have an instrument approach procedure?
A) 3
B) 4
 C) 5
D) 6

170- What wind factor considers for constructing circling area?

A) 10 kts
B) 15 kts
C) 20 kts
 D) 25 kts

171- What is the outbound time of a holding at 14000 ft?

A) 4 min
 B) 1 min
C) 1.5 min
D) 5 min

172- Who is responsible to develop and implement standard operating procedures (SOPs) for
aerodrome surface operation?
A) Aerodrome authority
 B) Operator
C) State
D) ATS authority

173- What is the minimum rate of descend during final with no FAF for CAT D?
 A) 590 ft/min
B) 1000 ft/min
C) 655 ft/min
D) 750 ft/min

174- Area navigation (RNAV) equipment may be used to determine the aircraft position are?
A) VOR, DME, INS
B) GNSS, LORAN “C”
C) VOR, GNSS
 D) NDB cannot support RNAV
Airway Manual P a g e | 86

175- The total flight technical tolerance for turning departure is:
A) 5 seconds
B) 3 seconds
 C) 6 seconds
D) 10 seconds

176- What is the maximum initial approach speed for CAT C?

A) 120 kts
 B) 240 kts
C) 160 kts
D) 290 kts

177- What is the maximum initial approach speed for CAT B during base turn?
A) 150 kts
B) 180 kts
 C) 140 kts
D) 110 kts

178- What is the minimum MOC for the final of non-precision with FAF?
A) 492 ft
B) 392 ft
 C) 246 ft
D) 295 ft

179- What is the MOC for circling for CAT B?

A) 320 ft
B) 246 ft
 C) 295 ft
D) 350 ft

180- A MSA provides at least:

 A) 300 m obstacle clearance within 46 km of the homing facility associated with the approach
procedure for aerodrome.
B) 300 ft obstacle clearance within 20 NM of the homing facility associated with the approach
procedure for that aerodrome.
C) 300 ft obstacle clearance within 25 NM of the homing facility associated with the approach
procedure for that aerodrome.
D) 300 m obstacle clearance within 20 km of the homing facility associated with the approach
procedure for that aerodrome.
Airway Manual P a g e | 87

181- The approach categories of aircraft are based upon:

A) 1.3 times the stalling speed in clean configuration at maximum certified landing mass.
B) 1.3 times the stalling speed in clean configuration at minimum certified landing mass.
 C) 1.3 times the stalling speed in the landing configuration at maximum certified landing mass.
D) 1.3 times the stalling speed in the landing configuration at minimum certified landing mass.

182- Normally a procedure will be designed to provide protected airspace and obstacle clearance for
aircraft up to and including:
A) Category A.
B) Category B.
C) Category C.
 D) Category D.

183- For a non-precision approach, the elevation of the relevant runway threshold is used for OCH
reference if:
 A) The threshold elevation is more than 2 m below the aerodrome elevation.
B) The threshold elevation is less than 2 m below the aerodrome elevation.
C) The threshold elevation is more than 2 m above and below the aerodrome elevation.
D) The threshold elevation is less than 2 m above and below the aerodrome elevation.

184- When constructing a turning missed approach the pilot reaction time taken into account is:
 A) 0 - 3 seconds.
B) 0 - 5 seconds.
C) 3 - 5 seconds.
D) 3 - 4 seconds.

185- The climb gradient of a missed approach can be reduced to:

 A) 2% if the necessary survey and safeguarding can be provided with the approval of the
appropriate authority.
B) 0.8% if the necessary survey and safeguarding can be provided with the approval of the
appropriate authority.
C) 1.5% if the necessary survey and safeguarding can be provided with the approval of the
appropriate authority.
D) 3.3% if the necessary survey and safeguarding can be provided with the approval of the
appropriate authority.
Airway Manual P a g e | 88

186- If a turn of greater than 15° is required during a missed approach the turn is not allowed:
A) Until at least 50 ft vertical clearance has been ensured.
 B) Until at least 50 m vertical clearance has been ensured.
C) Until at least 100 ft vertical clearance has been ensured.
D) Until at least 100 m vertical clearance has been ensured.

187- DME fix tolerance is:

A) ± 0.46 km + 0.25% of the distance to the antenna.
 B) ± 0.46 km + 1.25% of the distance to the antenna.
C) ± 0.46 km + 1.5% of the distance to the antenna.
D) ± 0.46 km + 2% of the distance to the antenna.

188- Under which conditions may an aircraft on a straight-in VOR approach continue its descend below
the OCA?
A) When it seems possible to land.
 B) When the aircraft is in visual contact with the ground and with the runway lights in sight.
C) When the aircraft has the control tower in sight.
D) When the aircraft is in contact with the ground but not with the runway in sight yet.

189- Which is the obstacle clearance in the primary area of the intermediate approach segment in an
instrument approach procedure?
 A) 150 m (492 ft).
B) 300 m (984 ft).
C) 450 m (1476 ft).
D) 600 m (1968 ft).

190- During a standard arrival procedure under an IFR flight plan in VMC in airspace class D, traffic
avoidance is the responsibility of:
A) The area controller.
B) The pilot-in-command.
C) The approach controller.
 D) A and C are correct.

191- In an approach procedure, a descent or climb conducted in a holding pattern is called:

A) Base turn.
B) Racetrack pattern.
C) Procedure turn.
 D) Shuttle.
Airway Manual P a g e | 89

192- In case of a straight-in non-precision approach, the angle between the extended runway center line
and the final approach track is ---------- or less.
 A) 30°
B) 20°
C) 15°
D) 10°

193- Which of the following would be regarded as "established" on the localizer of an ILS approach?
A) Within 10° of the published track.
B) Within 5° of the published track.
 C) Within half-scale deviation of the CDI.
D) Not specified until the OM has been passed.

194- What is the minimum visibility for a circling approach for a Category B aircraft?
A) 1600 m
B) 1900 m
 C) 2800 m
D) 3500 m

195- For a non-precision or circling approach, the Minimum Descent Height (MDH) cannot be lower
than:
A) 200 ft.
 B) The Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).
C) 350 ft.
D) 400 ft.

196- On a non-precision approach with FAF, what is the maximum permissible descent gradient during
the final approach?
A) 3°
B) 5%
 C) 6.5%
D) 4.5°

197- How can pilot descend below MDH on a VMC descend?

 A) Threshold in view, able to keep visual reference to terrain.
B) Clearance from ATC, threshold in view, insight aerodrome traffic zone.
C) Runway visual, 5 km visibility and clear of cloud.
D) Visual glide path indication of "on glide path" and VMC exists.
Airway Manual P a g e | 90

198- Why the descent gradient shall be kept as low as possible in the intermediate approach segment?
 A) This is the segment in which speed and configuration are adjusted.
B) It is not possible to guarantee full obstacle clearance in this segment.
C) Usually track guidance is poor in this segment resulting in a requirement for a high MOC.
D) Pilots cannot cope with track maintenance in a high rate of descent.

199- In a holding pattern all turns are to be made at a:

A) Rate of 3° per second.
 B) Rate of 3° per second or at a bank angle of 25°, which ever requires the lesser bank.
C) Maximum bank angle of 25°.
D) Rate of 3° per second or at a bank angle of 20°, which ever requires the lesser bank.

200- Standard airway holding pattern (FAA) below 14000 ft?

A) Left hand turns /1 minute outbound.
B) Right hand turns /1.5 minutes outbound.
 C) Right hand turns /1 minute outbound.
D) Left hand turns /1.5 minutes outbound.

201- What is the deviation allowed either side of track between entry sectors when joining a hold?
 A) 5 degrees.
B) 2.5 degrees.
C) 100 degrees.
D) 20 degrees.

202- Regarding to the three entry sectors in a holding pattern, there is a zone of flexibility on either side
of the sectors boundaries of:
A) 20 degrees.
B) 15 degrees.
 C) 5 degrees.
D) 10 degrees.

203- What is the minimum obstacle clearance guaranteed at the edge of the buffer area (5 NM) outside
of the holding area of a holding pattern?
A) 300 m (1000 ft) (2000 ft in mountainous areas).
B) 150 m (500 ft).
C) 90 m (300 ft).
 D) 0 m (0 ft).
Airway Manual P a g e | 91

204- You are flying inbound on radial 232° towards VOR CDI. When you are required to hold overhead
the VOR on radial 052, what type of entry will you perform?
A) A direct entry.
 B) A parallel or offset entry.
C) An offset entry.
D) A reciprocal entry.

205- What is the outbound timing in a holding pattern below FL140 (no wind)?
A) 1.5 minutes.
 B) 1 minute.
C) 2 minutes.
D) 1 minute or 2 minutes, depending on the actual IAS.

206- In a holding pattern, the pilot should attempt to maintain the -------- by making allowance for wind
by applying corrections to -------- during entry and while flying the holding pattern.
A) Track; heading
B) Heading; time
 C) Track; heading and time
D) Heading; track and time

207- You have received holding instructions for a radio fix. The published holding procedure is: "All turns
to the right, 1 minute outbound, inbound MC 052°". You are approaching the fix on an inbound
magnetic track 232°. Select the available entry procedure:
 A) Either "offset" or "parallel"
B) Offset
C) Parallel
D) Direct

208- In a standard holding pattern (FAA) turns are made:

A) In a direction depending on the entry.
B) To the left.
 C) To the right.
D) In a direction depending on the wind direction.
Airway Manual P a g e | 92

209- Unless otherwise published or instructed by ATC, all turns after initial offset entry into the holding
pattern shall be made into which direction?
 A) Teardrop to the left and then to the right.
B) To the left.
C) First right and then to the left.
D) To the right.

210- The maximum angle of bank to be used in a holding pattern is:

A) 15°
 B) 25°
C) 30°
D) 35°

211- In a standard holding pattern with parallel entry first turn should be made:
A) To the right.
 B) To the left.
C) To the right except otherwise described by the appropriate authority.
D) Left or right depending on the entry procedure.

212- Which is the normal still air outbound time in a holding pattern?
 A) One and one half minute for altitudes above 14000 ft.
B) One and one half minute for altitudes above 10000 ft.
C) One minute for altitudes above 14000 ft.
D) All answers are incorrect.

213- In relation to the three entry sectors, the entry into the holding pattern shall be according to:
A) Bearing
B) Course
 C) Heading
D) Track

214- If the holding is at FL060, what is the normal holding speed for jet aircraft (PANS-OPS Second
Edition)?
A) 170 kts
 B) 210 kts
C) 230 kts
D) 150 kts
Airway Manual P a g e | 93

215- You are flying towards a VOR on the 320° radial and have been told to hold on the 045° radial at
FL060. What type of entry to the standard holding pattern is required?
A) Direct.
 B) Parallel.
C) Offset.
D) Either parallel or offset.

216- When holding at FL110, what is the normal outbound leg time?
A) 30 seconds.
B) 1 minute 30 seconds.
C) 1 minute 15 seconds.
 D) 1 minute.

217- The minimum permissible holding level provides a clearance above the obstacles of at least ----------
- in the holding area.
 A) 984 ft.
B) 492 ft.
C) 394 ft.
D) 197 ft.

218- In a holding pattern, turns are to be made:

A) At a bank angle of 20° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank.
B) At a bank angle of 15° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank.
C) At a bank angle of 30° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank.
 D) At a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank.

219- The entry into a holding pattern shall be according to:

 A) Magnetic heading in relation to the three entry sectors.
B) Magnetic track in relation to the three entry sectors.
C) True heading in relation to the three entry sectors.
D) True track in relation to the three entry sectors.

220- You are required to carry out a teardrop entry into a holding pattern. Having reached the fix, the
aircraft is turned onto a heading to make good a track making an angle of ……… degrees from the
reciprocal of the inbound track on the holding site.
A) 20
 B) 30
C) 45
D) 60
Airway Manual P a g e | 94

221- In a standard holding pattern (FAA), all turns should be made:

 A) To the right at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the
lesser bank.
B) To the left at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser
bank.
C) The right at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the higher
bank.
D) To the left at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the higher
bank.

222- What is the longest period of time that can fly the 30° leg of a teardrop procedure when joining a
holding pattern?
 A) 1 minute 30 seconds.
B) 2 minutes 30 seconds.
C) 3 minutes.
D) 30 seconds.

223- An aircraft is flying on heading 190° (M) toward holding fix with inbound track 010° (M) The correct
entry type would be:
A) Parallel or direct.
B) Offset or direct.
 C) Parallel or offset.
D) Reciprocal or direct.

224- Is the length of the outbound leg of a holding pattern always expressed in terms of time?
A) Yes.
 B) No, where DME is used it may be specified in terms of distance.
C) Yes, even where DME is used, the maximum length is always in time.
D) No, where G/S is less than 65 kts, the outbound leg must be at least 2 NM long.

225- If an airplane cannot SQUAWK IDENT, which of the following is a valid method by ATC can identify
an airplane that is squawking mode A codes?
A) Switch SSR to ON then STANDBY.
B) Switch SSR from ON to OFF.
 C) Switch SSR to ON then STANDBY then ON again.
D) Switch SSR to STANDBY then ON again.
Airway Manual P a g e | 95

226- The speed limitation for both IFR flights and VFR flights inside ATS airspace classified as B, when
flying below 3050 m (10000 ft) AMLS, is:
A) 250 kts IAS.
 B) Not applicable.
C) 250 kts TAS.
D) 260 kts IAS.

227- Which of the following approach speed ranges (Vat) is applicable for Category B aircraft?
A) 224 km/h to 261 km/h.
B) 121 kts to 141 kts.
C) 261 km/h to 307 km/h.
 D) 91 kts to 120 kts.

228- The ILS glide path is normally intercepted between:

A) 5 and 10 NM.
B) 3 and 7 NM.
C) 4 and 8 NM.
 D) 3 and 10 NM.

229- What is the fix tolerance of terminal area surveillance radar within 20 NM?
 A) ± 0.8 NM
B) ± 0.9 NM
C) ± 1.0 NM
D) ± 0.7 NM

230- What is the fix tolerance of en-route surveillance radar within 40 NM?
A) ±2 N M
B) ±1.9 NM
C) ±1.8 NM
 D) ±1.7 NM

231- What is the amount of DME fix tolerance as a terminal fix provided on OISS TMA?
 A) ±1.125 NM
B) ±1.2 NM
C) ±1.215 NM
D) ±1.175 NM
Airway Manual P a g e | 96

232- What is the amount of DME fix tolerance as a terminal fix provided on OIFM TMA?
A) ±1.1 NM
 B) ±1 NM
C) ±0.9 NM
D) ±0.9 NM

233- What is the area width at a VOR for splaying?

A) 1.25 NM
B) 1.5 NM
 C) 2.0 NM
D) 2.5 NM

234- What is the splaying angle at NDB facility?

 A) 10.3˚
B) 6.9˚
C) 7.8˚
D) 6.2˚

235- What is the splaying angle at VOR facility?

A) 6.9˚
B) 6.2˚
 C) 7.8˚
D) 6.2˚

236- What is the width of splaying area for NDB?

A) 2 NM
B) 2.15 NM
C) 2.4 NM
 D) 2.5 NM

237- What is the track accuracy of VOR as a providing track?

A) ±5˚
 B) ±5.2˚
C) ±5.4˚
D) ±5.6˚
Airway Manual P a g e | 97

238- What is the track accuracy of NDB not providing track?

A) ±7.8˚
B) ±6.9˚
 C) ±6.2˚
D) ±6˚

239- What is the track accuracy of ILS for providing track?

A) ±2.1˚
B) ±2.2˚
C) ±2.3˚
 D) ±2.4˚

240- What is the track accuracy of NDB for providing track?

 A) ±6.9˚
B) ±7˚
C) ±7.2˚
D) ±7.6˚

241- What is the VOR tolerance as an airborne receiver?

A) ±2.5˚
 B) ±2.7˚
C) ±2.9˚
D) ±3˚

242- What is the NDB tolerance an airborne receiver?

A) ±4.5˚
B) ±5˚
 C) ±5.4˚
D) ±6˚

243- What is the ILS tolerance as an airborne receiver?

 A) ±1˚
B) ±1.2˚
C) ±1.4˚
D) ±1.6˚
Airway Manual P a g e | 98

244- What bank angle will be considered during missed approach?

A) 30˚
B) 25˚
C) 20˚
 D) 15˚

245- What amount of wind will be considered during departure?

A) 25 Kts
 B) 30 Kts
C) 20 Kts
D) 35 Kts

246- How long as pilot reaction time will be considered for holding?
A) 3 Sec
B) 4 Sec
 C) 5 Sec
D) 6 Sec

247- What amount of wind will be considered for construction of a holding with a height of 9000 ft?
 A) 65 Kts
B) 50 Kts
C) 45 Kts
D) 30 Kts

248- What amount of wind will be considered for circling area?

A) 40 Kts
B) 35 Kts
C) 30 Kts
 D) 25 Kts

249- What time as a bank establishing time will be considered for dead reckoning segment?
 A) 5 Sec
B) 6 Sec
C) 3 Sec
D) 10 Sec
Airway Manual P a g e | 99

250- What bank angle will be considered between 1000 ft and 3000 ft for departure?
A) 15˚
 B) 20˚
C) 25˚
D) 30˚

251- What bank angle will be considered below 1000 ft for departure?
A) 20˚
B) 30˚
 C) 15˚
D) 25˚

252- What time will be considered as pilot reaction time for circling area?
A) 15 Sec
B) 20 Sec
C) 25 Sec
 D) None

253- Who is responsible to developed contingency procedure?

 A) Operator
B) State
C) ICAO
D) ATC

254- The reduced power take-off is not required when visibility is less than ......... .
A) 1.7 KM
B) 1.8 KM
 C) 1.9 KM
D) 2 KM

255- The reduced power take-off is not required when crosswind component exceeds ............. .
A) 20 KTS
 B) 15 KTS
C) 10 KTS
D) 25 KTS
Airway Manual P a g e | 100

256- Under which of the following condition, the reduced power for take-off is not required?
A) Wind shear
B) Thunderstorm
C) Hail
 D) A or B is correct.

257- What MOC will be considered on the turn area of departure?

 A) 295 ft
B) 310 ft
C) 350 ft
D) 405 ft

258- If the PDG is not published on an SID, what PDG is provided on departure?
A) 0.8%
B) 2%
C) 2.5%
 D) 3.3%

259- What is the minimum ROC during departure?

A) 152 ft/NM
 B) 200 ft/NM
C) 295 ft/NM
D) 398 ft/NM

260- Turning departure means a turn more than .............. is required.

A) 25°
B) 20°
 C) 15°
D) 10°

261- The straight departure means a turn of not more than ......... is provided.
 A) 15°
B) 10°
C) 20°
D) 25°
Airway Manual P a g e | 101

262- Within what distances, the track guidance shall take place during straight departure?
A) 8.8 NM
 B) 10.8 NM
C) 12.6 NM
D) 15 NM

263- Within what distances, the track guidance shall take place after completion of turn of turning
departure?
A) 10.3 NM
B) 7.8 NM
C) 6.8 NM
 D) 5.4 NM

264- If turning altitude is not published on the SID, what is the lowest level for the turn?
A) 320 ft
B) 355 ft
 C) 394 ft
D) 440 ft

265- What is the maximum speed for CAT "C" aeroplane for turning departure?
 A) 265 kts
B) 280 kts
C) 295 kts
D) 310 kts

266- What is the maximum speed for CAT "B" aeroplane for turning departure?
A) 120 kts
 B) 165 kts
C) 180 kts
D) 195 kts

267- How many segments may have an instrument approach procedure?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
 D) 5
Airway Manual P a g e | 102

268- How many types of instrument approach procedures may be provided?

A) 2
 B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

269- When an instrument approach procedure, required descend gradient higher than maximum value,
then the procedure will be promulgated as:
A) Precision
B) Circle-to-land
 C) Circling
D) Visual approach

270- If stalling speed of an aeroplane over threshold is 107 kts, what will be its category?
A) D
 B) C
C) B
D) A

271- For which category of aeroplane the maximum initial approach speed for racetrack procedures is
limited to 140 kts?
A) A
 B) B
C) C
D) D

272- For which category of aeroplane the maximum initial approach speed for reversal procedures is
limited to 110 kts?
 A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

273- Who is responsible to define landing configuration to be taken into consideration for providing
instrument procedures?
A) State
B) Pilot
 C) Operator
D) ICAO
Airway Manual P a g e | 103

274- If stall speed of an aeroplane over threshold is 111 kts what will be its category?
A) A
B) B
C) C
 D) D

275- Who is responsible to approve permanent lower landing mass for determining VAT may impose by
an operator?
A) IATA
 B) State of the operator
C) Manufacture
D) Pilot

276- What is the maximum descent gradient, with FAF for CAT C aeroplane during final approach?
A) 5.6%
B) 6.5%
C) 5.2%
 D) 6.1%

277- What is the optimum descent gradient, with FAF for CAT B aeroplane during final approach?
 A) 5.2%
B) 5.7%
C) 6.1%
D) 6.5%

278- What is the maximum descent gradient, with FAF for CAT B aeroplane during final approach?
A) 5.2%
B) 5.7%
C) 6.1%
 D) 6.5%

279- What is the minimum rate of descent during final approach with no FAF for CAT D aeroplane?
A) 394 ft/min
 B) 590 ft/min
C) 655 ft/min
D) 1000 ft/min
Airway Manual P a g e | 104

280- What is the maximum rate of descent during final approach with no FAF for CAT B aeroplane?
A) 394 ft/min
B) 590 ft/min
 C) 655 ft/min
D) 1000 ft/min

281- What is the minimum obstacle clearance with no FAF for straight-in landing?
A) 210 ft
B) 245 ft
C) 270 ft
 D) 295 ft

282- What is the minimum obstacle clearance with FAF for straight-in landing?
A) 210 ft
 B) 246 ft
C) 270 ft
D) 295 ft

283- What is the minimum obstacle clearance for CAT C and D aeroplane for circling approach?
 A) 394 ft
B) 355 ft
C) 270 ft
D) 245 ft

284- What is the maximum interception angle from initial approach segment to IF for precision
approach?
A) 120°
B) 110°
C) 100°
 D) 90°

285- What is the maximum interception angle from initial approach segment to IF for non-precision
approach?
 A) 120°
B) 110°
C) 100°
D) 90°
Airway Manual P a g e | 105

286- What type of maneuver(s) do you expect to design where suitable IAF or IF is not available?
A) Racetrack procedure
B) Reversal procedure
 C) A or B is correct
D) None

287- How long the straight leg without track guidance shall take place by CAT C aeroplane on 45°/180° of
procedure turn?
A) 30 Sec
B) 45 Sec
C) 60 Sec
 D) 75 Sec

288- What angle from outbound track of a procedure turn, the direct entry may be done to carry out the
instrument approach procedure?
A) ±15°
B) ±20°
 C) ±30°
D) ±35°

289- When do you start the required descent after inbound turn of reversal procedure based on VOR?
A) Within full scale of deflection
 B) Within half full scale of deflection
C) Within 5°
D) Within 5.6°

290- When do you start the required descent after inbound turn of racetrack procedure based on NDB?
A) Within ± 10.3°
B) Within ± 7.8°
C) Within ± 6.5°
 D) Within ± 5°

291- What will be the maximum length of dead reckoning segment?

 A) 10 NM
B) 9 NM
C) 8 NM
D) 7 NM
Airway Manual P a g e | 106

292- At what angle the dead reckoning track will intersect the localizer?
A) 25°
B) 35°
 C) 45°
D) 55°

293- What is the minimum descent rate on inbound track of reversal procedure for CAT D aeroplane?
A) 394 ft
 B) 590 ft
C) 804 ft
D) 655 ft

294- What is the maximum rate of descent per minute on an inbound leg of racetrack procedure for CAT
B aeroplane?
A) 590 ft
B) 755 ft
C) 804 ft
 D) 655 ft

295- What is the maximum rate of descent per minute during outbound leg of procedure turn 80°/260°
for CAT D aeroplane?
A) 755 ft
 B) 1197 ft
C) 1000 ft
D) 804 ft

296- What will be the optimum distance of FAF (non-precision) from threshold?
A) 10 NM
B) 8 NM
C) 6 NM
 D) 5 NM

297- What will be the maximum distance of FAF (non-precision) from threshold?
A) 12 NM
B) 11 NM
 C) 10 NM
D) 9 NM
Airway Manual P a g e | 107

298- What will be the optimum descent gradient during final approach?
A) 2.5°
 B) 3°
C) 3.3°
D) 3.5°

299- Who is responsible to include in SOP, the specific guidance for using on-board technology with
ground-based aids?
 A) Operator
B) State
C) State of the operator
D) Manufacture

300- How many OCA/H are to be published, when stepdown fix is incorporated on the final approach
segment?
A) Only one
B) minimum two
C) One
 D) Two

301- How many stepdown fix may be depicted on the final approach segment where suitably DME is
located?
A) One
 B) Several
C) Two
D) Only one

302- When an aerodrome is served by a single facility as an aerodrome facility, the facility is intended to
indicate..............and ............. fix?
A) IAF, FAF
B) IF, FAF
C) IF, MAPt
 D) IAF, MAPt

303- What maximum glide path angle do you expect for CAT I operation?
A) 4°
B) 3°
 C) 3.5°
D) 2.5°
Airway Manual P a g e | 108

304- What will be the maximum glide path angle or elevation angle for CAT III operation?
A) 4°
 B) 3°
C) 3.5°
D) 2.5°

305- For which category of operation, the obstacle free zone has been established for the protection of
balked landing?
A) CAT II
B) CAT III
 C) Both CAT II and III
D) None

306- How many phases has a missed approach procedure?

A) 1
B) 2
 C) 3
D) 4

307- When the missed approach procedure in precision approach must be initiated?
A) At MAPt
B) Runway not in sight
C) VDP
 D) Not lower than DA/H

308- What is the minimum missed approach climb gradient?

 A) 2.5 %
B) 2.6 %
C) 2.7 %
D) 2.8 %

309- What is the maximum turn during initial phase of missed approach?
A) 15°
B) 20°
C) 25°
 D) None
Airway Manual P a g e | 109

310- What is the maximum turn from final approach track to the intermediate phase of missed
approach?
A) 10°
 B) 15°
C) 20°
D) 25°

311- What is the MOC in primary area for the en-route phase in mountainous areas, where variation in
terrain elevation is between 3000 ft and 5000 ft?
A) 2000 ft
B) 1000 ft
 C) 1476 ft
D) 1969 ft

312- What is MOC in primary area for the en-route phase in mountainous areas where the variation in
terrain elevation is greater than 5000 ft?
 A) 1969 ft
B) 1476 ft
C) 2500 ft
D) 3000 ft

313- What is the maximum holding speed based on second edition of PANS-OPS at 13000 ft for jet
aeroplane in normal condition?
A) 230 kts
B) 240 kts
 C) 220 kts
D) 210 kts

314- What is the maximum holding speed at 16000 ft based on TERPS criteria?
A) 205 kts
B) 215 kts
C) 245 kts
 D) 265 kts

315- What will be MOC in the holding area?

A) 500 ft
B) 492 ft
 C) 984 ft
D) 1000 ft
Airway Manual P a g e | 110

316- What is width of holding buffer area?

A) 4 NM
 B) 5 NM
C) 3 NM
D) 2 NM

317- For which type of aeroplane the noise abatement procedure is designed?
A) Propeller
B) Turboprop
 C) Turbojet
D) All answers are correct

318- Who is responsible to specify the location of noise sensitive area and/or the location noise
monitors of an aerodrome?
A) State
B) ATC
C) Operator
 D) Aerodrome authority

319- Who has the authority to decide not to execute a noise abatement departure procedure if
conditions preclude safety?
 A) Pilot-in-command
B) Operator
C) ATC
D) State

320- Which document specified the power or thrust setting which are needs for engine anti-icing during
departure?
A) CDL
B) Flight manual
C) MMEL
 D) Aircraft operating manual

321- Who is responsible to develop the noise abatement procedure?

A) State
 B) Operator
C) State of the operator
D) State of design
Airway Manual P a g e | 111

322- Who is responsible to approve the developed noise abatement procedure?

A) State
B) Operator
 C) State of the operator
D) State of design

323- Where the noise abatement approach procedure is developed, the aeroplane shall be on the final
landing configuration only?
 A) After passing OM
B) After passing MM
C) After intercepting of GP
D) At 10 NM

324- When an arriving aeroplane shall be on the final landing configuration where the noise abatement
procedure is developed?
A) 9 NM from threshold.
B) 7 NM from threshold.
 C) 5 NM from threshold.
D) 3 NM from threshold.

325- When the published noise procedure should not be required to comply?
A) Ceiling is lower than 500 ft
B) Tailwind is exceeding 5 kts
C) Horizontal visibility is less than 1.9 km
 D) All answers are correct

326- When the published noise procedure should not be required where crosswind component?
 A) Exceeds 15 kts
B) Exceeds 12 kts
C) Exceeds 10 kts
D) All answers are correct

327- What is the noise initiation speed?

A) V2+10 kts
 B) Not less than V2+10 kts
C) Not more than V2+10 kts
D) V2+20 kts
Airway Manual P a g e | 112

328- When reduction may take place in (NADP 1)?

A) Above 800 ft
B) Below 800 ft
 C) At or above 800 ft
D) At or below 800 ft

329- When the normal transition, for en-route climb is to be made (NADP 2)?
A) Above 3000 ft
B) Below 3000 ft
C) At and below 3000 ft
 D) At and above 3000 ft

330- When entry of an arriving aircraft cannot be made on a procedure where a turn at IAF less than
110° on TAA, what procedure shall be flown?
 A) Reversal procedure
B) Racetrack procedure
C) Holding procedure
D) All answers are correct

331- When the GNSS or FMC shall not be used by pilot?

A) Database is not approved
B) Database has no information
 C) Database has no DEP or APP procedure
D) All answers are correct

332- What is the CDI sensitivity for en-route mode in basic GNSS receivers?
A) ± 10 NM
B) ± 8 NM
C) ± 6 NM
 D) ± 5 NM

333- What is the basic GNSS receiver mode for en-route alert?
 A) ± 2 NM
B) ± 3 NM
C) ± 4 NM
D) ± 5 NM
Airway Manual P a g e | 113

334- What is the basic GNSS receiver mode for approach?

A) ± 2 NM
B) ± 1 NM
C) ± 0.5 NM
 D) ± 0.3 NM

335- What is the CDI sensitivity for terminal mode?

A) ± 2 NM
 B) ± 1 NM
C) ± 0.5 NM
D) ± 0.3 NM

336- How many kinds of turn may be defined for RNAV departure procedure?
A) 2
B) 3
 C) 4
D) 5

337- What maximum speed should be used in the holding associated with airway structure?
 A) 280 kts
B) 265 kts
C) 240 kts
D) 230 kts

338- What is the minimum height of transition altitude above the aerodrome?
A) Not less than 6000 ft
 B) Not less than 3000 ft
C) Not less than 4000 ft
D) Not less than 5000 ft

339- When above transition altitude, the QNH may be used?

A) After approach clearance
B) Descent to land is begun
C) At EAT
 D) A and B are correct
Airway Manual P a g e | 114

340- When a pilot is not required to make pressure and temperature correction?
A) Off route flying
B) Flying along advisory route
 C) Vectoring by radar
D) All answers are correct

341- What is the QFE reference tolerance of serviceable altimeter indication between (0 to 30000 ft)?
A) ± 50 ft
B) ± 55 ft
 C) ± 60 ft
D) ± 65 ft

342- When pressure correction shall be made by pilot?

 A) Using 1013 hPa
B) Using QNH
C) Using QFE
D) Using QFF

343- What altimeter correction shall be made per each hPa when pressure is below 1013 hPa?
A) 15 ft
B) 20 ft
C) 25 ft
 D) 30 ft

344- What altimeter correction (percent) shall be made per every 10˚(C) below standard temperature?
A) 5
 B) 4
C) 3
D) 2

345- When the pilot shall SQUAWK IDENT?

A) Requested by the operator
B) Requested by state
 C) Requested by ATC
D) Requested by ADIZ
Airway Manual P a g e | 115

346- When the pilot shall operate the serviceable transponder?

A) Requested by state
 B) All the time during flight
C) Requested by ATC
D) Above FL150

347- What action shall be done by the pilot when "CONFIRM SQUAWK" requested by ATC?
A) Verify the mode A code
B) Reselect assigned code
C) Confirm to ATC the setting displayed on the controls
 D) All answers are correct

348- When the pilot shall SQUAWK IDENT?

 A) Requested by ATC
B) Requested by operator
C) Requested by state
D) Requested by ATS authority

349- When mode C is operated, what indication of level on the aeroplane altimeter shall include in voice
communication?
A) Nearest 50 ft
 B) Nearest 100 ft
C) Nearest 30 ft
D) Nearest 75 ft

350- The aircraft identification of aeroplane equipped with mode S shall correspond to which item of
flight plan?
A) 5
B) 6
 C) 7
D) 8

351- What action shall be taken by a pilot when there is a conflict between RA and ATC instruction?
 A) Follow RA
B) Follow ATC instruction
C) Advice ATC
D) Don’t make any maneuver
Airway Manual P a g e | 116

352- What will be the rate of climb or descend (ft/min) throughout of last 1000 ft?
A) 800 ft
B) 1000 ft
C) 1500 ft
 D) Less than 1500 ft

353- When the vertical speed reduction shall be started by pilot?

A) 800 ft below clearance altitude
B) 1500 ft below clearance altitude
 C) 500 ft below clearance altitude
D) 1000 ft below clearance altitude

354- Who is responsible to develop and implement SOP for aerodrome surface operation?
 A) Operator
B) Aerodrome authority
C) ATC
D) State

355- Where you can find the stabilized approach parameters?

A) Flight manual
 B) SOP
C) AIP
D) PANS-ATM

356- When an aeroplane shall be on stabilized approach in IMC?

A) Not lower than 500 ft
B) Not lower than MDA/H
 C) Not lower than 1000 ft
D) After passing OM

357- When the go-around policy shall be reinforced?

A) Every 6 month
B) Each calendar year
C) Type rating exam
 D) Through training
Airway Manual P a g e | 117

358- What non-specific items should be avoided in response of checklist?

 A) Set, checked
B) Switched
C) Lights
D) Levers

359- Which frequency is used as a back-up for 121.5 MHz?

A) 243
B) 40.5
 C) 123.45
D) 122.5

360- For which type of aeroplane the "Mach number technique" is used?
 A) Turbo-jet
B) Propeller
C) Turbo-prop
D) Turbo-fan

361- The prescribed standard longitudinal separation "in time" between two aeroplane flying same
level, over entry point on a particular track is?
A) 10 min
 B) 15 min
C) 20 min
D) 25 min

362- Within which ICAO region the Basic RNAV (B-RNAV), without modification is implemented?
A) NAT
B) MID
C) MID/ASIA
 D) EUR

363- How many automatic altitude-keeping device shall has an aeroplane for RVSM application within
MID airspace?
 A) One
B) Two
C) At least one
D) At least two
Airway Manual P a g e | 118

364- How many primary altimetry systems shall have an aeroplane for operation in MID RVSM airspace?
A) Only one
B) One
 C) Two
D) None

365- How the operation of RVSM approved aircraft shall include the approval in the item 10 of flight
plan for operation in MID region?
A) By letter X
 B) By letter W
C) By letter Z
D) By letter Y

366- When the RVSM shall be suspended in MID region by ATC?

A) IMC
B) CB activity
C) Severe icing
 D) Severe turbulence

367- What are the four-dimension information derived from ADS?

A) Time and level
B) Level and speed
C) Latitude and longitude
 D) A and C are correct

368- What information are provided by AWOS-A/V?

A) Altimeter setting
B) Visibility
C) Temperature
 D) A & B are correct

369- What is maximum speed that may be used by an aeroplane on high speed taxiway?
A) 50 kts
B) 55 kts
 C) 60 kts
D) 65 kts
Airway Manual P a g e | 119

370- What is the reference of 25 NM for terminal arrival altitude (TAA)?

A) ARP
B) Main facility
 C) IAF
D) CTR

371- What is the reference of OCH in precision approach (ICAO)?

A) Touchdown zone elevation
B) Aerodrome elevation
 C) Threshold elevation
D) QFE reference datum height

372- What type of approach may be executed by an IFR before completing its instrument approach
procedure?
A) VFR
B) VMC
 C) Visual approach
D) Visual contact

373- How many waypoint(s) may be identified for the purpose area navigation (RNAV)?
A) 1
B) 4
C) 3
 D) 2

374- What will be the altimeter error due to wind, if wind speed is 40 kts?
 A) 201 ft
B) 220 ft
C) 250 ft
D) 300 ft

375- What is the maximum speed for CAT C during final phase of missed approach?
 A) 240 kts
B) 250 kts
C) 260 kts
D) 265 kts
Airway Manual P a g e | 120

376- What is the maximum speed for CAT B during intermediate phase of missed approach?
A) 120 kts
B) 125 kts
 C) 130 kts
D) 135 kts

377- What will be the MOC on the primary area of intermediate approach segment?
A) 450 ft
 B) 492 ft
C) 518 ft
D) 555 ft

378- What is the MOC on the primary area of initial approach segment?
A) 900 ft
B) 960 ft
C) 950 ft
 D) 984 ft

379- How many type of snow (on the ground) are defined?
A) 4
 B) 3
C) 2
D) 1

380- For which instrument approach procedure the vertical path angle (VPA) based on ICAO shall be
published?
 A) BARO-VNAV
B) Non precision
C) Circling
D) Precision CAT III

381- Which surface to be considered for calculation of obstacle clearance altitude/height for precision
approach?
A) Balked landing
 B) Obstacle assessment surface (OAS)
C) Approach surface
D) Precision surface
Airway Manual P a g e | 121

382- Which navigation facility is used as a guidance for instrument approach operation by method of
two dimensional (2D)?
A) Providing lateral and distance
B) Providing lateral and vertical
C) Providing lateral and slop
 D) Providing lateral only

383- Which navigation facility is used as a guidance for instrument approach operation by method of
three dimensional (3D)?
A) Providing lateral and distance
 B) Providing lateral and vertical
C) Providing lateral and slope
D) Providing lateral only

384- Which type of instrument approach procedure may have a defined point as VDP?
A) Precision approach
B) Circling approach
C) Non-precision approach
 D) Non-precision (straight-in)

385- How many phase may have an emergency situation?

A) 1
B) 2
 C) 3
D) 4

386- What is the maximum speed for CAT C during turning departure?
 A) 265 kts
B) 290 kts
C) 120 kts
D) 300 kts

387- What is the maximum speed for CAT B during final approach segment?
A) 160 kts
B) 150 kts
C) 140 kts
 D) 130 kts
EMERGENCY
Airway Manual P a g e | 122

388- Within which section of airway manual you can find intercepting procedure?
A) RADIO AIDS
 B) EMERGENCY
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

389- Within which section of airway manual you can find search & rescue symbol?
A) RADIO AIDS
 B) EMERGENCY
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

390- What frequencies are provided for distress / emergency?

A) 500 kHz
B) 2182 kHz
C) 8364 kHz
 D) All answers are correct

391- Within which part of airway manual you can find international distress frequency?
 A) EMERGENCY
B) TABLES & CODES
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

392- What frequency are provided for radiotelephony to be used when assistance is requested by an
aeroplane from maritime service?
A) 121.5 kHz, 243 MHz
 B) 2182 kHz, 500 kHz
C) 500 kHz, 121.5 kHz
D) 2182 MHz, 243 MHz

393- What ground-air visual signal shall be formed by survivors when required assistance?
 A) V
B) X
C) Y
D) N
Airway Manual P a g e | 123

394- What ground-air visual signal shall be formed by survivors, when required medical assistance?
A) Y
B) N
 C) X
D) V

395- What ground-air visual signal shall be formed by rescue units to indicate "we have found only some
personnel"?
A) LLL
B) LL
C) XX
 D) ++

396- What ground-air visual signal shall be formed by rescue unites to inform "operation completed"?
A) LL
 B) LLL
C) ++
D) XX

397- Within which section of airway manual you can find radio failure procedure?
 A) EMERGENCY
B) ENROUTE
C) RADIO AIDS
D) TERMINAL
AIRPORT DIRECTORY

398- Within which part of airway manual you can find airport ICAO identifier code?
A) ENROUTE
 B) AIRPORT DIRECTORY
C) EMERGENCY
D) METEOROLOGY

399- Within which part of airway manual you can find runway ASDA information?
A) ENROUTE
 B) AIRPORT DIRECTORY
C) EMERGENCY
D) METEOROLOGY
Airway Manual P a g e | 124

400- How can you classify aerodrome firefighting category?

A) Overall fuselage length
B) Fuselage width
C) Wing tip to wing tip
 D) A & B are correct

401- How the operational hours of an aerodrome based on prior permission only may be specified?
A) PPR
B) PNR
 C) PPO
D) PTO

402- Where can we find tire pressure limitation for runway PCN?
A) ENROUTE
 B) AIRPORT DIRECTORY
C) TABLES & CODES
D) TERMINAL

403- What minor overload, may be occasionally accepted on rigid pavement?

A) Maximum 10%
 B) Maximum 5%
C) Maximum 5 tone
D) Maximum 10 tone

404- What minor over load, occasionally maybe accepted for unknown pavements?
A) Maximum 3%
 B) Maximum 5%
C) Maximum 10%
D) Maximum 8%

405- The “PCN” of Ahwaz is PCN 57/F/C/X/T, what is the type of pavement?
 A) Flexible
B) Rigid
C) Unknown
D) Asphalt
Airway Manual P a g e | 125

406- How the operational hours of an aerodrome based on irregular time maybe specified?
A) O/T
B) PPO
 C) HX
D) HN

407- Within which section of airway manual you can find ACN/PCN information?
A) RADIO AIDS
 B) AIRPORT DIRECTORY
C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

408- What will be the required fire category where the airplane over-all length is 42 meters and fuselage
width is 4.5 meters?
A) 6
 B) 7
C) 8
D) 9

409- What minor overload, may be occasionally accepted for flexible pavements?
 A) Max 10%
B) Max 3%
C) Max 5%
D) None

410- How the operational hours of an aerodrome based on continuous operation may be specified?
A) O/R
 B) H24
C) PTO
D) HX

411- Find the LCN of an airplane with single isolated wheel load of 45 Tone with tire pressure of 7
kg/cm2.
A) 86
B) 88
 C) 90
D) 92
Airway Manual P a g e | 126

412- Which section provide information about length of TODA for RUNWAY 10 of Birjand airport?
 A) AIRPORT DIRECTORY
B) EMERGENCY
C) INTRODUCTION
D) ENROUTE

413- Which section provide information about fire category of Bushehr airport?
 A) AIRPORT DIRECTORY
B) EMERGENCY
C) INTRODUCTION
D) ENROUTE

414- What will be the airport rescue and firefighting category for an aeroplane with over-all length of 52
meters?
 A) 8
B) 7
C) 9
D) 6

415- What will be the airport rescue and firefighting category for an aeroplane with over-all length of 28
meters?
A) 7
B) 5
 C) 6
D) 8

416- What unit of measurement indicate the subgrade strength of flexible pavement?
A) MPA
B) KELVIN
C) NEWTON
 D) CBR

417- The bearing strength of a pavement for aircraft with all-up mass equal to 5700 kg shall be available
by reporting -------- .
 A) Maximum allowable mass and pressure
B) PCN
C) Maximum allowable mass
D) LCN/LCG
Airway Manual P a g e | 127

418- Which document contain the information regarding SIWL/ESIWL?

A) Flight manual
B) Airport operating manual
 C) Aircraft operations manual
D) PANS-OPS (Doc. 8168)

419- What is the purpose of providing a stopway for a runway?

 A) Abandoned take-off
B) Balked landing
C) Take-off
D) Landing

420- What is the meaning of "U" regarding the fuel on an aerodrome?

A) Unknown octane of fuel
B) Unknown type of fuel
C) Unknown providing service
 D) B and C are correct

421- What is the meaning of "X" in PCN 80/R/C/X/T?

A) Tire pressure is limited to 1.85 MPa
 B) Tire pressure is limited to 1.75 MPa
C) Tire pressure is limited to 1.65 MPa
D) Tire pressure is limited to 1.55 MPa
TERMINAL

422- Which section contain instrument approach charts?

A) RADIO AIDS
B) GENERAL
 C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

423- Within which section of airway manual you can find SHIRAZ AIRPORT chart?
A) RADIO AIDS
B) METEOROLOGY
 C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE
Airway Manual P a g e | 128

424- Within which section of airway manual you can find SHIRAZ RADAR chart?
A) RADIO AIDS
B) METEOROLOGY
 C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

425- REF Shiraz instrument approach procedure (13-1) what is the maximum missed approach speed
indicated on missed approach icon?
A) 180
 B) 185
C) 200
D) 205

426- REF Chah Bahar instrument approach procedure (13-1), the lowest level up to lead redial may an
aircraft descend is?
A) 390 ft.
B) FL045.
 C) 3000 ft.
D) 1900 ft.

427- REF Bahrain chart (13-3), if QNH is 1016 hPa, what is the QFE?
 A) 1016
B) 1017
C) 1018
D) 1019

428- REF Dubai chart (12-1) what is the name of final approach fix?
A) KUVON
 B) TOXOD
C) VEDAG
D) OSTIN

429- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-7) what is the minimum level from Varamin for ILS interception?
 A) 6450 ft
B) 6410 ft
C) 6140 ft
D) 6448 ft
Airway Manual P a g e | 129

430- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-7), what is the maximum holding speed over KAZ?
A) 220 kts
B) 210 kts
 C) 230 kts
D) 240 kts

431- REF Shiraz chart (10-1R1), what minimum level do you expect between R 305 - R 310 within 8 NM?
A) 7000 ft
 B) 8000 ft
C) 8500 ft
D) 9000 ft

432- REF Shiraz chart (10-3H), what is the track range of KATIB 2C to reach to KATIB?
A) 85 NM
 B) 90 NM
C) 92 NM
D) 98 NM

433- REF Shiraz chart (10-3H), how many turning point/cross mileage are charted?
 A) 3
B) 2
C) 1
D) None

434- REF Mehrabad aerodrome chart (10-9A), what is the height of jet barrier (net barrier) in ft?
A) 10
 B) 12
C) 14
D) 16

435- REF Mehrabad aerodrome chart (10-9A), what is the direction of traffic circuit of 11L?
 A) Right
B) Left
C) Both
D) None
Airway Manual P a g e | 130

436- REF Mehrabad aerodrome chart (10-9A), what is the distance of arrester gear (hock barrier) in
meters from runway 29L?
A) 598
B) 972
C) 197
 D) 792

437- REF Mehrabad aerodrome chart (10-9A), what is the angle of PAPI for runway 11R?
A) 3.3˚
 B) 3.36˚
C) 3.22˚
D) 3.26˚

438- REF Mehrabad aerodrome chart (10-9A), what is the minimum take-off visibility for departure,
when runway lighting are on?
A) 500 m
B) 300 m
 C) 400 m
D) 1200 m

439- REF Mehrabad aerodrome chart (10-9A), what is the width of runway 29L?
 A) 60 m
B) 40 m
C) 50 m
D) 45 m

440- REF Mehrabad chart (10-9), what is ASDA of runway 29L?

A) 13087 ft
B) 13507 ft
 C) 13222 ft
D) 13622 ft

441- REF Mehrabad chart (10-9), which runway elevation is airport elevation?
A) 11R
 B) 11L
C) 29L
D) 29R
Airway Manual P a g e | 131

442- REF Mehrabad chart (10-9), how many helicopter landing PAD are charted?
A) 4
B) 1
C) 3
 D) 2

443- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-1), if the ground speed of an aircraft is 220 kts during missed
approach what is the ROC/minute?
A) 740 ft
 B) 735 ft
C) 745 ft
D) 750 ft

444- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-1), what is the RVR of straight-in landing, when ALS out?
A) 500 m
B) 720 m
C) 550 m
 D) 1200 m

445- REF Dubai chart (11-1), what is DH minimum for CAT IIIA for the operator using issues standard
chart format?
 A) 50 ft
B) 100 ft
C) 150 ft
D) 200 ft

446- REF Dubai chart (11-1), what is the distance of FAF to “0” point?
A) 5.2 NM
B) 7.3 NM
 C) 6.8 NM
D) 6.4 NM

447- REF Esfahan chart (11-1), what is minimum level after crossing lead radial?
 A) 7000 ft
B) 7500 ft
C) 6800 ft
D) None
Airway Manual P a g e | 132

448- Within which section of airway manual you can find RNAV charts?
A) RADIO AIDS
B) METEOROLOGY
 C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

449- Which section contains instrument approach charts?

A) RADIO AIDS
B) GENERAL
 C) TERMINAL
D) ENROUTE

450- REF Shiraz instrument approach procedure (13-1) what is the maximum holding speed, in normal
condition?
A) 170 kt
 B) 230 kt
C) 240 kt
D) 250 kt

451- REF Chah Bahar airport chart (13-1) what is the “ASDA” of runway 27L?
 A) 9000 ft
B) 10181 ft
C) 9360 ft
D) 11743 ft

452- REF Bahrain chart (13-3), what is the time of outbound leg of holding?
A) 4 min
 B) 1.5 min
C) 1 min
D) 5 min

453- REF Dubai chart (12-1) the [2.87˚] means?

A) ILS glide slope
 B) VNAV
C) MLS glide slope
D) All answers are correct
Airway Manual P a g e | 133

454- REF Dubai chart (12-1) the numbers shown on the line of descend angle means?
A) M/S
B) ft/S
 C) ft/min
D) M/min

455- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-7), what is the missed approach holding level?
A) 9000 ft
B) 8000 ft
C) 7000 ft
 D) 6000 ft

456- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-7) what is the recommended altitude at 5 DME?
 A) 4850 ft
B) 4848 ft
C) 4840 ft
D) 4830 ft

457- REF Shiraz (10-3E), what is track range to reach over KASOL based on KASOL 2C?
 A) 86
B) 82
C) 80
D) 78

458- REF Shiraz chart (10-3E), if ground speed of departing aircraft is 234 kts how long does it take to
reach to KARAM via KARAM 2D?
A) 18 min
B) 19 min
C) 21 min
 D) 20 min

459- REF Imam Khomeini aerodrome chart (20-9), how many locations the RVR are installed?
A) 1
 B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Airway Manual P a g e | 134

460- REF Imam Khomeini aerodrome chart (20-9), which runway has the precision approach with side
row?
 A) 29
B) 11
C) Both
D) None

461- REF Imam Khomeini aerodrome chart (20-9), what is distance between VOR and NDB?
A) 1800 ft.
 B) 2000 ft.
C) 2100 ft.
D) 2200 ft.

462- REF Imam Khomeini aerodrome chart (20-9A), which runway equipped with touchdown zone
lights?
 A) 29
B) 11
C) Both
D) None

463- REF Imam Khomeini aerodrome chart (20-9A), which lights may be operational for LVP take-off?
A) Runway lights
B) Runway center line lights
 C) A and B are correct
D) VASI

464- REF Imam Khomeini aerodrome chart (20-9A), what is the angle of PAPI of runway 29?
A) 2.9˚
 B) 3.0˚
C) 3.1˚
D) 3.2˚

465- REF Imam Khomeini aerodrome chart (20-9A), what is the runway length (in ft) when using ILS?
 A) 12801 ft
B) 13773 ft
C) 13005 ft
D) 12900 ft
Airway Manual P a g e | 135

466- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), How many wind indicator is installed on the aerodrome?
A) 1
 B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

467- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is true direction of runway 26L?
A) 075
B) 255
 C) 258
D) 078

468- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), How many cross bar are shown on the approach light of
runway 26L?
 A) 5
B) 4
C) 3
D) 2

469- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is the length of 26R (ASDA)?
A) 15600 ft
B) 15607 ft
C) 15610 ft
 D) 15617 ft

470- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is the distance of ILS glide slope antenna from threshold
of runway 26R?
A) 1416 ft.
B) 1426 ft.
 C) 1215 ft.
D) 1216 ft.

471- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is the width of runway?
A) 48 M
 B) 45 M
C) 50 M
D) 52 M
Airway Manual P a g e | 136

472- REF Esfahan chart (11-1), How many initial approach fix are provided?
A) 1
B) 2
 C) 3
D) 4

473- REF Bahrain chart (13-3), what is the distance of intermediate fix from VOR?
A) 7 NM
B) 4.8 NM
C) 12 NM
 D) 10 NM

474- REF Dubai chart (12-1), how many aircraft at the same time may hold over PINGO?
A) 5
B) 4
C) 3
 D) 2

475- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-7), what is the entry procedure of a missed approach aircraft for KAZ
after missed approach?
A) Off set
B) Direct
 C) Parallel
D) A or C is correct

476- REF Imam Khomeini chart (21-7), what is the missed approach climb gradient (ft/NM)?
A) 152
B) 170
 C) 200.5
D) 210

477- REF Shiraz chart (10-3 H), what is the KATIB 2A track range?
A) 81 NM
 B) 85 NM
C) 73 NM
D) 89 NM
Airway Manual P a g e | 137

478- REF Shiraz chart (10-3 H), what will be the minimum ROC/NM of departing aircraft to cross 15 DME
at 10,000 ft based on airport elevation?
A) 353 ft
B) 350 ft
C) 369 ft
 D) 363 ft

479- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), which runway elevation is airport elevation?
A) 26R
B) 26L
C) 08L
 D) 08R

480- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), which runway is equipped with ILS?
A) 08R
B) 08L
C) 26L
 D) 26R

481- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is the distance of runway lights from each other?
 A) 60 m
B) 100 m
C) 45 m
D) 50 m

482- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1) the N 32 45.1 E 051 51.8 related to:
A) VOR
B) NDB
 C) ARP
D) Control tower

483- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), how many cross bar has 26L approach lights?
A) 3
 B) 5
C) 4
D) 2
Airway Manual P a g e | 138

484- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), if the VAR is 3˚ E, what is the MAG track of runway 08L?
 A) 075
B) 255
C) 258
D) 078

485- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is TORA of runway 26L?
A) 8694 ft
B) 15610 ft
 C) 14426 ft
D) 14246 ft

486- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is ASDA of runway 08L?
A) 15617 ft
B) 14426 ft
 C) 15610 ft
D) 14462 ft

487- REF Esfahan aerodrome chart (11-1), what is the TODA of runway 26L?
A) 8694 ft
B) 8858 ft
C) 7008 ft
 D) None

488- REF Khark island aerodrome chart (10-9) what is the LDA of runway 31?
A) 7657 ft
B) 6345 ft
 C) 6332 ft
D) 6232 ft

489- REF Khark island aerodrome chart (10-9), for which category of aircraft, the take-off minima is not
applicable?
A) A
B) B
C) C
 D) D
Airway Manual P a g e | 139

490- REF to KHARK island aerodrome chart (10-9), within which of the following area the KHARK
aerodrome is located?
A) P
 B) R
C) D
D) C

491- REF to KHARK island aerodrome chart (10-9), what type of air traffic service are provided to
aircraft?
A) ATC
B) Advisory
 C) AFIS
D) All answers are correct

492- REF to Esfahan chart (11-1), the missed approach icon indicated the turn of?
A) Less than 45˚
B) Straight
C) 45˚
 D) More than 45˚

493- REF to Esfahan chart (11-1), what is the localizer frequency?

 A) 109.90
B) 110.10
C) 110.30
D) 111.90

494- REF to Esfahan chart (11-1), what is the minimum north holding altitude?
A) 11000 ft
 B) 10000 ft
C) 9000 ft
D) 8000 ft

495- REF to Esfahan chart (11-1), what is the distance between R-166 and R-109 in 12 DME arc ISN?
A) 10 NM
B) 11 NM
 C) 12 NM
D) 13 NM
Airway Manual P a g e | 140

496- REF to Esfahan chart (11-1), what is the maximum speed during circle to land for CAT D?
A) 100 kts
B) 135 kts
C) 180 kts
 D) 205 kts

497- REF Shiraz chart (11-5), what is the maximum initial approach speed that restricted by chart?
 A) 220 kts
B) 230 kts
C) 240 kts
D) 250 kts

498- REF Shiraz chart (11-5), what is the minimum missed approach climb gradient?
A) 6.3 %
 B) 6.0 %
C) 5.5 %
D) 5.1 %

499- REF Shiraz chart (11-5), what is the distance of ILS/DME from threshold of runway 29L?
A) 0.4 NM
B) 0.3 NM
 C) 0.2 NM
D) 0.1 NM

500- REF Shiraz chart (11-5), what is the minimum visibility for CAT C aircraft during circle to land?
A) 2000 m
B) 3200 m
C) 4200 m
 D) 4800 m
Annex 2 P a g e | 141

1- Which Annex to the Chicago Convention contain information about personal licensing?
A) ANNEX 16.
B) ANNEX 17.
 C) ANNEX 1.
D) ANNEX 15.

2- What is a danger area?

A) An airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial waters of a State within
which flight of aircraft is prohibited.
 B) An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft
may exist at specified times.
C) A NOTAM activated airspace where the general flight rules are disregarded.
D) An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR
flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.

3- What is Special VFR?

A) A flight in IMC for which the pilot and/or the airplane is unable to comply with the
requirements of IFR.
 B) A VFR flight cleared by ATC to operate within a CTR in meteorological conditions below VMC.
C) A VFR procedure to enable an airplane to transit a control zone or area in IMC without
compliance with IFR.
D) Any flight cleared by ATC to operate in conditions less than VMC in which the pilot is
required to remain clear of cloud and in sight of the surface.

4- Which type of traffic shall comply with rules of the air?

A) To all IFR traffic.
B) To all VFR traffic.
C) Only to aircraft registered in the State being over flown.
 D) Both A and B are correct.

5- Which action shall be taken by an aircraft in the traffic pattern of an aerodrome, experiencing radio
failure to indicate difficulties which compel it to land without requiring immediate assistance?
 A) The repeated switching on and off of the landing lights.
B) Switching on and off four times the landing lights.
C) Switching on and off four times the navigation lights.
D) Switching on and off three times the landing lights.
Annex 2 P a g e | 142

6- You have filed a VFR flight plan. What do you put in field 16 (total estimated elapsed time)?
A) Time from brakes off to overhead the destination.
B) Time from brakes off to landing time.
 C) Time from takeoff to overhead the destination.
D) Time from takeoff to landing.

7- An aircraft operated on, or in the vicinity of, an aerodrome shall whether or not within an ATZ:
1) Observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding collision.
2) Conform with or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by other aircraft in operation.
3) Make all turns to the right, when approaching for landing or taking-off unless otherwise
instructed.
4) Land and take off into the wind unless safety, the runway configuration, or an air traffic
consideration determines that a different direction should be used.
Which statements are correct?
A) 2,3,4
B) 1,3,4
 C) 1,2,4
D) 1,2,3

8- Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except:

A) By pre-arrangement among the pilots taking part.
B) By pre-arrangement among the PICs taking part.
C) By pre-arrangement among the PICs taking part and if the flight is to be in control airspace in
accordance with the conditions laid out by ICAO Annex 2.
 D) By pre-arrangement among the PICs taking part and if the flight is to be in control airspace in
accordance with the conditions laid out by ICAO Annex 2 and supplemented by the national
procedures.

9- For which of the following condition in accordance with Annex 2, the flight plan must be submitted?
A) Any flight across an international border.
B) Any IFR flight in advisory airspace.
C) Any flight in controlled airspace and receive air traffic control service.
 D) All answers are correct.

10- An aircraft is crossing your flight path from left to right, which light will you see?
A) Steady red.
 B) Steady green.
C) Flashing green.
D) White.
Annex 2 P a g e | 143

11- On a VFR flight, your magnetic track is 005°, the magnetic heading 355°. Which of the following
flight level is correct?
A) FL060
 B) FL055
C) FL065
D) FL070

12- On a VFR flight, which of the following cruising levels would you select under the following
conditions: True track 358°, variation 3°W, deviation 2°W?
A) FL080
B) FL065
C) FL070
 D) FL075

13- When an aircraft is operating in class F airspace below 900 m AMSL, the minimum horizontal
distance from cloud for VFR flight is:
A) 1500 Ft.
B) 1500 m.
C) 5 km.
 D) Clear of clouds and surface in sight.

14- A VFR flight shall comply with the ATC clearances under which of the following conditions?
1) When operated in Class A, B, C and D airspace.
2) When forming part of aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome.
3) When operated as special VFR flights.
A) 1, 2 are correct.
 B) 2, 3 are correct.
C) 1, 3 are correct.
D) All statements are correct.

15- In areas where a separation minimum of 1000 ft is applied up to FL410, authorization for VFR flight
shall not be granted above which flight level?
A) FL190
B) FL200
C) FL240
 D) FL290
Annex 2 P a g e | 144

16- An aircraft used for simulated instrument flying must have:

A) Dual controls.
B) Dual controls and a competent observer.
 C) A qualified safety pilot and fully functioning dual controls.
D) A competent observer in the front seat.

17- What is the appropriate IFR flight level for a magnetic track of 125° in non-RVSM airspace?
A) FL280
 B) FL290
C) FL350
D) FL310

18- An aircraft intercepted by another aircraft, if equipped with SSR transponder shall, unless otherwise
instructed by the appropriate ATS unit, select one of the following codes in mode A:
A) 7000
 B) 7700
C) 7500
D) 7600

19- An intercepted aircraft is to attempt to communicate with the intercepting aircraft. Which
frequency is to be used?
 A) 121.500 MHz
B) 118.100 MHz
C) 249.000 MHz
D) 123.450 MHz

20- At or below the transition altitude, the altimeter setting should be:
A) QFE
B) QNE
C) 1013.2 hPa
 D) QNH

21- The vertical position of an aircraft at or above the transition level will be reported:
A) As altitude.
B) As height.
 C) As flight level.
D) According to pilot’s choice.
Annex 2 P a g e | 145

22- At least which services have to be provided by ATS within a flight information region?
 A) Flight information service and alerting service.
B) Flight information service.
C) Flight information service and air traffic advisory service
D) Flight information service and air traffic control service.

23- A TMA is:

A) An area in which submission of a flight plan is not required.
 B) A control airspace establishes at confluence of ATS route around one or major aerodrome.
C) A CTR.
D) Available at all times to VFR traffic.

24- A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit is:
A) Air traffic zone.
B) Control area.
 C) Control zone.
D) Advisory airspace.

25- The definition of "Maneuvering Area" is:

A) That part of an aerodrome to be used for takeoff, landing and taxiing of aircraft, including
apron(s).
 B) That part of an aerodrome to be used for takeoff, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding
apron(s).
C) That part of an aerodrome to be used for takeoff, landing and taxiing of aircraft, including
movement area and apron(s).
D) None.

26- For an IFR flight to an airport equipped with navigation aids, the estimated time of arrival is the
estimated time at which the aircraft:
A) Will leave the initial approach fix to start the final approach.
B) Will land.
C) Will stop on the parking area.
 D) Will arrive over the designated navigation facility.

27- What is the objective of the alerting service?

A) To prevent collisions between aircraft.
B) To provide the advisory service.
 C) To notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of assistance.
D) Provide advice and information useful to the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Annex 2 P a g e | 146

28- A controlled flight is:

A) Any flight in C, D or E class airspace.
B) Any flight in uncontrolled airspace.
 C) Any flight which is subject to an ATC clearance.
D) Any IFR flight.

29- FIS:
A) Provides an aerodrome and approach control service for the efficient conduct of flight.
B) Provides flight plan services for the safe and efficient conduct of flight.
C) Provides control useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flight.
 D) Provides advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flight.

30- Approach control service is provided for:

 A) All arriving and departing controlled flights.
B) All arriving IFR traffic.
C) Traffic within the CTA.
D) All VFR traffic.

31- The part of an aerodrome provided for the stationing of aircraft for the purpose of embarking and
disembarking passengers, loading and unloading of cargo and refueling and parking is known as:
A) Movement area.
B) Maintenance area.
 C) Apron.
D) Maneuvering area.

32- Which of the following signals is a distress signal?

 A) A parachute flare showing a red light.
B) The repeated switching on and off the landing lights.
C) The repeated switching on and off the navigation lights.
D) In radiotelephony the spoken word PANPAN.

33- For which type of operation, the advisory service may be provided?
A) Controlled IFR
B) SVFR
C) CVFR
 D) IFR
Annex 2 P a g e | 147

34- What is the purpose of air traffic control service?

A) Prevent collision between aircraft
B) Expedite flow of traffic
 C) A and B are correct
D) A or B is correct

35- Airway is a control area in the form of:

 A) Corridor
B) Area
C) Arrival route
D) Uncontrolled route

36- How many controlled airspaces are classified by ICAO?

 A) 5
B) 7
C) 4
D) 3

37- Within which class of controlled airspace an IFR is not subject to control?
A) E
B) C
C) D
 D) All answers are incorrect

38- Based on what facility the ACAS operate:

A) NAV AIDS
B) SSR
 C) SSR transponder
D) Communication

39- What is vertical position of an aircraft, if set 1013.2 hPa?

 A) Flight level
B) Altitude
C) Height
D) None
Annex 2 P a g e | 148

40- What will be the level of aircraft below lowest usable flight level?
A) Flight level
 B) Altitude
C) Height
D) None

41- Who is the relevant authority for an aircraft operating over high seas?
A) State of manufacture
B) State of design
 C) State of registry
D) State of operator

42- Chang over point may be established on a route which is equipped with:
A) DME
B) NDB
 C) VOR
D) ILS

43- Who is responsible to establish minimum flight altitude?

 A) State
B) Operator
C) Pilot-in-command
D) All answers are correct

44- Who is responsible for the operation of aircraft?

 A) Pilot-in-command
B) Operator
C) State
D) A person who recognize by ATCU

45- Which navigation light of overtaken aircraft may not be seen at night?
A) Port
B) Starboard
C) Rear
 D) A or B is correct
Annex 2 P a g e | 149

46- Which aircraft has right of way?

A) Landing
B) Taking off
 C) Emergency
D) Urgency

47- What is the first action of pilots when two aircraft are approaching head-on, on the ground?
A) Alter its course to the left.
B) Alter its course to the right
 C) Both aircraft shall stops
D) Both aircraft alter heading to the right

48- What is the purpose of using navigation light?

 A) Indicate relative flight path
B) Attract attention
C) A and B are correct
D) A or B is correct

49- What is the purpose of ACAS?

 A) Provide traffic and resolution advisory to pilot
B) Provide advice to ATC
C) Provide weather information
D) Receive information by ADS

50- Who is the appropriate authority of an aircraft operating over a territory of a

state?
 A) The state having sovereignty
B) State of registry
C) State of design
D) State of manufacture

51- The lowest layer of clouds is called ceiling when it is:

A) Below 6000 m
B) Below 20000 ft
C) Above 6000 m
 D) A or B are correct
Annex 2 P a g e | 150

52- Which portion of flight is called "significant portion" of flight?

 A) Cruise
B) Climb
C) Descend
D) None

53- Which area shall not be established over the high seas?
A) Prohibited area
B) Restricted area
C) Danger area
 D) A and B are correct

54- When may an IFR flight cancel its IFR flight?

A) Ground in sight
B) In VMC
C) Uninterrupted ground in sight
 D) Uninterrupted VMC

55- An IFR flight shall not operate?

A) Above MEA
B) Above FL200
 C) Below minimum flight altitude
D) Along advisory route

56- Who are responsible to arrange a formation flight within uncontrolled airspace?
 A) Pilots -in-command
B) Appropriate authority
C) Air traffic controller
D) None

57- What action shall be taken by an overtaking aircraft on the ground?

A) Contact with ATC
B) Turn left
 C) Keep well clear
D) All answers are correct
Annex 2 P a g e | 151

58- Which lights may be switched off during flight?

A) Anti-collision lights
B) Red anti-collision lights
 C) Any flashing lights
D) Green flashing light

59- How long after ETA or acknowledge expected approach time the radio failure aircraft must to be
landed?
A) Within 3 min
B) Within 20 min
 C) Within 30 min
D) Within 40 min

60- ADS stand for:

A) Automatic direction specification
B) Aerodrome data system.
C) Aviation development service
 D) Automatic dependent surveillance

61- Acrobatic flight is a flight consist of manoeuvers performed by an aircraft involving abrupt changes
in attitude or speed...................
 A) Intentionally
B) Compulsory
C) Automatically
D) All answers are correct

62- Advisory route is....

A) A designated route along which air traffic control service is available.
B) A designated control zone within which air traffic advisory service is available.
C) A designated route along which air traffic control and advisory service is available.
 D) A designate route along which air traffic advisory service is available.

63- Movement of helicopter/VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome is normally at a ground

speed...................
A) More than 20Kt
B) 20Kt
 C) Less than 20Kt
D) 37Km
Annex 2 P a g e | 152

64- Aeronautical information publication will be issued by:

 A) State
B) Operator
C) ATC unit
D) Flight standard

65- An airspace of defined dimension established around an aerodrome for the protection of
aerodrome traffic is.................
A) CTR
 B) ATZ
C) CTA
D) TMA

66- Maneuvering area is consisting of:

 A) Runway and Taxiway
B) Runway, Taxiway and apron
C) Runway, Taxiway and isolated parking
D) All answers are correct

67- All aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome and all traffic operating on the maneuvering area of
an aerodrome is:
A) Controlled traffic
B) Known traffic
 C) Aerodrome traffic
D) Air traffic

68- Altitude is measured from....

 A) MSL
B) AGL
C) Aerodrome elevation
D) Specific datum

69- Who are safety-sensitive personnel?

A) Air traffic controllers
B) Crew members
C) Aircraft maintenance personnel
 D) All answers are correct
Annex 2 P a g e | 153

70- An airspace extending upwards from surface of the earth is….

A) Control area
B) Control zone
 C) ATZ
D) TMA

71- Radiotelephony is a form of radio communication in the form of:

 A) Speech
B) Signal
C) Data link
D) All answers are correct

72- Taxiing is movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power................
A) Including take-off roll
B) Excluding take-off roll
 C) Excluding take-off and landing roll
D) Including take-off and landing roll

73- Advice provided by ATC unit specifying maneuvers to assist a pilot to avoid a collision is....
A) Traffic information
B) Traffic resolution
 C) Traffic avoidance advice
D) Resolution advisory

74- By which reason, a pilot may depart from rules of the air or ATC clearance?
A) In case of radio communication failure
B) Economic
C) Urgency
 D) Interest of safety

75- Which one of the following lights will indicate the aircraft flight path?
 A) Navigation light
B) Anti-collision light
C) Landing light
D) None
Annex 2 P a g e | 154

76- EOBT is the time:

 A) At which the aircraft will commence taxi associated to departure.
B) At which the aircraft will request the start up.
C) At which the aircraft will enter the runway for take-off.
D) At which the aircraft will stop on runway holding position.

77- An aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome shall stop and hold at .....................
A) All runway holding positions
B) At lighted stop bars
C) All marking areas
 D) A and B are correct

78- Which one of the following manner decreases the safety of aircraft operation?
A) Negligent
B) Reckless
C) Acrobatic
 D) All answers are correct

79- In formation flight, the vertical separation between leader and each formation flight shall not
exceed:
 A) 100 ft.
B) 200 ft.
C) 50 ft.
D) 150 ft.

80- The actual time of leaving the holding fix for approach, depends on:
A) Estimated arrival time
B) Expected approach time
 C) Approach clearance
D) None

81- Who has the final authority for disposition of an aircraft?

 A) Pilot-in-command
B) In-flight security
C) Pilot
D) Crew member
Annex 2 P a g e | 155

82- What information shall be study carefully by pilot-in-command before beginning a flight as pre-
flight action?
A) Current weather report
B) Current weather forecast
C) Fuel requirement
 D) All answers are correct

83- Which one is considered as minima for VMC?

A) Flight visibility 5Km / distance from cloud 1500 ft horizontally, 1000 M vertically
 B) Flight visibility 5Km/ distance from cloud 1500 M horizontally, 1000 ft vertically
C) Flight visibility 5Km/ distance from cloud 1000 M horizontally,1500 ft vertically
D) Flight visibility 5Km / distance from cloud 1000 ft horizontally ,1500 M vertically

84- Which lights of the preceding aircraft will be observed by the overtaking aircraft?
A) Port
B) Starboard
 C) Rear
D) All answers are correct

85- Air traffic advisory service is provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation between:
 A) Aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans.
B) Aircraft which are operating on special VFR and VFR flight plans.
C) Aircraft which are operating on VFR and IFR flight plans.
D) Aircraft which are operating as special VFR.

86- ………….…… is provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and
rescue service.
A) Advisory service.
 B) Alerting service.
C) Area control service.
D) Surveillance service.

87- A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth is called a:
A) Control zone.
 B) Control area.
C) Control center.
D) Terminal control area.
Annex 2 P a g e | 156

88- ……………. is responsible for the operation of the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air.
A) The air traffic control unit.
 B) The pilot-in-command.
C) The operation manager.
D) The person manipulating the controls.

89- What separation shall be maintained from the flight leader by each aircraft in a formation flight?
A) A distance not exceeding 500 meters laterally and longitudinally and 30 meters vertically.
B) A distance not exceeding 1000 meters laterally and longitudinally and 100 meters vertically.
 C) A distance not exceeding 0.5 NM laterally and longitudinally and 100 feet vertically.
D) A distance of 1 km laterally and longitudinally and 30 feet vertically.

90- When two aircraft are approaching head-on or nearly so and there is a danger of collision, what
action shall be take place by the pilots?
A) Both aircraft shall alter their headings to the left.
 B) Both aircraft shall alter their headings to the right.
C) Both aircraft must make a climbing turn to the left.
D) Both aircraft must make a climbing turn to the right.

91- Which aircraft has the right-of-way when they are converging?
A) Airplane.
 B) Balloon.
C) Glider.
D) Airship.

92- Unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, a flight plan for a flight to be
provided with air traffic control service or air traffic advisory service shall be submitted:
A) At least 15 minutes before departure.
B) At least 30 minutes before departure.
 C) At least 60 minutes before departure.
D) At least 90 minutes before departure.

93- When operating under visual flight rules in class D airspace at altitudes above 10000 feet AMSL, you
must maintain a vertical distance of at least ………. from clouds.
A) 1500 feet
B) 300 feet
 C) 1000 feet
D) 1000 meters
Annex 2 P a g e | 157

94- When flying under visual flight rules in class C airspace at altitudes below 10000 feet AMSL and
above 3000 feet AMSL, or 1000 feet above terrain, whichever is the higher, you must maintain a
horizontal distance of at least ………… from clouds.
A) 5 kilometers.
 B) 1500 meters.
C) 1000 feet.
D) 2000 feet.

95- To fly under VFR in class D airspace at or below 3000 ft AMSL, or 1000 feet above terrain, whichever
is the higher, the flight visibility must be at least:
 A) 5 kilometers.
B) 5 nautical miles.
C) 8000 meters.
D) 1500 meters.

96- To fly under VFR in class G airspace at and below 3000 ft feet AMSL or 1000 feet above terrain,
whichever is the higher, you must:
A) Maintain a horizontal distance of at least 1500 meters from clouds.
B) Maintain a vertical distance of at least 1500 meters from the clouds.
C) Maintain a horizontal distance of at least 1500 feet from clouds.
 D) Remain clear of clouds and in sight of the surface.

97- To fly under VFR in class C airspace at and above 10000 ft AMSL, the flight visibility must be at least:
A) 5 KM.
 B) 8 KM.
C) 1500 meters.
D) 3000 meters.

98- Except when a clearance is obtained from an air traffic control unit, no VFR flight may take-off or
land at an aerodrome within a control zone, or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern
when:
A) The ceiling is less than 1000 ft, and the ground visibility is less than 3 km.
B) The ceiling is less than 1500 ft, and the ground visibility is less than 5 statute miles.
 C) The ceiling is less than 1500 ft, and the ground visibility is less than 5 km.
D) The ceiling is less than 450 ft, and the ground visibility is less than 5 km.
Annex 2 P a g e | 158

99- You may not fly over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement at a height from which it
would be impossible to land without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface in the
event of an emergency arising, except:
 A) When necessary for take-off or landing.
B) When trying to remain clear of clouds and in sight of surface.
C) When you receive a logbook endorsement from your instructor.
D) When you receive visual ground signal from tower

100- When QFE is set on the altimeter, the vertical position of the aircraft is expressed in terms of:
A) Altitude.
 B) Height.
C) Flight level.
D) Elevation.

101- When climbing through the transition layer, the reference for the vertical position of the aircraft
should be changed from ………… to …………
A) Flight levels – altitudes.
B) Altitudes – height.
 C) Altitudes – flight levels.
D) Transition layer – altitudes.

102- Which signal shall be said by an aircraft when it has a very urgent message regarding another
aircraft which is in fire?
A) MAY DAY
 B) PANPAN
C) XXX
D) SOS

103- When an aircraft flying on a route with magnetic track of 315˚ what shall be its assign flight level
(non RVSM airspace)?
 A) 310
B) 320
C) 330
D) 340
Annex 2 P a g e | 159

104- Which of following aircraft on the final stage of landing, has the right of way?
 A) Emergency
B) Lower
C) Faster
D) Nearer

105- Which light shall be displayed by an airplane for the purpose of indication of relative path?
A) Anti-collision
B) Landing
 C) Navigation
D) Beacon

106- Who shall be permitted to switch off the any flashing light?
 A) Pilot-in-command
B) Operator
C) ATC
D) None

107- When the revised estimated time shall be notified to ATS unit?
A) It is found that the error of estimate time to be exceed 5 min.
B) It is found that the error of estimate to be exceed time 1 min.
 C) It is found that the error of estimate to be exceed time 2 min.
D) It is found that the error of estimate to be exceed time 4 min.

108- Above which flight level IFR flight is compulsory?

A) 30
B) 90
C) 10
 D) 200

109- An aircraft is holding within transition layer, what shall be the term of its level?
A) Flight level
B) Height
C) Altitude
 D) None
Annex 2 P a g e | 160

110- How much of the sky shall be covered by cloud when you consider it as ceiling?
A) 1/2 sky
B) 1/3 sky
 C) 2/3 sky
D) 4/8 sky

111- What action shall be taken by an overtaking aircraft?

A) Alter its heading to the left
B) Alter its level
 C) Alter its heading to the right
D) Alter its speed

112- Which lights may be displayed, when there is no adequate illumination to indicate aircraft
structure?
A) Landing lights
 B) Navigation lights
C) Anti-collision lights
D) Strobe lights

113- Who has the responsibility for operation of an aircraft in accordance with rules of the air?
A) Operator
B) ATC
 C) Pilot-in-command
D) Pilot at flight control

114- The lowest cruising flight level for VFR is:

A) 200
 B) 35
C) 45
D) 50

115- What shall be the minimum height for VFR flight over an open air assembly?
A) 500 ft
 B) 1000 ft
C) 600 M
D) 1500 ft
Annex 2 P a g e | 161

116- When an IFR may cancel its IFR flight?

A) It is in VMC
B) Encountering VMC
C) Uninterrupted VMC
 D) For a reasonable period in uninterrupted VMC

117- What is the first IFR flight level above FL290, if magnetic track is 105˚ (RVSM airspace)?
A) 300
 B) 310
C) 320
D) 330

118- Which light fitted on aircraft may be switched-off by pilot?

A) Navigation lights
 B) Flashing lights
C) Strobe lights
D) Landing

119- Which signal may be initiated by, an intercepted aircraft which is in distress?
A) Irregular flashing landing lights
B) Irregular flashing navigation lights
C) Regular flashing all lights
 D) Irregular flashing all available lights

120- What SSR code shall be selected by, a hijacked airplane?

A) 7700
B) 7600
 C) 7500
D) 7400

121- Which of the following aircraft on the final stage of landing has the right of way?
A) Lower airplane
B) Faster airplane
 C) Glider
D) Higher airplane
Annex 2 P a g e | 162

122- When aircraft is running its engine on the movement area, shall display it’s?
A) Landing light
 B) Anti-collision light
C) Position light
D) Landing light

123- The first IFR FL above FL290 on a 020˚ magnetic track is (RVSM airspace):
A) 330
 B) 310
C) 300
D) 320

124- The first westbound FL above FL280 is (RVSM airspace):

 A) 300
B) 320
C) 290
D) 310

125- The aircraft has the right of way shall maintain its ............
A) Heading
B) Speed
C) level
 D) A and B are correct

126- When communication facility at an aerodrome is not available, arrival report shall be made?
 A) Before landing
B) After landing
C) 10 minutes after landing
D) None

127- Cargo sling loads by helicopters require air taxiing in order to reduce ground effect turbulence with
a height of:
A) 25 ft
 B) Above 25 ft
C) Less than 25 ft
D) None
Annex 2 P a g e | 163

128- Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under condition specified by air traffic control unit is:
A) Flight permission
B) Authorized flight
C) Controlled flight
 D) ATC clearance

129- What is(are) the uncontrolled airspace(s)?

A) F
B) G
C) D, E
 D) G, F

130- Flight visibility is the visibility forward from:

A) Cockpit of an aircraft on the ground
 B) Cockpit of an aircraft in flight
C) RVR
D) All answers are correct

131- IMC is a meteorological condition....................

A) Equal to VMC
 B) Less than minima for VMC
C) More than minima for VMC
D) B and C are correct

132- Runway- holding position is a designated position intended to..........

A) Protect runway
B) Protect an obstacle limitation surface
C) Protect an ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area
 D) All answers are correct

133- Traffic avoiding advice will be provided by:

A) Operator
B) Pilot-in-command
 C) ATS units
D) Flight dispatcher
Annex 2 P a g e | 164

134- What is the intent of traffic avoidance advice?

A) To make large separation
B) To sequence the traffic
C) To apply priority
 D) To avoid a collision

135- What is the basis of expressing time in aeronautical operations?

 A) UTC
B) Local
C) UTC and local
D) GMT

136- The accuracy of time in data link communication is expected to be within?

A) 5 second
 B) 1 second
C) 30 second
D) 10 second

137- The obtaining of time check shall be made:

A) Prior to operating a controlled flight
B) The other times during flight as may be necessary
 C) A and B are correct
D) During night flight

138- Which one is the urgency signal code?

A) SOS
 B) PANPAN
C) MAYDAY
D) Parachute flare red light

139- Within which Iranian controlled airspace the VFR, is subject to control?
A) Airway.
B) TMA.
C) CTR.
 D) "A, B and C" but not above FL200.
Annex 2 P a g e | 165

140- VFR flight is subject to control, when it is operating within:

A) Control zone.
B) Controlled airspace.
C) Airway.
 D) In class B, C, D.

141- ETA for IFR flight with navigation aids is:

A) Estimated to arrive over facility intended for departure.
B) Estimated to arrive over facility intended for instrument approach procedure.
C) Estimated to arrive over aerodrome.
 D) Estimated to arrive over initial approach fix.

142- An aircraft is operating on or in vicinity of an aerodrome shall make all turns to the:
A) Left.
 B) Left unless otherwise instructed by ATC.
C) Right.
D) Right unless otherwise instructed by ATC.

143- Flight plan submission during flight shall be made at least:

A) 10 minutes before crossing airway or advisory route.
B) 10 minutes before entering control area or advisory area.
C) 10 minutes prior departure.
 D) A and B are correct.

144- When arriving VFR aircraft entering Esfahan CTR and reported visibility is 3000 m, it shall:
A) Leave CTR.
B) Return to departure point.
 C) Request SVFR.
D) A or B is correct.

145- When a controlled flight lost its radio in VMC shall:

A) Continue VMC to destination.
B) Continue VMC to land at nearest and suitable aerodrome.
C) Report its arrival by expeditious means to ATS unit.
 D) B and C are correct.
Annex 2 P a g e | 166

146- Controlled radio failure aircraft in IMC may be landed within:

A) 30 minutes after ETA.
B) 30 minutes after acknowledge EAT.
C) A and B whichever is later.
 D) A or B whichever is later.

147- Steady red signal to an aircraft on the ground means:

A) Cleared to taxi.
B) Cleared for take-off.
 C) Stop.
D) Return for landing.

148- When an aircraft wishes to inform that a ship within sight is in fire shall say:
A) SOS.
B) MAYDAY.
 C) PANPAN.
D) XXX.

149- Cruising level is a level maintained during:

A) Flight time.
B) Flight duty time.
 C) Significant portion of flight.
D) Take-off or landing.

150- The elevation at highest obstacle on an airway over mountain area is 7654 ft. If magnetic track of
IFR flight on route is 156˚, what is the lowest usable flight level based on ICAO criteria?
 A) FL110.
B) FL120.
C) FL130.
D) FL160.

151- An aeroplane is classified as a:

A) Rotorcraft.
 B) Power driven heavier than aircraft
C) Airship.
D) Lighter than air aircraft.
Annex 2 P a g e | 167

152- The aircraft is:

A) A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic
reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
 B) Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other
than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.
C) A non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from
aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
D) Any aircraft supported chiefly by its buoyancy in the air.

153- How is ground visibility defined?

A) The visibility forward from the flight deck of an aeroplane.
 B) The visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited observer or by automatic
systems.
C) The visibility reported by a pilot currently flying in the vicinity.
D) The forecast visibility at 3000 ft above the aerodrome.

154- An ETA for an IFR flight with navigation facility is referred to:
 A) IAF
B) FAF/FAP
C) Touchdown
D) None of the above

155- Transition altitude is defined as:

 A) The altitude at or below which the vertical position of aircraft is expressed in reference to
mean sea level.
B) The altitude at or below which the vertical position of aircraft is expressed in reference to
standard pressure.
C) The altitude below which the vertical position of aircraft is expressed in reference to QFE.
D) The altitude above the aerodrome at which the altimeter sub-scale is reset to 1.013 hPa and
vertical position above that is then reported as a FL.

156- Who is charged with the safe conduct of a flight?

 A) The Pilot-in-Command.
B) The ATC controller whenever the aircraft is flying in controlled airspace.
C) The aircraft owner.
D) The airline operator.
Annex 2 P a g e | 168

157- The pre-flight actions for a flight leaving the local aerodrome area, is to include:
 A) A careful study of the available meteorological reports and forecasts for the route.
B) A careful study of the available weather charts.
C) A careful briefing of the crew.
D) A careful briefing of the passengers.

158- Pre-flight briefing for flights away from the vicinity of an aerodrome and all IFR flights shall include
which of the following?
1) A meteorological information
2) A consideration of the fuel requirements
3) Alternative actions if the flight cannot be completed as planned
A) 1
B) 1, 2
 C) 1, 2, 3
D) 2, 3

159- Which of the following flights has the greatest priority to land?
 A) Emergency aircraft.
B) Military aircraft.
C) VIP (Head of state) aircraft.
D) Hospital aircraft.

160- On an IFR flight in airspace class G, you receive a traffic information from ATC, that a VFR flight is
going to cross your flight path from right to left. Who has the right-of-way?
A) ATC decides who has the right-of-way and issues appropriate instruction.
B) It is the task of ATC to separate VFR flights from IFR flights in airspace class D.
C) I have the right-of-way as I am on an IFR flight.
 D) The VFR flight has the right-of-way.

161- While flying at night another aircraft reports that you are on his 90 degrees relative bearing.
Assuming you are on converging courses, you should see his:
A) White navigation light.
B) Red navigation light.
C) Green and white navigation lights.
 D) Green navigation light.
Annex 2 P a g e | 169

162- Which of the following actions shall be taken in case a controlled flight deviates from the track?
 A) Adjust the heading of aircraft to regain track as soon as practicable.
B) Inform the ATC unit immediately.
C) If VMC, maintain this condition, waiting for the ATC instructions.
D) Notify ATC of the new track immediately and comply with instructions.

163- Which one of the following lights will indicate the aircraft flight path?
 A) Navigation light
B) Anti-collision light
C) Landing light
D) None

164- Which lights of the preceding aircraft will not be observed by the overtaking aircraft?
A) Port
B) Starboard
C) Rear
 D) A and B are correct

165- You are outside controlled airspace on a VFR flight above 3000 ft Your distance from the cloud
should be:
A) 1000 ft horizontally and 1000 ft vertically.
B) 2000 ft and 3 NM horizontally.
C) Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface.
 D) 1000 ft vertically and 1500 m horizontally.

166- An airplane and a glider are converging, The glider has the airplane on its right. Which aircraft has
the right of way?
A) Both should alter their headings to the right.
 B) The glider.
C) The airplane.
D) Both should alter their headings to the left.
Annex 2 P a g e | 170

167- A VFR flight shall not be flown:

A) Over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or over an open air assembly of
persons at a height less than 300 m (1000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a radius of
6000m from the aircraft.
B) Elsewhere at a height less than 150 ft above the ground or water.
 C) Over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or over an open air assembly of
persons at a height less than 300 m (1000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a radius of
600m from the aircraft.
D) Elsewhere at a height less than 500 m above the ground or water.

168- SVFR may be authorized when the ground visibility is not less than:
A) 1000 m
 B) 1500 m
C) 1800 m
D) 5 km

169- What is the definition of level?

A) Flight level
B) Altitude
C) Height
 D) All answers are correct

170- Aerodrome defines an area over:

A) Land
B) Water
C) A and B are correct
 D) A or B is correct

171- Which signal shall be said by an aircraft when it has a very urgent message regarding another
aircraft which is in distress?
A) Mayday
 B) PANPAN
C) XXX
D) SOS
Annex 2 P a g e | 171

172- Above what flight level IFR flight is compulsory?

A) 30
B) 90
C) 10
 D) 200

173- When flying on an airway on a heading of 255° (M) the correct flight level will be:
A) Usually odd.
B) Always even.
C) Always odd.
 D) Usually even.

174- Which signal may be initiated by, an intercepted aircraft would not be complying from intercepting
aircraft?
A) Irregular flashing landing lights
B) Irregular flashing navigation lights
 C) Regular flashing all available lights
D) Irregular flashing all available lights

175- In areas where a vertical separation of 2000 ft has to be applied above FL290, which group of the
following flight levels contains eastbound flight levels only?
A) FL330, FL350.
B) FL310, FL370.
C) FL350, FL430.
 D) FL330, FL410.

176- In areas where a vertical separation minimum of 300 m (1000 ft) is applied between FL290 and
FL410 inclusive an aircraft on a magnetic track of 350 would be expected to fly at:
A) FL405
B) FL370
C) FL390
 D) FL400

177- Which of the following aircraft on the final stage of landing has the right of way?
 A) Lower airplane
B) Balloon
C) Airship
D) Higher airplane
Annex 2 P a g e | 172

178- Over high terrain or mountainous areas, where no minimum flight altitude has been established,
flights in accordance with IFR shall be flown at a level which is at least:
A) 1000 ft above the highest obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of the
aircraft.
 B) 2000 ft above the highest obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of the
aircraft.
C) 1000 m above the highest obstacle located within 10 NM of the estimated position of the
aircraft.
D) 2000 m above the highest obstacle located within 10 NM of the estimated position of the
aircraft.

179- When flying over city or town and where no minimum flight altitude has been established, flights in
accordance with IFR shall be flown at a level which is at least:
A) 1000 m above the highest obstacle located within 10 NM of the estimated position of the
aircraft.
B) 2000 m above the highest obstacle located within 10 NM of the estimated position of the
aircraft.
 C) 1000 ft above the highest obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of the
aircraft.
D) 2000 ft above the highest obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of the
aircraft.

180- When an airplane and a balloon converging, which one has right of way:
 A) Balloon
B) Airplane
C) Right side aircraft
D) Left side aircraft

181- The Vertical Separation Minimum (VSM) between reciprocal flights operating in accordance with
IFR, within controlled airspace, above FL290, is:
 A) 2000 ft (600 m).
B) 1000 ft (300 m).
C) 500 ft (150 m).
D) 4000 ft (1200 m).

182- The Vertical Separation Minimum (VSM) for reciprocal flight between flights operating in
accordance with IFR, within controlled airspace, below FL290 is:
A) 2000 ft (600 m).
 B) 1000 ft (300 m).
C) 500 ft (150 m).
D) 2500 ft (750 m).
Annex 2 P a g e | 173

183- You are flying IFR in IMC and you suspect communications failure. Which combination of the
following actions would you take?
1)Try to contact another aircraft for relay.
2)Try to make contact with ATC on another frequency.
3)Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome and report to ATC.
4)Continue the flight according to the flight plan.
A) 1, 2, 3
 B) 1, 2, 4
C) 2, 3, 4
D) All answers are correct

184- When communication facility at an aerodrome is available but ATSU work operationally part time
when arrival report shall be made, if an aircraft will land during a time that ATC does not operate?
A) Before landing
 B) After landing
C) 10 minutes after landing
D) None

185- While flying at night another aircraft reports that you are on his 270 degrees relative bearing.
Assuming you are on converging courses, you should see his:
A) White navigation light.
 B) Red navigation light.
C) Green and white navigation lights.
D) Green navigation light.

186- Transition from altitude to flight level, and vice versa is done:
 A) At transition altitude during climb and transition level during descent.
B) At transition level during climb and transition altitude during descent.
C) Only at transition altitude.
D) Only at transition level.

187- "A surveillance technique in which aircraft automatically provide, via data link, data derived from
on-board navigation and position-fixing systems, including aircraft identification, four-dimensional
position and additional data as appropriate" is the definition for:
A) Secondary Surveillance Radar Systems (SSR).
B) Automatic Terminal Surveillance System(ATSS).
 C) Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS).
D) Automatic Enroute Surveillance (AES).
Annex 2 P a g e | 174

188- Control Area is defined as follows:

A) A controlled airspace extending upwards from a height of 1000 feet above the Earth.
B) A controlled airspace extending upwards from a height of 900 feet above the Earth.
C) A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the Earth to a specified limit.
 D) A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the Earth.

189- The expression "Expected Approach Time (EAT)" is defined as follows:

 A) The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the
holding point to complete its approach for a landing.
B) The time at which the PIC expects that he will be able to leave the holding point to complete
the approach for a landing.
C) The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave its
cruising level to complete its approach for a landing.
D) The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the
FAF/FAP to complete its approach for a landing.

190- Controlled airspace is:

A) An area within a FIR in which an ATC service is provided.
 B) An area within a FIR/UIR in which an ATC service is provided.
C) An area within a UIR only in which an ATC service is provided.
D) An area with a lower limit which is above ground level.

191- The units providing Air Traffic Control Services are:

A) Area Control Centre - Advisory Centre - Flight Information Centre - Approach Control Office
and Tower.
 B) Area Control Centre - Approach Control unit and Aerodrome Control Tower.
C) Area Control Centre - Flight Information Centre - Approach Control Office - Aerodrome
Control Tower and Air Traffic Services reporting office.
D) Area Control Centre - Flight Information Region - Approach Control Office and Tower.

192- The Approach Control Service is an Air Traffic Control Service:

A) For IFR flights arriving and departing.
B) Provided for IFR and VFR flights within a Control Zone.
C) Provided for IFR traffic within a Control Zone.
 D) Provided for the arriving and departing controlled flights.
Annex 2 P a g e | 175

193- The responsible unit to control aerodrome traffic is:

 A) TWR
B) ACC
C) APP
D) GND

194- Approach Control has the following duties:

 A) Provide approach control service for arriving and departing aircraft.
B) Inform aircraft before departure if the delay is greater than 45 minutes.
C) Aircraft with first radio contact shall always be number one to land.
D) During a visual approach, delegate the responsibility for separation to the aircraft.

195- The pilot-in-command of an aircraft:

1)Must comply immediately to all instructions received from ATC.
2)Is responsible only if he is the "pilot flying".
3)May deviate from air regulations for safety reasons.
4)May be exempted from air regulations in order to comply to an ATC instruction.
5)May ask for the modification of an unsatisfactory clearance.
Which of the following combinations contain all of the correct statements?
A) 3, 4, 5
 B) 3, 5
C) 1, 4
D) 2, 3, 5

196- What is the first action of pilots when two aircraft are approaching head-on, on the ground?
A) Alter its course to the left
B) Alter its course to the right
 C) Both aircraft shall stops
D) Both aircraft alter heading to the right

197- What is the direction of turn when approaching for landing and after taking off?
 A) Left
B) Right
C) Depend to pilot decision
D) Depends to wind direction
Annex 2 P a g e | 176

198- Which flight plan is used as a reference to continue flight on a specific route when total
communication is lost?
A) Flight plan
B) Filed flight plan
 C) Current flight plan
D) RPL

199- Within which class of airspace the VFR flight are not permitted?
A) Class B
 B) Class A
C) Class C
D) Class D

200- An IFR flight shall not operate:

A) Above MEA
B) Above FL200
 C) Below minimum flight altitude
D) Along advisory route
Annex 3 P a g e | 177

1- When fog is reported the visibility is below:

A) 0.8 km
 B) 1 km
C) 1.5 km
D) 2 km

2- (Refer to figure I-03) Which type of front is indicated?

A) Warm occlusion front
 B) Cold occlusion front
C) Stationary front
D) Warm front

3- Compare meteorological visibility:

 A) Visibility is greater in RA than in DZ.
B) Visibility is lower in RA than in DZ.
C) Visibility is equal in RA and in DZ.
D) Visibility is grater in FG than in DZ.

4- The wind indicator for a weather observation receives the measured value from an anemometer,
where is this instrument placed?
A) On the roof of the weather station.
B) 1 m above the runway.
C) Close to station about 2 m above the ground.
 D) On a mast 6-10 m above flat terrain.

5- What is the relationship between meteorological visibility and RVR in homogeneous fog?
A) The visibility is generally the same as the RVR.
B) The visibility is generally greater than the RVR.
 C) The visibility is generally less than RVR.
D) There is no specific relationship between the two.

6- What is the approximate speed of a 40 kts wind, expressed in m/sec?

A) 25 m/sec.
B) 15 m/sec.
 C) 20 m/sec.
D) 30 m/sec.
Annex 3 P a g e | 178

7- (Refer to figure I-05) Which type of front is indicated in illustration "3"?

A) Warm front
B) Cold front
C) Stationary front
 D) Warm occlusion front

8- What values are used for the forecasted wind at higher levels?
A) Direction relative to Grid North and speed in km/h.
B) Direction relative to Magnetic North and speed in knots.
C) Direction relative to Magnetic North and speed in km/h.
 D) Direction relative to True North and speed in knots.

9- What is the approximate speed of a 25 kts wind, expressed in kilometers per hour?
A) 60 km/h
B) 35 km/h
C) 55 km/h
 D) 45 km/h

10- (Refer to figure I-07) What is the height and speed of the jet stream over northeast of Caspian Sea
blowing from southwest to northeast?
A) FL380 at 80 knots
B) FL420 at 70 knots
 C) FL320 at 90 knots
D) FL420 at 120 knots

11- (Refer to figure I-07) What is the height of tropopause over southeast of Iran?
 A) FL550
B) FL400
C) FL200
D) FL350

12- (Refer to figure I-07) The area enclosed in the scalloped line over northwest of Turkey, indicates:
A) Well-separated embedded cumulonimbus features from earth surface with tops at 30000 ft.
B) Isolated embedded cumulonimbus with tops at 30000 ft and bases from surface.
 C) Isolated embedded cumulonimbus with tops at 30000 ft and bases below 25000 ft.
D) Well-separated embedded cumulonimbus features tops at 30000 ft and bases below 25000
ft.
Annex 3 P a g e | 179

13- (Refer to figure I-07) What is the intensity and height limits of turbulence in CAT area No.1?
A) Light turbulence below 25000 ft up to 46000 ft.
 B) Moderate turbulence below 25000 ft up to 46000 ft.
C) Light turbulence between 25000 ft up to 47000 ft.
D) Moderate turbulence between 25000 ft up to 47000 ft.

14- What is the approximate speed of a 90 km/h wind, expressed in knots?

A) 55 kts
 B) 50 kts
C) 60 kts
D) 70 kts

15- A wind of 20 knots corresponds to an approximate speed of:

 A) 10 m/sec
B) 40 m/sec
C) 10 km/h
D) 50 km/h

16- (Refer to figure I-04) Which type of cloud is indicated in illustration "B"?
A) Cumulus
 B) Altocumulus Standing Lenticular
C) Altocumulus Castellanos
D) Cumulonimbus

17- The wind at the surface is 240˚/15 kts. What is it most likely to be at 2000 ft?
A) 210˚/30 kts
 B) 270˚/30 kts
C) 280˚/15 kts
D) 210˚/15 kts

18- Which of the following causes echoes on meteorological radar screens?

 A) Hail
B) Water vapor
C) Fog
D) Any cloud
Annex 3 P a g e | 180

19- (Refer to figure I-08) According to wind and temperature aloft forecast at FL340, what is the average
wind and temperature over northeast of Iran?
 A) Wind is from 250° true at 67 knots and temperature is -57°C.
B) Wind is from 270° true at 80 knots and temperature is -50°C.
C) Wind is from 090° true at 75 knots and temperature is -57°C.
D) Wind is from 070° true at 85 knots and temperature is -55°C.

20- (Refer to figure I-09) What weather conditions are forecast to exist from 06:00 Z until 08:00 Z on
11th of the month at LTAC?
A) Temporary conditions are: visibility 500 ft, partial fog and vertical visibility 100 meter.
B) Temporary conditions are: visibility 500 meter, patches fog and vertical visibility 500 ft.
 C) Temporary conditions are: visibility 500 meter, freezing fog and vertical visibility 100 ft.
D) Temporary conditions are: visibility 500 ft, shallow fog and vertical visibility 500 ft.

21- (Refer to figure I-09) Between 09:00 Z and 11:00 Z on 11th of the month the wind at OMRK is
forecast to be?
A) Wind variable in direction at 2 knots
B) Wind variable in direction at 20 knots.
C) Wind from 005° true at 5 knots with gusts to 15 knots.
 D) Wind from 340° true at 14 knots.

22- (Refer to figure I-09) The base of lowest ceiling at OSDI between 09:00 Z on 11th to 06:00 Z on 12th
of the month is forecast to be:
A) 1000 ft
B) 3000 ft
 C) 10000 ft
D) 300 ft

23- (Refer to figure I-09) What is the reported intensity of the precipitation at OBBI from 06:00 Z on 11th
to 12:00 Z on 12th of the month?
A) Moderate rain associated with thunderstorm.
B) Light rain at vicinity.
 C) Moderate rain showers.
D) Light rain associated with thunderstorm.
Annex 3 P a g e | 181

24- What is the definition of Air-report?

 A) A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirement for position and
operational and/or meteorological reporting.
B) A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirement for operational
and meteorological reporting.
C) A report from a pilot in flight prepared in conformity with requirement for position and
operational and/or meteorological reporting.
D) A report from a pilot in flight prepared in conformity with requirement for meteorological
reporting only.

25- When the RVR is reported at most airports?

A) When the RVR decrease below 2000 m.
B) When the meteorological visibility falls below 800 m.
C) When the RVR decreases below 800 m.
 D) When the meteorological visibility falls below 1500 m.

26- An area on a synoptic chart appearing as a "V-shaped" extension of a low pressure area is called a:
A) Ridge
B) Col
 C) Trough
D) Occlusion

27- How the cloud base reported in METAR?

 A) In steps of 100 ft up to 10000 ft and in steps of 1000 ft above 10000 ft.
B) Insteps of 100 m up to 10000 ft and in steps of 1000 ft above 10000 ft.
C) Insteps of 10 ft up to 10000 ft and in steps of 1000 ft above 1000 ft.
D) In steps of 10 m up to 10000 ft and in steps or 1000ft above 10000 ft.

28- What is the meaning of the expression "FEW"?

A) 3 - 4 oktas of cloud cover.
 B) 1 - 2 oktas of cloud cover.
C) 5 - 7 oktas of cloud cover.
D) 0 - 1 oktas of cloud cover.
Annex 3 P a g e | 182

29- A cup and remote transmitting vane form the transmitting head of electrical ……….…… and
….............. which enables a continuous record of wind direction and speed to be made on a moving
chart:
A) Anemograph, anemometer.
B) Anemometer, barograph.
 C) Anemometer, anemograph.
D) Barograph, anemograph.

30- How is a ceiling defined?

A) Height above ground or water of the highest layer of cloud or obscuring phenomena aloft
that covers 4 oktas or more of the sky.
B) Height above ground or water of the lowest layer of cloud independent on the amount of
clouds.
C) Height above ground or water of the lowest layer of cloud that contributes to the overall
overcast.
 D) Height above ground or water of the lowest layer of cloud below 20000 ft covering more
than half of the sky.

31- (Refer to figure I-05) Which type of front is indicated in illustration "2"?
A) Warm front
B) Cold front
C) Stationary front
 D) Cold occlusion front

32- What is the definition of “cloud of operational significance”?

A) A cloud with the height of cloud base below 5000 ft.
B) A cloud with the height of cloud base above 5000 ft.
C) A CB or towering cumulus in any height.
 D) A or C are correct.

33- Discussion with a meteorologist or another qualified person about existing or expecting
meteorological condition is known as a:
A) Weather reporting
B) Meteorological negotiation
 C) Consultation
D) Meteorological interviewer
Annex 3 P a g e | 183

34- What is the definition of observation?

A) The evaluation of visibility.
B) The evaluation of cloud base.
C) The evaluation of wind direction and speed.
 D) The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements.

35- What are the colors of stationary front is shown on a surface chart?
A) Violet and red
B) Blue and violet
 C) Red and blue
D) Red and green

36- (Refer to figure I-04) Which type of cloud is indicated in illustration "C"?
A) Cumulus
B) Altocumulus Standing Lenticular
 C) Altocumulus Castellanus
D) Cumulonimbus

37- What is the color of warm front is shown on a surface chart?

 A) Red
B) Green
C) Blue
D) Violet

38- Runway visual range assessments shall be representative of:

A) Touchdown zone RVR for non-precision or CAT I ILS.
B) Touchdown and mid-point RVR are intended for CAT II ILS.
C) Touchdown, mid-point and stop end RVR are intended for CAT III ILS.
 D) All answers are correct.

39- What is the reference of light to see and identify object with on unlit background?
A) Bright light
B) 1000 spot light
 C) 1000 candles
D) Dark light
Annex 3 P a g e | 184

40- (Refer to figure I-05) Which type of front is indicated in illustration "1"?
A) Warm front
 B) Cold front
C) Stationary front
D) Occlusion front

41- “D-VOLMET” provide useful information such as METAR, TAF and SPECI via:
A) DME frequency
 B) Data link
C) Data base in FMS
D) ADS data base

42- Runway visual range can be reported in:

A) A TAF.
 B) A METAR.
C) A SIGMET.
D) Both a TAF and a METAR.

43- When will the surface wind in a METAR record as gust factor?
 A) When gusts are at least 10 knots above the mean wind speed.
B) When gusts are at least 15 knots above the mean wind speed.
C) With gusts of at least 25 knots.
D) With gusts of at least 35 knots.

44- The radiosonde can directly measure:

 A) Atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity.
B) Air temperature, humidity, wind.
C) Humidity, wind, atmospheric pressure.
D) Humidity, wind, air temperature.

45- What does a “Transmissometer“ measure?

A) Meteorological visibility.
B) Cloud base.
 C) Runway visibility range.
D) Breaking action.
Annex 3 P a g e | 185

46- Which type of aircraft shall report special aircraft observation when they are facing with severe
mountain wave or thunderstorm with hail?
A) Small aircraft
B) Large aircraft
C) Heavy aircraft
 D) All aircraft

47- Wind shear alerts system should be update ……. and should be canceled as soon as head wind/tail
wind change fall below……
 A) At least every minute – 15 kts
B) Every minute – 20 kts
C) At least every ten minute – 20 kts
D) Every ten minutes – 15 kts

48- The continues VOLMET broadcast is normally on ….…. frequency and schedule VOLMET broadcast is
normally on ……… frequency shall contain current METAR information.
A) VHF – VHF
 B) VHF – HF
C) HF – HF
D) HF – UHF

49- Which of the following phenomena should be described as precipitation at the time they are
observed?
A) TS
B) SA
 C) DZ
D) SQ

50- What does the abbreviation "NOSIG" mean?

 A) No significant changes.
B) No report received.
C) No weather related problems.
D) Not signed by the meteorologist.

51- A SPECI is:

A) An aviation routine weather report.
 B) An aviation selected special weather report.
C) A warning for special weather phenomena.
D) A forecast for special weather phenomena.
Annex 3 P a g e | 186

52- What does the code "VV002" in METAR mean?

 A) Vertical visibility is 200 ft.
B) Vertical visibility is 200 m.
C) Vertical visibility is 20 ft.
D) Vertical visibility is 20 m.

53- What does the code "VV///" in METAR mean?

A) Sky is clear but visibility cannot determine.
B) Sky is clear and visibility is unlimited.
 C) Sky is obscured and vertical visibility is not available.
D) Sky is obscured and vertical visibility limits to 100 meter.

54- (Refer to figure I-04) Which type of cloud is indicated in illustration "D"?
A) Cumulus
B) Altocumulus Lenticular
C) Altocumulus Castellanus
 D) Cumulonimbus

55- What does the term METAR signify?

A) A METAR is a flight forecast, issued by the meteorological station several times daily.
B) A METAR is a warning of dangerous meteorological conditions within a FIR.
 C) A METAR signifies the actual weather report at an aerodrome and is generally issued in half-
hourly or hourly intervals.
D) A METAR is a landing forecast added to the actual weather report as a brief prognostic
report.

56- ATIS information contains:

A) Operational information and if necessary meteorological information.
B) Only meteorological information.
 C) Meteorological and operational information.
D) Only operational information.

57- If during the last 10 minutes preceding the issuance of a METAR the wind velocity deviates more
than 10kts from mean value obtained during the same period of time this will be in indicated as:
 A) A gust.
B) A squall.
C) TEMPO 10 KTS.
D) Geostrophic wind.
Annex 3 P a g e | 187

58- Which of the following phenomena should be described as precipitation at the time they are
observed?
 A) +SHSN
B) VA
C) BR
D) MIFG

59- What does the code "PO" in METAR mean?

A) Drizzle
B) Duststorm
C) Sandstorm
 D) Dust devil

60- What does the code "FC" in METAR mean?

A) Rain
B) Water spout
C) Tornado
 D) Funnel cloud

61- What does the code "IC" in METAR mean?

 A) Diamond dust
B) Funnel cloud
C) Snow grains
D) Mist

62- Which of the following weather reports is a warning of conditions that could be potentially
hazardous to aircraft in flight?
A) SPECI
B) ATIS
 C) SIGMET
D) TAF

63- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 16 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Widespread fog
B) Widespread haze
 C) Widespread mist
D) Moderate turbulence
Annex 3 P a g e | 188

64- The wind direction in a METAR is measured relative to:

A) Compass North.
B) Magnetic North.
 C) True North.
D) Grid North.

65- In what hPa range is an upper weather chart for FL340 situated?
A) 500-400 hPa
B) 600-500 hPa
 C) 300-200 hPa
D) 400-300 hPa

66- In the METAR code the abbreviation "VC" indicates:

A) Volcanic ash.
B) Present weather within the approach area.
 C) Present weather within a range of 8 km, but not at the airport.
D) Present weather at the airport.

67- In the METAR code the abbreviation "VCBLDU" means:

A) An active dust storm.
 B) Blowing dust in the vicinity.
C) An active sandstorm.
D) An active dust- and sandstorm.

68- RVR is measured when meteorological visibility falls below:

A) 500 m
 B) 1500 m
C) 2000 m
D) 2500 m

69- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 17 indicate on a significant weather chart?
 A) Widespread fog
B) Widespread haze
C) Widespread mist
D) Moderate turbulence
Annex 3 P a g e | 189

70- On an aerodrome, when a warm front is approaching:

A) QFE increases and QNH decreases.
B) QFE and QNH increase.
 C) QFE and QNH decrease.
D) QFE decreases and QNH increases.

71- In which of these temperature bands is ice most likely to form on the aircraft’s surface?
A) -20°C to -35°C.
B) +10°C to 0°C.
 C) 0°C to -10°C.
D) -35°C to -50°C.

72- Which of the following condition is most likely to cause airframe icing?
A) PE
B) GR
C) SHSN
 D) +FZRA

73- The unit of pressure most commonly used in meteorology is:

A) kg/cm2
B) Ibs/in2
 C) hPa
D) tons/m2

74- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 08 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Thunderstorm
B) Tropical cyclone
 C) Mountain waves
D) Moderate turbulence

75- The horizontal visibility given for VFR flight planning by a MET Office is:
A) The average flight visibility for the planned flight.
B) Meteorological visibility at an average altitude of 500 meters.
 C) Meteorological visibility on ground.
D) Vertical visibility.
Annex 3 P a g e | 190

76- (Refer to figure I-06) what does zone "A" depict:

 A) A trough.
B) A ridge.
C) The warm sector.
D) The cold front.

77- When planning a flight at FL110 which upper wind and temperature chart would be nearest your
flight level?
A) 300 hPa
B) 850 hPa
 C) 700 hPa
D) 500 hPa

78- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 07 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Thunderstorm
 B) Severe turbulence
C) Squall line
D) Moderate turbulence

79- If Tehran reports a wind of 320˚/20 kts on the METAR, what wind velocity would you expect to
encounter at a height of 2000 feet above the ground?
A) 300˚/25 kts
B) 230˚/30 kts
 C) 350˚/40 kts
D) 270˚/20 kts

80- While flying at FL120, you notice an OAT of -2°C. At which altitude do you expect the freezing level
to be?
 A) FL110
B) FL130
C) FL150
D) FL090

81- When SPECI must be issued?

 A) Temperature increase 2°C or more
B) Wind direction change 20° or more
C) Wind speed change 5 knots or more
D) Change in cloud base
Annex 3 P a g e | 191

82- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 06 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Thunderstorm
B) Tropical cyclone
C) Squall line
 D) Moderate turbulence

83- When SPECI must be issued?

A) Temperature increase 1°C
 B) Wind direction change 60° or more
C) Wind speed change 5 knots or more
D) Change in cloud base

84- If you are planning a flight at FL290 which of these upper wind and temperature charts would be
nearest your flight levels?
A) 850 hPa
B) 500 hPa
C) 700 hPa
 D) 300 hPa

85- When SPECI must be issued?

A) Temperature increase 1°C
B) Wind direction change 20° or more
 C) Wind speed change 10 knots or more
D) Change in cloud base

86- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 05 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Thunderstorm
B) Tropical cyclone
 C) Squall line
D) Moderate turbulence

87- When SPECI must be issued?

A) Temperature increase 1°C
B) Wind direction change 20° or more
C) Wind speed change 5 knots or more
 D) Significant change in cloud base
Annex 3 P a g e | 192

88- When SPECI must be issued?

A) Temperature increase 1°C
B) Wind direction change 20° or more
C) Wind speed change 5 knots or more
 D) Significant phenomena such as freezing PPTN or TS

89- What position are connected with contour lines on the weather chart?
A) Positions with the same air density
B) Position with the same thickness between two constant pressure levels
 C) Positions with the same height in a chart of constant pressure
D) Positions with the same wind velocity

90- Wind direction for METAR is the average wind direction that receives within last:
 A) 10 minutes.
B) 15 minutes.
C) 30 minutes.
D) 60 minutes.

91- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 04 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Thunderstorm
 B) Tropical cyclone
C) Squall line
D) Moderate turbulence

92- The VARIABLE wind for wind direction is express when wind direction change …….... within last 10
minutes before observing weather.
A) 30° or more
B) 45° or more
 C) 60° or more
D) 50° or more

93- Which one of the following statement is correct about variable wind direction?
A) 240V260
B) 240V270
C) 240V290
 D) 240V310
Annex 3 P a g e | 193

94- (Refer to figure I-01) which of the following ICAO charts symbols represents severe icing?
 A) 9
B) 7
C) 7
D) 13

95- When the wind speed is variable?

A) Wind speed is less than 5 knots
B) Wind speed is less than 7 knots
 C) Wind speed is less than 3 knots
D) Wind speed is less than 10 knots

96- "9999" in METAR is used when…….

 A) Visibility is 10 Km or more
B) Visibility is 5 Km or more
C) Visibility is 8 Km or more
D) Visibility is 15 Km or more

97- What is the specification of CAVOK?

A) Visibility is 10 Km or more.
B) No cloud below 5000 ft.
C) No PPTN.
 D) All answers are correct.

98- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 03 indicate on a significant weather chart?
 A) Thunderstorm
B) Tropical cyclone
C) Squall line
D) Moderate turbulence

99- What is the specification of CAVOK?

A) Visibility is 10 Km or more.
B) No significant cloud to restrict visibility less than 10 Km.
C) No CB.
 D) All answers are correct.
Annex 3 P a g e | 194

100- What is the specification of CAVOK?

A) No CB
B) No cloud below 5000 ft
C) No PPTN
 D) All answers are correct

101- "R26L/P1200U" in METAR is shown the value of:

A) Visibility
 B) RVR
C) Ceiling
D) Temperature

102- Which constant pressure altitude chart is standard at FL300?

A) 500 hPa
B) 250 hPa
C) 700 hPa
 D) 300 hPa

103- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 02 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Sand
B) Dust
 C) Widespread haze
D) Fog

104- What is the "P" in RVR information that use for "R26L/P1200U"?
 A) RVR is more than 1200 meters
B) RVR is less than 1200 meters
C) RVR is no change but will be positive during next 10 minutes
D) RVR is no change but will be positive during next 20 minutes

105- What is the "U" in RVR information that use for "R26L/P1200U"?
A) Under
 B) Up
C) No change
D) Unlimited
Annex 3 P a g e | 195

106- What is the "N" in RVR information that use for "R26L/P1200N"?
 A) No change
B) Down
C) Up
D) Negative

107- What is the limitation of visibility in Mist?

 A) Visibility more than 1000 m but less than 5000 m
B) Visibility more than 1000 m but less than 6000 m
C) Visibility more than 2000 m but less than 5000 m
D) Visibility more than 2000 m but less than 6000 m

108- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 12 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Rain
B) Snow
C) Shower
 D) Drizzle

109- If you are planning a flight at FL170 which of these upper wind and temperature charts would be
nearest your flight level?
A) 300 hPa
 B) 500 hPa
C) 850 hPa
D) 700 hPa

110- On which of the following aviation weather charts can a pilot most easily find a jet stream?
A) Upper air chart
B) wind/temperature chart
C) Surface chart
 D) Significant weather chart.

111- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbols 15 indicate on a significant weather chart?
 A) The center of the tropopause high where the tropopause is at FL400.
B) The center of a high pressure area at 400 hPa.
C) The upper limit of significant weather at FL400.
D) The lower limit of the tropopause.
Annex 3 P a g e | 196

112- What is the limitation of visibility in DUST or SAND?

 A) Visibility is less than 5000 m
B) Visibility more than 1000 m but less than 6000 m
C) Visibility more than 2000 m but less than 5000 m
D) Visibility is equal or less than 1000 m

113- When does wind shear express in METAR?

A) It occurs below 1500 ft above aerodrome level
 B) It occurs below 1600 ft above aerodrome level
C) It occurs below 1700 ft above aerodrome level
D) It occurs below 1800 ft above aerodrome level

114- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 13 indicate on a significant weather chart?
 A) Moderate rain
B) Rain
C) Heavy rain
D) Hail

115- Which of the following items are used in TREND?

A) BECMG
B) TEMPO
C) FM
 D) All answers are correct

116- How can you identify temporary nature change in TREND information?
A) It follows by word "FROM"
 B) It follows by word "TEMPO"
C) It follows by word "BECMG"
D) It follows by word "AT"

117- Terminal aerodrome forecast is an aerodrome weather forecast that cover an area about:
A) 3 NM
 B) 5 NM
C) 10 NM
D) 15 NM
Annex 3 P a g e | 197

118- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 14 indicate on a significant weather chart?
 A) Rain
B) Snow
C) Shower
D) Hail

119- What is the validity of TAF when it issues every 3 hours?

A) Less than 9 hours
 B) Less than 12 hours
C) Less than 24 hours
D) Less than 30 hour

120- In a SIGMET what does "EMBD TSGR" stand for?

A) Severe icing
B) Severe turbulence
C) Sand storm
 D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

121- In METAR what does the code "VCTS –SHRA" stand for?
A) Severe icing
 B) Thunderstorm in vicinity and light rain showers
C) Sand storm
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

122- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 11 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Rain
B) Snow
C) Shower
 D) Hail

123- In METAR what does the code "BR" stand for?

A) Severe icing
 B) Mist
C) Sandstorm
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail
Annex 3 P a g e | 198

124- In a forecast what does the code "GR" stand for?

A) Severe icing
B) Thunderstorm in vicinity and light rain showers
 C) Hail
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

125- In a forecast what does the code "+TSSNGR" stand for?

A) Severe icing
 B) Thunderstorm with heavy snow and hail
C) Hail
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

126- In a forecast what does the code "DZ" stand for?

A) Severe icing
B) Thunderstorm in vicinity and light rain showers
 C) Drizzle
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

127- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbol 10 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Rain
B) Snow
 C) Shower
D) Hail

128- In a forecast what does the code "FU" stand for?

A) Icing
B) Thunderstorm in vicinity and light rain showers
C) Hail
 D) Smoke

129- In a forecast what does the code "PL" stand for?

A) Severe icing
B) Thunderstorm in vicinity and light rain showers
C) Hail
 D) Ice pellets
Annex 3 P a g e | 199

130- In a forecast what does the code "SG" stand for?

A) Severe icing
 B) Snow grains
C) Hail
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

131- In a forecast what does the code "SQ" stand for?

A) Severe icing
B) Thunderstorm in vicinity and light rain showers
 C) Squall
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

132- In a forecast what does the code "DS" stand for?

A) Severe icing
 B) Duststorm
C) Hail
D) Embedded thunderstorm with hail

133- (Refer to figure I-01) What does the symbols 01 indicate on a significant weather chart?
A) Rain
 B) Snow
C) Shower
D) Hail

134- (Refer to figure I-02) Which type of front is indicated?

 A) Warm occlusion front
B) Cold front
C) Stationary front
D) Occlusion front

135- (Refer to figure I-05) Which type of front is indicated in illustration "4"?
 A) Warm front
B) Cold front
C) Stationary front
D) Occlusion front
Annex 6 P a g e | 200

1- The aerodrome operating minima usually expressed in term of:

A) Visibility and RVR and cloud condition.
B) Visibility or RVR and cloud condition.
C) Visibility or RVR and cloud condition and temperature.
 D) Visibility and/or RVR and MDA/H or DA/H and if necessary, cloud conditions.

2- An airplane can be:

A) Power driven
B) Lighter than air
C) Heavier than air
 D) Power driven heavier than air

3- Where the MDH is referenced to the threshold elevation?

 A) If that is more than 7 ft below the AD elevation
B) If that is less than 7 ft below the AD elevation
C) If that is more than 7 ft above the AD elevation
D) If that is less than 7 ft above the AD elevation

4- Crew member is:

A) A person assigned by state to duty on an aircraft
B) A licensed member assigned by operator to act as a pilot-in-command
C) A person assigned by Pilot-in-command
 D) A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during flight duty period

5- Flight crew member is:

A) A licensed crew member on an aeroplane
B) A licensed crew member on an aeroplane during flight time
 C) A licensed crew member on an aircraft during flight duty period
D) A licensed crew member on an aircraft

6- Cruising level is level maintained during:

A) Flight time
B) Flight duty period
 C) Significant portion of flight
D) Take-off or landing
Annex 6 P a g e | 201

7- Decision altitude is a specified altitude in:

 A) Precision approach or Approach with vertical guidance (3D)
B) Precision approach (3D)
C) Non-precision approach (2D)
D) Circling approach (2D)

8- Flight time is:

A) Block to block time
B) Chock to chock time
C) A and B are correct
 D) A or B is correct

9- The procedures for carrying of dangerous goods are contained in:

A) Annex 1
B) Annex 6
 C) Annex 18
D) Annex 17

10- Civil twilight means:

A) Centre of sun’s disc is 6˚ above horizon
B) Centre of sun’s disc is 15˚ below horizon
 C) Centre of sun’s disc is 6˚ below horizon
D) Centre of sun’s disc is 15˚ above horizon

11- MEL shall be approved by:

A) State of manufacture
 B) State of operator
C) Operator
D) State of design

12- An instrument approach and landing which utilize lateral guidance is known as:
A) Precision APCH (3D)
B) Non-precision APCH (2D)
C) Circling APCH (2D)
 D) B and C are correct
Annex 6 P a g e | 202

13- Duties of cabin crew member assigned by:

A) Pilot-in-command
B) Operator
C) State of operator
 D) A or B is correct

14- MMEL shall be approved by:

 A) State of design
B) Operator
C) State of operator
D) State of manufacture

15- How many destination alternate aerodromes shall be selected when meteorological Information is
not available at destination aerodrome?
A) One
 B) Two
C) At least one
D) At least two

16- An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should this become necessary shortly after
take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure is known as:
A) En-route alternate aerodrome
B) Destination alternate aerodrome
 C) Take-off alternate aerodrome
D) ETOPS alternate aerodrome

17- The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be used as:
A) En-route alternate aerodrome
B) Destination alternate aerodrome
C) Takeoff alternate aerodrome
 D) A or B is correct

18- A list which identifies any external parts of an aircraft type which may be missing at the
commencement of a flight is known as:
A) MEL
 B) CDL
C) MMEL
D) Checklist
Annex 6 P a g e | 203

19- The acronym of an automatically activated ELT which is rigidly attached to an aircraft but readily
removable from the aircraft is called:
 A) ELT (AP)
B) ELT (AF)
C) ELT (AD)
D) ELT (S)

20- Which of ICAO Annexes shall be applicable to the operation of airplanes by operators authorized to
conduct international commercial air transport operations?
A) Annex 6 Part III
B) Annex 6 Part II
 C) Annex 6 Part I
D) Annex 8

21- A manual associated with the certification of airworthiness is:

A) Operation manual
 B) Flight manual
C) Air traffic manual
D) A and B are correct

22- MDA/H is specified altitude or height in:

A) Circling approach procedure (2D)
B) Precession approach procedure (3D)
C) Non-precession approach procedures (2D)
 D) A or C is correct

23- A person who engage in the control and supervision of flight operations, who supports, briefs
and/or assists the pilot-in-command in the safe conduct of the flight is called:
A) Pilot-in-command
B) ATC
 C) Flight operations officer/flight dispatcher
D) Co-pilot

24- The operational control is responsibility of:

A) Pilot-in-command
 B) Operator
C) State
D) All answers are correct
Annex 6 P a g e | 204

25- If the incident occurs and necessitates to submit a report by pilot-in-command, it shall be made
normally within:
 A) 10 days
B) 90 days
C) 1 month
D) 3 months

26- Flight safety analysis program shall be established as part of safety management system by:
A) State of operator
 B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry

27- The method of control and operational supervision shall be approved:

 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State of registry
D) State

28- If an emergency situation which endangers the safety of the airplane necessitates the taking of
action which involves a violation of local regulations or procedures, when the pilot shall notify the
appropriate local authority?
A) Within 10 days
B) Within 5 days
C) At termination of flight
 D) Without delay

29- A list which provides for the operation of aircraft, subject to specified conditions, with particular
equipment inoperative, established for the aircraft type is known as:
A) MMEL
B) CDL
 C) MEL
D) Checklist

30- CDL shall be approved by:

A) State of manufacture
B) Operator
C) State of operator
 D) State of design
Annex 6 P a g e | 205

31- DH is a specified height is referenced to:

A) Aerodrome elevation
 B) Threshold elevation in the precision
C) Runway elevation
D) Threshold elevation in the non-precision

32- What is the lowest height in precision approach at which missed approach must be initiated?
A) MDH
 B) DH
C) OCA
D) DA

33- What is the lowest height as aerodrome operating minima for VOR/DME approach?
 A) MDH
B) OCH
C) DH
D) TCH

34- Flight time is commenced from the moment an aircraft:

A) First moves with own power
B) First moves with push back system
C) Moves with own power for the purpose of taking off
 D) First moves for the purpose of taking off

35- An aircraft means any machine:

A) Power driven
B) Heavier than air
C) Lighter than air
 D) A, B and C are correct

36- The Maximum certificated take-off mass of large airplane is:

A) Over 27000 kg
 B) Over 5700 kg
C) Over 7000 kg
D) Over 13600 kg
Annex 6 P a g e | 206

37- What is the name of manual which contain limitation within which the aircraft is to be considered
airworthy?
A) Technical manual
B) Operations manual
 C) Flight manual
D) Airworthiness manual

38- How many times in a year, pilot proficiency check shall take place?
A) One
 B) Two (twice)
C) Three
D) Four

39- Which of the following DH and RVR are determined as minima for the precision approach CAT I
operations?
 A) 200 ft / 550 m
B) 100 ft / 300 m
C) No DH / 175 m
D) No DH / 50 m

40- An instrument approach and landing using precision lateral and vertical guidance is known as:
 A) Precision APCH (3D)
B) Non-precision APCH (2D)
C) Circling APCH (2D)
D) APCH with vertical guidance (APV) (3D)

41- A containment value expressed as a distance in nautical miles from the intended position within
which flights would be for at least 95 per cent of the total flying time is known as:
A) RNAV
B) RNP
C) RVSM
 D) RNP type

42- Flight crew members shall demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language used for
radiotelephony communications as specified in:
A) Annex 6
 B) Annex 1
C) Annex 18
D) Annex 17
Annex 6 P a g e | 207

43- The Maximum certificated take-off mass of small airplane is:

A) 27000 kg or less
B) 7000 kg or less
 C) 5700 kg or less
D) 13600 kg or less

44- Who is responsible to implement a safety management system?

A) State of the operator
 B) Operator
C) State
D) ICAO

45- An operators establish and maintain a flight data analysis program as part of its safety management
system for an airplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass:
A) 27000 kg or less
 B) In excess of 27000 kg
C) 5700 kg or more
D) 13600 kg or less

46- Which of ICAO Annex shall be applicable to international general aviation operations with
airplanes?
 A) Annex 6 Part II
B) Annex 6 Part III
C) Annex 6 Part I
D) Annex 8

47- Which of the following terms shall be used to indicate aerodrome operating minima for Circling
approach?
A) MDA/H + Visibility/RVR
B) DA/H + Visibility/RVR
 C) A + cloud condition
D) B + cloud condition

48- Who is responsible to establish flight safety analysis program?

A) State of operator
 B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry
Annex 6 P a g e | 208

49- Which of ICAO Annex shall be applicable to international commercial air transport operations or
international general aviation operations with helicopters?
 A) Annex 6 Part III
B) Annex 6 Part II
C) Annex 6 Part I
D) Annex 8

50- A manual which contain procedures, instructions and guidance for use by operational personnel in
the execution of their duties is called:
A) Maintenance manual
 B) Operations manual
C) Flight manual
D) MEL

51- Pilot in command is responsible for the:

 A) Operation and safety of aircraft during flight time
B) Operation and control of aircraft during flight time
C) Operation and control and safety of aircraft
D) All answers are correct

52- Who is responsible to approve and sign the operational flight plan?
A) ATS
B) Operator
 C) Pilot-in-command
D) State

53- Operational manual shall be provided by:

A) Pilot-in-command
B) State
C) State of operator
 D) All answers are incorrect

54- An airplane shall not be operated under the IFR or at night by a single pilot unless approved by the:
 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry
Annex 6 P a g e | 209

55- When an en-route aeroplane encounter with one power unit inoperative, shall be able:
A) To fly IFR
B) To fly not below cruising level
 C) To fly not below minimum flight altitude
D) To fly to alternate

56- Each flight crew member required to be at their station during:

A) En-route
 B) Takeoff and Landing
C) Cruise climb
D) Only landing

57- Who is responsible for the safety of all passengers when the doors are closed?
A) Cabin crew
 B) Pilot-in-command
C) Operator
D) Passenger himself

58- Fuel and oil record shall be retained by the operator for a period of:
A) 25 days
B) 30 days
C) 90 days
 D) 3 months

59- The operator shall record the total cosmic radiation dose received by each crew member above
15000 m (49000 ft) over a period of:
A) 12 month
B) 12 month flight time
 C) 12 consecutive months
D) 12 consecutive days

60- The amount of destination alternate fuel for turbine engine airplane where the aerodrome of
intended landing is an isolated aerodrome is:
A) Departure to Destination + 2 hrs fuel
B) Departure to Destination + 2 hrs normal consumption
C) Departure to Destination + 2 hrs Increased cruise consumption
 D) Departure to Destination + 2 hrs normal cruise consumption
Annex 6 P a g e | 210

61- How many destination alternate aerodromes shall be specified in flight plan for IFR flights?
A) One
B) Two
 C) At least one
D) None

62- What is the meaning of trip fuel?

A) Fuel required to fly from take-off, until landing at the alternate aerodrome
B) Fuel required to fly from taxi, until landing at the destination aerodrome
 C) Fuel required to fly from take-off, until landing at the destination aerodrome
D) Fuel required to fly from taxi, until holding at 1500 ft above destination aerodrome

63- The method of specifying of minimum flight altitude shall be included in:
 A) Operations manual
B) Aircraft operating manual
C) Training manual
D) Flight manual

64- En-route alternate aerodromes shall be selected and specified in:

A) ATS flight plan
B) Operational flight plan
C) A or B is correct
 D) A and B are correct

65- Threshold crossing height (TCH) shall be established for:

A) Precision approach (3D)
B) Approach with vertical guidance (APV)(3D)
C) Non precision approach (2D)
 D) A and B are correct

66- Flight preparation form shall be completed and certified by:

A) Operator
 B) Pilot-in-command
C) Maintenance
D) State of operator
Annex 6 P a g e | 211

67- The amount of fuel required for reciprocating engine (piston) airplanes when no destination
alternate aerodrome is:
A) Departure to Destination + 30 min
B) Departure to Destination + 45 pounds
 C) Departure to Destination + 45 min
D) Departure to Destination + 60 min

68- The level above destination or alternate aerodrome which shall be considered in fuel computing for
turbine engine airplanes is:
A) 4500 ft
 B) 1500 ft
C) 3000 ft
D) 2000 ft

69- When an En-route airplane (3 or more engines) encounter with any two engines becoming
inoperative, shall be able to fly to:
A) Nearest aerodrome
 B) En-route alternate
C) Destination
D) Destination alternante

70- A take-off alternate aerodrome shall be selected and specified in:

 A) Operational flight plan
B) ATS flight plan
C) Filed flight plan
D) Repetitive flight plan

71- Category II and Category III instrument approach and landing operations shall not be authorized
unless ……………….. Information is provided.
A) DH
 B) RVR
C) Visibility
D) Radar

72- For which of the following pressure, the non-pressurized airplane, shall have sufficient breathing
oxygen for all crew and 10 percent of passengers:
A) 376 hPa
B) 609 hPa
 C) 623 hPa
D) Less than 620 hPa
Annex 6 P a g e | 212

73- When an airplane shall have quick donning type of oxygen mask?
A) Operating at an altitude with pressure of less than 700 hPa
B) Operating at an altitude with pressure of less than 673 hPa
C) Operating at an altitude with pressure of less than 620 hPa
 D) Operating at an altitude with pressure of less than 376 hPa

74- When shall be an airplane equipped with an indicator to measure total cosmic radiations?
A) Operating above 15000 ft
B) Operating above 25000 ft
 C) Operating above 49000 ft
D) Operating above 29000 ft

75- Who is responsible to establish regulations for the purpose of managing fatigue?
A) State
B) Operator
C) Flight standard
 D) State of operator

76- Who is responsible to provide operations manual?

A) State of operator
 B) Operator
C) State
D) ICAO

77- Who is responsible to approve and publish an instrument approach procedure?

A) Operator
B) State of operator
C) ATC
 D) State

78- When the pilot-in-command shall report any suspected defects to the operator?
A) Without delay
 B) At the termination of flight
C) Normally within 10 days
D) Any time
Annex 6 P a g e | 213

79- Who is requiring that the aerodrome operating minima be established?

 A) State of operator
B) State
C) ICAO
D) Operator

80- Within which flight plan destination alternate must be informed?

A) Operational flight plan
B) ATS flight plan
 C) A and B are correct
D) A or B is correct

81- The aerodrome operating minima shall be established by:

A) State
B) ICAO
C) State of operator
 D) Operator

82- RNP 4 means:

A) 4 NM total performance with on-board performance monitoring and alerting.
 B) 4 NM lateral performance with on-board performance monitoring and alerting.
C) 4 NM lateral and horizontal performance with on-board performance monitoring.
D) 4 NM horizontal performances with on-board performance monitoring and alerting.

83- Air operator certificate shall be issued by:

 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry

84- Completed flight preparation form shall be kept by operator for:

 A) 3 months
B) 6 month
C) 90 days
D) 12 month
Annex 6 P a g e | 214

85- When the descend shall not be continued beyond aerodrome operating minima (MDA/H or DA/H)?
A) At night
B) In the case of radio failure
C) In emergency
 D) In any case

86- Who is responsible for operation and safety of airplane and all persons on board during flight time?
A) Co-pilot
B) Operator
 C) Pilot-in-command
D) State

87- Which flight shall carry the amount of breathing oxygen sufficient for all crew members and 10
percent of passengers?
A) When pressure compartment is 700
B) When pressure compartment is 620
C) When pressure compartment is 376
 D) Between A and B

88- Which manual contain the operating limitation?

 A) Flight manual
B) Operational manual
C) Annex 6
D) Annex 1

89- The 727 aeroplane shall be able in the event of 2 engine failure to continue to fly to?
A) Destination
 B) En-route alternate
C) Any airport
D) Suitable airport

90- Within which manual, the method of determination of minimum flight altitude shall be included?
A) Annex 2
B) Annex 6
 C) Operations manual
D) DOC 4444
Annex 6 P a g e | 215

91- Who is responsible for notifying the nearest appropriate authority by the quickest available means
of any accident involving the aeroplane, resulting in serious injury or death of any person or
substantial damage to the aeroplane or property.
A) State
 B) Pilot-in-command
C) Air traffic control
D) Operator

92- Who is responsible to approve the flight time limitation?

A) Operator
 B) State of operator
C) ATC
D) ICAO

93- Which manual shall include the checklist?

A) Annex 6
B) Flight manual
C) Aircraft operating manual
 D) B and C are correct

94- For which type of airplane, the 15% of fuel shall be considered?
 A) Reciprocating engine (Piston)
B) Turbine engine
C) A and B are correct
D) Jet engine

95- If, after entering the final approach segment or after descending below 300 m (1000 ft) above the
aerodrome, the reported visibility or controlling RVR falls below the specified minimum, the
approach may be continued to:
A) DH
B) MDH
C) OCH
 D) A or B is correct

96- Safety harness includes:

A) Shoulder straps
B) Seat belt
 C) A and B are correct
D) A or B is correct
Annex 6 P a g e | 216

97- Which of the following manual contain procedures that shall be initiated by flight operations officer
/ flight dispatcher in the event of an emergency?
A) Technical manual
 B) Operations manual
C) Flight manual
D) Aircraft operating manual

98- An operator shall ensure that any inadequacy of facilities observed in the course of operations is
reported to:
A) State of operator, without delay
B) State, at the termination of flight
 C) Authority responsible for them, without delay
D) State of operator, within 10 days

99- The method for establishing the minimum flight altitudes should be approved by:
 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) Air traffic control
D) State of registry

100- What is the amount of contingency fuel?

 A) 5% of planned trip fuel
B) 10% trip fuel
C) 5% of total fuel
D) 5 minutes of holding fuel

101- Where RVR is used, the controlling RVR is the:

A) Stop-end RVR
B) Mid-point RVR
 C) Touchdown RVR
D) All answers are correct

102- For instrument approach and landing operations, aerodrome operating minima below …………
visibility should not be authorized unless RVR information is provided.
A) 1200 meter
B) 300 meter
C) 550 meter
 D) 800 meter
Annex 6 P a g e | 217

103- An instrument approach shall not be continued below ………………… above the aerodrome elevation
or into the final approach segment unless the reported visibility or controlling RVR is above the
specified minimum.
 A) 300 m (1000 ft)
B) Glide slope
C) 600 m (2000 ft)
D) 450 m (1500 ft)

104- An operator shall not engage in commercial air transport operations unless in possession of a valid
air operator certificate issued by:
 A) State of operator
B) State of manufacture
C) State
D) State of registry

105- The take-off alternate aerodrome shall be located for aeroplanes having two power-units within a
distance from the aerodrome of departure:
A) Not more than a distance equivalent to a flight time of one hour
B) Not less than a distance equivalent to a flight time of one hour at the single-engine cruise
speed
 C) Not more than a distance equivalent to a flight time of one hour at the single-engine cruise
speed
D) Not less than a distance equivalent to a flight time of one hour

106- The flight manual shall be updated by implementing changes made mandatory by:
A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
 D) State of registry

107- Who is responsible to establish regulation for limiting flight time and flight duty period for flight
crew member?
 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry
Annex 6 P a g e | 218

108- All flight crew members shall communicate through boom or throat microphones:
A) Above the transition level/altitude
 B) Below the transition level/altitude
C) Below the transition altitude
D) Above the transition level

109- Flight data recorder shall be capable to retain information recorded during its last:
A) 25 hrs of flight time
 B) 25 hrs of its operation
C) 25 hrs of last inspection
D) 25 hrs of engine run

110- Cockpit voice recorder shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the
last:
A) 30 days
B) 30 hours
 C) 30 min
D) any time

111- After 1 January 2016, cockpit voice recorder shall be capable of retaining the information recorded
during at least the last:
A) 30 days
B) 25 hours
C) 30 min
 D) 2 hours

112- A land plane shall carry life jacket when flying:

 A) More than 50 NM away from shore
B) More than 50 SM away from shore
C) More than 50 min away from shore
D) More than 50 KM away from shore

113- An aeroplane shall be fitted with emergency power supply when it has:
A) Max mass of 15000 kg
B) Max mass of over 15000 kg
 C) Max mass of over 5700 kg
D) Max mass of 5700 kg
Annex 6 P a g e | 219

114- The operator shall not assign a pilot to act as pilot-in-command or co-pilot except within preceding
90 days, the pilot has made:
A) At least 3 landing
B) At least 3 Take-off
 C) A and B are correct
D) A or B is correct

115- Flight recorder type II A shall be capable to retain information during at least the last:
 A) 30 minutes
B) 25 hours
C) 25 minutes
D) 30 hours

116- How many fire extinguishers shall be located on pilot’s compartment?

A) One
B) Two
 C) At least one
D) At least two

117- For flights in RVSM airspace, the threshold for the alert to the flight crew when a deviation occurs
from the selected flight level:
A) shall exceed ± 300 ft
 B) shall not exceed ± 300 ft
C) Shall not exceed ± 200 ft
D) shall not exceed ± 100 ft

118- All aeroplanes when operated as VFR flights shall be equipped with:
A) 2 sensitive pressure altimeter
B) At least 2 sensitive pressure altimeter
 C) 1 sensitive pressure altimeter
D) At least 1 sensitive pressure altimeter

119- The instruments and equipment, including their installation in aeroplanes shall be approved or
accepted by:
A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
 D) State of registry
Annex 6 P a g e | 220

120- Completed journey log book should be retained for:

A) 90 days
B) Three months
C) At least one year
 D) The last six months of operations

121- The FDR container is to be painted in:

 A) Orange or yellow
B) Red
C) Black
D) Yellow

122- All aeroplane on all flights shall carry:

A) Operational manual
B) Flight manual
C) Current suitable chart
 D) All answers are correct

123- The records of appropriate details of modifications and repairs of the aeroplane shall be kept for a
minimum period of:
 A) 90 days
B) 12 months
C) 2 months
D) 4 months

124- Pilot proficiency check shall be made:

A) Twice within any month
 B) Twice within any period of one year
C) Twice within any season
D) One time per year

125- Which documents shall include information enable the pilot-in-command to determine the flight
may be continued or not?
A) Aeroplane flight manual
B) ATC manual
C) Maintenance manual
 D) Operations manual
Annex 6 P a g e | 221

126- What action shall be taken by a pilot-in-command following an act on unlawful interference?
A) Submit a report to state of the operator
B) Submit a report to appropriate authority
 C) Submit a report to designated local authority
D) Submit a report to security authority

127- Which maintenance can release an aeroplane for flight?

A) Qualified by operator
B) Qualified by annex 6
 C) Qualified by annex 1
D) Qualified by state of operator

128- Long range over water means to fly over water for more than 120 min, at cruising speed or ………:
 A) 400 NM, whichever is lesser
B) 400 KM, whichever is higher
C) 400 NM, whichever is higher
D) 400 KM, whichever is lesser

129- What is the minimum capability of emergency power supply to illuminate the artificial horizon?
A) 45 min
 B) 30 min
C) 60 min
D) 120 min

130- Who is responsible to establish a training program to minimize unlawful interferences?

A) State of operator
B) State
C) ICAO
 D) Operator

131- What shall be the certificated take-off mass of an aeroplane, equipped with type II FDR?
 A) Over 5700 kg up to and including 27000 kg
B) Over 27000 kg
C) Over 5700 kg up to 27000 kg
D) A and B are correct
Annex 6 P a g e | 222

132- The flight manual contains the information specified in:

A) Annex 18
B) Annex 16
 C) Annex 8
D) Annex 6

133- Which one will warn the flight crew, the unsafe terrain clearance while not in landing
configuration?
A) RADAR
B) ACAS
C) GPS
 D) GPWS

134- According to which ICAO annexes the flight crew shall be licensed?
A) Annex 6
B) Annex 11
C) Annex 2
 D) Annex 1

135- According to which ICAO annexes the flight operations officer/flight dispatcher shall be licensed or
qualified?
A) Annex 6
 B) Annex 1
C) Annex 2
D) Annex 11

136- Which type of operation should be equipped with weather radar?

A) Pressurized aeroplane
B) Carrying passengers
 C) A and B are correct
D) A or B is correct

137- How long a pilot-in-command is qualified to be utilized again on a route from its last flight?
A) 90 days
 B) 12 months
C) 3 months
D) 6 months
Annex 6 P a g e | 223

138- An operator shall not assign a pilot to act as a cruise relief pilot unless:
A) Within the preceding 90 days that pilot has made three take-off and landing
B) Within the preceding 12 months, that pilot has made at least a one-way qualification flight
 C) Within the preceding 90 days that pilot has operated as a pilot-in-command, co-pilot or
cruise relief pilot
D) Within the preceding 12 months, that pilot has operated as a pilot-in-command, co-pilot or
cruise relief pilot

139- When a flight recorder shall be switched off?

A) En-route
B) Take off
C) Landing
 D) Never

140- The flight compartment door shall be closed and locked from the time of:
 A) The external doors are closed
B) Aeroplane commenced his taxi
C) Embarkation
D) Departure

141- When a pressurized aeroplane shall be equipped with a device to provide positive warning to the
pilot-in-command in the case of loss of pressurization?
A) Intends to fly at level with less than 620 hPa
 B) Intends to fly at level with less than 376 hPa
C) Intends to fly at level with less than 600 hPa
D) Intends to fly at level with less than 720 hPa

142- The pilot-in-command shall declare MINIMUM FUEL when:

 A) Any change to the existing clearance to that aerodrome may result in landing with less than
the planned final reserve fuel.
B) This is an emergency situation exist having committed to land at a specific aerodrome.
C) Calculated usable fuel available is less than the planned final reserve fuel.
D) All answers are correct

143- How many ELT shall have an aeroplanes authorized to carry more than 19 passengers after 1 July
2008?
 A) At least two ELTs, one of which shall be automatic
B) Two ELTs of any type
C) At least one automatic ELT
D) At least two
Annex 6 P a g e | 224

144- How long is EDTO/ETOPS threshold time?

A) 90 min
 B) 60 min
C) 45 min
D) 30 min

145- How many ELT shall have an aeroplanes authorized to carry more than 19 passengers?
A) At least two ELTs, one of which shall be automatic
B) Two ELTs of any type
 C) At least one automatic ELT
D) At least two

146- The pilot-in-command shall declare MAYDAY FUEL when:

A) Any change to the existing clearance to that aerodrome may result in landing with less than
the planned final reserve fuel.
B) This is not an emergency situation but an indication that an emergency situation is possible
should any additional delay occur.
 C) Calculated usable fuel available is less than the planned final reserve fuel.
D) All answers are correct

147- The standard of noise certification is contained in:

A) Annex 18
 B) Annex 16 Vol I
C) Annex 16 Vol II
D) Annex 8

148- How many altimeter setting shall be equipped an aeroplane intended to operate as a controlled
VFR flight?
A) One
 B) Two
C) At least One
D) A or B is correct

149- Who is responsible for the submission of journey log book?

A) Operator
 B) Pilot-in-command
C) State
D) State of operator
Annex 6 P a g e | 225

150- Which document shall contain the MEL?

A) Aircraft operating manual
B) Route manual
 C) Operations manual
D) Flight manual

151- Which document specified the number and composition of flight crew member?
A) Aeroplane flight manual
B) Annex 6
 C) Operations manual
D) Aircraft operating manual

152- How many ELT shall have an aeroplanes authorized to carry 19 passengers or less?
A) One ELT
B) Two ELTs of any type
C) At least one automatic ELT
 D) At least one ELT of any type

153- After 1 January 2005 all aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5700 kg shall
be equipped with:
A) Type I FDR
B) Type II FDR
 C) Type IA FDR
D) Type IIA FDR

154- Flight data recorder type IA, I and II shall be capable to retain information during at least the last:
A) 30 hours
 B) 25 hours
C) 30 minutes
D) 25 minutes

155- What shall be the type of FDR with maximum mass of 27000 kg?
 A) Type II
B) Type I
C) Type IIA
D) All answers are correct
Annex 6 P a g e | 226

156- For flights in defined portions of airspace where minimum navigation performance specifications
(MNPS) are prescribed, an aeroplane has been authorized by the ..............……………for MNPS
operations.
 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry

157- The color of the markings of break-in points shall be:

A) Red
B) Yellow
C) Black
 D) A or B is correct

158- Single engine aeroplanes shall only be operated in conditions of ……………………, and over such
routes and diversions there from, that permit a safe forced landing to be executed in the event of
engine failure:
A) VMC
B) IMC
 C) Weather and light
D) Daylight

159- Information for pilots and flight operations personnel on flight procedure parameters and
operational procedures are contained in:
A) Annex 6
B) Annex 8
C) PANS-ATM
 D) PANS-OPS Volume I

160- A seat or berth for each person over an age to be determined by:
 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry
Annex 6 P a g e | 227

161- Ground and flight training program shall be approved by:

 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry

162- The operator shall include in the operations manual:

A) MMEL
B) CDL
C) MEL
 D) B and C are correct

163- All turbine engine aircraft with maximum certificated take-off mass in excess of ………….or
authorized to carry more than ………………, for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is
first issued on or after 1 Jan 2004, shall be equipped with GPWS which has a forward looking
terrain avoidance function.
A) 5700 kg – 9 passengers
B) 27000 kg – 30 passengers
 C) 15000 kg – 15 passengers
D) 15000 kg – 9 passengers

164- An operator shall not employ electronic navigation data products for application in the air and on
the ground unless approved by:
A) Operator
 B) State of operator
C) State
D) State of registry

165- For flights in defined portions of airspace where a RVSM is applied, an aeroplane shall be
authorized by the ………………………for operation in the airspace concerned.
 A) State of operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of registry
Annex 6 P a g e | 228

166- VFR flights which are operated as controlled flights shall be equipped with:
A) VFR instruments
 B) IFR instruments
C) GPWS
D) ELT

167- For flights in defined portions of airspace or on routes where an RCP type has been prescribed, an
aeroplane shall be authorized by the ……………………… for operations in such airspace.
 A) State of Operator
B) Operator
C) State
D) State of Registry

168- The total number of oxygen dispensing units on an aeroplane shall:

A) Exceed the number of passenger and cabin crew seats by at least 5 percent
B) Equal to the number of passenger and cabin crew seats
 C) Exceed the number of passenger and cabin crew seats by at least 10 percent
D) Exceed the number of passenger seats

169- Navigation for flights under the visual flight rules is accomplished by:
A) Instrument
 B) Visual reference to landmarks
C) VMC
D) IMC

170- Flight recorder comprises:

A) Cockpit voice recorder
B) Flight data recorder
C) A or B is correct
 D) A and B are correct
Annex 10 P a g e | 229

1- Which word or phrase shall be used if you want to say "REDUCE YOUR RATE OF SPEECH"?
 A) SPEAK SLOWER.
B) WORDS TWICE.
C) REPEAT.
D) SAY AGAIN.

2- Which phrase should a pilot use to inform ATC that he is initiating a missed approach procedure?
 A) GOING AROUND.
B) MISSED APPROACH.
C) PULLING UP.
D) OVERSHOOTING.

3- Which phrase shall be used if you want to say "COMMUNICATION IS DIFFICULT, PLEASE SEND EVERY
WORD OR GROUP OF WORD TWICE"?
 A) WORDS TWICE.
B) SAY AGAIN, SAY AGAIN.
C) REPEAT TWICE.
D) MESSAGE SECOND TIME.

4- Which word shall be used to ask a station whether you have correctly received a message,
clearance, instruction?
 A) CONFIRM.
B) CORRECT.
C) ACKNOWLEDGE.
D) VERIFY.

5- How shall a pilot inform the control tower that he has to abandon takeoff maneuver?
 A) STOPPING.
B) ABANDONING TAKEOFF.
C) ABORTING TAKEOFF.
D) CANCELLING TAKEOFF.

6- What does the instruction “MAHAN 345 STANDBY 118.9 FOR TOWER” mean?
A) MAHAN 345 should standby on the current frequency.
B) MAHAN 345 should change frequency to 118.9 on which aerodrome data are being
broadcast.
C) MAHAN 345 should contact TOWER on 118.9.
 D) MAHAN 345 should listen on frequency 118.9 on which TOWER will initiate further
communications.
Annex 10 P a g e | 230

7- How long the test signal shall be made?

A) 10 seconds
B) Minimum 10 seconds
 C) Maximum 10 seconds
D) All answers are incorrect

8- Which of the following message shall be handled by interpilot air-to-air communication when
necessary?
A) Regulatory messages
B) Safety messages
C) Meteorological messages
 D) A and B are correct

9- How long elapse time is required between the first and second call?
A) 10 seconds
 B) At least 10 seconds
C) Maximum 10 seconds
D) None

10- What language shall be used by air-ground radiotelephony communication?

A) Language used by ground station
B) English language
 C) A or B are correct
D) A or one of the ICAO languages

11- Which publication shall indicate the languages used by ground station?
 A) AIP
B) Annex 10
C) Doc. 4444
D) Annex 2

12- Which phraseology shall a pilot use if he receives an instruction from ATC which he cannot carry
out?
 A) Unable.
B) Negative instruction.
C) Impossible to make it.
D) Disregard.
Annex 10 P a g e | 231

13- Which word or phrase shall be used to indicate that a change has been made to your last clearance
and this new clearance supersedes your previous clearance or part thereof?
 A) RECLEARED.
B) CLEARED.
C) APPROVED.
D) BREAK BREAK.

14- Which word or phrase shall be used to indicate a separation between portions of a message?
 A) BREAK.
B) STOP.
C) I SAY AGAIN.
D) OVER.

15- Which word shall be used to indicate that an error has been made in a transmission or message?
 A) CORRECTION.
B) CORRECT.
C) NEGATIVE.
D) DISREGARD.

16- What does the word "MONITOR" mean?

A) Examine a system or procedure.
B) Wait and I will call you.
C) Establish radio contact with ...
 D) Listen out on (frequency).

17- Which word or phrase shall be used when giving authorization to proceed under specified
conditions?
A) APPROVED.
B) GO AHEAD.
 C) CLEARED.
D) I SAY AGAIN: PROCEED.

18- Which ICAO annexes specifies the required level of language proficiency?
 A) Annex 1
B) Annex 2
C) Annex 6
D) Annex 10
Annex 10 P a g e | 232

19- How the number of altimeter setting shall be transmitted?

A) Whole thousand
B) A + whole hundred
 C) Each digit separately
D) All answers are correct

20- How the altitude of 15,500 (ft) shall be transmitted?

A) Fifteen thousand, five hundred.
 B) One five thousand, five hundred.
C) One five five zero zero.
D) One five five hundred.

21- The rate of speech should not be?

A) Less than 100 words per minutes
B) Less than 60 words per minutes
 C) More than 100 words per minutes
D) More than 60 words per minutes

22- For which of the following phrases "ROGER" is used?

A) READ BACK
B) AFFIRM
C) NEGATIVE
 D) NONE

23- If you are requested to "REPORT FLIGHT CONDITIONS", what does that mean?
A) Indicate weather conditions as wind, visibility, temperature.
 B) Indicate whether you are flying in IMC or in VMC.
C) Indicate if visibility is sufficient for landing
D) Indicate whether you are flying I FR or VFR.

24- When an aeronautical station broadcasts information to more than one station, the call starts with:
A) "Message to all aircraft on this frequency".
B) "Please listen".
 C) "All stations".
D) "General broadcast".
Annex 10 P a g e | 233

25- The instruction "REPORT" means:

 A) Pass me the following information.
B) File an ATSU report on landing.
C) Return to home base.
D) Read back this clearance.

26- What would you say if you are having trouble with communications and wish to have everything
repeated twice?
A) I SAY AGAIN.
 B) WORDS TWICE.
C) PLEASE REPEAT.
D) SPEAK TWICE.

27- Certain RT procedures require messages to be broadcast as a general call using a particular
frequency. Such messages would be preceded with the phrase:
A) All aircraft on frequency.
B) All aircraft.
C) Now hear this.
 D) All stations.

28- The correct way to say "YES" on the RT is:

A) AFFIRMATIVE
 B) AFFIRM
C) YES
D) ROGER

29- The suffix of the call sign of direction finding station is...
A) Information
B) Radio
 C) Homer
D) Delivery

30- The suffix of the call sign of an approach control unit providing radar service for departure traffic is:
A) Approach
 B) Departure
C) Radar
D) Control
Annex 10 P a g e | 234

31- The full call sign may consist of radiotelephony designator of the operator and:
A) The full characters of registration mark
B) The last three characters of registration mark
 C) The last four characters of registration mark
D) The first and last two characters of registration mark

32- Which of the following term may be used for abbreviated call sign?
A) Aircraft operating agency designator
B) Aircraft model
C) Aircraft manufacture
 D) All answers are correct

33- How many times during air-ground communication the message shall be transmitted by an aircraft
after the phrase "TRANSMITTING BLIND"?
A) One
 B) Twice
C) At least one
D) At least two

34- During which case of radio failure, the aircraft station shall advise the time of its next intended
transmission?
A) Air-ground
B) Ground-to-air
 C) Receiver failure
D) All answers are incorrect

35- How many preselected audio tones may be used to determine "SELCAL"?
 A) 4
B) 3
C) 2
D) 1

36- Where the "SELCAL" should be submitted?

A) Operational flight plan
B) Operating manual
C) Departure message
 D) ATS flight plan
Annex 10 P a g e | 235

37- If "SELCAL" remain unanswered, when an aeronautical station may revert to voice communication?
A) After 2 calls on the primary frequencies
B) After 2 calls on the secondary frequencies
 C) A and B
D) A or B

38- When the aircraft radiotelephony call sign may be changed?

A) During IFR
 B) Interest of safety
C) Bad weather
D) Emergency

39- Who is authorized to change the aircraft radiotelephony call sign temporarily?
A) Pilot-in-Command
B) Operator
 C) ATC unit
D) Dispatcher

40- What is the inter-pilot air-to-air channel?

A) 121.5MHz
 B) 123.45 MHz
C) 123.45 kHz
D) 243 kHz

41- Which of the following frequencies, are separated by 25 kHz?

A) 123.45MHz
B) 118.0MHz
C) 119.0MHz
 D) All answers are correct

42- Which of the following channel are separated by 8.33 kHz?

A) 121.5 MHz
B) 123.45 MHz
 C) 118.025 MHz
D) 133.02 MHz
Annex 10 P a g e | 236

43- A "FINAL" call is made when the aircraft turns on to final approach within ---- from the landing
threshold.
A) 8 NM
B) 8km
C) between 4 NM and 8 NM
 D) 4 NM

44- What does the word “NEGATIVE” mean?

A) I say again.
B) Consider that transmission as not sent.
C) Annul the previously transmitted clearance.
 D) That is not correct.

45- What is the radiotelephony call sign suffix for the aeronautical station providing radar service (in
general)?
 A) RADAR
B) CONTROL
C) RADAR CONTROL
D) RADAR SERVICE

46- What is the radiotelephony call sign suffix for the aeronautical station indicating clearance delivery?
A) CLEARANCE DELIVERY
B) CLEARANCE
 C) DELIVERY
D) RADIO

47- What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station indicating approach control radar
arrival?
A) RADAR
B) CONTROL
 C) ARRIVAL
D) APPROACH

48- What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station indicating precision approach
radar?
A) ARRIVAL
B) APPROACH
C) RADAR
 D) Precision
Annex 10 P a g e | 237

49- What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station providing approach control (no
radar service)?
A) RADAR
B) ARRIVAL
 C) APPROACH
D) CONTROL

50- What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station indicating area control center (no
radar)?
A) APPROACH
B) CENTER
 C) CONTROL
D) RADAR

51- A pilot may file a flight plan with an ATSU during flight. Which air traffic service unit should normally
be used for this purpose?
 A) FIS
B) RADAR
C) APPROACH
D) TOWER

52- What is the correct call sign of IRAN AIR 345 in the initial call to the aerodrome control tower and
the approach control unit, if the aircraft has a maximum takeoff weight of more than 136 tons?
A) IRAN AIR 345.
B) Heavy IRAN AIR 345.
 C) IRAN AIR 345 heavy.
D) IRAN AIR 345 wide body.

53- For which bands of frequencies, the SELCAL should be utilized?

 A) VHF + HF
B) VHF + UHF + MF
C) VHF
D) HF only

54- What phrase shall request for verification of numbers?

A) ACKNOWLEDGE the number
 B) READ BACK the number
C) SAY AGAIN the number
D) CHECK the number
Annex 10 P a g e | 238

55- If an ATC clearance is not suitable to the pilot in command, he may:

A) Proceed according to the operational flight plan.
 B) Request and obtain an amended clearance.
C) Follow the given clearance.
D) Both A and C are correct.

56- What is the meaning of “Over” in radiotelephony?

 A) My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.
B) My transmission ended and no response is expected.
C) Repeat all of your last transmission.
D) Pass me the following information

57- What is the abbreviated call sign of ZAGROS 2345?

 A) No abbreviated form.
B) ZAGROS 345.
C) ZAGROS 45.
D) 2345.

58- The correct abbreviation for G-ZULU is:

A) GOLF ZULU
 B) GOLF LIMA UNIFORM
C) GOLF ZULU LIMA UNIFORM
D) LIMA UNIFORM

59- ATA 1020, an aircraft in the HEAVY weight category, should make first contact with an ATSU as
follows:
A) HEAVY ATA 1020
 B) ATA 1020 HEAVY
C) VIRGIN ATA 1020
D) ATA 1020

60- Blind transmission shall be made:

 A) On the designated frequency (frequency in use).
B) To all available aeronautical stations.
C) On regional guard frequencies only.
D) During IFR flights only.
Annex 10 P a g e | 239

61- Test transmissions should include the word(s):

A) TEST
 B) RADIO CHECK
C) TEST TRANSMISSION
D) TESTING, TESTING

62- What is the meaning of “Out” in radiotelephony?

A) My transmission ended and any response is expected.
 B) This exchange of transmission is ended and no response is expected.
C) Repeat all of your last transmission.
D) Pass me the following information.

63- What is the meaning of “Say again” in radiotelephony?

A) My transmission ended and no response is expected.
 B) Repeat all or the following part of your last transmission.
C) Repeat all of your last transmission.
D) Pass me the following information.

64- When transmitting a message preceded by the phrase "TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER
FAILURE" during an enroute flight, the aircraft station shall also:
A) Land at the nearest airfield/airport.
B) Join base leg when approaching the airfield for landing.
 C) Advise the time of its next intended transmission.
D) Return to the airport of departure.

65- A message preceded by the phrase "TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER FAILURE" shall be
transmitted:
A) On the regional guard frequency.
 B) On the frequency presently in use.
C) On the international emergency frequency.
D) On all available aeronautical stations.

66- What is the correct way for the pilot to acknowledge that ATIS Information Golf has been received?
 A) Information Golf.
B) Weather Golf received.
C) We have the Information.
D) We have the ATIS Golf.
Annex 10 P a g e | 240

67- A time of "13:20" hour is transmitted as:

 A) One three two zero or two zero.
B) Thirteen twenty hours.
C) Twenty.
D) Twenty past eleven.

68- Before transmitting the pilot should:

A) Make sure that the aircraft is leveled off.
 B) Listen out on the frequency to ensure no interference with another station already
transmitting will occur.
C) Always write the message and read it during the transmission.
D) Make sure that the emergency frequency is tuned in at the same Time.

69- My message will be more effective and understandable if I:

 A) Maintain the speaking volume clear with constant level.
B) Use the words twice method.
C) Stress the end of message in distress message.
D) Stress every beginning of message.

70- What is meant by good microphone technique?

A) Keep the microphone close away since it improves the readability.
B) Speak very loudly into the microphone.
 C) Use a normal conversation tone, speak short and distinctly with plain language.
D) Make less use of hesitation sounds as ER.

71- In the event that a pilot is required to make a blind transmission, this should be made:
A) Only once on the designated frequency.
 B) Twice on the designated frequency.
C) On the emergency frequency only.
D) During VFR flights only.

72- What shall the pilot read back for ATC instruction "CLIMB TO 2500 FEET"?
A) Climbing to two point five.
B) Up to two thousand five hundred.
C) Climbing to two thousand five hundred feet.
 D) Climbing to two thousand five hundred.
Annex 10 P a g e | 241

73- What is the correct reply to the instruction "CLIMB TO FL280"?

A) Recleared Level Two Eight Zero.
B) Climb Two Eight Zero.
C) Climb to Two Hundred and Eighty.
 D) Climb to Flight Level Two Eight Zero.

74- What is the correct reply to an ATC instruction which you cannot comply with?
A) Negative comply.
B) Negative instruction.
C) Negative compliance.
 D) Unable.

75- Clearances relating to the runway in use shall be read back only if the aircraft is to:
 A) Enter, land on, take off from, cross and backtrack.
B) Enter, cross and backtrack.
C) Land on and take off from.
D) Enter, land on, take off from and backtrack.

76- What does "SQUAWK IDENT" mean?

A) Select the SSR transponder code to 7000.
B) Select the SSR transponder mode to "ALT".
 C) Operate the SSR transponder "special position identification" feature.
D) State the aircraft call sign three times.

77- What does the phrase "SQUAWK 1234" mean?

A) Give a short count for DF (direction finder).
 B) Select code 1234 on the SSR transponder.
C) Make a test transmission on 123, 4 MHz.
D) Standby on frequency 123, 4 MHz.

78- RADAR instruct aircraft X-BC: “X-BC SQUAWK IDNET” what does this mean?
A) X-BC shall reselect his assigned mode and code.
B) Radar identification has been achieved by correlating an observed radar blip with aircraft XV-
ABC.
C) X-BC should perform an identification turn of at least 020 degrees.
 D) X-BC shall push the IDENT button.
Annex 10 P a g e | 242

79- The message addressed to an Area Control Centre "REQUEST RADAR VECTORS TO
CIRCUMNAVIGATE ADVERSE WEATHER" is:
 A) A meteorological message.
B) A flight safety message.
C) An urgency message.
D) A message relating to direction finding.

80- A message concerning aircraft parts and material urgently required is:
A) A flight security message.
B) An urgency message.
C) A flight safety message.
 D) A flight regularity message.

81- Aeronautical messages are given an order of priority, which of the following statements reflects the
correct order of priority?
A) Meteorological messages take precedence over direction finding messages.
B) Flight safety messages will be handled before urgency messages.
 C) Messages relating to direction finding take precedence over flight regularity messages.
D) Flight safety messages take precedence over direction finding messages.

82- What is the radiotelephony call sign suffix for the aeronautical station indicating aerodrome control
service?
A) Apron
B) Control
C) Aerodrome
 D) Tower

83- For aircraft call sign "Easy G-ABCD" the correct abbreviation is:
 A) Easy Charlie Delta
B) Golf Charlie Delta
C) Easy Golf Charlie Delta
D) Easy Delta

84- RADAR instructs aircraft X-BC: "X-BC SQUAWK STANDBY". What does this mean?
A) X-BC is requested to standby on the frequency.
 B) X-BC is requested to switch the transponder to standby position.
C) X-BC is requested to standby for radar vectors.
D) X-BC is requested to standby as the radar controller is busy.
Annex 10 P a g e | 243

85- RADAR informs aircraft X-BC: "X-BC IDENTIFIED". What does this mean?
 A) Radar identification has been achieved.
B) X-BC is not visible on the radar screen.
C) X-BC should perform an identification turn.
D) X-BC should operate the IDENT button.

86- Which one of the following category of message has priority?

A) Urgency.
 B) Distress.
C) Safety.
D) Regularity.

87- A Radar Information Service (RIS) provides:

A) Radar separation from all other traffic.
B) Information for IFR traffic only.
 C) The bearing, distance and if known, the altitude of conflicting traffic.
D) Traffic information and avoiding action.

88- Which of the following frequencies is an international emergency frequency?

A) 122.500 MHz
 B) 121.500 MHz
C) 121.050 MHz
D) 121.005 MHz

89- Which of the messages listed below shall not be handled by the aeronautical mobile service?
A) Meteorological messages.
 B) Radio teletype messages.
C) Flight safety messages.
D) Urgency messages.

90- What does the word "CHECK" mean?

A) I understand your message.
B) Confirm your last transmission.
C) Read back my last instruction.
 D) Examine a system or procedure.
Annex 10 P a g e | 244

91- Which phrase shall be used if you want to say "I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW "or "I WISH TO OBTAIN"?
A) Confirm
B) Report
C) Acknowledge
 D) Request

92- How shall a pilot inform a radar control unit that the aircraft is not equipped with transponder?
A) No SSR.
 B) Negative transponder.
C) Transponder not available.
D) Negative squawk.

93- Which phrase shall be used if the repetition of an entire message is required?
A) What was your message?
B) Repeat your message.
 C) Say again.
D) Repeat your last transmission.

94- What does the word "APPROVED" mean?

 A) Permission for proposed action granted.
B) That is correct.
C) Authorized to proceed under the conditions specified.
D) I repeat for clarity or emphasis.

95- The phrase "UNDER RADAR CONTROL" means:

A) ATC instructions may be obeyed at the pilot’s discretion.
 B) ATC instructions must be obeyed unless avoiding immediate danger.
C) ATC information is advisory.
D) ATC will provide information on other traffic but no avoiding action will be given.

96- What phrase shall be used when asking for the readability of a transmission?
A) Read you loud and clear.
B) Read back.
C) Report readability.
 D) How do you read?
Annex 10 P a g e | 245

97- What is meant by the phrase "READABILITY 4"?

A) Readable now and then.
 B) Readable.
C) Perfectly readable.
D) Readable but with difficulty.

98- What is meant by the phrase "READABILITY 2"?

A) Readable but with difficulty.
B) Readable.
C) Unreadable.
 D) Readable now and then.

99- How shall a pilot inform the control tower that he is prepared for takeoff?
A) Ready to go.
B) Ready for takeoff.
C) Ready to line-up.
 D) Ready for departure.

100- The expression "TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER FAILURE" implies that no answer is
expected. It shall be used by:
 A) An aircraft station being aware of receiver failure.
B) An aircraft station doing blind transmissions at a "non-towered" airfield.
C) A radar controller performing a PAR or SRE final approach.
D) A ground station broadcasting information to all listening stations.

101- After suffering a radio receiver failure, the pilots should make blind transmissions preceded by the
phrase "TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER FAILURE" and subsequently:
A) Hold for 5 minutes.
B) Proceed to the pre-planned alternate.
C) Enter the next enroute holding pattern encountered.
 D) Advise the time of the next intended transmission.

102- Must a general call be acknowledged?

A) Yes, but only from the station first called.
B) No.
 C) Yes, if individual stations are subsequently called to acknowledge receipt.
D) Yes, from all stations in a random sequence.
Annex 10 P a g e | 246

103- Which elements of instructions or information shall always be read back?

A) QNH, SSR code, approach aid serviceability.
B) QNH, weather information, runway-in-use.
C) ATC clearance, speed instructions, runway state information.
 D) SSR code, QNH, takeoff clearance, speed instructions.

104- ATC clears TABAN 345 to descend from FL100 to FL80. What is the correct read back by the pilot?
A) Descending to 80, TABAN 345.
 B) Leaving flight level 100 descending to flight level 80, TABAN 345.
C) Down to flight level 80, TABAN 345.
D) Leaving 100 to 80, TABAN 345.

105- The correct phraseology to instruct an aircraft to cease the MODE C SSR reply because of incorrect
indications is:
A) SQUAWK STANDBY
 B) STOP SQUAWK CHARLIE
C) STRANGLE THE PARROT
D) SELECT MODE ALPHA

106- RADAR instructs aircraft X-BC: "X-BC SQUAWK STANDBY". What does this mean?
A) X-BC is requested to standby on the frequency.
 B) X-BC is requested to switch to standby position.
C) X-BC is requested to standby for radar vectors.
D) X-BC is requested to standby as the radar controller is busy.

107- All messages relating to an aircraft’s climb or descent to a HEIGHT or ALTITUDE should:
 A) Employ the word "TO" follow immediately by the word HEIGHT or ALTITUDE.
B) Avoid using the word "TO" altogether.
C) Employ the word "TO" follow immediately by the QFE or QNH.
D) Be preceded by the required altimeter subscale setting.

108- In case of a SSR transponder failure occurring after departure of an IFR flight, the pilot shall:
A) Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome for repair.
 B) Inform the competent ATC unit immediately.
C) Squawk 7600.
D) Continue the flight in VMC.
Annex 10 P a g e | 247

109- The distress communication and silence conditions shall be terminated by transmitting a message.
Which words shall this message include?
A) Disregard distress communication, OUT.
B) Emergency communication finished.
C) MAYDAY traffic ended.
 D) Distress traffic ended.

110- Radio silence can be imposed by an aeronautical station in case of:

A) Technical difficulties.
B) Urgency communication.
C) Overload of the frequency.
 D) Distress traffic.

111- Which of the following messages shall a station in control of distress use to impose silence?
A) STOP TRANSMITTING, EMERGENCY.
B) STOP TRANSMITTING, DISTRESS.
 C) STOP TRANSMITTING, MAYDAY.
D) ALL STATIONS IN THIS FREQUENCY, MAYDAY TRAFFIC.

112- What does the instruction "ORBIT RIGHT" mean?

 A) Make 360° turns to the right.
B) Turn right to avoid other traffic.
C) Right-hand circuits are in use.
D) Leave the runway to the right.

113- Which phrase shall be used if you want to say "AN ERROR HAS BEEN MADE IN THIS
TRANSMISSION". The correct version is?
A) QNH 1017, negative QNH 1016.
 B) QNH 1017, correction QNH 1016.
C) QNH 1017, negative 1016.
D) QNH 1017, negative I say again 1016.

114- What phrase(s) shall be used to confirm that a message has been repeated correctly?
A) That is right.
 B) Correct.
C) Affirm.
D) That is affirmative.
Annex 10 P a g e | 248

115- When an aircraft station receives the call "ALL STATIONS MEHRABAD RADAR, DISTRESS TRAFFIC
ENDED" it is requested:
A) To discontinue communication with MEHRABAD RADAR.
B) To impose silence to other stations in its vicinity.
C) To acknowledge receipt of this message.
 D) To resume normal communication with MEHRABAD RADAR.

116- The distress signal and the distress message to be sent by an aircraft in distress should be on:
A) The FIS frequency designated for the airspace concerned.
B) The emergency frequency in any case.
C) The regional guard frequency.
 D) The air-ground frequency in use at the time.

117- When an aircraft station receives the call "ALL STATIONS MEHRABAD RADAR, STOP TRANSMITTING
MAYDAY" it is requested:
A) To continue normal communication on the frequency in use.
 B) Not to interfere with the distress communication.
C) To assist Mehrabad RADAR in handling the distress traffic.
D) To leave the frequency in use.

118- In a distress situation it may be necessary to impose silence either on all stations or on a particular
station. This action of imposing silence may be performed:
A) Only by the ground station controlling the frequency.
 B) By either the aircraft in distress or the station in control of the distress incident.
C) By any station who considers it necessary to impose silence.
D) Only by the distress and diversion cell at the Rescue Control Centre (RCC).

119- On hearing an urgency message a pilot shall:

A) Impose radio silence on the frequency in use.
B) Acknowledge the message immediately.
 C) Monitor the frequency to ensure assistance if required.
D) Change the frequency, because radio silence will be imposed on the frequency in use.

120- Which of the following calls is a “GENERAL CALL”?

A) EP-DEF Tehran CONTROL
B) EP-EFG, EP-FGH over.
 C) ALL STATIONS Tehran CONTROL.
D) EP-ABC, EP-BCD, EP-CDE Tehran CONTROL.
Annex 10 P a g e | 249

121- How should aircraft EP-ABC call Shiraz TOWER on initial call?
A) TOWER EP-ABC
B) Shiraz TOWER E-BC
C) Shiraz EP-ABC
 D) Shiraz TOWER EP-ABC

122- A signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken words "PANPAN, PANPAN, PANPAN"
means:
A) An aircraft on final approach is starting the missed approach procedure.
B) Imminent danger threatens the aircraft and immediate assistance is required.
C) The aircraft is diverting from the route cleared because of a thunderstorm and asks for
immediate preclearance.
 D) The aircraft has a very urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft
or other vehicle, but immediate assistance is not required.

123- An aerodrome located at Payam notified as having an Aerodrome Flight Information Service (AFIS)
will identify itself to aircraft using the call sign:
 A) Payam information
B) Payam radio
C) Payam tower
D) Payam ground

124- Which of the following abbreviated call signs of Cherokee EP-ABC is correct?
 A) Cherokee E-BC
B) Cherokee EP-BC
C) Cherokee BC
D) Cherokee E-ABC

125- Aircraft E-BC has been instructed to contact Shiraz TOWER on frequency 119.0, what is the correct
response to indicate that it will follow this instruction?
A) Shiraz TOWER E-BC.
B) Will change to TOWER E-BC.
C) Changing over E-BC.
 D) 119.0 E-BC.
Annex 11 P a g e | 250

1- What is the correct definition of emergency phase?

 A) A generic term meaning as the case maybe, uncertainly phase, alert phase or distress phase.
B) A generic term meaning as the case maybe, uncertainly phase, alert phase.
C) A generic term meaning as the case maybe, uncertainly phase or distress phase.
D) A generic term meaning as the case maybe distress phase.

2- “DETRESFA” is code word used to designate:

A) Alert phase
 B) Distress phase
C) Uncertainly phase
D) Urgent phase

3- “ALERFA” is code word used to designate:

 A) Alert phase
B) Distress phase
C) Uncertainly phase
D) Urgent phase

4- “INCERFA” is code word used to designate:

A) Alert phase
B) Distress phase
 C) Uncertainly phase
D) Urgent phase

5- “A situation where in apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants” is used
for:
 A) Alert phase
B) Distress phase
C) Uncertainly phase
D) Urgent phase

6- “Direct speech conversation may be conducted between three or more locations simultaneously” is
known as:
A) Direct communication
 B) Conference communication
C) General communication
D) Data-link communication
Annex 11 P a g e | 251

7- What is the abbreviation code “ATIS”?

A) Aerodrome terminal information system
B) Automatic terminal information system
 C) Automatic terminal information service
D) Aerodrome terminal information service

8- Which ways are used to transmit information by ATIS?

A) Data-link ATIS (D-ATIS)
B) Voice ATIS
C) Direct ATIS
 D) A and B are correct

9- “D-ATIS” is used to transmit information for arriving or departing aircraft by:

 A) Data-link
B) Voice
C) Data-communication
D) DME

10- “A situation where in there is reasonable certainly that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened
by gave and imminent danger or required immediate assistant” is known as:
A) Alert phase
 B) Distress phase
C) Uncertainly phase
D) Urgent phase

11- What is the downstream clearance?

A) The clearance that issued by tower to aircraft on the ground
B) A clearance issued to an aircraft by an uncontrolled unit
 C) A clearance issued to an aircraft by an air traffic control unit that is not the current
controlling authority of the aircraft
D) A clearance issued by control unit

12- What is the responsibility of rescue coordination center?

A) Promoting efficient organization of SAR services
B) Coordinating the control of SAR operation
C) Issuing clearance for initiating SAR procedure
 D) A and B are correct
Annex 11 P a g e | 252

13- What is the transfer of control point?

 A) A define point along the flight path that air traffic control service to the aircraft is transferred
from one control unit or control position to next.
B) A point same as changeover point but is used between two NDBs.
C) A point that used for changing frequency.
D) All answers are correct.

14- What is the name of reporting point on area navigation routs?

A) Position report point
 B) Way point
C) Change over point
D) Transfer of control point

15- What is the objective of the air traffic control service?

1)Prevent collision between aircraft
2)Prevent collision between aircraft on movement area
3)Expedite flow of air traffic
4)Maintain orderly flow of air traffic
A) 1,2,3
B) 1,2,4
 C) 1,3,4
D) 1,2,3,4

16- What is the division of air traffic service?

1)Air traffic control service
2)Flight information services
3)Alerting services
4)Air traffic uncontrolled service
 A) 1,2,3
B) 1,2,4
C) 2,3,4
D) 1,3,4

17- How many units are divided in air traffic control service?
A) 4
 B) 3
C) 2
D) 1
Annex 11 P a g e | 253

18- Which types of service must be provided in flight information region?

A) Flight information service
B) Alerting service
C) Advisory service
 D) A and B are correct

19- What is the speed limitation for IFR flight in class “B” airspace?
A) 250 kts (IAS)
B) 250 kts (TAS)
C) 250 kts (G/S)
 D) Not applicable

20- Which classification of airspace the IFR flight does not subject to ATC clearance?
A) C
B) D
C) E
 D) F

21- How the separation shall be provided between IFR and VFR in class “C” airspace?
A) IFR from IFR
B) IFR from VFR
C) IFR from IFR but IFR from VFR only receive traffic information
 D) A and B are correct

22- What is the maximum indicated airspeed for VFR flight in class “D” airspace below 10000 ft?
A) 200 kts
 B) 250 kts
C) 300 kts
D) 350 kts

23- Continuous two-way communication must be applied for all type of traffic except:
 A) VFR flights in class “E”
B) VFR flights in class “D”
C) IFR flights in class “F”
D) IFR flights in class “G”
Annex 11 P a g e | 254

24- What type of services are provided for VFR flight within class “F” airspace:
 A) Flight information service
B) Alerting service
C) Air traffic control service
D) Air traffic advisory service

25- What type of separation is expected for VFR flight within class “F”?
A) VFR from IFR
B) VFR from VFR
C) VFR from VFR (traffic information if request)
 D) No service is provided

26- Where an upper flight information region (UIR) is established, the procedures applicable there:
A) Have to be as indicated by ICAO council.
B) Have to be as agreed at the regional air navigation meetings.
 C) Need not to be identical with those applicable in the underlying flight information region.
D) Have to be the same as in the underlying flight information region.

27- When is the suffix Y applied to the designator of an ATS route to indicate turns between 30° and
90°?
A) Above FL200 with a tangential arc of 15 NM.
 B) FL200 and above with a tangential arc of 22.5 NM.
C) Above FL190 with a tangential arc of 25 NM.
D) FL190 and below with a tangential arc of 15 NM.

28- In the airway designator UA1Y, what does the prefix U mean?
A) Uniform.
 B) Upper.
C) Undesignated.
D) Unidirectional.

29- The speed limitation for both IFR flights and VFR flights inside ATS airspace classified as B, when
flying below 3050 m (10000 ft) AMLS, is:
A) 250 kts IAS.
 B) Not applicable.
C) 250 kts TAS.
D) 260 kts IAS.
Annex 11 P a g e | 255

30- When on a RNP 1 route is indicated A342Z, means that all turns shall be made within the allowable
RNP tolerance of a tangential arc between the straight leg segments with a radius of:
A) 15 NM on the route between 30° and 90° at and above FL200.
 B) 15 NM on the route between 30° and 90° at and below FL190.
C) 22.5 NM on the route between 30° and 90° at and above FL250.
D) 25 NM on the route between 30° and 90° at and below FL190.
Annex 14 P a g e | 256

1- Based on what criteria(s), the aerodrome reference code shall be determined?

A) Wingspan.
B) Outer main gear wheel span.
C) Aeroplane reference field length.
 D) All answers are correct.

2- What shall be the capability of signalling lamp to transmit the message per minute?
A) 4 words.
 B) At least 4 words.
C) words.
D) At least 3 words.

3- What shall be the minimum and maximum length of runway center line strip marking plus a gap in
(m)?
A) 50-60.
 B) 50-75.
C) 60-80.
D) 40-60.

4- When the aiming point marking shall be provided at 400M from threshold, provided the RWY length
is:
A) 900 m.
B) 2000 m.
 C) 3000 m.
D) All answers are correct.

5- What shall be the length of touchdown zone if RWY length is 2355 m?

A) 400 m.
B) 500 m.
 C) 600 m.
D) 700 m.

6- What shall be the color of aerodrome beacon signal alternating with white flashes at land
aerodrome?
A) Yellow.
 B) Green.
C) Red.
D) None.
Annex 14 P a g e | 257

7- What is the minimum length of simple approach lighting system?

A) 400 m.
 B) 420 m.
C) 300 m.
D) 150 m.

8- How many cross bar shall be provided for precision approach CAT I (single source)?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
 D) 5

9- Which of the following RWY shall have center line lights?

A) CAT I
B) CAT II
C) CAT III
 D) B and C are correct

10- What shall be the color of the background of mandatory sign?

 A) Red
B) White
C) Yellow
D) Black

11- From what height, the wind direction indicator shall be visible?
A) 200 m
B) 300 m
 C) At least 300 m
D) All answers are correct

12- The runway designated number shall be provided from:

 A) Magnetic (N)
B) True (N)
C) Grid (N)
D) Compass (N)
Annex 14 P a g e | 258

13- What factor shall be considered to provide threshold marking?

A) RWY length
 B) RWY width
C) Both A and B are correct
D) None

14- When the aiming point marking shall be provided at 300 M from threshold, RWY Length is:
A) 4000 m
B) 3000 m
C) 1000 m
 D) 2000 m

15- What shall be the length of touchdown zone if RWY length is 3050 m?
 A) 900 m
B) 800 m
C) 700 m
D) 600 m

16- What shall be the frequency of total flashes per minute of aerodrome beacon?
A) 10-20
B) 10-30
 C) 20-30
D) 20-40

17- What is the length of precision approach lighting CAT II?

A) 300 m
B) 600 m
C) 750 m
 D) 900 m

18- At what distance from threshold the crossbar of precision approach CAT I (barrette) shall be
provided?
A) 150 m
B) 270 m
 C) 300 m
D) 420 m
Annex 14 P a g e | 259

19- What shall be the color of last 300 m of RWY center line lights?
A) White
 B) Red
C) A and B are correct
D) None

20- What shall be the color of the background of information sign?

A) Red
B) White
 C) Yellow
D) Black

21- What is PAPI?

A) Precision Approach Power Indicator.
 B) Precision Approach Path Indicator.
C) Precision Approach Power Index.
D) Precision Approach Path Index.

22- The “Stopway” is a defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of takeoff run available
prepared as a suitable area where:
A) A landing aircraft can be stopped only in emergency.
B) A landing aircraft can be stopped if overcoming the end of runway.
 C) An aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned takeoff.
D) An aircraft taking-off or landing can be stopped.

23- Information signs have a ………………… background with a ……………. inscription.

A) Red - White
 B) Yellow - Black
C) Black - White
D) Black – Yellow

24- Runway threshold wing bar lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing ……………. in the
direction of approach to the runway.
 A) Green.
B) Red.
C) White.
D) Blue.
Annex 14 P a g e | 260

25- Which of the following group shows the correct designators for three parallel runways seen from
the direction of the approach?
A) 29, 29C, 29.
B) 29R, 29C, 29L.
C) 29L, 29, 29R.
 D) 29L, 29C, 29R.

26- The runway edge lights shall be:

A) Green.
B) Blue.
 C) White.
D) Red.

27- When taxiing on a surface with white markings, you are rolling on a:
A) Movement area.
B) Taxiway.
C) Clearway.
 D) Runway.

28- Taxiway markings and aircraft stand markings are:

A) White.
B) Grey.
 C) Yellow.
D) Red.

29- Taxiway edge lights shall be:

A) Fixed showing green.
 B) Fixed showing blue.
C) Fixed showing yellow.
D) Flashing showing blue.

30- Runway end lights shall be:

 A) Fixed; uni-directional; red.
B) Fixed; Omni-directional; red.
C) Fixed; uni-directional; green.
D) Fixed; Omni-directional; green.
Annex 14 P a g e | 261

31- Which of the following describes threshold lights in the direction of the approach to the runway?
A) Red unidirectional.
B) Green Omni-directional.
C) Red Omni-directional.
 D) Green unidirectional.

32- What shape is a landing direction indicator?

 A) T
B) I
C) V
D) Y

33- Runway direction is indicated by two digits:

A) The units are expressed in 10° to the nearest 10° of True North.
B) The units are expressed in 10° to the nearest 5° of True North.
 C) The units are expressed in 10° to the nearest 10° of the Magnetic North.
D) The units are expressed in 10° to the nearest 5° of the Magnetic North.

34- The color of the fixed, unidirectional runway threshold and wing bar lights shall be:
A) Yellow
B) White
 C) Green
D) Blue

35- What is the name for a taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle designed to allow airplanes
to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exits thereby minimizing runway occupancy
time?
A) Rapid turn off lane.
B) High speed exit lane.
 C) Rapid exit taxiway.
D) Acute angle exit.

36- What color are emergency vehicles painted that are used on the maneuvering area of an
aerodrome?
A) Green.
B) Orange.
 C) A single conspicuous color, preferably red or yellowish green.
D) White and red chevrons.
Annex 14 P a g e | 262

37- A slightly high glide slope indication from a precision approach path indicator is:
A) Four white lights.
 B) Three white lights and one red lights.
C) Two white lights and two red lights.
D) Three red lights and one white lights.

38- The numbers 08 and 26 on the approach ends of the runway indicate that the runway is oriented
approximately:
A) 008° and 026° magnetic.
B) 080° and 260° true.
 C) 080° and 260° magnetic.
D) 008° and 026° true.

39- When approaching taxiway holding lines from the side with the continuous line, the pilot:
A) May continue taxiing.
 B) Should not cross the lines without ATC clearance.
C) Should continue taxiing until all parts of the aircraft have crossed the lines.
D) May continue taxiing if stop bars are switched on.

40- What is the purpose of the runway/runway hold position sign?

A) Denotes entrance to runway from a taxiway.
B) Denotes area protected for an aircraft approaching or departing a runway.
 C) Denotes intersecting runways.
D) A and B are correct.

41- The large “X” s depicted on runway surface denotes that:

A) Taxiway/Runway holding position marking.
B) Displaced threshold area.
C) Overrun area.
 D) Closed runway.

42- The area up to displaced threshold is used for:

 A) Taxiing, takeoff roll.
B) Takeoff and landing only.
C) Landing and taxiing only.
D) Taxiing, takeoff and landing.
Annex 14 P a g e | 263

43- To set the high intensity runway lights on medium intensity (Pilot Controlled Lighting System), the
pilot should click the microphone seven times, and then click it:
A) One time within four seconds.
B) Three times within three seconds.
 C) Five times within five seconds.
D) Seven times within five seconds.

44- A lighted heliport may be identified by a:

 A) Green, yellow, and white rotating beacon.
B) Flashing yellow light.
C) Blue lighted square landing area.
D) Two quick white flashes between green flashes.

45- When approaching taxiway holding lines from the side with the dashed lines, the pilot:
A) May continue taxiing.
B) Should not cross the lines without ATC clearance.
 C) Should continue taxiing until all parts of the aircraft have crossed the lines.
D) Should not cross the lines until the stop bars are switched off.

46- What is the purpose of the taxiway/runway hold position sign?

 A) Denotes entrance to runway from a taxiway.
B) Denotes area protected for an aircraft approaching or departing a runway.
C) Denotes intersecting runways.
D) Denotes intersecting taxiways.

47- The true bearing of two parallel runways is 288˚ and magnetic variation at aerodrome is +4˚. The
runway designators as seen by pilot in direction of approaching to runway, are:
A) 29R – 29L.
B) 29L – 29R.
 C) 28L – 28R.
D) 28R – 28L.

48- The Stop bars installed at a runway-holding position shall be …………. and shall show ………….. in the
direction of approach to the runway.
A) Unidirectional; green.
B) Omnidirectional; red.
C) Omnidirectional; green.
 D) Unidirectional; red
Annex 14 P a g e | 264

49- Location signs consist of an inscription in …………. on a …………… background.

A) Red; black
B) Black; red
 C) Yellow; black
D) Black; yellow

50- Taxiway center line lights shall be:

A) Fixed lights showing red.
B) Fixed lights showing white.
C) Fixed lights showing yellow.
 D) Fixed lights showing green.
Document 4444 P a g e | 265

1- What expression shall be used by a pilot, to cancel its IFR flight?

A) Now in VMC
 B) Cancelling my IFR flight
C) Request cancelling
D) Changing to VFR

2- How many category of airplane specified for the purpose of wake turbulence?
A) One
B) Two
 C) Three
D) Four

3- When the heavy wake turbulence aircraft shall say the word heavy to ATS unit?
A) Before take-off
B) Leaving holding
C) Before landing
 D) At initial contact

4- If designated reporting point is not specified for position report, the first position report shall be
made?
 A) 30 minutes after departure
B) 60 minutes after departure
C) 45 minutes after departure
D) None

5- How long after the first position report, the next position report shall be made on a route not
defined by specified reporting points?
A) 30 minutes
B) 45 minutes
 C) 60 minutes
D) A or B is correct

6- When the speed shall be included in the position report?

A) All the time
 B) Assigned speed by ATC
C) During approach
D) Initial contact
Document 4444 P a g e | 266

7- Which of the following aircraft may include in its special air report the moderate turbulence?
A) Transonic
B) Supersonic
C) Subsonic
 D) A and B are correct

8- What is the minimum vertical separation below FL410 in RVSM area?

A) 2000 ft
B) 1000 m
 C) 1000 ft
D) 2000 m

9- Which letter is used in a flight plan to indicate that the flight commences in accordance with VFR
and subsequently changes to IFR?
A) I
 B) Z
C) V
D) Y

10- Repetitive flight plans (RPLs) shall be used for flights operated regularly on the same day(s) of
consecutive weeks and:
A) On at least 20 days consecutively.
B) On at least ten occasions or every day over a period of at least 20 consecutive days.
 C) On at least ten occasions or every day over a period of at least ten consecutive days.
D) On at least 20 occasions.

11- Which letter is used in a flight plan to indicate that the flight commences in accordance with IFR and
subsequently changes to VFR?
 A) Y
B) I
C) V
D) Z

12- The planned cruising speed for the first leg or all of the cruising portion of the flight must be entered
in the speed box of a flight plan form, this speed is the:
A) Indicated air speed (IAS).
B) Estimated ground speed (G/S).
 C) True air speed (TAS).
D) True air speed at 65% power.
Document 4444 P a g e | 267

13- A flight plan should be amended or a new flight plan submitted and the old flight plan cancelled in
the event of a delay. For controlled flights, this should be done in the event of a delay in excess of:
 A) 30 minutes.
B) 60 minutes.
C) 20 minutes.
D) 45 minutes.

14- When VMC climb may be authorized?

A) Night
B) Within class C, D, E
 C) Day light
D) Moon light

15- Within which class of airspace the VMC descend may be authorized?
A) C
B) D
C) E
 D) B and C are correct

16- What significant change of tailwind component shall be reported to aircraft during approach?
 A) 2 kts
B) 5 kts
C) 8 kts
D) 10 kts

17- How far from runway edge, an airplane shall be held, if holding marking is not provided and runway
length is 2185 meters?
A) 90 m
B) 70 m
 C) 50 m
D) 30 m

18- What SSR code shall be selected by an emergency airplane?

A) 7500
 B) 7700
C) 7600
D) 7400
Document 4444 P a g e | 268

19- Within which class of airspace the advisory service shall be provided?
A) C
B) E
C) G
 D) F

20- Advisory service is not based on:

A) Advice
B) Suggest
 C) Clearance
D) Information

21- Operation normal may be made between:

A) 20-30 minutes
 B) 20-40 minutes
C) 30-40 minutes
D) 20-50 minutes

22- When a pilot is unable to comply with ATC instruction shall say:
A) Unable to comply
B) Unable to follow
 C) Unable
D) Unable to do

23- The acknowledge of traffic information by pilot may be:

A) Looking out
B) Traffic in sight
C) Negative contact
 D) All answers are correct

24- What phrases may be used by an airplane if requires visual inspection:

A) Request low approach
 B) Request low pass
C) Request low go
D) Request go around
Document 4444 P a g e | 269

25- If the intention is to change from IFR to VFR at some point during the flight, the letter _____ is to be
inserted in item _____ of the flight plan.
A) V; 8
 B) Y; 8
C) X; 9
D) Y; 9

26- What type of operation may be cleared for visual approach?

A) VFR
B) IFR
 C) Controlled IFR
D) Uncontrolled IFR

27- The acknowledgment of missed approaching is:

A) Missed approach
 B) Going around
C) Missing approach
D) Overshooting

28- Who decides whether to fly under IFR or VFR in VMC?

 A) The PIC.
B) The ATS authority.
C) The Operator.
D) Either A or B.

29- When, in airspace where VFR are permitted, the pilot-in-command of an IFR flight wishes to
continue his flight in accordance with visual flight rules, until the destination is reached:
1> Pilot must request "cancelling my IFR flight".
2> VMC must be for reasonable period.
3> He/she may request his IFR flight plan to be changed to a VFR flight plan.
4> VMC must be uninterrupted.
The correct combination of statements is:
 A) 1,2,4
B) 1,2,3
C) 2,3,4
D) 1,3,4
Document 4444 P a g e | 270

30- At or below what level, the VMC climb or descent may be authorized?
A) 5000 ft.
B) 3000 ft.
C) 10000 ft.
 D) All answers are correct.

31- What type of operation may be cleared for VMC ascend?

A) IFR
B) VFR
 C) Controlled flight
D) Controlled IFR

32- The cloud information other than "CB" shall be reported to arriving aircraft where the cloud is?
A) Below 5000 Ft.
B) Below the minimum sector altitude
C) Below the highest minimum sector altitude
 D) "A" or "C" whichever is higher

33- How far from runway edge shall an aircraft hold its position when runway holding position is not
marked and the runway length is 1100 ft?
 A) 30 meter
B) 50 meter
C) 90 meter
D) 45 meter

34- Which of the following information is included in flight information service?

A) SIGMET
B) Volcanic activity
C) Radioactive materials
 D) All answers are correct

35- What is the maximum characters of aircraft identification to be inserted in flight plan?
A) 5
B) 6
 C) 7
D) 8
Document 4444 P a g e | 271

36- When an aircraft files the flight plan for the various stages and the purpose of intermediate stop,
the initial clearance limit will be?
A) FIR boundary
 B) First destination
C) Last destination
D) None

37- Under which condition, an aircraft may be exempted to report its position over compulsory
reporting point?
A) Specified by the operator
B) Specified by the pilot
C) Specified by the appropriate ATS authority
 D) Specified by ATC

38- Change from IFR to VFR will always take place:

A) When the aircraft is leaving controlled airspace during VMC.
B) At the clearance limit, irrespective of the weather conditions.
C) As instructed by an air traffic control unit
 D) During uninterrupted VMC when pilot request "cancelling my IFR flight"

39- If a pilot wishes to cancel an IFR flight plan and proceed under VFR in VMC, he must inform ATC and
include the phrase:
A) Cancelling IFR flight plan.
 B) Cancelling my IFR flight.
C) Cancelling my flight.
D) Cancelling IFR.

40- Within which class of airspace, the VMC climb or descent may be authorized?
A) B
B) C
C) G
 D) E

41- The area control service shall be provided by...............

A) Aerodrome control tower
 B) ACC
C) Approach control unit
D) Information
Document 4444 P a g e | 272

42- Who is responsible to be ensure that before departure, the aircraft has appropriate RNP and RVSM
approval for the areas concerned?
A) ATC
 B) Operator
C) State
D) Pilot

43- For the purpose of wake turbulence, the heavy category aircraft in initial contact shall say the word
"HEAVY" to?
A) Approach
B) Center
C) Tower
 D) ATS units

44- When an aircraft cruising level is called height?

A) Above transition level
B) Altitude
C) Above transition altitude
 D) None

45- Which of the following element of position report shall be reported in initial call after changing to a
new radio frequency?
A) Next position
B) Flight level
C) Altitude
 D) "B" and "C" are correct

46- Which letter is used in a flight plan to indicate that the flight is in under IFR?
A) Z
B) Y
C) V
 D) I

47- Which of the following ATC unit may provide approach control service?
A) ACC
B) Aerodrome control tower
C) Approach
 D) All answers are correct
Document 4444 P a g e | 273

48- When an aircraft maintaining a level within transition layer, it is?

A) Flight level
B) Height
C) Altitude
 D) All answers are incorrect

49- How long after the first position report, on a route not defined by significant reporting point, the
position report shall take place?
A) Half an hour
 B) One hour
C) 30 minutes
D) At least one hour

50- What is the contents of basic ADS report?

A) Latitude and longitude
B) Level and time
 C) "A" and "B" + figure of merit
D) None

51- What is the minimum vertical separation, between same track flights above FL410?
A) 1000 ft
B) 2000 ft
C) 1500 ft
 D) 4000 ft

52- What is the significant change of crosswind component to be reported to an aircraft on the final
approach?
A) 10 kts
 B) 5 kts
C) 2 kts
D) None

53- To which type of operation, the advisory service shall be provided?

 A) IFR
B) VFR
C) Controlled flight
D) All answers are correct
Document 4444 P a g e | 274

54- Changing of flight rules from IFR to VFR is possible:

 A) If the commander so requests.
B) If instructed by ATC as long as VMC is forecast during the next 30 minutes.
C) If instructed by ATC as long as VMC is forecast during the next 60 minutes.
D) Only when leaving controlled airspace.

55- Who is responsible to submit RPL?

A) Pilot-in-command
B) Dispatcher
C) Ground designator
 D) Operator

56- When the aircraft has ADS equipment, what letter shall be inserted in flight plan?
A) N
 B) D
C) C
D) S

57- If an uncontrolled VFR operating between point "A" and "B" at 5500 ft, what characters shall be
inserted in flight plan?
A) A055
B) F055
 C) VFR
D) 5500

58- If during the filling flight plan, the total number of person to be carried is unknown, what shall be
inserted in flight plan?
A) Crew list
 B) TBN
C) "A" or "B” is correct
D) None

59- Which of the following letter shall be inserted in item 10 of flight plan where the transponder is
mode "A" (4 digits- 4096 codes) and mode "C"?
A) A
B) X
 C) C
D) P
Document 4444 P a g e | 275

60- If the cruising speed of an airplane is 430 nautical miles per hour, which of the following characters
shall be filled in flight plan?
A) 430 kts
B) N430
C) 0430 kts
 D) N0430

61- What characters shall be inserted in flight plan to indicate flight level 95?
 A) F095
B) FL95
C) F95
D) FL095

62- How many sections are provided in routine air report?

A) 1
B) 2
 C) 3
D) 4

63- What is the first part of routine air report?

A) Weather information
B) Operational information
C) Passengers information
 D) Position report

64- What significant change of headwind component shall be reported to aircraft during approach?
 A) 10 Kts
B) 5 Kts
C) 7 Kts
D) 2 Kts

65- Along which of the following designated ATS routes, RNAV distance- based separation may be
applied between RNAV- equipped aircraft?
A) RNAV route
B) NDB routes
C) VOR routes
 D) "A" or "C" is correct
Document 4444 P a g e | 276

66- When a pilot is unable to comply with ATC instruction, shall transmit?
 A) Unable
B) Unable to comply
C) Cannot comply
D) All answers are correct

67- What is the minimum distance of taxi holding position of a runway with a length above 2500 m,
when there is not taxi holding position marking?
 A) 50 m, from runway edge.
B) 50 m, from runway centerline.
C) 90 m, from runway edge.
D) 30 m, from runway center line.

68- At least how many alternate aerodrome shall be specified for an IFR flight in flight plan?
A) One.
 B) Two.
C) 1 or 2.
D) None.

69- When an airplane is at initial approach altitude, what shall be ceiling till the pilot request visual
approach?
A) Equal to initial approach altitude.
B) Lower than initial approach altitude.
C) Higher than initial approach altitude.
 D) All answers are incorrect.

70- Which of the following aircraft may request visual approach?

A) VFR.
B) SVFR.
 C) IFR.
D) CVFR.

71- When VMC descend may authorize?

 A) Day light
B) Night.
C) Heavy traffic.
D) Emergency.
Document 4444 P a g e | 277

72- According which of the following basis the advisory service shall be provide?
A) Advise.
B) Traffic information.
C) Suggest.
 D) All answers are correct.

73- How long a flight plan for an uncontrolled flight is valid?

A) 30 min.
B) 10 min.
 C) 60 min.
D) 40 min.

74- Advisory service based on:

A) Suggestion.
B) Advice.
C) Clearance.
 D) A & B are correct.

75- The flight plan should be amended if ETD is for controlled flight exceed:
A) One hour.
B) Two hours.
 C) 30 min.
D) None.

76- VMC ascend may be authorized during:

A) Night.
 B) Day light hour.
C) Sunset and sunrise.
D) All answers are correct.

77- Heavy wake turbulence aircraft shall say the word heavy after the call sign in initial contact to:
A) Approach control unit.
B) Area control center.
C) Aerodrome control tower.
 D) Any ATSU
Document 4444 P a g e | 278

78- Clearance limit is the point to which ----------- is granted an air traffic control clearance:
 A) An aircraft.
B) Approach.
C) Passenger.
D) Clearance.

79- When should you contact departure control after takeoff on an IFR flight?
 A) When instructed by tower.
B) Prior to penetrating clouds.
C) When established on the assigned heading.
D) Upon leaving 9000 ft.

80- RPLs shall be submitted only for:

A) IFR flight for one mount.
B) IFR and VFR flights.
 C) IFR flights operated regularly at least ten consecutive days.
D) VFR flights operated regularly at least ten consecutive days.

81- The wake turbulence category "HEAVY" is applied to aircraft of (MTOM):

A) 126000 lbs or more.
B) 40000 lbs or more.
C) More than 136000 lbs.
 D) 136000 kg or more.

82- The Takeoff Mass of MEDIUM aircraft is as follows:

 A) Less than 136000 kg but more than 7000 kg
B) Less than 132000 kg but more than 7000 kg.
C) Less than 136000 kg but more than 9000 kg.
D) Less than 132000 kg but more than 9000 kg.

83- Aircraft in which wake turbulence category shall include their category immediately after the call
sign in the initial radiotelephony contact with the aerodrome control tower or the approach control
office prior to departure or arrival?
 A) HEAVY aircraft
B) MEDIUM aircraft.
C) MEDIUM and HEAVY aircraft.
D) MEDIUM, HEAVY and LIGHT aircraft.
Document 4444 P a g e | 279

84- Cruising level IFR during cruise within controlled airspace shall be given as flight level (FL):
A) Only in airspace class A.
B) When QNH is higher than the standard pressure 1013 hPa.
 C) Above the transition altitude when applicable.
D) If the obstacle clearance is more than 2000 feet.

85- When should ATC pass the QNH to an aircraft?

A) With clearance to enter the traffic pattern.
B) At the start of radar vectoring.
C) In taxi clearance prior takeoff.
 D) Only A and C above are correct.

86- Unless instructed otherwise by an air traffic controller, when passing through the transition layer, a
pilot shall report the vertical position of the aircraft as:
A) Either altitude or flight level during a climb.
B) Flight level in a descent.
C) Altitude in a climb.
 D) Altitude in a descent.

87- When should position reports be made?

A) When passing designated significant points referred to as "on request reporting points".
B) At the discretion of the commander.
 C) When passing each designated compulsory reporting point.
D) At one hourly intervals.

88- The positions reports shall contain the following elements of information in the order listed:
 A) Aircraft identification, position, time, flight level or altitude, next position and time over and
ensuing significant point.
B) Aircraft identification, position, flight level or altitude, time, next position and time over and
ensuing significant point.
C) Aircraft identification, position, time, true airspeed, flight level or altitude, next position and
time over.
D) Aircraft identification, position, time, flight level or altitude, next position and time over.

89- What does ACC mean?

A) Advisory route.
 B) Area control center.
C) Acknowledge.
D) Approach control center.
Document 4444 P a g e | 280

90- What does ADR mean?

 A) Advisory route.
B) Aerodrome.
C) Advisory distress route.
D) Altitude dead reckoning.

91- A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with radio
navigation aids is also known as:
A) A Terminal Maneuvering Area.
B) An upper air route.
 C) An airway.
D) A SVFR entry/exit corridor.

92- What is the objective of the alerting service?

A) To prevent collisions between aircraft.
B) To provide the advisory service.
 C) To notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of assistance.
D) Provide advice and information useful to the safe and efficient conduct of flights.

93- At least which services have to be provided by ATS within a flight information region?
 A) Flight information service and alerting service.
B) Flight information service.
C) Flight information service and air traffic advisory service
D) Flight information service and air traffic control service.

94- The abbreviation RNP means:

A) Required navigation precision.
B) Requested navigation position.
 C) Required navigation performance.
D) Required navigation point.

95- Air Traffic Service unit means:

A) Flight Information Centers and Air Services reporting offices.
B) Air Traffic Control units and Flight Information Centers.
C) Air Traffic Control units and Air Services reporting offices.
 D) Air Traffic Control units, Flight Information Centers or Air Traffic Services Reporting offices.
Document 4444 P a g e | 281

96- Which does ATC term "Radar Contact" signify?

A) You will be given traffic advisories until advised that the service has been terminated or that
radar contact has been lost.
B) Your aircraft has been identified and you will receive separation from all aircraft while in
contact with this radar facility.
 C) Your aircraft has been identified on the radar display and radar flight instructions will be
provided until radar identification is terminated.
D) ATC is receiving your transponder and will furnish vectors and traffic advisories until you are
advised that contact has been lost

97- What is meant by RNP4?

A) The fix tolerance factor of the navigational equipment is 4%.
 B) Navigation accuracy of 4 NM during 95% of the flight.
C) Minimum requirements to fly RNAV routes.
D) All answers are correct.

98- The Air Traffic Control unit has reported "radar contact", what does that mean to the pilot?
A) Position reports may be omitted.
B) The pilot does not have to follow up the position of the aircraft.
C) The aircraft is subject to positive control.
 D) The radar identity of the aircraft has been established.

99- What does ACC mean?

A) Advisory route.
 B) Area control center.
C) Acknowledge.
D) Approach control center.

100- What is the objective of the alerting service?

A) To prevent collisions between aircraft.
B) To provide the advisory service.
 C) To notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of assistance.
D) Provide advice and information useful to the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Document 4444 P a g e | 282

101- Which of the following statements regarding alerting service is correct?

A) The alert phase is established when no communication has been received from an aircraft
within a period of thirty minutes after the time a communication should have been
received.
B) Aircraft in the vicinity of an aircraft known or to be believed to be the subject of unlawful
interference, shall be informed about this.
 C) Alerting service and Flight Information Service are often provided by the same ATS unit.
D) The distress phase is established when an aircraft known or believed to be the subject of
unlawful interference.

102- Clearance limit is a point:

 A) To which a specific clearance is valid.
B) From which a specific clearance is valid.
C) Where an airway clearance is amended.
D) To which a specific clearance is valid and this point is determined by PIC.

103- The Approach Control Service is an Air Traffic Control Service:

A) For IFR flights arriving and departing.
B) Provided for IFR and VFR flights within a Control Zone.
C) Provided for IFR traffic within a Control Zone.
 D) Provided for the arriving and departing controlled flights.

104- What does the abbreviation AFIS stand for?

A) Aerodrome Flashing Identification Signal.
B) Automatic Flight Information Service.
C) Aeronautical Flight Information System.
 D) Aerodrome Flight Information Service.

105- In the event of a delay for an uncontrolled flight which a flight plan has been submitted, the flight
plan should be amended or a new flight plan submitted and the old one cancelled, when:
A) The delay is more than 30 minutes of the estimated time off-blocks.
 B) The delay is more than 60 minutes of the estimated time off-blocks.
C) The delay is more than 60 minutes of the estimated time of departure.
D) The delay is more than 30 minutes of the estimated time of departure.
Document 4444 P a g e | 283

106- The controlling authority for a CTA is an:

A) TWR
 B) ACC
C) APP
D) GND

107- You receive an IFR en-route clearance stating: Clearance expires at 0920, What does it mean?
 A) If not airborne until 0920 a new clearance has to be issued.
B) Do not take off before 0920.
C) The takeoff clearance is expected at 0920.
D) After 0920 return to the ramp and file a new flight plan.

108- IFR clearance is always valid:

 A) To the clearance limit.
B) For a maximum period of 30 minutes.
C) Until landing at the aerodrome of destination.
D) For a maximum period of 5 minutes.

109- Who decides whether to fly under IFR or VFR in VMC?

 A) The PIC.
B) The ATS authority.
C) The Operator.
D) Either A or B

110- What does the term "omit position reports" mean?

A) Miss out the next position report.
 B) The flight is exempt from making position reports.
C) Only report at compulsory reporting points.
D) Only report when passing VOR stations.

111- An aircraft captain should transmit special aircraft observations when he encounters:
A) Other conditions that the captain considers may affect the safety of other aircraft.
B) Moderate turbulence, hail or CB clouds during supersonic or transonic flight.
C) Severe turbulence or icing.
 D) All answers are correct.
Document 4444 P a g e | 284

112- "ESSENTIAL TRAFFIC" is that controlled flight to which the provision of separation by ATC is
applicable, but which, in relation to a particular controlled flight is not separated therefore by the
appropriate separation minima. Whenever separation minima are not applied. The following flights
are considered essential traffic one to each other:
A) Controlled VFR flights and VFR flights.
 B) All IFR flight in controlled airspaces and VFR.
C) All IFR flights.
D) Only controlled IFR flights.

113- When can separation in the vicinity of an aerodrome be reduced?

A) At any time when the pilot requests.
 B) When the pilot has the aircraft ahead in visual contact.
C) Only at the controller’s discretion.
D) Never.

114- Essential traffic information shall be given to:

A) All controlled flights at any time.
B) All flights that are "known" to ATC.
 C) Controlled flights, whenever they constitute essential traffic to each other.
D) All aircraft at the discretion of the air traffic controller.

115- During the final approach which of the following information will be transmitted to the pilot
without delay?
1) The sudden occurrence of hazards.
2) Significant variations in the current surface wind expressed in terms of minimum and maximum
values.
3) Significant changes in runway and taxiway surface conditions.
4) Changes in the operational status of the required visual or non-visual aids.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 4
 D) 1, 2, 4

116- Which of the following has the highest order of priority?

A) Aircraft taking-off.
 B) Aircraft landing.
C) Aircraft taxiing.
D) Aircraft being towed by a vehicle.
Document 4444 P a g e | 285

117- What does a clearance for "immediate takeoff" mean?

A) Line up immediately after the landing aircraft.
B) Have all the appropriate checks complete before entering the runway.
 C) The subsequent taxi and takeoff shall be completed in one continuous movement.
D) Enter the runway, apply the brakes, set full power, release the brakes and take off without
further clearance.

118- What is the primary reason for Radar in ATC?

 A) Separation.
B) Helping when communications have failed.
C) To assist pilots with technical problems.
D) To assist pilots of aircraft that are lost.

119- Regarding Aerodrome Flight Information Service (AFIS):

 A) It can only supply limited services to the users and under no circumstances may it supply
ATC services.
B) Its purpose is to supply ATC services but it is not a state organization.
C) It has the same privileges and prerogatives as an ATC organization but its activity is neither
continuous nor regular.
D) Its only purpose is to relay ATC information to the aircraft in flight or on the ground.

120- An Air Traffic Control Unit:

A) May not ask an aircraft to change its call sign after accepting the flight plan.
 B) May ask an aircraft to temporarily change its call sign for safety reasons when there is a risk
of confusion between two or more similar call signs.
C) May require to change the call sign for safety reasons when there is a risk of confusion
between two or more similar call signs providing the aircraft is on a repetitive flight plan.
D) Must not ask an aircraft to change its call sign.
Flight Planning P a g e | 286

1- Runway 30 is being used for landing. Which surface wind would exceed the airplane’s crosswind
capability of 0.2 VSO, if VSO is 60 knots?
A) 260° at 10 knots
B) 275° at 25 knots
C) 315° at 35 knots
 D) 320° at 40 knots

2- If the reported surface wind is 010° at 18 knots, what is the crosswind component for RWY08 during
landing?
A) 7 knots
B) 15 knots
 C) 17 knots
D) 21 knots

3- The surface wind is 180° at 25 knots. What is the crosswind component for RWY13 during landing?
A) 25 knots
B) 22 knots
C) 21 knots
 D) 19 knots

4- Given:
Fuel flow: 6.5 t/hr
Specific gravity: 0.80
Mach number: 0.68
OAT: -30°C
Headwind component: 25 kts
What is the specific fuel consumption?
A) 16.7 kg/NM air distance.
B) 13.4 kg/NM ground distance.
C) 13.4 kg/NM air distance.
 D) 16.7 kg/NM ground distance.

5- Given:
TAS: 485 kts
OAT: ISA+10°C
P.A: FL360
Calculate the Mach number.
A) 0.79
B) 0.90
 C) 0.83
D) 0.87
Flight Planning P a g e | 287

6- Given:
TAS: 487 kts
P.A: FL330
Temperature: ISA + 15° C
Calculate the Mach number.
 A) 0.81
B) 0.87
C) 0.76
D) 0.78

7- If the headwind component is 50 kts, the FL330, temperature ISA -7 °C and the ground speed is 495
kts, what is the Mach number?
A) 1.00
B) 0.79
 C) 0.95
D) 0.75

8- Given:
Fuel flow: 42 US Gal/hr
Specific gravity: 0.72
TAS: 210 kts
What is the specific fuel consumption?
A) 1.052 kg/NM air distance.
B) 0.757 kg/NM air distance.
C) 0.144 kg/NM air distance.
 D) 0.545 kg/NM air distance.

9- Given:
Fuel flow: 28 Imp Gal/hr
Specific gravity: 0.72
TAS: 154 mph
What is the specific fuel consumption?
A) 0.60 kg/NM air distance.
 B) 0.68 kg/NM air distance.
C) 1.46 kg/NM air distance.
D) 0.50 kg/NM air distance.
Flight Planning P a g e | 288

10- You want to fly 12000 ft above a frozen lake (elevation 930 ft AMSL). You have obtained QNH from
an airfield in the area. Climbing, you observe that the air temperature at FL080 is -20°C. What
should your indicated altitude be when you are 12,000 ft above the frozen lake?
A) 14350 ft
B) 12000 ft
C) 12560 ft
 D) 13950 ft

11- An aircraft at FL370 is required to commence descent at 120 NM from a VOR and to cross the facility
at FL130. If the mean ground speed for the descent is 288 kts, the minimum rate of descent required
is:
 A) 960 ft/min.
B) 860 ft/min.
C) 890 ft/min.
D) 920 ft/min.

12- Given:
Distance A to B: 325 NM
Planned G/S: 315 kts
ATD: 1130 UTC
1205 UTC - fix obtained 165 NM along track. What G/S must be maintained from the fix in order to
achieve planned ETA at B?
A) 335 kts
B) 375 kts
C) 395 kts
 D) 355 kts

13- A fuel amount of 160 US Gal allows endurance of 3 hrs 10 min with a light twin engine piston
aircraft. What is the corresponding fuel flow per engine?
 A) 25.3 US Gal/hr
B) 50.5 US Gal/hr
C) 51.6 US Gal/hr
D) 25.8 US Gal/hr

14- Find the speed of sound if the ambient air temperature is -45 °C at FL360.
A) 555 Kts
B) 586 Mph
 C) 586 Kts
D) 555 Mph
Flight Planning P a g e | 289

15- Determine the rate of climb (ft/min) by the following information:

Ground Speed:110 Kts
Climb Gradient:330 ft/NM
A) 506
 B) 605
C) 565
D) 665

16- An aircraft, following a 215° true track at variation 3°W, must fly over a 10600 ft obstacle with a
minimum obstacle clearance of 1500 ft. Knowing the QNH received from an airport close by, which
is almost at sea-level, is 1035 and the temperature is ISA -15°C, the minimum flight level will be:
 A) 140
B) 120
C) 130
D) 150

17- Given TAS 500 kts and OAT -40 °C, Mach number is:
A) 0.80
B) 0.82
 C) 0.84
D) 0.88

18- Given the following data determine the maximum possible takeoff fuel:
Fuel density: 0.78 kg/Iit
Dry Operating Mass: 33500 kg
Traffic Load: 10600 kg
Maximum Allowable Takeoff Mass: 66200 kg
Taxi Fuel: 200 kg
Tank capacity: 22500 litters
 A) 17350 kg
B) 22100 kg
C) 17550 kg
D) 22300 kg

19- A turbine-engine aircraft burns fuel at 200 gallons per hour (GPH) with a fuel density of 0.80 what is
the fuel flow if fuel density is 0.75?
 A) 213 GPH
B) 208 GPH
C) 200 GPH
D) 188 GPH
Flight Planning P a g e | 290

20- The final reserve fuel for aeroplanes with turbine engines is:
A) Fuel to fly for 45 minutes at holding speed at 1000 ft (300 m) above aerodrome elevation in
standard conditions.
B) Fuel to fly for 45 minutes at holding speed at 1500 ft (450 m) above aerodrome elevation in
standard conditions.
 C) Fuel to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 1500 ft (450 m) above aerodrome elevation in
standard conditions.
D) Fuel to fly for 60 minutes at holding speed at 1500 ft (450 m) above aerodrome elevation in
standard conditions.

21- Given:
Maximum Allowable Takeoff Mass: 64400 kg
Maximum Landing Mass: 56200 kg
Maximum Zero Fuel Mass: 53000 kg
Dry Operating Mass: 35500 kg
Estimated load: 14500 kg
Estimated Trip Fuel: 4900 kg
Minimum takeoff fuel: 7400 kg
Find maximum additional load.
A) 7000 kg
B) 4000 kg
 C) 3000 kg
D) 5600 kg

22- For a planned flight the calculated fuel is as follows:

Flight time: 3 hrs : 6 min
Taxi fuel: 8 kg
Block Fuel: 118 kg
The reserve fuel, at any time, should not be less than 30% of the remaining trip fuel. How much fuel
should remain after 2 hours flight time?
A) 27 kg Trip Fuel and 8 kg reserve fuel.
B) 39 kg Trip Fuel and 11.7 kg reserve fuel.
 C) 30 kg Trip Fuel and 9 kg reserve fuel.
D) 39 kg Trip Fuel and no reserve fuel.

23- An operator (turbojet engine) shall ensure that calculation of usable fuel for a flight for which
destination alternate is required includes, taxi fuel, Trip Fuel, contingency fuel and fuel to fly for:
A) 45 minutes plus 15% of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level or two hours
whichever is less.
B) 3 hours at normal cruise consumption.
 C) 30 minutes at holding speed at 450 m above alternate aerodrome elevation in standard
conditions.
D) 30 minutes at holding speed at 450 m above MSL in standard conditions.
Flight Planning P a g e | 291

24- An operator shall ensure that calculation of usable fuel for an IFR flight with a turbojet aeroplane for
which no destination alternate is required includes, taxi fuel, trip fuel, contingency fuel and fuel to
fly for:
A) 45 minutes plus 10% of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level or two hours
whichever is less.
 B) 2 hours at normal cruise consumption.
C) 45 minutes at holding speed at 450 m above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions.
D) 45 minutes at holding speed at 450 m above MSL in standard conditions.

25- The quantity of fuel which is calculated to be necessary for a jet aeroplane to fly IFR from departure
aerodrome to the destination aerodrome is 5352 kg. Fuel consumption in holding mode is 6000
kg/hr. Alternate fuel is 4380 kg. Contingency should be 5% of Trip Fuel. What is the minimum
required quantity of fuel which should be on board at takeoff?
A) 13370 kg
B) 14500 kg
 C) 13000 kg
D) 13220 kg

26- The trip fuel for a jet aeroplane to fly from the departure aerodrome to the destination aerodrome
is 5350 kg. Fuel consumption in holding mode is 6000 kg/hr. The quantity of fuel which is needed to
carry out one go-around and land on the alternate airfield is 4380 kg. The destination aerodrome
has a single runway. What is the minimum quantity of fuel which should be on board at takeoff?
A) 13000 kg
 B) 13230 kg
C) 14730 kg
D) 11730 kg

27- You must fly IFR on an airway oriented 135˚ magnetic with a MSA at 7800 ft, knowing the QNH is
1025 hPa and the temperature is ISA + 10, the minimum flight level you must fly at is:
A) 075
B) 080
 C) 090
D) 070
Flight Planning P a g e | 292

28- For a flight to an offshore platform, an alternate aerodrome is compulsory, except if:
1)Flight duration does not exceed two hours.
2)During the period from two hours before to two hours after the estimated landing time, the
forecast conditions of ceiling and visibility are not less than one and a half times the applicable
minima.
3)The platform is available and no other flight either from or to the platform is expected between
the estimated time of departure and one half hour after the estimated landing time.
 A) 1,2,3
B) 1,2
C) 1,3
D) 2,3

29- An aircraft flying at 7500 ft is cleared to descend to be level at 1000 ft, 6 NM before reaching a
beacon. If ground speed is 156 kts and Rate of Descent is 800 ft/min, how many nautical miles
before the beacon should descent begin?
A) 15.0
B) 30.2
 C) 27.1
D) 11.1

30- An aircraft is flying at MACH 0.84 at FL330. The static air temperature is -48 °C and the headwind
component 52 kts. At 1338 UTC the controller requests the pilot to cross the meridian of 030°W at
1500 UTC. Given the distance to go is 570 NM, the reduced Mach number should be:
A) 0.72
B) 0.74
C) 0.76
 D) 0.80

31- You are flying on compass heading of 252° variation is 22°E, deviation is 3°W and your INS is
showing a drift of 9° to the right. The true track is?
A) 242°
B) 262°
 C) 280°
D) 224°

32- After flying for 16 min at 100 kts TAS with a 20 kts tailwind component, you have to return to the
airfield of departure. You will arrive after:
A) 20 min.
 B) 24 min.
C) 10 min 40 sec.
D) 16 min.
Flight Planning P a g e | 293

33- An airplane flies at an airspeed of 380 kts, it flies from A to B and back to A. Distance AB is 480 NM.
When going from A to B, it experiences a headwind component at 60 kts. The wind remains
constant. The duration of the flight will be:
A) 3 hrs. 00 min
 B) 2 hrs. 35 min
C) 2 hrs. 10 min
D) 2 hrs. 32 min

34- Flight planning chart for an airplane states that the time to reach the cruising level at a given gross
mass is 36 minutes and the distance travelled is 157 NM (zero wind). What will be the distance
travelled with an average tailwind component of 60 kts?
 A) 193 NM
B) 128 NM
C) 157 NM
D) 228 NM

35- In the cruise at FL155 at 260 kts TAS, the pilot plans for a 500 (ft/min) descent in order to fly
overhead Rasht VOR at 2000 feet (QNH 1030). TAS will remain constant during descent, wind is
negligible, and temperature is standard. The pilot must start the descent at a distance from Rasht
VOR:
A) 140 NM
 B) 120 NM
C) 110 NM
D) 130 NM

36- An aircraft flight planning chart states that the time to reach FL190 at a given gross mass is 22
minutes with a still air distance of 66 NM. The ground distance travelled when the average
headwind component is 35 kts will be:
 A) 53 NM
B) 61 NM
C) 79 NM
D) 85 NM
Flight Planning P a g e | 294

37- How many feet you have to climb to reach FL075?

Given:
Departure aerodrome elevation: 1500 ft
QNH: 1023 hPa
Temperature: ISA
(Assume 1 hPa is 30 ft)
 A) 6300 ft.
B) 6000 ft.
C) 6600 ft.
D) 7800 ft.

38- An aircraft takes 14 minutes to climb to FL290 covering 71 NAM, what is the ground distance
covered in a 30 kts headwind?
A) 71 NGM
B) 57 NGM
C) 78 NGM
 D) 64 NGM

39- A sector distance is 450 NM long. The TAS is 460 kts. The wind component is 40 kts tailwind. What is
the still air distance?
 A) 414 Nautical Air Miles (NAM).
B) 499 Nautical Air Miles (NAM).
C) 406 Nautical Air Miles (NAM).
D) 511 Nautical Air Miles (NAM).

40- An aircraft is in cruising flight at FL095 and TAS 155 kts. The pilot intends to descend at 500 (ft/min)
to arrive overhead the Bandar Abbas VOR/DME at 2000 ft (QNH 1030 hPa). The TAS remains
constant in the descent, wind is negligible, temperature standard. At which distance from Bandar
Abbas VOR/DME should the pilot commence the descent? (1hPa=27 ft)
 A) 41 NM
B) 48 NM
C) 38 NM
D) 45 NM

41- A descent is planned from FL340 so as to arrive at FL100 at a distance 6 NM from a VORTAC, at a G/S
of 280 kts and a rate of descent of 1200 ft/min. The distance from the VORTAC when descent is
started is:
A) 65 NM
 B) 99 NM
C) 27 NM
D) 93 NM
Flight Planning P a g e | 295

42- ATC require a descent from FL270 to FL160 to be level 6 NM before a VOR. If rate of descent is 800
feet per minute, mean groundspeed is 256 kts, how far out from the VOR must descent be started?
A) 59 NM
 B) 65 NM
C) 144 NM
D) 150 NM

43- In a flight plan when the destination aerodrome is A and the alternate aerodrome is B, the final
reserve fuel for a turbojet engine airplane corresponds to:
A) 15 minutes holding 2000 feet above aerodrome A.
B) 30 minutes holding 2000 feet above aerodrome B.
 C) 30 minutes holding 1500 feet above aerodrome B.
D) 30 minutes holding 1500 feet above aerodrome A.

44- A jet airplane is to fly from A to B. The minimum final reserve fuel must allow for:
A) 20 minutes hold over alternate airfield.
 B) 30 minutes hold at 1500 ft above destination aerodrome elevation, when no alternate is
required.
C) 30 minutes hold at 1500 ft above mean sea level.
D) 15 minutes hold at 1500 ft above destination aerodrome elevation.

45- Given:
Dry Operating Mass (DOM): 33510 kg
Load: 7600 kg
Trip Fuel: 2040 kg
Final reserve fuel:983 kg
Alternate fuel: 1100 kg
Contingency fuel: 5% of Trip Fuel
If the flight is performed as planned, which of the listed estimated masses is correct?
A) Estimated Takeoff Mass is 45233 kg.
 B) Estimated Landing Mass at destination is 43295 kg.
C) Estimated Landing Mass at destination is 43193 kg.
D) Estimated Landing Mass at alternate is 42093 kg.
Flight Planning P a g e | 296

46- When calculating the fuel required to carry out a given flight, one must take into account:
1)The wind
2)Foreseeable airborne delays
3)Other weather forecasts
4)Any foreseeable conditions which may delay landing
The combination which provides the correct statement is:
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3
C) 2, 4
 D) 1, 2, 3, 4

47- The measured course 042°T. The variation in the area is 6°W and the wind is calm. The deviation is
4°W. In order to follow this course, the pilot must fly a compass heading of:
A) 040°
B) 044°
 C) 052°
D) 058°

48- At 1000 UTC Shanwick Oceanic clear you to enter the Oceanic Control Area at 47°00’ N 008°W, 220
track miles from your current position, at time 1033 UTC. At FL200, ISA conditions and with TAS 430
kts, headwind 30 kts, FMS being unavailable, what is the required Mach number to comply with this
instruction?
A) M 0.75
 B) M 0.70
C) M 0.60
D) M 0.80

49- What is the new CG location if 800 Ibs of cargo are moved from the forward cargo hold to the aft
cargo hold?
Airplane gross weight:150000 Ibs
CG prior to shift:998.0" aft of datum
Arm of FWD component:667.0" aft of datum
Arm of aft component:1160" aft of datum
A) 1003.5 inches
 B) 1000.6 inches
C) 996.0 inches
D) 994.8 inches
Flight Planning P a g e | 297

50- What is the new CG location if 1000 Ibs of cargo are moved from the aft compartment to the
forward compartment?
Airplane gross weight:155000 Ibs
CG prior to shift:1000" aft of datum
Arm of FWD component:670" aft of datum
Arm of aft component:1166" aft of datum
A) 998.5 inches
B) 998.0 inches
C) 997.5 inches
 D) 996.8 inches

51- If 225 pounds of weight be shifted from station 64.0” to station 172.0”, the CG would be at:
Total weight:10340 lbs
CG prior to shift: station 110.0”
A) 107.65
 B) 112.35
C) 108.65
D) 110.35

52- What is the new CG after gear and flap retraction, if total moment displacement is 8840 in-lbs (aft)?
Total weight:6800 lbs
CG prior to shiftstation 91.7"
A) 92.0"
 B) 93.0"
C) 90.4"
D) 95.0"

53- After gear and flaps retraction, there was a reduction in total moment by 10800 in- lbs, where
would the CG be located? (AFT)
Total weight:13520 lbs
CG location: station 117"
 A) 117.8
B) 116.2
C) 118.0
D) 116.8
Flight Planning P a g e | 298

54- Given:
Total weight:4137 lbs
CG location station:67.8"
Fuel consumption:13.7 GPH
Fuel CG station:68.0"
After 1 hour 30 minutes of flight time, the CG would be located at station: (assume 1 USG is 6 lbs)
 A) 67.79
B) 68.79
C) 70.78
D) 72.78

55- Could 100 pounds of weight be removed from station 30.0 without exceeding aft CG limit?
Total weight:2800 lbs
CG location:station 85.0”
Aft CG limit:station 87.0”
A) Yes, the new CG will be located at station 85.92.
B) No, the new CG will be located at station 87.15.
 C) No, the new CG will be located at station 87.04.
D) Yes, the new CG will be located at station 85.02.

56- What is the maximum allowable weight that may be carried on a pallet which has the dimension of
76×76 inches?
Floor load limit:186 lbs/sq ft
Pallet weight:93 lbs
Tie down devices:39 lbs
A) 7421.3
B) 7250.3
 C) 7328.7
D) 71200.1

57- What is the maximum allowable weight that may be carried on a pallet which has the dimensions of
36×48 inches?
Floor load limit:169 lbs/sq ft
Pallet weight:47 lbs
Tie down devices:33 lbs
 A) 1948 pounds
B) 1995 pounds
C) 1981 pounds
D) 1990 pounds
Flight Planning P a g e | 299

58- Baggage weighing 90 pounds is placed in a normal category airplane’s baggage compartment which
is placarded at 100 pounds. If this airplane is subjected to a positive load factor of 3.5 G’s, the total
load of the baggage would be:
A) 315 pounds and would be excessive.
 B) 315 pounds and would not be excessive.
C) 350 pounds and would not be excessive.
D) 350 pounds and would be excessive.

59- What is the maximum load that could be added to station 140 without exceeding the aft CG limit?
Aircraft weight 6500 lbs
CG location: station 89”
Aft CG limit: station 89.5”
A) 63.7 pounds
 B) 64.3 pounds
C) 53.3 pounds
D) 55.0 pounds

60- What is the new CG if 240 pounds of weight shift from station 182.0 to station 73.0?
Total weight:8500 lbs
CG location:station 121”
 A) 117.9
B) 124.1
C) 118.5
D) 116.1

61- According to the chart the minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA) is 8500 ft, the
meteorological data gives an outside air temperature of -20 °C at FL085.The QNH, given by a
meteorological station at an elevation of 4000 ft is 1003 hPa. What is the minimum pressure
altitude which should be flown according to the given MOCA?
A) 8500 ft
 B) 8800 ft
C) 12800 ft
D) 8200 ft
Flight Planning P a g e | 300

62- (Refer to figure I-10) What is the time to alternate?

Given:
Distance to Alternate: 400 NM
Landing Mass at Alternate: 50000 kg
Tailwind component: 50 kts
A) 96 minutes
B) 25 minutes
C) 50 minutes
 D) 58 minutes

63- (Refer to figure I-11) An aircraft cruising at FL350 in light and variable winds turn at waypoint
"ALPHA" weighing 53500 kg and later turns waypoint "BRAVO" now weighing 50200 kg. Assuming
standard conditions what is the TAS, distance and specific fuel consumption between "ALPHA" and
"BRAVO"?
 A) 429 kts, 627 NM, 5.26 kg/NM.
B) 426 kts, 631 NM, 5.22 kg/NM.
C) 429 kts, 627 NM, 6.25 kg/NM.
D) 429 kts, 573 NM, 5.24 kg/NM.

64- (Refer to figure I-12) For a long distance flight at FL390, "Long Range" regime, divided into four flight
legs with the following characteristics:
Leg 1
Ground distance: 2000 NM
Headwind component: 50 kts
Leg 2
Ground distance: 1000 NM
Headwind component: 30 kts
Leg 3
Ground distance: 500 NM
Tailwind component: 100 kts
Leg 4
Ground distance: 1000 NM
Headwind component: 70 kts
The air distance of the entire flight is approximately:
A) 5040 NM
 B) 4900 NM
C) 5120 NM
D) 4630 NM
Flight Planning P a g e | 301

65- (Refer to figure I-13) For a turbojet aeroplane flying with a mass of 190000 kg, at Mach 0.82, and
knowing that the temperature at flight level FL370 is - 35°C, the optimum flight altitude calculated
using the annex is:
 A) 37400 ft
B) 37800 ft
C) 34800 ft
D) 38600 ft

66- (Refer to figure I-14) Find the short distance cruise altitude for the twin jet aeroplane.
Given:
Brake release mass: 45000 kg
Temperature: ISA + 20 °C
Trip distance: 50 Nautical Air Miles (NAM)
A) 11000 ft
B) 12500 ft
 C) 10000 ft
D) 7500 ft

67- (Refer to figure I-15) Find the fuel flow for the twin jet aeroplane.
Given:
Cruise: Mach 0.74 at FL310
Weight: 50000 kg
Temperature: ISA
A) 2560 kg / hr
B) 1150 kg / hr
C) 2994 kg / hr
 D) 2300 kg / hr

68- The following fuel consumption figures are given for a jet airplane:
Standard taxi fuel:600 kg
Average cruise consumption: 10000 kg/hr
Holding fuel consumption at 1500 ft above alternate airfield elevation: 8000 kg/hr
Flight time from departure to destination: 6 hrs
Fuel for diversion to alternate: 10200 kg
Forecast visibility at destination: 2000 m
The minimum ramp fuel load is:
 A) 77800 kg
B) 74800 kg
C) 79800 kg
D) 77200 kg
Flight Planning P a g e | 302

69- An aeroplane has the following masses:

Estimated LM: 50000 kg
Trip Fuel: 4300 kg
Contingency fuel: 215 kg
Alternate fuel (final reserve included): 2100 kg
Taxi: 500 kg
Block Fuel: 7115 kg
Before departure the captain orders to make the Block Fuel 9000 kg. After this change the trip fuel
in the operational flight plan should read:
 A) 4300 kg
B) 6185 kg
C) 9000 kg
D) 6400 kg

70- (Refer to figure I-16) A descent is planned at 0.74M/250 KIAS from 35000 ft to 5000 ft. How much
fuel will be consumed during this descent?
A) 278 kg
B) 290 kg
 C) 150 kg
D) 140 kg

71- (Refer to figure I-17) Find time, fuel, still air distance and TAS for an en-route climb 280/0.74 to
FL350.
Given:
Brake release mass: 64000 kg
Temperature:ISA +10 °C
Airport elevation: 3000 ft
A) 25 min, 1875 kg, 148 Nautical Air Miles (NAM), 391 kts.
B) 26 min, 2050 kg, 157 Nautical Air Miles (NAM), 399 kts.
C) 20 min, 1750 kg, 117 Nautical Air Miles (NAM), 288 kts.
 D) 26 min, 1975 kg, 157 Nautical Air Miles (NAM), 399 kts.

72- (Refer to figure I-16) What is the time, fuel required and nautical air miles to descend from FL350 to
sea level in turbulent air given an estimated landing weight of 50000 kg?
A) 20 min, 325 kg, 99 NAM
B) 22 min, 290 kg, 108 NAM
C) 22 min, 290 kg, 105 NAM
 D) 20 min, 275 kg, 99 NAM
Flight Planning P a g e | 303

73- (Refer to figure I-10) What is the alternate fuel required?

Given:
Distance to Alternate: 450 NM
Landing Mass at Alternate: 45000 kg
Tailwind component: 50 kts
A) 2900 kg
B) 2750 kg
C) 3050 kg
 D) 2500 kg

74- (Refer to figure I-10) What is the alternate fuel required?

Given:
Distance to alternate: 400 NM
Landing Mass at alternate:50000 kg
Headwind component: 25 kts
A) 2550 kg
 B) 2800 kg
C) 2900 kg
D) 2650 kg

75- The quantity of fuel which is calculated to be necessary for a jet airplane to fly IFR from departure
aerodrome to the destination aerodrome is 6532 kg. Fuel consumption in holding mode is 7000
kg/hr. Alternate fuel is 5356 kg. Contingency should be 5% of Trip Fuel. What is the minimum
required quantity of fuel which should be on board at takeoff?
A) 19215 kg
B) 15656 kg
 C) 15715 kg
D) 19521 kg

76- (Refer to figure I-18) What is the fuel required to fly from C to D?
Given:
Cruise: LRC at FL340
Distance C-D:3200 NM
Temperature: ISA +12 °C
Tailwind component:50 kts
Gross mass at C: 55000 kg
A) 17500 kg
B) 14200 kg
C) 17800 kg
 D) 14500 kg
Flight Planning P a g e | 304

77- (Refer to figure I-19) What is the trip fuel?

Given:
Temperature:ISA +15°C
Brake release mass: 62000 kg
Trip time: 5 hrs 20 min
A) 13800 kg
B) 13000 kg
C) 13200 kg
 D) 13500 kg

78- (Refer to figure I-20) What are the climb fuel and time?
Given:
Track:340° (T)
W/V: 280°/40 kts
Aerodrome elevation: 387 ft
Temperature:ISA -10 °C
Brake release mass:52000 kg
Cruise at: FL280
A) 15 min, 1100 kg.
B) 12 min, 1100 kg.
C) 10 min, 1000 kg.
 D) 11 min, 1000 kg.

79- (Refer to figure I-10) What is the fuel and time to alternate?
Given:
Estimated dry operation mass: 35500 kg
Estimated load: 14500 kg
Final reserve fuel: 1200 kg
Distance to alternate: 95 NM
Average true track: 219°
Headwind component: 10 kts
A) 1100 kg; 44 min.
 B) 1100 kg; 25 min.
C) 800 kg; 24 min.
D) 800 kg; 40 min.
Flight Planning P a g e | 305

80- (Refer to figure I-21) An aircraft climbs out from an aerodrome at MSL to FL250, under ISA +20°C
conditions. If the brake release weight is 60000 kg, what is the fuel and ground distance covered
with a 40 kts tailwind?
A) 1100 kg, 62 NGM.
B) 1100 kg, 48 NGM.
C) 1300 kg, 64 NGM.
 D) 1300 kg, 81 NGM.

81- (Refer to figure I-22) The fuel required for 45 minutes holding, in a racetrack pattern, at PA 5000 ft,
mean gross mass 47000 kg, is:
 A) 1635 kg
B) 1090 kg
C) 1690 kg
D) 1125 kg

82- (Refer to figure I-22) Mean gross mass is 47000 kg. Find the fuel required for 15 minutes holding in a
straight and level flight at 5000 ft:
A) 2180 kg
B) 1090 kg
 C) 518 kg
D) 545 kg

83- (Refer to figure I-10) Using the simplified flight planning (alternate planning), find fuel required and
trip time to alternate.
Given:
Basic Operating weight: 35500 kg
Pay load: 14500 kg
Final reserve fuel: 1200 kg
Distance to alternate:95 NM
Tailwind component: 10 kts
A) 800 kg, 0.7 hrs.
B) 1000 kg, 40 min.
C) 800 kg, 24 min.
 D) 1000 kg, 24 min.

84- (Refer to figure I-23) What would be the change in fuel required if the temperature at FL280 was -
31°C?
A) + 0.3%
B) - 0.3%
 C) + 0.6%
D) - 0.6%
Flight Planning P a g e | 306

85- Given:
Wind:330°/40 Kts
True course: 300°
TAS: 200 Kts
Variation: -5°
Deviation: +3°
Find ground speed and compass heading.
 A) 165 Kts – 308°
B) 235 Kts – 304°
C) 220 Kts – 298°
D) 180 Kts – 302°

86- Determine the amount of drift angle for an airplane that is flying at FL320 from Shiraz at 360 Kts TAS
to Esfahan via R659 on 346° magnetic direction and experiencing wind from 300° at 60 Kts.
A) 5°
 B) 7°
C) 9°
D) 11°

87- What is the A320’s ground speed at FL380 with 0.79 Mach number from Mashhad to Sabzevar via
A416 on magnetic direction 265° and experiencing wind from 065° at 80 Kts and OAT is ISA+10°C?
A) 530 Kts
B) 383 Kts
 C) 538 Kts
D) 388 Kts

88- Calculate A320’s Mach number at FL320 with TAS 450 Kts and deviation from ISA is -20°C?
A) 0.72
B) 0.75
C) 0.83
 D) 0.80

89- What is the specific range formula versus specific amount of fuel?
 A) (TAS × Specific Amount of Fuel) / (Fuel Flow × Number of Engines)
B) TAS / (SFC × Number of Engines)
C) GS / (Fuel Flow × Number of Engines)
D) GS / (SFC × Total Drag × Number of Engines)
Flight Planning P a g e | 307

90- What is the B727 specific range (NAM/1000 lbs fuel) at FL320 at 425 TAS and 2100 PPH/engine Fuel
consumption?
 A) 67.5
B) 202
C) 101
D) 50.59

91- Given:
TAS: 350 Kts
P.A: FL300
Wind: 350° / 70 Kts
True course:300°
Fuel flow:3400 PPH/engine
Twin jet engine airplane
Find the specific range (NAM/1000 lbs fuel).
 A) 51.4
B) 60
C) 45
D) 70

92- What is the cabin rate of climb, if:

Field elevation: 2000 ft
Enroute cruise altitude: FL290
Airplane rate of climb: 1500 ft/min
Pressurization begins at: 1000 ft AGL
Cabin altitude at cruise: 5500 ft
A) 317 ft/min
 B) 145 ft/min
C) 260 ft/min
D) 130 ft/min

93- What is the cabin rate of climb, if:

Field elevation: 3500 ft
Enroute cruise altitude: FL180
Airplane rate of climb: 1350 ft/min
Pressurization begins at: 1000 ft AGL
Cabin altitude at cruise: 5500 ft
A) 150 ft/min
B) 135 ft/min
 C) 100 ft/min
D) 80 ft/min
Flight Planning P a g e | 308

94- What is the cabin altitude at cruise flight level, if:

Field elevation: 500 ft
Enroute cruise altitude:FL310
Airplane rate of climb: 1780 ft/min
Begin pressurization: 1000 ft AGL
Cabin rate of climb: 209 ft/min
A) 4000 ft
 B) 4970 ft
C) 5250 ft
D) 6000 ft

95- What is the cabin altitude at cruise flight level, if:

Field elevation:2500 ft
Enroute cruise altitude:FL350
Time to climb: 20.8 min
Begin pressurization: 500 ft AGL
Cabin rate of climb: 144 ft/min
A) 4000 ft
B) 5000 ft
 C) 6000 ft
D) 7000 ft

96- What would be the airplane magnetic heading to return to planned track when:
Magnetic heading: 213°
Miles flown: 14 mile
Miles to destination:72 mile
Miles off course: 2 miles to the left
A) 233°
 B) 223°
C) 203°
D) 193°

97- What would be the airplane magnetic heading to return to planned track when:
Magnetic heading: 147°
Miles flown: 114 mile
Miles to destination: 177 mile
Miles off course: 6 miles to the left
A) 162°
B) 142°
 C) 152°
D) 132°
Flight Planning P a g e | 309

98- What would be the airplane magnetic heading to return to planned track when:
Magnetic heading: 211°
Miles flown: 28 mile
Miles to destination: 100 mile
Miles off course: 3 miles to the right
A) 219°
B) 229°
C) 193°
 D) 203°

99- What is the correct formula to calculate "Range"?

 A) Endurance × Speed
B) Time × Fuel Flow
C) Fuel ÷ Fuel Flow
D) Speed ÷ Endurance

100- What is the ISA temperature value at FL390?

A) -63°C
B) -66°C
C) -51°C
 D) -56.5°C
Human Performance P a g e | 310

1- Acute stress quickly leads to:

A) A state of over activation beyond the control of willpower.
 B) The mobilization of resources required to cope with the stressor.
C) A decrease in the amount of resources mobilized to face the situation.
D) A permanent state of incapacitation.

2- Which of the following statements concerning stress is correct?

A) Stress is a necessary way of demonstrating ones own work.
 B) Stress will be evaluated differently depending on whether it improves or reduces
performance.
C) Stress always creates a state of high tension which decreases cognitive and behavioral
performance.
D) Stress is evaluated as a positive mechanism only in connection with precise tasks of the kind
encountered in aeronautics.

3- What is the effect of stress on performance?

1) It always reduces performance.
2) Optimum performance is obtained with optimum arousal.
3) Excessive stress weakens performance.
4) Insufficient stress weakens performance.
The combination of correct statements is:
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 4
 D) 2, 3, 4

4- Which of the following may be affected by stress?

1) Attention
2) Concentration
3) Memory
4) Judgment
A) 1, 4
 B) 1, 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3
D) 2, 3, 4

5- What are easily observable indications of stress?

A) Lowering of the blood pressure.
B) Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart.
C) Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing pain around the heart.
 D) Perspiration, flushed skin, dilated pupils, fast breathing.
Human Performance P a g e | 311

6- In relation to the word stress as it affects human beings, which of the following responses is correct?
A) Reactive stressors relate purely to a pilot's physical condition.
B) All forms of stress should be avoided.
 C) Stress is a term used to describe how a person reacts to demands placed upon him/her.
D) Self-imposed obligations will not create stress.

7- In case of in-flight stress, one should:

A) Only trust in oneself, being sure to know the own limits.
 B) Use all available resources of the crew.
C) Demonstrate aggressiveness to stimulate the crew.
D) Always carry out a breathing exercise.

8- What are the effects of excessive stress?

 A) It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself, but may focus attention
inappropriately.
B) It reduces vigilance and focuses attention.
C) It activates resources stored in memory.
D) It has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention.

9- Which statement about acute or chronic fatigue is incorrect?

A) Chronic fatigue may be caused by inadequate recuperation from periods of acute fatigue.
 B) Acute fatigue generally has psychological roots.
C) Chronic fatigue may lead to a person being totally apathetic and indifferent to what goes on
around them.
D) Acute fatigue is felt after a period of significant exertion or emotional excitement.

10- Pilot stress reactions:

A) Are related to an internationally recognized list of stressors where the top-ten items should
be avoided by every means.
B) Seem to be the same for most pilots.
 C) Differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors.
D) Do not change with the environment or different situations but mainly with the characters
themselves.

11- Which of the following statements is true?

 A) Stressors accumulate thus increasing the likelihood to exhaustion.
B) Stressors are independent from each other.
C) Stress should always be avoided under any circumstances.
D) People are capable of living without stress.
Human Performance P a g e | 312

12- Stress management programs usually involve:

A) The use of psychoactive drugs.
B) Only the removal of stress.
C) Only the prevention of stress.
 D) The prevention and/or the removal of stress.

13- The effects of sleep deprivation on performance:

1) Increase with altitude
2) Decrease with altitude
3) Increase with higher workload
4) Decrease with higher workload
A) 1, 3, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
 C) 1, 3
D) 2, 3, 4

14- Stress is above all:

A) A phenomenon which is specific to modern man.
B) A psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control.
C) A response of man to his problems, which automatically leads to a reduction in his
performance.
 D) The best adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for responding to the various situation
which he may have to face.

15- A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive:
A) Coping stress.
 B) Distress (stress reactions).
C) Eustress.
D) Stressors.

16- Check the following statements:

1) A stressor causes activation.
2) Activation stimulates a person to cope with it.
A) 1 and 2 are both not correct.
B) 1 is correct, 2 is not correct.
C) 1 is not correct, 2 is correct.
 D) 1 and 2 are both correct.
Human Performance P a g e | 313

17- Which of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions?
1) Noise
2) Interpersonal conflict
3) Temperature
4) Administrative problem
5) Hunger
The combination of correct statements is:
A) 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 3, 4
 C) 1, 3, 5
D) 2, 3, 5

18- Physical stress takes place when:

A) The perceived demand is greater than the perceived ability.
B) The brain can no longer cope due to either quantitative or qualitative overload.
 C) Outside conditions put a strain upon the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
D) Overload of the neurons in the nervous system.

19- Stress is a response which is prompted by the occurrence of various stressors. Of these, which can
be called physiological?
 A) Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation.
B) Noise, hunger, conflicts, death.
C) Heat, humidity, fatigue, administrative problems.
D) Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce.

20- In order to overcome an overload of work during the flight, it is necessary to:
1) Know how to use one's own reserve of resources in order to ease the burden of the crew.
2) Divide up tasks among the crew.
3) Abandon automatic mode and instead process as much information as possible consciously.
4) Drop certain tasks and stick to high-level priorities.
The correct statements are:
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3
 C) 1, 2, 4
D) 3, 4
Human Performance P a g e | 314

21- The physiology of stress is now well known:

A) The only stress hormone is adrenaline.
 B) Stress promotes an increase in physical strength rather than promoting mental performance.
C) Stress develops in 2 stages, sublimation of performance and then acceleration of heart rate
and increase in vision.
D) Stress slows down the production of sugar by the organism and thereby slows down the
heart rate.

22- Concerning the relation between performance and stress, which of the following statement is
correct?
A) A student will learn faster and better under severe stress.
 B) A moderate level of stress may improve performance.
C) Domestic stress will not affect the pilot's performance because he is able to leave this type
of stress on the ground.
D) A well trained pilot is able to eliminate any kind of stress completely when he is scheduled to
fly.

23- Vertigo can be brought on by:

 A) Disease, accelerations, pressure changes and flashing lights.
B) Accelerations and flashing lights.
C) Disease only.
D) Accelerations and pressure changes.

24- The part of the eye that bends the light the most is:
A) Fluid in the eye.
B) The iris.
C) The lens.
 D) The cornea.

25- Below are four statements about rods and cones. Which one is true?
 A) Cones give the best visual acuity.
B) Rods are sensitive to color and small details.
C) Rods are concentrated around the outer edges of the fovea.
D) Cones are effective in both daylight and darkness.
Human Performance P a g e | 315

26- If the pilot of an aircraft approaches a runway that is wider than normal, one of the possible
consequences could be that:
A) He would choose a visual touchdown point too far into the runway.
B) He would flare at a too low altitude.
 C) The aircraft would touch down after he expects to.
D) He would touch down with excess speed.

27- Which one of the following statements is correct regarding the use of cockpit lighting for night
flight?
A) Reducing the light intensity to a minimum level will eliminate blind spots.
B) Coloration shown on maps is least affected by the use of direct red lighting.
C) Cockpit lighting may only be used during short intervals to protect the light adaption.
 D) The use of regular white light, such as flash light, will impair night adaption.

28- The common illusion created by linear acceleration or deceleration is:

A) A banking sensation due to disturbances in the fluid circulation in the inner ear.
B) A feeling that the aircraft has started to pitch up when the aircraft decelerates, causing an
automatic attempt to push the nose down.
 C) A pitch up feeling when the aircraft accelerates.
D) A combined pitch up and banking sensations.

29- Among the physiological responses to stress are:

A) Dry mouth, anxiety and sweating.
B) Increased heart rate, apprehension and sweating.
 C) Sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties.
D) Anxiety, fatigue and fear.

30- The optic system of the eye consists of:

A) Uvea, sclera, retina.
 B) Cornea, lens, vitreous humor.
C) Retina, optic nerve, blind spot.
D) Rods, cones, fovea centralize.

31- How long does it take to develop full night vision adaption?
A) 30 seconds
B) 10 minutes
 C) 30 minutes
D) 1 hour
Human Performance P a g e | 316

32- A sudden change from climb to straight and level flight can give you an illusion of:
A) Tumbling backwards.
B) A nose up attitude.
C) Turning to the left.
 D) A nose low attitude.

33- Disorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is:

1) Flying in IMC
2) Frequently changing between inside and outside references
3) Flying from IMC into VMC
4) Approaching over still water at night
 A) 1, 2, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4

34- While flying VFR "wings level" on top of clouds at 10000 ft, your artificial horizon indicates a 20°
bank.
A) No attitude correction is needed since you know that your vision is more reliable than the
instrument with regards to spatial orientation.
B) You pull the circuit breaker to the artificial horizon knowing that perceptional illusions called
"leans" might severely impair your control of the aircraft.
C) You take the proper action by "leaning" toward the lower end of the artificial horizon, thus
compensating for the perceptional illusion.
 D) You trust the instrument and level off according to the instrument read-out.

35- When the weather is foggy, on approach, a pilot may get a feeling of:
A) His/her visual field shrinking (e.g. tunnel vision).
 B) The airfield being further away than actually is.
C) His/her eyes focusing on infinity.
D) Aircraft altitude being lower than it actually is.
Human Performance P a g e | 317

36- What factors can lead to a deterioration in vision?

1) Hypoxia.
2) Smoking.
3) Poor diet, lacking vitamin A.
4) Exposure to bright lights.
Which of the following lists all the correct statements?
A) 2, 3
B) 1, 3
 C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1,3,4

37- What can cause spatial disorientation?

A) Reference to well-defined external visual references, such as the horizon.
B) Damage to the receptor cells in the eyes.
 C) False perception of orientation of the aircraft with respect to spatial references.
D) Flying in clear daylight conditions.

38- To prevent empty field myopia at higher altitudes:

A) It is recommended that a pilot focuses on an object known to be approximately one metre
away.
 B) It is recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans, or periodically focuses on a distant
object such as a wingtip or cloud edge.
C) One should concentrate only on instruments.
D) One should book an appointment with an ophthalmologist as soon as possible.

39- The human vestibular system performs spatial orientation by:

 A) Measuring linear and radial acceleration within the inner ear.
B) Comparing the body's position to gravity over the tympanic membrane.
C) Comparing linear and radial speeds of the body to the attitude of the aircraft.
D) Measuring fluid movements in the tympanic membrane of the middle ear.

40- The fovea is:

A) The area of best day vision and best night vision.
B) The area of the blind spot (optic disc).
C) Where the optic nerves come together with the pupil.
 D) The area of best day vision and of reduced value at night.
Human Performance P a g e | 318

41- One of the major protective, measures against illusions is:

A) Wearing of good quality sun glasses.
B) Regular eye tests.
 C) Comprehensive briefing and debriefing.
D) Wearing polarized sun glasses.

42- On approach, by day in snowy conditions, without reference to glide slope information:
A) There is a risk of you underestimating your speed.
 B) Judgment of height is extremely difficult.
C) Estimation of height and distance is not a problem for a well-trained pilot.
D) There is a risk of you entering a spin.

43- Illusions that pilots experience in conditions of fog or mist are that:
A) Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to steep approaches.
B) Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to shallow approaches.
C) Objects appear further away than they really are and lead to shallow approaches.
 D) Objects appear further away than they really are and can lead to steep approaches.

44- If warned of an imminent thunderstorm:

A) No specific action is advised with regards to the adjustment of the brightness of cockpit
lights.
B) Cockpit lights should be dimmed.
C) Cockpit lights should be turned off.
 D) Cockpit lights should be turned up.

45- During poor weather conditions a pilot should fly with reference to instruments because:
A) His attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions.
 B) Perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast.
C) The danger of a "greying out" will make it impossible to determine the height above the
terrain.
D) Pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information.

46- An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when:
A) Accelerating at low altitude.
 B) Suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees.
C) Decelerating at low altitude.
D) Flying over high terrain in low visibility.
Human Performance P a g e | 319

47- A forward acceleration, without visual reference, can cause:

A) An illusion of a turn in the opposite direction.
 B) An illusion of backward tilt because it results in backward displacement of the otolithic
membranes.
C) An illusion of descent, because it results in backward displacement of the otolithic
membranes.
D) Alternobar illusion.

48- The retina of the eye:

A) Only regulates the light that falls into the eye.
B) Filters the UV light.
C) Is the muscle changing the size of the crystalline lens.
 D) Is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye containing the photoreceptors essential for
vision.

49- The vestibular system:

A) Consists of the outer, middle and inner ear.
 B) Is the body's motion and gravity sensing organs.
C) Should always be trusted to judge an aeroplanes attitude.
D) Is the body's sound, motion, and gravity sensing organ.

50- Myopia is commonly called:

A) Farsightedness.
 B) Nearsightedness.
C) Nutritional deficiency.
D) Color blindness.

51- Why are the eyes more sensitive (better night vision), after 30 - 45 minutes in a dark environment?
A) The pupil is expanded and the lodopsin level is increased, improving night sensitivity.
B) Light bleaches out visual purple (rhodopsine).
C) For night vision to take place, visual purple must build up in the rods.
 D) Light bleaches out visual purple (rhodopsine) for night vision to take place, visual purple
must build up in the rods.

52- The kinesthetic sense does not orient an individual to his surroundings, but informs him of:
 A) The relative motion and relative position of his body parts.
B) A touch on the skin.
C) The condition in the body itself.
D) His surroundings.
Human Performance P a g e | 320

53- When focusing on near objects:

A) The cornea gets smaller.
 B) The shape of lens gets more spherical.
C) The pupil gets larger.
D) The shape of lens gets flatter.

54- Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in IMC may give the illusion of:
A) Descending
B) Yawing
C) Spinning
 D) Climbing

55- The inner ears able to perceive:

1) Angular acceleration
2) Linear acceleration
3) Noise
A) 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false.
B) 2 is correct, 1 and 3 are both false.
 C) 1 and 2 and 3 are correct.
D) 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false.

56- Which of the following systems are involved in the appearance of motion sickness?
1) Hearing.
2) The vestibular system.
3) Vision.
4) The proprioceptive sense (seat-of-the-pants sense).
5) The gastrointestinal system.
A) 1, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 5
 C) 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3

57- With regard to illusions due to perceptive conflicts, it may be said that they:
A) Originate from a conflict between instrument readings and external visual perceptions.
 B) Are mainly due to a sensory conflict concerning perception of the vertical and the horizontal
between the vestibular and the visual system.
C) Are caused by the absence of internal visual cues exclusively.
D) Are caused by a conflictual disagreement concerning attitudinal perception between the
various members of a crew.
Human Performance P a g e | 321

58- The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information (piercing vision):
A) Is limited to daytime using the rod cells.
 B) Is limited to the foveal area of the retina.
C) Is almost equally shared by the entire retina.
D) Is governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20˚ of angle.

59- Excessive exposure to noise damages:

A) The eardrum.
B) The semicircular canals.
C) The ossicles.
 D) The sensitive membrane in the cochlea.

60- The phenomenon of accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is accomplished
by which of the following?
A) The retina.
B) The rods.
C) The cones.
 D) The crystalline lens.

61- The so-called Coriolis effect (a conflict in information processing in the brain) in spatial
disorientation occurs:
A) On stimulating the saccule and the utricle of the inner ear.
B) On stimulating the cochlea intensely.
C) When no semicircular canal is stimulated.
 D) On stimulating several semicircular canals simultaneously.

62- The semicircular canals form part of the:

A) Middle ear.
B) Eardrum.
C) External ear.
 D) Inner ear.

63- Hypoxia affects visual performance. A pilot may:

A) Get color blindness accompanied by severe headache.
 B) Get blurred and/or tunnel vision.
C) Have a reduction of 25% in visual acuity at 8000 ft.
D) Be unable to maintain piercing vision below 5000 ft.
Human Performance P a g e | 322

64- Pilot's vertigo is:

A) The impression of climbing when banking.
 B) A sensation of rotation during flight due to multiple irritation of several semicircular canals at
the same time.
C) The impression of flying straight and level while the aircraft is spinning.
D) A sudden loss of visual perception during flight due to multiple irritation of the utriculus and
sacculus at the same time.

65- Starting a coordinated level turn can make the pilot believe to:
A) Descent.
B) Turn into the opposite direction.
C) Increase the rate of turn into the same direction.
 D) Climb.

66- Vertigo is the result of:

A) Oculogyral illusion.
B) Autokinetic illusion.
C) Elevator illusion.
 D) Coriolis effect.

67- How can a pilot overcome a vertigo encountered during a real or simulated instrument flight?
1) Establish and maintain an effective instrument crosscheck.
2) Always believe the instruments, never trust your sense of feeling.
3) Ignore arising illusions.
4) Move the head sideward and back and forth to shake off illusions.
A) Only 4 is correct.
B) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
 C) 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
D) 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false.

68- Which sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling out of a coordinated level turn?
A) Flying straight and level.
B) Climbing.
C) Turning into the original direction.
 D) Descending and turning into the opposite direction.
Human Performance P a g e | 323

69- Being pressed into the seat can cause illusions and/or false reactions in a pilot lacking visual contact
to the ground, because this sensation:
A) Will not stimulate the seat-of-the-pants sense.
 B) Corresponds with the sensation a pilot gets when starting a climb or performing a level turn.
C) Corresponds with the sensation a pilots gets, when flying straight and level or starting a
descent.
D) Makes the pilot to pull up the nose to compensate for level flight.

70- The probability to suffer from airsickness is higher when:

A) The passenger has taken anti-motion sickness remedies prior flight.
B) The student is motivated and adapted to the specific stimuli of flying.
C) The student has good outside visual reference.
 D) The passenger or student is afraid and/or demotivated to fly.

71- What could the crew do in order to avoid airsickness with passengers?
1) Avoid turbulences.
2) Avoid flying through rough weather.
3) Seat passenger close to the center of gravity.
4) Give pertinent information.
 A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
B) 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.
C) 3 and 4 are correct, 1 and 2 are false.
D) Only 4 is correct.

72- Which of the following components belong to the middle ear?

 A) Ossicles
B) Otoliths
C) Endolymph
D) Semicircular canals

73- A pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than normal may feel he is at a greater height than
he actually is, to compensate he may fly a:
A) Higher than normal approach with the tendency to overshoot.
 B) Flatter than normal approach with the tendency to undershoot.
C) Compensatory glide path and land long.
D) Compensatory glide path and stall out.
Human Performance P a g e | 324

74- Adaptation is:

A) The reflection of the light at the cornea.
B) The adjustment of the crystalline lens to focus light on the retina.
 C) The adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of illumination.
D) The change of the diameter of the pupil.

75- Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC:

A) Can cause color illusions.
B) Will improve the pilot's depth perception.
C) Will affect the pilot's binocular vision.
 D) Can cause disorientation.

76- The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor:

A) Relative speed and linear accelerations.
B) Movements with constant speeds.
 C) Angular accelerations.
D) Gravity.

77- Among the factors which affect night vision are:

 A) Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking and alcohol.
B) Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking, alcohol and lack of vitamin C.
C) Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking, alcohol and lack of vitamin D.
D) Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking, alcohol and lack of vitamin B.

78- If coping with a stress situation is impossible, one will remain in the state of:
A) Eustress
 B) Distress
C) Adaptation
D) Hypoxia

79- Stress is a reaction in order to adapt to a specific situation, this reaction:

A) Can only be controlled by medical treatment.
B) Is purely physiological and automatic.
 C) May include various psychological and physiological elements which one can learn to
manage.
D) Is always linked to excessive fear.
Human Performance P a g e | 325

80- What triggers stress in humans?

A) Always the awareness of an emotion and a physiological activation (e.g. rapid heart rate).
 B) The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation experienced.
C) Objective stimulation from the environment regards of subjective perceptions.
D) Only strong excitations of the sensory organs: a flash of light, noise, the smell of smoke.

81- Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

1) The retina has rods on its peripheral zone and cones on its central zone.
2) The retina has cones and the crystalline lens has rods.
3) The rods allow for night vision.
4) The cones are located on the peripheral zone of the retina.
A) 2, 3
B) 1
 C) 1, 3
D) 4

82- With vertigo the instrument-panel seems to tumble. This is due to:
A) Conflicting information between the semicircular canals and the tympanic membrane.
B) Tuned resonance caused by vibration.
 C) The Coriolis effect in the semicircular canals.
D) Oxygen deficiency.

83- Positive linear acceleration when flying in IMC may cause a false sensation of:
A) Vertigo.
B) Pitching down.
C) Apparent sideward movement of objects in the field of vision.
 D) Pitching up.

84- Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the rotation to
recover from a spin? He will get the illusion of:
A) Spinning into the same direction.
 B) Spinning into the opposite direction.
C) Straight and level flight.
D) Climbing and turning into the original direction of the spin.
Human Performance P a g e | 326

85- What do you do, when you are affected by pilot's vertigo?
1) Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross check.
2) Believe the instruments.
3) Ignore illusions.
4) Minimize head movements.
 A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
B) 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.
C) 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false.
D) Only 4 is false.

86- Visual acuity during flight at high altitudes can be affected by:
1) Anemia
2) Smoking in the cockpit
3) Carbon monoxide poisoning
4) Hypoxia
A) 1,3 and 4 are correct.
B) 1,2 and 3 are correct.
C) 2,3 and 4 are correct.
 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

87- Orientation in flight is accomplished by:

1) Eyes
2) Utricles and sacculus
3) Semicircular canals
4) Seat-of-the-pants sense
 A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
B) Only 1 and 4 are correct.
C) 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false.
D) 2, 3 and 4 are false, only 1 is correct.

88- How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight?

 A) Establish and maintain a good instrument cross check.
B) Always try to catch outside visual cues.
C) Rely on good situational awareness believing your natural senses.
D) Rely on the kinesthetic sense.
Human Performance P a g e | 327

89- When flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you can protect yourself from flash blindness by:
1) Turning up the intensity of cockpit lights
2) Looking inside the cockpit
3) Wearing sunglasses
4) Using face blinds or face curtains when installed
A) 3 and 4 are correct, 1 and 2 are false.
B) 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.
C) 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false.
 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

90- Among the factors which affect acuity are:

A) Smoking, color blindness and angular distance from the fovea.
 B) Hypoxia, age and angular distance from the fovea.
C) Color blindness, alcohol and angular distance from the fovea.
D) Color blindness, visibility and angular distance from the fovea.

91- Scanning at night should be performed by:

A) Avoiding food containing vitamin A.
B) Scanning with one eye open.
C) Concentrated fixation on an object (image must fall on the fovea centralize).
 D) Slight eye movements to the side of the object.

92- Pilot's vertigo:

A) Is the sensation to keep a rotation after completing a turn.
 B) Is the condition of dizziness and/or tumbling sensation caused by contradictory impulses to
the central nervous system (CNS).
C) Is the sensation of climbing caused by a strong linear acceleration.
D) Announces the beginning of airsickness.

93- Which part of the inner ear is responsible for the perception of noise?
A) The Eustachian tube.
B) The semicircular canals.
C) The sacculus and utriculus.
 D) The cochlea.
Human Performance P a g e | 328

94- The so-called seat-of-the-pants sense is:

 A) Not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual references are lost.
B) Only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to fly in IMC.
C) Useful for instrument and contact flight.
D) The only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in IMC.

95- A shining light is fading out (e.g. when flying into fog, dust or haze), what kind of sensation could the
pilot get?
 A) The source of light moves away from him.
B) The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is climbing.
C) The source of light stands still.
D) The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed.

96- In order to get color vision, it is necessary:

A) To allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light.
B) At night to look at the point to be observed at an angle of 15°.
 C) For there to be considerable amount of light (ambient luminosity).
D) To avoid white light.

97- Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by changes in gravity and linear acceleration?
A) The Eustachian tube.
 B) The sacculus and utriculus.
C) The semicircular canals.
D) The cochlea.

98- Choose the correct combination:

1) In case of conflicting information you can always trust your seat-of-the-pants sense.
2) In case of conflicting information between the sensory organs and the instruments you must
believe the instruments
A) 1 is correct, 2 is false.
 B) 1 is false, 2 is correct.
C) 1 and 2 are correct.
D) 1 and 2 are false.
Human Performance P a g e | 329

99- Disorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is:

1) Flying in IMC
2) Frequently changing between inside and outside references
3) Flying from IMC into VMC
4) Having a cold
A) 2, 3, 4
 B) 1, 2, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3

100- What is understood by airsickness?

A) An illness caused by evaporation of gases in the blood.
 B) A sensory conflict within the vestibular system accompanied by nausea, vomiting and fear.
C) An illness caused by reduced air pressure.
D) An illness caused by an infection of the middle ear.

101- Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man.
 B) 70% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel.
C) 40% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel.
D) The kinesthetic channel provides the most important information for flying.

102- What should a pilot do to keep his night vision (scotopic vision)?
A) Avoid food containing high amounts of vitamin A.
 B) Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash blindness.
C) Wait at least 60 minutes to night adapt before he takes off.
D) Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C.

103- The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) are situated in:
A) The inner ear.
 B) The middle ear.
C) The outer ear.
D) The maxillary sinus.
Human Performance P a g e | 330

104- All pilots are going to suffer some hearing deterioration as part of the process of growing old. The
effects of ageing:
 A) Are to cut out the high tones first.
B) Are to cut out all tones equally.
C) Are to cut out the low tones first.
D) Will not affect a pilot's hearing if he is wearing earplugs all the time.

105- What is the name for the sensation of rotation occurring during flight and which is caused by
multiple irritation of several semicircular canals at the same time?
A) Sudden incapacitation.
 B) Pilot’s vertigo.
C) Seat-of-the-pants illusions.
D) Graveyard spin.

106- The area in front of a runway threshold descends towards the threshold. Possible danger is:
A) Approach is lower than normal and may result in a short landing.
B) To drop far below the glide path.
 C) Approach is higher than normal and may result in a long landing.
D) To misjudge the length of the runway.

107- Dizziness and tumbling sensations, when making head movements in a tight turn, are symptoms of:
 A) Pilot’s vertigo.
B) Flicker vertigo.
C) Nystagmus.
D) Oculogravic illusion.

108- The leans can be caused by:

A) Going into a turn too quickly.
B) Bunting the aircraft.
 C) Prolonging a turn.
D) A carrier takeoff.

109- Why should a pilot turn his attention to the instruments when approaching on a snowed up, foggy
or cloudy winter day? Because:
 A) Perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast.
B) His attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions.
C) The danger of a greying out will make it impossible to determine the height above the
terrain.
D) Pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information.
Human Performance P a g e | 331

110- Which flight maneuver will most likely induce vertigo? Turning the head while:
 A) Banking.
B) Descending.
C) Climbing.
D) Flying straight and level.

111- During a night flight at 10000 feet you notice that your acuity of vision has decreased, in this case
you can increase your acuity by:
A) Dim the instrument lights.
B) Closing one eye.
C) Scanning sectors of the field of vision.
 D) Breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask.

112- Flying a coordinated level turn will:

A) Make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure along the body's vertical axis.
B) First give the impression of climb, then the impression of descent.
C) Make the blood being pooled in the head.
 D) Make the body's pressure receptors feel an increased pressure along the body's vertical
axis.

113- Which of the following illusions are brought about by conflicts between the visual system and the
vestibular system?
1) Illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft.
2) Autokinetic illusion (fixed point viewed as moving).
3) Illusions when estimating the size and distance of objects.
4) Illusions of rotation.
 A) 1, 4
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 2
D) 3, 4

114- To optimize one’s night vision performance, it is necessary:

1) To spend some time getting adapted to low levels of illumination
2) To increase the instrument panel lighting by reducing the cockpit lighting
3) Not to focus on the point to be observed
4) To avoid blinding
A) 2
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 4
 D) 1, 3, 4
Human Performance P a g e | 332

115- What is the remedy for decompression sickness, or "bends"?

A) Decrease the pressure on the body.
B) Increase the amount of oxygen.
C) Decrease the rate and depth of breathing.
 D) Increase the pressure on the body.

116- A person experiences increased breathing rate, which of the following is the most likely
explanation?
A) A low level of waste carbon dioxide in the lungs.
 B) A high level of waste carbon dioxide in the lungs.
C) A high level of water vapor in the lungs.
D) A low level of water vapor in the lungs.

117- Which one of the following signs distinguishes hypoxia from hyperventilation?
 A) Cyanosis
B) Sensory loss
C) Dizziness
D) Headache

118- An altitude where the pressure is half of that at sea level a person will have to:
A) Breathe pure oxygen.
B) Breathe pressurized oxygen.
 C) Use supplementary oxygen.
D) Breathe slow to avoid hypoxia.

119- The time of useful consciousness without oxygen at an altitude of 25000 ft is:
 A) 2 - 3 minutes.
B) 30 minutes.
C) 45 - 75 seconds.
D) 12 seconds.

120- What is the correct remedial action if symptoms of hyperventilation occur at an altitude where
hypoxia is not a consideration?
A) Increase rate and depth of breathing.
B) Increase rate and decrease depth of breathing.
C) Decrease rate and increase depth of breathing.
 D) Decrease rate and depth of breathing.
Human Performance P a g e | 333

121- Which gas most readily combines with hemoglobin?

A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
 C) Carbon monoxide
D) Carbon dioxide

122- When hyperventilating you should:

A) Descend.
 B) Control your rate and depth of breathing.
C) Apply the Valsalva method.
D) Use the oxygen mask.

123- Environmental sources of stress in the cockpit could be:

1) Noise and vibration
2) Acceleration
3) Radiation
4) Extreme temperatures
Which of the following lists all the correct answers?
A) 1, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3
 D) 1, 2, 4

124- What is the effect of increasing altitude on the total pressure and partial pressure of the main gases
in the atmosphere?
A) The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will remain constant.
B) The total pressure remains constant and the partial pressures will decrease.
C) The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will increase.
 D) The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will decrease.

125- The primary symptom of decompression sickness / illness is:

A) Red colored cheeks and lips.
B) The chokes.
 C) The bends.
D) Neurological damages to the CNS.
Human Performance P a g e | 334

126- The circulation of blood:

1) Transports oxygen to the body cells
2) Withdraws waste products from the cells
3) Conveys nutrients to the cells
Which of the following lists all the correct answers?
A) 1, 3
B) 2, 3
 C) 1, 2, 3
D) 1, 2

127- The ability to withstand G forces is reduced by a number of factors, among these factors are:
A) Hypoxia, fatigue and vibrations.
 B) Low blood sugar, obesity and hypoxia.
C) Smoking, obesity and vibrations.
D) Physical fitness, heat and hypotension.

128- Out of the list of possible measures to counteract hyperventilation, the most effective measure is:
 A) Breathe into a plastic or paper bag.
B) Hold breath.
C) Avoid strenuous flight maneuvers.
D) Speak soothingly and get the person to breathe slowly.

129- Night vision is significantly reduced (e.g. a loss of more than 25%) at 15000 ft in which stage of
hypoxia?
A) Clinical manifestation phase.
B) Indifferent.
 C) Compensatory.
D) Anemic phase.

130- List the constituent parts of the blood and state their function.
 A) Red cells carry oxygen, white cells are involved in immunity and platelets coagulate blood.
B) Red cells carry oxygen, white cells coagulate blood and platelets are involved in immunity.
C) Red cells coagulate blood, white cells are involved in immunity, and platelets carry oxygen.
D) Red cells are involved in immunity, white cells carry oxygen and platelets coagulate blood.
Human Performance P a g e | 335

131- Hypoxic hypoxia may be caused by:

1) Climbing to a high altitude without using additional oxygen.
2) Malfunction in the oxygen supply system.
3) Loss of cabin pressurization at high altitude.
Which of the following lists all the correct answers?
 A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3
C) 2, 3
D) 1, 2

132- How will hyperventilation cause the acid-base balance of the blood to be affected?
A) Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level
of carbonic acid to fall.
B) Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of
carbonic acid to rise.
 C) Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of
carbonic acid to fall.
D) Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level
of carbonic acid to rise.

133- How does an increase in altitude affect the hemoglobin oxygen saturation?
A) As altitude increases, the hemoglobin oxygen saturation will remain constant at 57% from
24000ft.
B) As altitude increases, the hemoglobin oxygen saturation increases.
 C) As altitude increases, the hemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases.
D) As altitude increases, the hemoglobin oxygen saturation will remain constant at 97.5% from
10000 ft.

134- How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout the body?
A) Diffusion
B) Oxidization
 C) Circulation
D) Metabolism

135- Flights immediately after scuba diving, using compressed gas, to depths greater than 10 meters:
A) Can be performed without any danger.
 B) Are to be avoided because of the possibility of decompression sickness.
C) Are allowed if you fly no higher than 38000 ft.
D) Should be avoided because hypoxia may develop.
Human Performance P a g e | 336

136- During hyperventilation:

 A) Acidity level of the blood is reduced.
B) Alkalinity level of the blood is reduced.
C) Oxygen concentration of the blood is below normal.
D) Nitrogen concentration of the blood is above normal.

137- Define hypoxia and explain why living tissues require oxygen.
 A) Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen for oxidation of carbohydrates from food to produce energy.
B) Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen to coagulate the blood in case of infection.
C) Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen to fight infection or invading bacteria.
D) Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
carbon dioxide for metabolism.

138- Decompression sickness / illness is characterized by:

A) Negligible symptoms that need no attention or therapy.
B) Muscle pains in small muscles such as the finger and toe muscles, which are also known as
the "chokes".
 C) Over-saturated nitrogen gas molecules in the body tissues.
D) Headache and dizziness caused by oxygen bubbles due to the low partial pressure of
oxygen.

139- Carbon monoxide is particularly dangerous because:

1) Its initial symptoms are not alarming.
2) It is colorless.
3) It is odorless.
4) It is highly toxic.
5) Its effects are cumulative.
 A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 5
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 2, 3, 4, 5

140- Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at:
A) 14000 ft
B) 8000 ft
 C) 10000 ft
D) 18000 ft
Human Performance P a g e | 337

141- At which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen under pressure after a rapid
decompression?
A) Approximately 50000 ft.
B) Approximately 14000 ft.
C) Approximately 20000 ft.
 D) Approximately 40000 ft.

142- An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to:
A) An increase of acidity in the blood.
 B) An increased respiratory rate.
C) A reduction of red blood cells.
D) An improving resistance to hypoxia.

143- The purpose of cabin pressurization system is:

A) To reduce gastrointestinal, trapped gas, middle ear and sinus problems.
B) To allow the crew and passengers to move about freely in a comfortable environment,
unencumbered by oxygen masks or other life support equipment.
C) To prevent hypoxia.
 D) All answers are correct.

144- How does CO affect O2 carriage in the blood?

A) By killing red blood cells.
B) By killing white blood cells.
 C) By binding to the hemoglobin before O2 does.
D) By splitting the O2 into CO2.

145- How long TUC can be expected after a loss of cabin pressure at 37000 feet?
 A) 18 sec.
B) 15 sec.
C) 10 sec.
D) 5 sec.

146- What may predispose a person for a heart attack?

 A) Smoking, high cholesterol level, diet or high blood pressure.
B) Smoking, asthma, alcohol use and high blood pressure.
C) Age, stress or low blood pressure.
D) Family history of asthma, smoking, over exertion and weight.
Human Performance P a g e | 338

147- Which statement about partial pressure is correct?

A) Partial pressure decreases approximately 2% per 1000 feet.
B) One can calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture by using Boyle's law.
 C) The sum of the partial pressure of individual gases, in a mixture of gases, is equal to the
total pressure.
D) Partial pressure of oxygen in air is always approximately 20.

148- Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust gases of engines, if a pilot is exposed to carbon
monoxide, which of the following responses is correct?
A) Carbon monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed to them for a long period of
time.
B) When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time, the body will adapt to it and
no adverse physical effects are experienced.
C) Carbon monoxide is easily recognized by odour and taste.
 D) A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide can seriously affect a
pilot's ability to operate an aircraft.

149- The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled by:

A) The amount of nitrogen in the blood.
 B) The amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
C) The total atmospheric pressure.
D) The amount of carbon monoxide in the blood.

150- Which of the following symptoms can indicate the beginning of hypoxia?
1) Blue lips and finger nails.
2) Euphoria.
3) Flatulence.
4) Unconsciousness.
 A) 1, 2, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4
Human Performance P a g e | 339

151- The severity of hypoxia depends on the:

1) Rate of decompression
2) Physical fitness
3) Flight level
4) Individual tolerance
A) 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false.
B) 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false.
 C) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
D) 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.

152- The primary factor to control the rate and depth of breathing is the:
A) Partial pressure of nitrogen.
B) Partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.
C) Total air pressure in the blood.
 D) Pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.

153- The physiological effects of accelerations to the human body depend on:
1) The duration of the G force
2) The onset rate of the G force
3) The magnitude of the G force
4) The direction of the G force
A) 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false.
B) 1, 2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false.
 C) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
D) 1, 2, 3 are correct, 4 is false.

154- The part of blood without cell is called:

A) Serum
B) Water
 C) Plasma
D) Lymph

155- The circulatory system, among other things, allows for:

1) Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
2) Transportation of information by chemical substances
A) Both are false.
 B) 1 and 2 are correct.
C) 1 is correct and 2 is false.
D) 1 is false and 2 is correct.
Human Performance P a g e | 340

156- Which data compose the ICAO standard atmosphere?

1) Density
2) Pressure
3) Temperature
4) Humidity
 A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2, 4
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 3, 4

157- What is the average Time of Useful Consciousness after a rapid decompression at 40000 ft?
A) About 40 seconds.
B) More than 1 minute.
 C) About 12 seconds.
D) Between 20 seconds and 1 minute.

158- During a climb, we can observe the following with regard to the partial oxygen pressure:
A) An increase up to 10000 ft followed by a sudden pressure drop above that altitude.
B) An increase which is inversely proportional to the decrease in atmospheric pressure.
 C) An identical decrease to that for atmospheric pressure.
D) A decrease which is three times faster than the decrease in atmospheric pressure.

159- The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according to:

1) Physical activity of the subjected crew
2) The experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in question
3) The strength and time of decompression
4) The cabin temperature
A) 4
 B) 1, 3
C) 1, 2
D) 3, 4

160- The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above 10000 ft must:
 A) Allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent the pilot becoming hypoxic.
B) Allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of oxygen in order to prevent
disorders due to hypoxia.
C) Make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the inhalation of 100% oxygen.
D) Make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the sudden pressure changes.
Human Performance P a g e | 341

161- What are the main clinical signs of hypoxia during explosive decompression?
A) Headaches, fatigue, somnolence, palpitations.
 B) Increase in heart and respiratory rates, euphoria, impairment of judgment, memory
disorders.
C) Increase in heart rate, decrease in body temperature impairment of judgment.
D) Headaches, articular pain, speeding-up of the respiratory rate, memory disorders.

162- What is the procedure above 10000 ft altitude when faced with explosive decompression?
 A) Don an oxygen mask and descend to below 10000 ft.
B) First inform ATC.
C) Descend to below 10000 ft and signal an emergency.
D) Check the cabin altitude, don an oxygen mask and maintain level flight.

163- The following actions are appropriate when faced with symptoms of decompression sickness:
1) Climb to higher level
2) Descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA and land as soon as possible
3) Breathe 100% oxygen
4) Get medical advice about recompression after landing
A) 1, 3
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 1, 4
 D) 2, 3, 4

164- If someone hyperventilates due to stress his blood will get:

 A) More alkaline.
B) Less saturated with oxygen.
C) More saturated with carbon dioxide.
D) More acid.

165- You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness
symptoms. How long should you wait until your next flight?
A) 36 hours.
 B) 24 hours.
C) 10 hours.
D) 48 hours.
Human Performance P a g e | 342

166- Dry air is a mixture of gases. Their volume percentage is about:

A) 18% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 2% other gases.
 B) 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 1% other gases.
C) 19% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 1% other gases.
D) 25% oxygen, 74% nitrogen, 1% other gases.

167- Hyperventilation is:

A) A reduction of partial oxygen pressure in the brain.
B) An accelerated heart frequency caused by an increasing blood pressure.
C) An accelerated heart frequency caused by a decreasing blood pressure.
 D) A normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure (e.g.
when climbing a high mountain).

168- During flight all crew members have one or more of the following symptoms:
1) Blue lips
2) Mental disturbances
3) Tingling sensations in arms and/or legs
4) Reduction of peripheral vision
Which is the possible cause?
A) Hypothermia.
B) Glaucoma.
 C) Hypoxia.
D) Hypoglycemia.

169- The symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the skin following a decompression are called:
A) Leans
B) Bends
C) Chokes
 D) Creeps

170- Pain in the joints (bends), which suddenly appear during a flight, are symptoms of:
A) Hypoxia.
 B) Decompression sickness.
C) Barotrauma.
D) Air-sickness.
Human Performance P a g e | 343

171- The time between inadequate oxygen supply and incapacitation is called TUC (Time of Useful
Consciousness), it:
 A) Varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude.
B) Is the same amount of time for every person.
C) Is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure.
D) Varies individually and does not depend on altitude.

172- What event can cause a hyperventilation (not required by physical need)?
1) Pressure breathing.
2) Anxiety or fear.
3) Overstress.
4) Strong pain.
5) Jogging.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are correct.
B) 1 and 5 are both false.
 C) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 5 is false.
D) Only 2 and 3 are correct.

173- Spatial disorientation may be defined as:

A) A physiological illness of the inner ear.
B) An incorrect mental image of where you are on the map.
 C) An incorrect mental image of your position, attitude or movement in space.
D) An incorrect mental image caused exclusively by fatigue and anxiety.

174- The utricle and the saccule organs are responsible for the perception of ……………………...
A) Angular acceleration.
 B) Linear acceleration.
C) G-loads.
D) A and C are correct.

175- The sensory organ(s) in the inner ear responsible for vestibular sense is (are) the:
A) Utricle.
B) Saccule.
C) Semicircular canals.
 D) Semicircular canals, vestibule (static organ).
Human Performance P a g e | 344

176- The sense that we rely on most for orientation is ………………….. sense.
A) Vestibular.
B) Kinesthetic.
 C) Visual.
D) Saccule.

177- The primary sense(s) used in maintaining balance is(are) the:

A) Visual.
B) Vestibular.
C) Kinesthetic.
 D) All answers are correct.

178- The cockpit light color that best preserves your dark adaptation is …………… light.
A) Green
B) Yellow
 C) Red
D) Blue

179- ……………. light severely distorts some colors, especially those found on aeronautical charts.
 A) Red
B) Amber
C) Green
D) White

180- If you look directly at an object at night, you will see it?
A) Less clearly because there are no as many cones as rods.
 B) Less clearly because the fovea is a night blindspot.
C) More clearly because it is focused in the fovea.
D) More clearly because rods see better in the dark.

181- A problem caused by the lack of visual references is known as:

A) Autokinesis.
B) Flicker vertigo.
 C) Empty field myopia.
D) Somatogravic illusion.
Human Performance P a g e | 345

182- The part of body which is responsible for the perception of linear acceleration is:
A) Semicircular canals.
 B) Static organ.
C) Kinesthetic sense.
D) A and B are correct.

183- One of the most common types of spatial disorientation occurs when a rapid correction as made to
a bank which may cause to reenter to the original attitude, is:
A) Coriolis illusion.
B) Graveyard spiral.
 C) Leans.
D) Somatogravic illusion.

184- How a pilot generally can stop the leans?

A) Recovering from a bank attitude abruptly.
 B) Maintaining a level attitude for two minutes.
C) Lowering the nose abruptly.
D) B and C are correct.

185- Which of the following factors increase susceptibility of spatial disorientation?

A) Intake of alcohol or drugs.
B) Heavy pilot workload and fatigue.
C) Anxiety.
 D) All answers are correct.

186- An illusion created by an abrupt change from a climb to straight and level flight is:
A) Graveyard spiral.
 B) Inversion illusion.
C) Coriolis illusion.
D) Leans.

187- Which statement is incorrect?

A) False horizon can be generated by confusing bright stars and city lights.
B) A false horizon can occur while flying toward the shore of an ocean or large lake at night.
C) Flying above a sloping cloud deck produce illusion of false horizon.
 D) False horizon illusion is only dangerous when actual horizon and apparent horizon are not
parallel.
Human Performance P a g e | 346

188- Which statement is incorrect?

A) Motion sickness is caused by the brain receiving conflicting message about the state of the
body.
B) The symptoms of motion sickness are general discomfort, paleness, vomiting, dizziness,
nausea and sweating.
 C) Passengers are less susceptible to airsickness than pilots.
D) Avoiding quick maneuvers, warm, turbulent air, using ear plug and calming down the
stressful passenger can reduce the likelihood of airsickness.

189- Awareness of position obtained by the nerves in your skin, joints and muscles is called:
A) Vestibular sense.
 B) Kinesthetic sense.
C) Visual sense.
D) A and B are correct.

190- A turn is detected by the ………………. canal in the inner ear.

 A) Lateral
B) Horizontal
C) Vertical
D) Vestibule (static organ)

191- Which part of body is responsible for keeping the pressure equalized between the ear canal and
middle ear?
A) Throat.
 B) Eustachian tube.
C) Sinuses.
D) Cochlea.

192- Find the most common factors which cause the anemic hypoxia:
1) Cyanosis
2) Stomach ulcer
3) Diet deficiency
4) Blood donation
5) Excessive bleeding
6) Carbon monoxide poisoning
A) 1,3,4,5,6
B) 1,3,5,6
C) 2,5,6
 D) 2,3,4,5,6
Human Performance P a g e | 347

193- The following statements are true, except:

A) Smoking three cigarettes during a night flight can dramatically reduce the sharpness of your
vision.
B) During rapid decompression at FL300 time of useful consciousness with moderate activity is
45 seconds.
 C) Hyperventilation cannot occur while breathing supplemental oxygen.
D) The treatment for hyperventilation involves restoring the proper carbon dioxide level in the
body.

194- Clearing your ears is …….………. difficult when you are ……………. into ……………. pressure.
A) Less – descending – higher
B) More – ascending – lower
C) Less – ascending – higher
 D) More – descending – higher

195- When Eustachian tube does not open during an ascent, the positive air pressure in the …………….
pushes the eardrum ……………… .
A) Ear canal – outward
 B) Middle ear – outward
C) Ear canal – inward
D) Middle ear – inward

196- Most passengers are aware of the pressure imbalance during descent. You can open the Eustachian
by:
A) Valsalva technique.
B) Swallowing.
C) Chewing and yawning.
 D) All answers are correct.

197- As a balloon climbs to 28000 ft, atmospheric pressure decreases and the air within the balloon
……………. and volume ………….…….
 A) Expands – tripled
B) Compresses – doubled
C) Expand – doubled
D) Compresses – tripled
Human Performance P a g e | 348

198- After consuming alcohol heart rate and blood pressure may ……………. while ……………… your central
nervous system.
A) Decrease – depressing
B) Decrease – stimulating
 C) Increase – depressing
D) Increase - stimulating

199- ……………………….. drugs generally excite the central nervous system and produce an increase in
alertness and activity.
A) Depressant
 B) Stimulant
C) Tranquilizer
D) Anesthetic

200- Which gas, which is absorbed by the body during normal breathing, plays an important role in
decompression sickness?
 A) Nitrogen.
B) Oxygen.
C) Carbon Dioxide.
D) Carbon Monoxide.

201- Which body system is responsible for distributing oxygen around the body?
A) The nervous system.
 B) The circulatory system.
C) The respiratory system.
D) The oxidation system.

202- The blood carries…………..…… around the body and removes …………..…… from the body with the
exchange occurring in the …………..……
A) Carbon dioxide / Oxygen / Veins.
B) Oxygen / Carbon dioxide / Heart.
C) Carbon dioxide / Oxygen / Capillaries.
 D) Oxygen / Carbon dioxide / Capillaries.

203- Enter into the following statement the most correct pair of gases from the options below.
Hemoglobin in red blood cells is more readily attracted to…………..……than…………..……
A) Nitrogen / Oxygen.
 B) Carbon monoxide / Oxygen.
C) Oxygen / Nitrogen.
D) Carbon dioxide / Nitrogen.
Human Performance P a g e | 349

204- Which organ controls all bodily functions?

 A) The brain.
B) The heart.
C) The lungs.
D) The spinal cord.

205- Above what altitude do pilots need to breathe supplementary oxygen?

A) 2000 ft.
B) 8000 ft.
 C) 10000 ft.
D) 20000 ft.

206- What is the component of the eye responsible for peripheral vision and sensitive to low light
levels?
 A) The rods.
B) The cones.
C) The fovea.
D) The retina.

207- Where is the blind spot?

A) On the iris.
 B) Where the optic nerve enters the retina.
C) On the fovea.
D) On the edge of the lens.

208- When flying solo, a pilot who suspects he is suffering from spatial disorientation should:
A) Blink rapidly several times.
B) Swallow hard, pinch the nostrils and blow down the nose to clear the Eustachian tube.
 C) Believe the indications of instruments.
D) Believe his somatosensory senses.

209- What is the most important sense for spatial orientation?

A) Hearing and balance.
B) Seat of the pants.
 C) Vision.
D) All senses play their part in situational awareness at same amount.
Human Performance P a g e | 350

210- You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45 m) to a small airfield (runway width 25m), on
reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a:
 A) Low approach with undershoot.
B) High approach with overshoot.
C) High approach with undershoot.
D) Low approach with overshoot.

211- Illusions can often be experienced during flight. One such illusion is created by strong forward
linear acceleration. This phenomenon is called:
A) Autokinesis.
 B) Somatogravic or oculogravic.
C) Coriolis.
D) Oculogyral or leans.

212- The Eustachian tube connects:

A) The semicircular canals.
B) The auditory duct and the inner ear.
 C) The middle ear and the pharynx.
D) The middle ear and the inner ear.

213- The following statements are true except:

 A) Cones are responsible for night vision and are most densely in the fovea centralize.
B) Rods are responsible for night vision and have a poor ability to discriminate.
C) Cones are most densely located in the fovea centralize and have a one-to-one connection to
the brain.
D) Rod are responsible for ambient vision and are in groups connected to the brain.

214- What effect does haze have on the abilities to see traffic or terrain features during flight?
 A) Haze creates the illusion of being at a greater distance than actual from the runway.
B) Haze makes darker objects look closer and brighter objects look like they are further away.
C) Haze causes the eyes to focus at infinity making terrain features harder to see.
D) The eyes tend to overwork in haze and do not detect relative movement easily.

215- You are carrying out a visual approach to a runway which slopes upwards away from the
touchdown end. What is the main risk in this case?
A) Landing heavy due to an apparent increase in runway width.
 B) Landing short due to over correcting for an apparent height increase.
C) Landing long due to over correcting for an apparent height decreases.
D) Landing heavy due to an apparent in runway width.
Human Performance P a g e | 351

216- What is the role of the Eustachian tube in your ear?

A) To transfer mechanical energy from the ear drum to the ossicles.
 B) To equalize air pressure on both sides of the ear drum.
C) To transform mechanical energy from sound waves to electrical signals.
D) To convert acceleration and gravity forces to electrical signals, which in turn are sent to your
brain for interpretation.

217- A sloping cloud formation, an obscured horizon and a dark scene spread with ground lights and
stars can create an illusion known as:
 A) False horizon.
B) Coriolis illusion.
C) Autokinesis.
D) Elevator illusion.

218- One of the substances present in the smoke of cigarettes can make it significantly more difficult for
the red blood cells to transport oxygen and as a consequence contributes to hypoxia. Which
substance are we referring to?
 A) Carbon monoxide
B) Carbonic anhydride
C) Tar
D) Carbon dioxide

219- On ascent the gases in the digestive tract will:

 A) Expand.
B) Be absorbed by tissues and blood.
C) Stay the same.
D) Shrink.

220- Which of the following applies when alcohol has been consumed?
A) Small amounts of alcohol increase visual performance.
B) Drinking coffee at the same time will increase the elimination rate of alcohol.
 C) Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol, normal cautionary attitudes may
be lost.
D) Acute effects of alcohol cease immediately.
Human Performance P a g e | 352

221- The Eustachian tube serves for the pressure equalization between:
A) Nose and pharyngeal cavity and external atmosphere
B) Frontal, nose and maxillary sinuses.
 C) Middle ear and external atmosphere.
D) Sinuses of the nose and external atmosphere.

222- Barotrauma of the middle ear will most likely occur:

A) When climbing.
B) In sudden steep turns.
 C) When descending rapidly.
D) During a long high altitude flight.

223- Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities:

 A) Can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia.
B) Will stimulate the brain, making the pilot resistant to hypoxia.
C) Will have no effect at all.
D) May improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of hypoxia are much better to be
identified.

224- Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the human body?

 A) Judgment and decision making can be affected even by a small amount of alcohol.
B) A small amount of alcohol increases visual acuity.
C) An increase of altitude decreases the adverse effect of alcohol.
D) When drinking coffee, the human body metabolizes alcohol at a faster rate than normal.

225- It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The reason for this is:
A) Swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from ventilating through the tympanic
membrane.
B) Swollen tissue in the eustachian tube will cause permanent hearing loss.
 C) Pain and damage to the ear drum can result, particularly during fast descents.
D) Gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum.

226- A fatigued pilot:

A) Considerably increases the ability to concentrate.
 B) Will show signs of increased irritability.
C) Is acting similar as when encountering a state of depression.
D) Will get precordial pain.
Human Performance P a g e | 353

227- Trapped gas disorders of the ears can be caused by:

 A) Flying when you have a cold.
B) Flying after deep scuba diving with decompression.
C) Flying at too high altitude without supplemental oxygen.
D) Too hard equalization of the pressure in your outer ear.

228- By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer ear be balanced?
A) By breathing in.
 B) By swallowing.
C) By breathing out.
D) By coughing.

229- Even at normal cabin altitudes (e.g. around 8000 ft) you can get severe abdominal pain and
flatulence after eating gas forming foods or fizzy drinks. The correct countermeasure is:
A) Climb to a higher altitude.
 B) Descend to a lower altitude.
C) Perform "Valsalva maneuver".
D) Use supplemental oxygen.

230- Having a cold or an infection of the upper respiratory tract you:

 A) Should not fly because the congestion of the frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can
seriously affect your ability to control yourself and the aircraft.
B) May accept to fly an ambulance flight because "Sinus squeeze" is rare and represents a
minor danger to aviation.
C) Must be careful when flying because the infection may cause hyperglycemia.
D) Should not fly because the infection may cause hypoxia due to congestion in the nose.

231- Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will:

A) Not affect night vision when flying at sea level.
 B) Cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance.
C) Increase your G tolerance considerably by increasing blood pressure.
D) Prevent serious hyperventilation due to sedation effect of nicotine.

232- The organ which metabolizes alcohol from the body is the:
 A) Liver
B) Spleen
C) Pancreas
D) Kidneys
Human Performance P a g e | 354

233- Concerning flying and blood alcohol content the following statement is correct:
 A) No flying under the influence of alcohol.
B) Flying with up to 0.05% blood alcohol.
C) Flying with up to 0.15% blood alcohol.
D) Flying with up to 0.08% blood alcohol is safe.

234- The following statements about alcohol is true?

A) A blood alcohol content of 0.05% leads to unconsciousness.
B) A unit of alcohol is equal to 50 ml of pure alcohol.
C) A few drinks can make a person sleep better.
 D) Alcohol will lower the tolerance for hypoxia.

235- The decision making in emergency situations requires firstly:

A) The whole crew to focus on the problem.
B) Speed of reaction.
C) Informing ATC thoroughly about the situation.
 D) Distribution of tasks and crew coordination.

236- Define situational awareness:

A) The ability to rank tasks according to importance and to solve problems.
B) The right to have and express your own feelings and ideas.
 C) The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of space and time, the
comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future.
D) The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of space.

237- CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:

 A) Intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance by improving attitudes towards
flight safety and human relationship management.
B) Not intended to change the individual's attitude at all.
C) Intended solely to alter an individual's personality.
D) Is mainly of relevance to pilots with personality disorders or inappropriate attitudes.

238- Define effective communication:

A) Effective communication is a transmission of a message from one brain to another.
 B) Effective communication is a transmission of a message from one brain to another with a
minimum of change.
C) Effective communication occurs when one person talks to another person.
D) Effective communication occurs when one person
Human Performance P a g e | 355

239- Which factors can influence effective communications?

A) Noise and voice.
 B) Workload, noise and voice.
C) Voice.
D) Workload and voice.

240- What is meant by the term CRM today?

A) Cockpit resource management.
 B) Crew resource management.
C) Company resource management.
D) Crew reliability measurement.

241- “It will not happen to me” can be used as an example to illustrate which attitude?
A) Resignation
B) Anti-authority
C) Macho
 D) Invulnerability

242- Which of the following is not a hazardous attitude?

 A) Domination
B) Macho
C) Anti-authority
D) Impulsivity

243- A stress reaction:

A) The specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person.
 B) The non-specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person.
C) The non-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond.
D) The specific stimuli causing a human body to respond.

244- Stress may be defined as:

 A) A normal phenomenon which enables an individual to adapt to encountered situations.
B) A poorly controlled emotion which leads to a reduction in capabilities.
C) A psychological phenomenon which only affects fragile personalities.
D) A human reaction which one must manage to eliminate.
Human Performance P a g e | 356

245- What is a stressor?

A) A psychological problem developed in a situation of danger.
B) The adaptation response of the individual to his environment.
 C) An external or internal stimulus which is interpreted by an individual as being stressful.
D) All external stimulation are stressors since they modify.

246- Fatigue and stress:

 A) Lower the tolerance to hypoxia.
B) Increase the tolerance to hypoxia.
C) Do not affect hypoxia at all.
D) Will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying below 15000 feet.

247- In order to limit stress when flying, a pilot should:

A) Drop activities outside work so as to focus on his work better.
B) Forget about bad past experiences.
C) Avoid anticipating events during a flight to manage his workload.
 D) Maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past
experiences.

248- Signs of stress include:

 A) Perspiration, dry mouth, dilated pupils, fast breathing.
B) Lowering of the blood pressure.
C) Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart.
D) Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing pain around the heart.

249- The two types of fatigue are:

 A) Chronic and acute.
B) Short term and oppressive.
C) Oppressive and negative.
D) Heavy and light.

250- Which gas is absorbed by the body during normal breathing, plays an important role in
decompression sickness?
A) Oxygen.
B) Carbon dioxide.
 C) Nitrogen.
D) Carbon monoxide.
Human Performance P a g e | 357

251- Blood pressure may be too high due to:

A) Age.
B) Stress.
C) Smoking.
 D) All answers are correct.

252- Which of the following gases regulate the rate and depth of breathing, depending on the levels at
which the gas is present in the blood?
A) Oxygen.
 B) Carbon Dioxide.
C) Nitrogen.
D) Carbon Monoxide.

253- When a person is experiencing stress or fear, adrenaline is released into the blood stream causing
immediate:
A) Fatigue.
B) Loss of consciousness.
 C) Increase in the pulse-rate.
D) Decrease in the pulse-rate.

254- Which organ controls all bodily functions?

A) The heart.
 B) The brain.
C) The lungs.
D) The spinal cord.

255- Compared to a non-smoker, someone who smokes is likely to experience the effects of hypoxia at:
A) A higher altitude.
B) The same altitude.
 C) A lower altitude.
D) Any altitude.

256- The effects of hypoxia can be increased by:

A) Increased altitude.
B) Increased temperature.
C) Alcohol.
 D) All answers are correct.
Human Performance P a g e | 358

257- What is the component of the eye responsible for peripheral vision and sensitive to low light
levels?
A) The cones.
 B) The rods.
C) The fovea.
D) The retina.

258- Empty field myopia is a condition where the eyes naturally focus at a distance of approximately:
A) Infinity.
B) 20 - 500 meters.
C) At the horizon.
 D) 1 - 2 meters.

259- Where is the blind spot?

A) On the iris.
B) On the fovea.
C) On the edge of the lens.
 D) Where the optic nerve enters the retina.

260- What are the vessels called that are very fine and found inside tissues?
A) Arteries
B) Veins
 C) Capillaries
D) Aorta

261- You should not dispense blood without prior information from your flight surgeon. The most
important reason for this advice is:
 A) You are more susceptible to hypoxia after a blood donation.
B) The chance you get the bends is higher after blood donation.
C) Your blood-pressure is too low after blood donation.
D) Your heart frequency is too low after blood donation.

262- Which lenses are used to correct presbyopia?

A) Concave.
 B) Convex.
C) Various depending on the eye itself.
D) It cannot be correct.
Human Performance P a g e | 359

263- The cabin pressure in airline operation is:

A) Always equivalent to sea level.
 B) Normally not exceeding 6000 to 8000 feet.
C) Normally not exceeding 2000 to 3000 feet.
D) Normally not exceeding 4000 to 5000 feet.

264- What is decompression sickness?

A) A frequent disorder in commercial aviation due to the pressurization curve of modern
aircraft.
B) A disorder which is solely encountered below 18000 ft.
C) The formation of air bubbles in bodily tissues, with no consequences for people’s
capabilities.
 D) A sickness resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after
a cabin pressure loss at high altitude.

265- During final approach under bad weather conditions you are getting uneasy, feel dizzy and get
tingling sensations in your hands. When hyperventilating you should:
A) Descend.
B) Apply the Valsalva method.
C) Use the oxygen mask.
 D) Control your rate and depth of breathing.

266- In the event of rapid decompression, the first action for the flight deck crew is:
A) Descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA.
B) Transmit mayday call.
C) Carry out check for structural damage.
 D) Don oxygen masks and ensure oxygen flow.

267- Flying Immediately after scuba diving involves the risk of getting:
 A) Decompression sickness without having a decompression.
B) Hyperventilation.
C) Hypoxia.
D) Stress.

268- How much of the air is occupied by oxygen?

A) 78.0%
B) 78.08%
C) 17.0%
 D) 20.94%
Human Performance P a g e | 360

269- How much of the air is occupied by nitrogen?

A) 75.08%
B) 29.04%
 C) 78.08%
D) 20.94%

270- What is the medical condition where the airways to the lungs are narrowed due to inflammation?
 A) Asthma
B) Barotrauma
C) Pleurisy
D) Angina

271- What is the purpose of respiration?

A) Intake of N2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.
 B) Intake of O2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.
C) Intake of CO2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.
D) Intake of NO2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.

272- What is hypertension?

A) A blockage of the coronary artery.
B) A blockage of the blood supply to part of the brain.
C) A symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
 D) A physiological condition involving increased pressure on the arterial walls.

273- Why is hypoxia particularly dangerous during flights with one pilot?
 A) Symptoms of hypoxia maybe difficult to recognize before the pilots’ reactions are affected.
B) Night vision may be so important, that the pilot cannot see other aircraft.
C) The pilot may not be able to control the aircraft even if using oxygen.
D) During multi-crew operation, one pilot can fly while the other puts on his/her oxygen mask.

274- Which statement defines hypoxia?

A) An abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed.
 B) A state of oxygen deficiency in the body.
C) A condition of gas bubble formation around the joints or muscles.
D) A condition of too low CO2 level in the blood.
Human Performance P a g e | 361

275- Night vision is greatest:

A) When looking directly at an object.
B) Just after an exposure of bright light.
 C) When looking slightly off center of an object.
D) When flying above 5000 ft.

276- A person should be able to overcome the symptoms of hyperventilation by:

A) Increasing the breathing rate, in order to increase ventilation.
 B) Slowing the breathing rate and increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the body.
C) Refraining from the use of alcohol and over the counter drugs such as antihistamines and
tranquillizers.
D) Increasing the breathing rate, in order to increase ventilation and refraining from the use of
alcohol and over the counter drugs such as antihistamines and tranquillizers.

277- A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because:
A) His heart rate is too low after blood donation.
B) The chance he gets the bends is higher after blood donation.
C) His blood-pressure is too low after blood donation.
 D) He has an increased susceptibility to fainting.

278- Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning leads to hypoxia because:

A) CO is far less easily attached (200 times) to hemoglobin than oxygen.
 B) CO in blood displaces oxygen from the blood corpuscles impairing oxygen transport.
C) Accumulation of CO in blood leads to hyperventilation and thus to hypoxia.
D) The increasing amounts of CO in the lung alveoli gradually reverses oxygen diffusion.

279- Flying a non-pressurized light aircraft at 9000 feet your passenger develops blue lips:
A) You will attempt to calm him/her and occupying the passenger with suitable tasks.
B) You supply him with extra oxygen, but do not reduce altitude as the partial pressure of
oxygen never results in symptoms below 10000 feet.
C) Assuming he is hyperventilating you order him to stop breathing while you supply additional
oxygen.
 D) Assuming he is suffering from hypoxia you reduce altitude and supply him/her with oxygen.

280- High blood pressure is also known as:

 A) Hypertension
B) Hypotension
C) Angina
D) Hypoglycemia
Human Performance P a g e | 362

281- Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by:

A) Hyperventilating to increase the intake of oxygen, trading oxygen for carbon dioxide.
B) Reducing the contents of carbon dioxide by filtering the cabin air.
C) Pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to maintain oxygen saturation in blood of 30%.
 D) Pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than
90%.

282- The dry atmosphere of the flight deck may cause dehydration, which may lead to a reduction in the
ability to pay attention. To prevent this, it is appropriate to:
A) Drink tea.
B) Drink plenty of coffee.
C) Drink cool cola drinks.
 D) Drink sufficient non-carbonated liquids.

283- Valsalva technique is used:

A) During ascent to reduce the higher air pressure in the middle ear.
B) In case of hyperventilation to reduce anxiety.
 C) During descent to increase the lower pressure in the middle ear.
D) During descent to decrease the higher pressure in the sinuses.

284- If a passenger has had scuba diving for 3 hours during the last 2 days, the minimum time before
flying is:
 A) 12 hours
B) 24 hours
C) 36 hours
D) 48 hours

285- Which of the following gases is fundamentally responsible for decompression sickness?
A) Oxygen
 B) Nitrogen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Sodium

286- The following group of drugs generally are not classified as stimulants or suppressants:
A) Caffeine
 B) Alcohol
C) Antibiotics
D) Antihistamines
Human Performance P a g e | 363

287- Airsick passengers can safely take motion sickness medication.

 A) True
B) False
C)
D)

288- The atmospheric pressure:

A) Increases about exponentially with increasing altitude.
B) Is constant up to about 100 km.
 C) Decreases about exponentially with increasing altitude.
D) Decreases linearly from sea level up to the tropopause.

289- The following medication is not prohibited before flying:

A) Cold and allergy pills
B) Alcohol
C) Tranquilizers
 D) Nicotine

290- Alcohol has stimulating effect on:

A) Central nervous system
B) Heart rate
C) Respiratory rate
 D) Both B and C are correct

291- Signs or symptom of hyperventilation are:

 A) Increased rate and depth of respiration.
B) Muscle twitching and tightness.
C) Breathlessness, feelings of suffocation.
D) All answers are correct.

292- All of the following are true regarding the effects of altitude on alcohol consumption except:
A) Reduced absorption of oxygen in the bloodstream.
B) Increased physiologic altitude.
C) Decreased rate of alcohol metabolism.
 D) Increased rate of CO2 production.
Human Performance P a g e | 364

293- The following actions may be used to treat a hyperventilation, except:

A) Slowing the breathing rate.
 B) Increasing rate and depth of breathing.
C) Talking aloud.
D) Back breathing into a paper bag.

294- A pilot who has been scuba diving should avoid flying:
 A) Within 12 hours, or 24 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded.
B) Within 24 hours, or 48 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded.
C) Within 36 hours of the last dive.
D) Without medical advice if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded.

295- A person experiencing light headaches, dizziness, tingling at the fingertips and breathing rapidly
may be suffering from:
 A) Hypoxia or hyperventilation.
B) Hyperventilation only.
C) Hypoxia only.
D) Carbon monoxide poisoning.

296- Angular accelerations are picked up in the inner ear by:

 A) The semicircular canals.
B) The tympanum.
C) The saccule and the utricle.
D) The cochlea.

297- What should a pilot do if he has no information about the dimensions of the runway and the
condition of the terrain underneath the approach? He should:
 A) Make an instrument approach and be aware of the illusory effects that can be induced.
B) Be aware that approaches over down-sloping terrain will make him believe that he is higher
than actual.
C) Make a visual approach and call the tower for assistance.
D) Be aware that approaches over water always make illusion.

298- A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get:

A) The illusion of turn.
B) The feeling of rotation.
 C) The illusion of climbing or descending.
D) The impression of stationary objects moving to the right or left.
Human Performance P a g e | 365

299- The vestibular organ:

 A) Reacts to linear/angular acceleration and gravity.
B) Gives the impression of hearing.
C) Reacts to pressure changes in the middle ear.
D) Reacts to vibrations of the cochlea.

300- What could cause hyperventilation?

A) Alcohol
B) Nicotine
 C) Fear
D) Fatigue
Instrumentation P a g e | 366

1- An Air Data Computer (ADC) obtains altitude from:

A) Outside air temperature
 B) Barometric data from static source
C) Time elapsed for signal to travel to and return from the earth
D) Difference between absolute and dynamic pressure

2- The input data of an ADC are:

1) OAT
2) TAT
3) Static pressure
4) Total pressure
The combination regrouping all the correct statements is:
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
 B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 4

3- What are the inputs to the ADC?

1) OAT
2) Dynamic pressure
3) TAT
4) Static pressure
5) Electric power
6) Pitot pressure
7) AOA
A) 1, 2, 5, 6
B) 3, 4, 6
 C) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
D) All items are correct

4- From where does the air data computer (ADC) obtain aircraft altitude?
A) OAT probe
B) Dynamic – absolute ambient pressure
 C) Absolute barometric sensor on aircraft fuselage
D) IRS
Instrumentation P a g e | 367

5- The advantages of an ADC over a traditional pitot – static system are:

1) Position and compressibility correction
2) Reduced lag
3) Ability to supply many instruments
4) Ability to act as an altimeter following failure
 A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2, 4
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4

6- Inertial Reference System sensors include:

A) One east-west and one north-south gyro; one east-west and one north-south accelerometer.
B) Accelerometers mounted in the direction of the aircraft axis.
C) Laser gyros mounted in the direction of the aircraft axis.
 D) Accelerometers, and laser gyros, mounted in the direction of the aircraft axis.

7- Why must Latitude and Longitude be inserted into an IRS?

 A) To determine the aircraft position relative to the earth
B) To check the IRS position with the Flight Management System
C) To enable the levelling procedure to commence
D) To determine the accuracy of the alignment

8- What does the sensor of an INS/IRS measure?

A) Velocity
B) Precession
C) Horizontal Earth Rate
 D) Acceleration

9- Some inertial reference and navigation systems are known as strap down, this means that:
A) Only the gyros and not the accelerometers, become part of the unit’s fixture to the aircraft
structure.
B) Gyros, and accelerometers are mounted on a stabilized platform in the aircraft.
C) Gyros and accelerometers need satellite information input to obtain a vertical reference.
 D) The gyroscopes and accelerometers become part of the unit’s fixture to the aircraft
structure.
Instrumentation P a g e | 368

10- Some inertial reference systems are known as strap down. This means:
A) The system is mounted on a stabilized platform.
 B) The system is mounted and fixed to the aircraft structure.
C) The accelerometers are fixed but the gyros are stabilized.
D) The gyros are fixed but the accelerometers are stabilized.

11- One of the errors inherent in a ring laser gyroscope occurs at low input rotation rates tending
towards zero when a phenomenon known as lock in is experienced, what is the name of the
technique, effected by means of a piezo- electric motor that is used to correct this error?
 A) Dither
B) Cavity rotation
C) Zero drop
D) Beam lock

12- In a ring laser gyro, the purpose of the dither motor is to:
A) Enhance the accuracy of the gyro at all rotational rates
 B) Overcome laser lock
C) Compensate for transport wander
D) Stabilize the laser frequencies

13- A laser reference system (IRS), as compared to a gyro reference system (INS):
A) Is not strapped down and is adversely affected by G force
 B) Is strapped down and is not adversely affected by G force
C) The platform is strapped down but the accelerometers are not
D) The accelerometers are strapped down but the platform is not

14- IRS differs from INS in that it:

A) Has a longer spin-up time and is not affected by vertical accelerations due to gravity
 B) Has a shorter spin-up time and suffers from laser lock
C) Does not need to correct for Coriolis and central acceleration
D) Does not experience Schuler errors as accelerometers are strapped down and are not
rotated by a V/R feedback loop

15- When and where are IRS positions updated?

A) During all phases of flight
 B) Only on the ground during the alignment procedure
C) When the FMS is in IRS ONLY NAV operation
D) When the VHF Nav Radios are selected to AUTO
Instrumentation P a g e | 369

16- After alignment, is it possible to update IRS positions?

A) Yes, by operation of the TO/GA switch, the runway threshold co- ordinates are inserted into
the IRS.
 B) No.
C) Yes, the pilots can insert updates.
D) Yes, the process is automatic in flight from the DMEs.

17- The alignment time, at mid-latitudes, for an Inertial Reference System using laser ring gyros is
approximately:
A) 5 min
B) 20 min
C) 8 min
 D) 10 min

18- The data that needs to be inserted into an Inertial Reference System in order to enable the system
to make a successful alignment for navigation is:
A) Airport ICAO identifier
B) Aircraft heading
C) The position of an in-range DME
 D) Aircraft position in latitude and longitude

19- The data supplied by a radio altimeter:

A) Concerns only the decision height.
 B) Indicates the distance between the ground and the aircraft.
C) Is used only by the radio altimeter indicator.
D) Is used by the automatic pilot in the altitude hold mode.

20- A radio altimeter can be defined as a:

 A) Self-contained on board aid used to measure the true height of the aircraft.
B) Ground radio aid used to measure the true altitude of the aircraft.
C) Ground radio aid used to measure the true height of the aircraft.
D) Self-contained on board aid used to measure the true altitude of the aircraft.

21- A radio altimeter is:

A) Ground based and measures true altitude.
B) Ground based and measures true height.
C) Aircraft based and measures true altitude.
 D) Aircraft based and measures true height.
Instrumentation P a g e | 370

22- Total air temperature(TAT) is:

A) Higher or equal to static air temperature (SAT), depending on altitude and SAT.
B) Lower than static air temperature (SAT), depending on altitude and SAT
 C) Higher or equal to static air temperature (SAT), depending on Mach number and SAT.
D) Lower than static air temperature (SAT), depending on Mach number and SAT.

23- The airplane outside air temperature probe measures the:

 A) Total air temperature minus kinetic heating effects in order to obtain the static temperature.
B) Total air temperature minus compressibility effects in order to obtain the static temperature.
C) Static air temperature minus kinetic heating effects in order to obtain the total temperature.
D) Static air temperature minus compressibility effects in order to obtain the total temperature.

24- Total air temperature is always ------ than static air temperature and the difference varies with ------ .
A) Warmer, altitude
B) Colder, altitude
 C) Warmer, CAS
D) Colder, CAS

25- The measurement of SAT (static air temperature) by direct means is not possible on some (fast)
aircrafts because of:
A) The boundary layer around the aircraft gets very turbulent.
B) Most temperature sensors have a low recovery factor.
C) The airflow causes too much cooling of the sensing probe.
 D) The effects from adiabatic compression and friction.

26- The local speed of sound is equal to:

(K = Constant)
A) K √ temperature <°F>
 B) K √ temperature <°K>
C) K √ temperature <°C>
D) K √ temperature <°R>

27- The errors to which the Mach meter is subject are:

A) Instrument error, position error, compressibility error and maneuver induced error.
 B) Instrument error, position error and maneuver induced error.
C) Instrument error, position error, barometric error, temperature error and maneuver induced
error.
D) Instrument error, position error, density error and maneuver induced error.
Instrumentation P a g e | 371

28- The Mach number is the:

A) Equivalent airspeed (EAS) divided by the local speed of sound.
B) Corrected airspeed (CAS) divided by the local speed of sound.
C) Indicated airspeed (IAS) divided by the local speed of sound.
 D) True airspeed (TAS) divided by the local speed of sound.

29- The Mach number is:

A) The ratio of the aircraft conventional airspeed to the sonic velocity at the altitude
considered.
B) A direct function of temperature; it varies in proportion to the square root of the absolute
temperature.
C) The ratio of the indicated airspeed to the sonic velocity at the altitude considered.
 D) The ratio of the aircraft true airspeed to the sonic velocity at the altitude considered.

30- At FL350 with a ISA deviation of -12˚C, the true airspeed when flying at M 0.78 is:
A) 460 kts
B) 447 kts
C) 490 kts
 D) 436 kts

31- Cruising at FL390, M 0.84 is found to give a TAS of 499 kts, The ISA deviation at this level will be:
A) -17˚C
 B) +17˚C
C) +19˚C
D) -19˚C

32- An aircraft is flying at FL350 with a ISA deviation of +8. The Mach number is 0.83 and the TAS 485. If
the aircraft descends to FL300 and maintains the same Mach number and TAS, the ISA deviation will
now be:
A) +8
B) +2
 C) -2
D) -18

33- Assuming the flight level and Mach number remain constant, when the OAT decreases:
 A) TAS decreases.
B) IAS increases and TAS decreases.
C) IAS decreases and TAS increases.
D) TAS increases.
Instrumentation P a g e | 372

34- Assuming the flight level and Mach number remain constant, when the OAT increases:
A) TAS decreases.
 B) TAS increases.
C) IAS increases and TAS decreases.
D) IAS decreases and TAS increases.

35- Mach number is defined as:

A) The ratio of pitot pressure to dynamic pressure.
B) The ratio of static pressure to dynamic pressure.
 C) The ratio of dynamic pressure to static pressure.
D) The ratio of static pressure to pitot pressure.

36- A Mach meter measures the ratio of:

A) Pitot pressure to static pressure.
 B) Pitot pressure minus static pressure to static pressure.
C) Pitot pressure times static pressure.
D) Pitot pressure to (static pressure times pitot pressure).

37- The Mach meter is subject to:

 A) Position/instrument error.
B) Density error.
C) Density and temperature error.
D) Temperature error.

38- At 40000 feet the OAT is -50 °C, what is the local speed of sound?
 A) 582 kts
B) 601 kts
C) 574 kts
D) 661 kts

39- The speed at which sound is transported through the air is dependent on:
A) humidity.
B) Pressure.
C) Density and temperature.
 D) Temperature.
Instrumentation P a g e | 373

40- At a constant calibrated airspeed (CAS), the Mach number:

 A) Increases when the altitude increases.
B) Decreases when the altitude increases.
C) Increases when the outside temperature increases.
D) Increases when the outside temperature decreases.

41- When climbing at a constant Mach number below the tropopause, in ISA conditions, the calibrated
airspeed (CAS) will:
A) Remain constant.
B) Increase at a linear rate.
 C) Decrease.
D) Increase at an exponential rate.

42- During a straight and uniform climb, the pilot maintains a constant calibrated airspeed (CAS):
A) The Mach number is constant and the true airspeed (TAS) decreases.
B) The Mach number increases and the true airspeed (TAS) is constant.
C) The Mach number is constant and the true airspeed (TAS) is constant.
 D) The Mach number increases and the true airspeed (TAS) increases.

43- At a constant Mach number, the calibrated airspeed (CAS):

A) Remains unchanged when the outside temperature increases.
B) Increases when the altitude increases.
 C) Decreases when the altitude increases.
D) Remains unchanged when the outside temperature decreases.

44- Sound propagates through the air at a speed which only depends on:
A) Temperature and the pressure.
 B) Temperature.
C) Pressure.
D) Density.

45- The auto-throttle is set to climb at a constant Mach number. If the temperature does not change,
what happens to the CAS?
A) Increases.
 B) Decreases.
C) Increases, but only if the outside air temperature decreases.
D) Stays the same.
Instrumentation P a g e | 374

46- An aeroplane is in steady climb. The auto-throttle maintains a constant calibrated airspeed. If the
total temperature remains constant, the Mach number:
 A) Increases.
B) Decreases.
C) Remains constant.
D) Decreases if the static temperature is lower than the standard temperature.

47- An airplane is in steady descent. The auto-throttle maintains a constant Mach number. If the total
temperature remains constant, the calibrated airspeed:
 A) Increases.
B) Decreases.
C) Remains constant.
D) Decreases if the static temperature is lower than the standard temperature, increases if
above.

48- An aeroplane is in steady cruise at FL270. The auto-throttle maintains a constant calibrated
airspeed. If he total temperature increases, the Mach number:
A) Decreases.
B) Increases.
 C) Remains constant.
D) Decreases if the outside temperature is higher than the standard temperature, increases if
lower.

49- An airplane is in steady cruise at FL290. The auto-throttle maintains a constant Mach number. If the
total temperature increases, the calibrated airspeed:
A) Increases.
 B) Remains constant.
C) Decreases.
D) Increases if the static temperature is higher than the standard temperature, decreases if
lower.

50- An aeroplane is in steady descent. The auto-throttle maintains a constant calibrated airspeed. If the
total temperature remains constant, the Mach number:
A) Increases.
 B) Decreases.
C) Remains constant.
D) Increases if the static temperature is lower than the standard temperature, decreases if
higher.
Instrumentation P a g e | 375

51- At flight level and Mach number constant, if the total temperature decreases, the CAS:
A) Decreases if OAT is lower than standard temperature, increases in the opposite case.
B) Increases.
C) Decreases.
 D) Remains constant.

52- Below the tropopause in standard conditions, when climbing at a constant Mach number:
 A) TAS decreases.
B) TAS increases.
C) TAS remains constant.
D) The difference between surrounding conditions and ISA must be known to deduce the TAS
variation.

53- Below the tropopause in standard conditions, when descending at a constant CAS:
A) Mach number and the velocity of sound decrease.
B) Mach number increases and the velocity of sound decreases.
C) Mach number and the velocity of sound increase.
 D) Mach number decreases and the velocity of sound increases.

54- Below the tropopause in standard conditions, when descending at a constant Mach number:
A) TAS remains constant.
B) TAS decreases.
 C) TAS increases.
D) The difference between surrounding conditions and ISA must be known to deduce the TAS
variation.

55- During a climb at a constant calibrated airspeed (CAS) below the tropopause in ISA conditions:
A) The Mach number decreases and the speed of sound increases.
 B) The Mach number increases and the speed of sound decreases.
C) The Mach number and the speed of sound increase.
D) The Mach number and the speed of sound decrease.

56- During a climb at a constant IAS below the tropopause in ISA conditions:
A) The Mach number increases and the true airspeed decreases.
B) The Mach number and the true airspeed decrease.
 C) The Mach number and the true airspeed increase.
D) The Mach number decreases and the true airspeed increases.
Instrumentation P a g e | 376

57- You are flying at a constant FL290 and constant Mach number. The total temperature increases by
5°C. The CAS will:
 A) Remain approximately constant.
B) Increase by 10 kts.
C) Decrease by 10 kts.
D) Increase or decrease depending on whether you are above or below ISA.

58- During a descent at a constant Mach number, there is an increase of total temperature. What effect
does this have on CAS?
A) Remains almost constant.
B) Increases if SAT is more than standard and decreases if SAT is less than standard.
 C) Increases.
D) Decreases.

59- The Primary Flying Display (PFD) displays information dedicated to:
A) Engine data and alarms
 B) Flight path
C) Weather radar
D) Aircraft systems

60- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.2 refers to:
A) Approach capability column
 B) Thrust mode column
C) Vertical mode column
D) Lateral mode column

61- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.4 refers to:
A) Approach capability column
B) Thrust mode column
C) Vertical mode column
 D) Lateral mode column

62- (Refer to figure I-24) Which one of the ball flags refers to pressure altimeter tape?
A) 5
B) 6
 C) 8
D) 9
Instrumentation P a g e | 377

63- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.6 refers to:
A) Pressure altimeter indication
B) Indicated airspeed
C) Pressure altimeter tape
 D) Vertical speed indicator

64- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.20 refers to:
A) Bank angle limit
B) Pitch of aircraft
C) Over bank protection
 D) Roll scale

65- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.7 refers to:
A) Pressure altimeter indication
 B) Barometric reference
C) Pressure altitude
D) Pressure altimeter tape

66- (Refer to figure I-24) Which one of the ball flags refers to auto flight modes?
 A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

67- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.9 refers to:
 A) Radio altimeter
B) Pressure altimeter
C) Aircraft altitude
D) VSI

68- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.11 refers to:
A) Pressure altimeter tape
B) Heading bug
 C) Heading tape
D) Aircraft speed
Instrumentation P a g e | 378

69- (Refer to figure I-24) Which one of the ball flags refers to NAV AID?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 7
 D) 12

70- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.13 refers to:
A) Airspeed trend
 B) V stick shaker
C) V min
D) V max

71- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.17 refers to:
 A) Airspeed trend
B) V stick shaker
C) IAS
D) Airspeed bug

72- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.14 refers to:
A) Airspeed trend
B) V stick shaker
 C) V min
D) V max

73- (Refer to figure I-24) Which one of the ball flags refers to pressure altimeter?
 A) 5
B) 6
C) 15
D) 11

74- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.15 refers to:
 A) IAS
B) V stick shaker
C) V min
D) V max
Instrumentation P a g e | 379

75- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.3 refers to:
A) Approach capability column
B) Thrust mode column
 C) Vertical mode column
D) Lateral mode column

76- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.16 refers to:
A) Airspeed trend
B) V stick shaker
C) V max
 D) Airspeed bug

77- (Refer to figure I-24) The ball flag No.18 refers to:
A) IAS
B) V stick shaker
C) V min
 D) V max

78- (Refer to figure I-24) Which one of the ball flags refers to bank angle limit?
A) 10
B) 11
 C) 19
D) 20

79- (Refer to figure I-25) The ball flag No.16 refers to:
A) Estimated time at destination
B) Estimated time to next waypoint
C) Estimated time to destination
 D) Estimated time at next waypoint

80- (Refer to figure I-25) The ball flag No.12 refers to:
A) Aircraft speed
B) Heading to FF23R
 C) Track to FF23R
D) Final course
Instrumentation P a g e | 380

81- (Refer to figure I-25) Which one of the ball flags refers to aircraft heading?
A) 12
 B) 14
C) 11 (wind direction)
D) 15

82- (Refer to figure I-25) The ball flag No.13 refers to:
A) GS
 B) TAS
C) Wind velocity
D) Track

83- (Refer to figure I-25) The ball flag No.15 refers to:
 A) GS
B) TAS
C) Wind velocity
D) Track

84- If an aircraft is equipped with one altimeter which is compensated for position error and another
altimeter which is not, and all other factors being equal:
A) There will be no difference between them if air the data computer is functioning normally.
 B) At high speed, the non-compensated altimeter will indicate a higher altitude.
C) At high speed, the non-compensated altimeter will indicate a lower altitude.
D) ATC will get an erroneous altitude report SSR.

85- In a non-pressurized aircraft, if one or several static pressure ports are damaged, there is an
ultimate emergency means for restoring a practically correct static pressure intake:
A) Calculating the ambient static pressure, allowing for the altitude and QNH and adjusting the
instruments.
B) Descending as much as possible in order to fly at a pressure as close to 1013.25 hPa as
possible.
C) Slightly opening a window to restore the ambient pressure in the cabin.
 D) Breaking the rate-of-climb indicator glass window.
Instrumentation P a g e | 381

86- If during a descent:

1) The pneumatic altimeter reading is constant
2) The VSI shows zero
3) The IAS is increasing
The most likely explanation is that:
 A) The static intakes are completely clogged up by ice.
B) The total pressure intake is completely clogged up by ice.
C) There is a leakage in the static pressure line.
D) The antenna of the radio altimeter is completely clogged up by ice.

87- The position error of the static vent on which the altimeter is connected varies substantially with
the:
A) Flight time at high altitude.
 B) Speed of the aircraft.
C) Altitude of the aircraft.
D) Outside air temperature.

88- The total pressure probe (pitot tube) comprises a mast which moves its port to a distance from the
aircraft skin in order:
 A) To locate it outside the boundary layer.
B) Not to disturb the aerodynamic flow around the aircraft.
C) It is protected from icing.
D) It is easily accessible during maintenance checks.

89- Which of the following instruments are connected to the pitot-static system?
1) Altimeter
2) Air-operated directional gyro
3) Vertical speed indicator
4) Airspeed indicator
The combination regrouping all the correct statements is:
A) 1,3
 B) 1,3,4
C) 1,2,3,4
D) 1,2,4

90- A dynamic pressure measurement circuit is constituted of the following pressure probes:
 A) Total pressure and static pressure.
B) Static pressure only.
C) Total pressure only.
D) Total pressure and standard pressure.
Instrumentation P a g e | 382

91- Given:
PT = total pressure
PS = static pressure
PSO = static pressure at sea level
Dynamic pressure is:
A) (PT - Ps) /Ps
B) PT - PSO
C) (PT - PSO)/PSO
 D) PT - PS

92- If the pitot tube ices up during a flight, the affected equipment(s) is (are):
1) The altimeter
2) The variometer
3) The airspeed indicator
The combination regrouping all the correct statements is:
A) 1,2
B) 1,2,3
C) 1,3
 D) 3

93- Assume that the static port of your airplane became clogged (pitot tube remains open) at 3500 feet
and you climbed. How does this affect the readings on your airspeed indicator at higher altitudes?
A) It has no effect on the airspeed indicator‘s readings.
 B) Airspeed indicator will read lower than actual.
C) Airspeed indicator will read higher than actual.
D) Airspeed indicator continue to show an airspeed that blockage occur

94- Which instrument does not connect to the static system?

A) Altimeter.
 B) Vacuum gauge.
C) Airspeed indicator.
D) Vertical speed indicator.

95- The standard temperature for all our aerodynamic computations is:
A) 0° C or 32° F.
 B) 15° C or 59° F.
C) 273° K or 492° R.
D) 0° F or 460° R.
Instrumentation P a g e | 383

96- The QNH is by definition the value of the:

 A) Altimeter setting so that the needles of the altimeter indicate the altitude of the location for
which it is given.
B) Atmospheric pressure at the sea level of the location for which it is given.
C) Altimeter setting so that the needles indicate zero when the aircraft is on ground at the
location for which it is provided.
D) Atmospheric pressure at the level of the ground overflown by the aircraft.

97- If the static source of an altimeter becomes blocked during a descent the instrument will:
 A) Continue to display the reading at which the blockage occurred.
B) Gradually indicate zero.
C) Under-read.
D) Indicate a height equivalent to the setting on the millibar subscale.

98- The density altitude is:

A) The pressure altitude corrected for the density of air at this point.
B) The temperature altitude corrected for the difference between the real temperature and the
standard temperature.
C) The pressure altitude corrected for the relative density prevailing at this point.
 D) The pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.

99- If the static source to an altimeter becomes blocked during a climb, the instrument will:
A) Under-read by an amount equivalent to the reading at the time that the instrument became
blocked.
 B) Continue to indicate the reading at which the blockage occurred.
C) Over-read.
D) Gradually return to zero.

100- On board an aircraft the altitude is measured from the:

A) Density altitude.
 B) Pressure altitude.
C) Temperature altitude.
D) Standard altitude.

101- When flying from a sector of warm air into one of colder air. the altimeter will:
A) Be just as correct as before.
B) Under-read.
 C) Over-read.
D) Show the actual height above ground.
Instrumentation P a g e | 384

102- You are cruising at 6500 feet indicated altitude from point A where air temperature is much lower
than standard to point B where air temperature is much warmer than standard.
A) Over point B your true altitude will be lower than point A.
 B) Over point B your true altitude will be higher than point A.
C) Your true altitude will not change in this case.
D) Over point B your indicated altitude shows higher than actual.

103- The atmospheric pressure at FL070 in a standard atmosphere is:

A) 942.85 hPa
 B) 781.85 hPa
C) 1013.25 hPa
D) 644.41 hPa

104- The altitude indicated on board an aircraft flying in an atmosphere where all the atmosphere layers
below the aircraft are cold is:
A) Equal to the standard altitude.
B) The same as the real altitude.
C) Lower than the real altitude.
 D) Higher than the real altitude.

105- An aircraft is flying at an indicated altitude of 16000 ft, the outside air temperature is -30°C. What is
the true altitude of the aircraft?
A) 16800 ft
 B) 15200 ft
C) 18600 ft
D) 16000 ft

106- An aircraft is flying straight and level, over a warm air mass. The altimeter reading will be:
A) Correct.
B) Greater than the real height.
 C) Less than the real height.
D) Oscillating around the correct height.

107- An altimeter contains one or more aneroid capsules. Inside these capsules is:
A) Dynamic pressure and outside is static pressure.
B) Static pressure and outside is dynamic pressure.
 C) A very low residual pressure and outside is static pressure.
D) Static pressure and outside a very low residual pressure.
Instrumentation P a g e | 385

108- Due to its conception, the altimeter measures a:

A) Temperature altitude.
B) Density altitude.
 C) Indicated altitude.
D) True altitude.

109- The altimeter of your aircraft indicates 11000 ft with a subscale-setting of 1013.25 mb, the QNH is
1023 hPa, OAT is +3°C, the pressure altitude of the aircraft is:
A) 10260 ft
B) 11740 ft
 C) 11000 ft
D) 670 hPa

110- Approximately how many percent the true altitude will be lower than your indicated altitude, if the
temperature is 10°C colder than standard?
A) 8%
B) 10%
 C) 4%
D) 12%

111- If you change the altimeter setting from 30.45 to 29.85 in.Hg, what would be the change in the
indicated altitude?
A) Indicated altitude would increase 600 feet.
 B) Indicated altitude would decrease 600 feet.
C) Indicated altitude would decrease 60 feet.
D) Indicated altitude would increase 60 feet.

112- The altimeter is based upon the same principle as:

 A) The aneroid barometer.
B) The hygrometer.
C) The mercury barometer.
D) The Bourdon tube manometer.
Instrumentation P a g e | 386

113- An aircraft is maintaining a level flight at FL100 over a mountain range, which extends up to 2400
meters AMSL. If the regional QNH is 998 hPa (use 30 ft/hPa), what is the approximate terrain
clearance?
A) 2681 feet
 B) 1680 feet
C) 7869 feet
D) 450 feet

114- You are departing an aerodrome (600 ft AMSL, QNH 1012 hPa) and proceed to another airfield (150
ft AMSL) with the same QNH. After landing, which barometric setting on the altimeter makes it
again indicate 600 ft?
 A) 1027
B) 997
C) 1032
D) 992

115- The operating principle of the vertical speed indicator (VSI) is based on the measurement of the
rate of change of:
A) Kinetic pressure.
B) Dynamic pressure.
C) Total pressure.
 D) Static pressure.

116- The response time of a vertical speed detector may be improved by adding a:
A) Return spring.
B) Bimetallic strip.
 C) Correction based on an accelerometer sensor.
D) Second calibrated port.

117- A vertical speed indicator measures the difference between:

A) The dynamic pressure and the static pressure.
B) The total pressure and the static pressure.
C) The total instantaneous pressure and the total pressure at a previous moment.
 D) The instantaneous static pressure and the static pressure at a previous moment.
Instrumentation P a g e | 387

118- If the static intakes are completely clogged up by ice during a climb, the VSI shows:
A) A descent if the outside static pressure is less than the pressure in the VSI-gauge.
 B) Zero.
C) A constant rate of climb, even if the aircraft is levelling out.
D) An increasing rate of climb if the ambient static pressure decreases.

119- If the static source of a vertical speed indicator (VSI) becomes blocked during a climb, the
instrument will:
A) Indicate a height equivalent to the setting on the millibar subscale.
 B) Gradually indicate zero.
C) Under-read,
D) Continue to display the reading at which the blockage occurred.

120- The vertical speed indicator (VSI) gives:

A) Immediate trend information and immediate climb or descent information.
 B) Immediate trend information and stable climb or descent information after 6 to 12 seconds
(depending or type).
C) No trend information, but stable climb or descent information after 6 to 12 seconds
(depending on type).
D) Immediate stable climb or descent information, but unreliable trend information.

121- Within a temperature range of +50°C and -20°C the VSI is accurate to within limits of:
 A) ± 200 ft/min
B) 0 ft/min
C) ± 75 ft/min
D) ± 300 ft/min

122- A pilot changes the altimeter setting from 29.72 to 30.17 in.Hg, what would be the change in the
indicated altitude?
 A) Indicated altitude would increase 450 feet.
B) Indicated altitude would increase 45 feet.
C) Indicated altitude would decrease 450 feet.
D) Indicated altitude would decrease 45 feet.

123- The altimeter of your aircraft indicates 17000 ft with a subscale setting of 1013.25 mb. QNH is 1031
hPa. The pressure altitude of the aircraft is:
A) 17540 ft
 B) 17000 ft
C) 16460 ft
D) 527 hPa
Instrumentation P a g e | 388

124- The QFE is by definition the value of the:

A) Atmospheric pressure at the location for which it is given, corrected for non-standard
temperature.
B) Altimeter setting so that the altimeter, on the apron of the aerodrome for which it is given,
reads the elevation.
 C) Altimeter setting so that the altimeter, on the, apron of the aerodrome for which it is given,
reads zero.
D) Atmospheric pressure at the level of the ground over-flown by the aircraft.

125- When flying in cold air (colder than standard atmosphere), indicated altitude is:
A) Lower than the true altitude.
B) The same as the true altitude.
 C) Higher than the true altitude.
D) Equal to the standard altitude.

126- When flying in warm air (warmer than standard atmosphere), the altimeter will:
A) Show the actual height above the sea level.
 B) Underestimate.
C) Overestimate.
D) Show the actual height above ground.

127- An altimeter is set to 29.84" Hg and the correct altimeter setting is 30.00" Hg. If under these
conditions a landing is made at an airport where the field elevation is 772 ft the altimeter would
indicate approximately:
A) 932 ft
B) 160 ft
 C) 612 ft
D) 772 ft

128- Enroute at FL250 the altimeter is set correctly. On descent a pilot fails to reset it to a local altimeter
setting of 30.57". If the field elevation is 650 ft and the altimeter is functioning properly what will it
indicate after landing?
 A) Sea level
B) 585 ft
C) 715 ft
D) 1300ft
Instrumentation P a g e | 389

129- A pitot blockage of both the ram air input and the drain hole with the static port open causes the
airspeed indictor to:
 A) React like an altimeter.
B) Read a little high.
C) Read a little low.
D) Freeze at zero.

130- In a standard atmosphere and at the sea level, the calibrated airspeed (CAS) is:
A) Higher than the true airspeed (TAS).
B) Independent of the true airspeed (TAS).
 C) Equal to the true airspeed (TAS).
D) Lower than the true airspeed (TAS).

131- During a climb, the total pressure probe of the airspeed indicator becomes blocked; if the pilot tries
to maintain a constant indicated airspeed, the true airspeed:
A) Increases until reaching VMO.
 B) Decreases until reaching the stall speed.
C) Decreases by 1% per 600 ft.
D) Increases by 1% per 600 ft.

132- When climbing at a constant CAS in a standard atmosphere:

A) TAS decreases.
 B) TAS increases.
C) TAS remains constant.
D) TAS first decreases, then remains constant above the tropopause.

133- When climbing at a constant CAS:

 A) EAS decreases.
B) EAS increases.
C) EAS remains constant.
D) EAS does not depend on altitude.

134- When descending at a constant CAS:

 A) EAS increases.
B) EAS decreases.
C) EAS remains constant.
D) EAS does not depend on altitude.
Instrumentation P a g e | 390

135- With EAS and density altitude, we can deduce:

A) CAS and TAS
B) CAS
 C) TAS
D) IAS

136- With EAS and pressure altitude, we can deduce:

A) TAS
 B) CAS
C) CAS and TAS
D) IAS

137- The input connections to an airspeed indicator are from:

A) A static source only.
B) A pitot source only.
 C) Both pitot and static sources.
D) Pitot and static sources and outside air temperature sensor.

138- If the static pressure port iced over while descending from altitude, the airspeed indicator would
read:
A) Zero
 B) High
C) Low
D) Correctly

139- The position error of an ASI results from:

A) Mechanical differences in individual instruments.
B) The difference in air density from sea level ISA density.
 C) The effects of the airflow around the static vent and pitot head.
D) The fact that air becomes more compressible at high speeds.

140- At constant weight, regardless of altitude, an aircraft always lifts off at a constant:
A) EAS
B) TAS
C) Ground speed
 D) CAS
Instrumentation P a g e | 391

141- An ASI circuit consists of pressure sensors. The pitot probe measures:
A) Total pressure and static pressure.
B) Dynamic pressure.
C) Static pressure.
 D) Total pressure.

142- In the building principle of a gyroscope, the best efficiency is obtained through the concentration of
the mass:
 A) On the periphery and with a high rotation speed.
B) Close to the axis and with a high rotation speed.
C) On the periphery and with a low rotation speed.
D) Close to the axis and with a low rotation speed.

143- The rigidity of a gyro is improved by:

 A) Increasing RPM and concentrating the mass on the periphery of the rotor.
B) Increasing RPM and concentrating the mass at the hub of the rotor.
C) Decreasing RPM and concentrating the mass on the periphery of the rotor.
D) Decreasing RPM and concentrating the mass at the hub of the rotor.

144- Using a classic (air driven) artificial horizon, the aircraft performs a right 270° turn at a constant
angle of bank and rate of turn. The indication is:
 A) Nose up, too much bank.
B) Nose up, not enough bank.
C) Nose up, wings level.
D) Bank and pitch correct.

145- When executing a turn by 90° at constant attitude and bank, a classic artificial horizon (air driven)
indicates:
A) Nose up and correct angle of bank.
B) Attitude and bank angle are correct.
 C) Nose up and bank angle too low.
D) Nose up and bank angle too high.
Instrumentation P a g e | 392

146- The basic properties of a gyroscope are:

1) The gyros weight.
2) The rigidity in space.
3) The inertia.
4) The high RPM.
5) The precession.
The combination of correct statements is:
A) 3,4
 B) 2,5
C) 2,3,5
D) 1,3,5

147- The inertia of a gyroscope is greater when:

A) Its rotation speed is lower and the mass of the spinning wheel is located further from the
axis of rotation.
B) Its rotation speed is higher and the mass of the spinning wheel is closer to the axis of
rotation.
 C) Its rotation speed is higher and the mass of the spinning wheel is located further from the
axis of rotation.
D) Its rotation speed is lower and the mass of the spinning wheel is closer to the axis of
rotation.

148- The properties of a gyroscope are:

1) Rigidity in space
2) Rigidity on Earth
3) Precession
4) Schuler oscillations
The combination regrouping all the correct statements is:
A) 1,4
B) 2,3
 C) 1,3
D) 2,4

149- The main advantage of electric gyros is:

A) Light weight, high RPM, constant speed, inexpensive.
B) High RPM, only require low voltage DC, constant speed, sealed casing.
 C) High RPM, high moment of inertia, rapid build-up of speed, constant RPM.
D) Sealed casing, constant speed, high precession rate, low cost.
Instrumentation P a g e | 393

150- Rigidity in a gyroscope is:

A) A way to express the stability of the inner and out gimbal rings.
B) To what extremes the flight attitudes might be before the gyro topples.
C) The reaction 90° in the direction of rotation when applying force to the spinning wheel.
 D) The tendency it has to remain in its plane of rotation and resist attempts to alter its
position.

151- Precession in a gyroscope is:

A) The tendency it has to remain in its plane of rotation.
B) A caging device.
C) The angular limits to which the gimbals may travel before the gyro topples and the
indication becomes useless.
 D) The reaction at 90° in direction of rotation caused by an applied force to the spinning wheel.

152- How is vacuum provided for the air driven gyro instruments?
A) By the static tube.
 B) By an engine-driven pump.
C) By the static vent.
D) All answers are correct.

153- Air driven gyro rotors are prevented from spinning too fast by the:
A) Air filter.
 B) Vacuum relief valve.
C) Suction gauge.
D) Bearing friction.

154- What is the main cause of precession?

A) Magnetic variation.
B) Magnetic declination.
 C) Bearing friction.
D) The Earth's rotation.
Instrumentation P a g e | 394

155- A turn indicator is an instrument which indicates rate of turn. Rate of turn depends upon:
1) Bank angle
2) Aeroplane speed
3) Aeroplane weight
The combination regrouping the correct statements is:
A) 2,3
B) 1,2,3
 C) 1,2
D) 1,3

156- An aircraft is flying at a 120 kts TAS. In order to achieve a standard rate turn, the pilot will have to
bank the aircraft at an angle of:
A) 30°
B) 12°
C) 36°
 D) 19°

157- If the needle and the ball of a turn and slip indicator both show right, what does it indicate:
A) Turn to left and too much bank.
 B) Turn to right and too much bank.
C) Turn to left and too little bank.
D) Turn to right and too little bank

158- In a right turn while taxiing, the correct indications on turn and slip indicator are:
A) Needle left, ball right.
B) Needle left, ball left.
C) Needle right, ball right.
 D) Needle right, ball left.

159- On the ground, during a left turn, the turn indicator indicates:
A) Needle in the middle, ball to the left.
B) Needle to the left, ball to the left.
C) Needle in the middle, ball to the right.
 D) Needle to the left, ball to the right.
Instrumentation P a g e | 395

160- When in flight, the needle and ball of a needle-and-ball indicator are on the left, the aircraft is:
A) Turning left with not enough bank.
 B) Turning left with too much bank.
C) Turning right with too much bank.
D) Turning right with not enough bank.

161- The rate of turn is the:

A) Yaw rate in a turn.
 B) Change-of-heading rate of the aircraft.
C) Aircraft speed in a turn.
D) Pitch rate in a turn.

162- On a turn and slip indicator, needle to the left and ball to the right indicates:
A) Turn to the right, not enough bank.
B) Turn to the left, too much bank.
 C) Turn to the left, not enough bank.
D) Turn to the right, too much bank.

163- In a turn at constant angle of bank, the rate of turn is:

A) Independent of weight and proportional a to TAS.
B) Dependent on weight and inversely proportional to TAS.
 C) Independent of weight and inversely proportional a to TAS.
D) Dependent on weight and proportional to TAS.

164- A rate gyro is used in a:

1) Directional gyro indicator
2) Turn coordinator
3) Artificial horizon
The combination regrouping all the correct statements is:
 A) 2
B) 1,2,3
C) 1
D) 1,2

165- The rate of turn given by the rate of turn indicator is valid:
A) For all airspeeds.
 B) For the airspeed range defined during the calibration of the instrument.
C) With flaps retracted only.
D) For the cruising speed.
Instrumentation P a g e | 396

166- The factors which will affect a Turn Indicator are:

1) Angle of bank
2) Aircraft speed
3) Aircraft weight
 A) 1,2
B) 1,3
C) 2,3
D) All answers are correct

167- What angle of bank should you adopt on the attitude indicator for a standard rate turn while flying
at an IAS of 80 kts?
A) 8°
 B) 12°
C) 15°
D) 20°

168- The higher the airspeed is:

 A) The higher the bank angle must be to turn at the standard rate.
B) The lower the bank angle must be to turn at the standard rate.
C) There is no relation between the speed and the rate of turn.
D) The higher the left or right rudder input must be to turn in a coordinated manner.

169- A direction gyro is corrected for accurate directional information using:

A) Air data computer.
 B) Direct reading magnetic compass.
C) Flight director.
D) Flux valve.

170- During an acceleration phase at constant attitude, the resetting principle of the artificial horizon
results in the horizon bar indicating a:
A) Constant attitude.
B) Nose-down attitude.
 C) Nose-up attitude.
D) Nose-down followed by a nose-up attitude.
Instrumentation P a g e | 397

171- You have just taken off in a fast aircraft fitted with a vacuum operated attitude indicator. While
climbing straight ahead still accelerating, the instrument may for a short while indicate:
A) A high nose-up attitude.
B) A flatter attitude than actual.
C) A climbing turn to the left.
 D) A climbing turn to the right.

172- Following 180° stabilized turn with a constant attitude and bank, the artificial horizon (air driven)
indicates:
A) Too high pitch-up and too low banking.
 B) Too high pitch-up and correct banking.
C) Attitude and banking correct.
D) Too high pitch-up and too high banking.

173- During a deceleration phase at constant attitude, the control system of an air driven artificial
horizon results in the horizon bar indicating a:
A) Nose up attitude.
 B) Nose down attitude.
C) Constant attitude.
D) Nose up followed by a nose down attitude.

174- The magnetic heading can be derived from the true heading by means of a:
A) Map showing the isoclinic lines.
 B) Map showing the isogonal lines.
C) Deviation correction curve.
D) Compass swinging curve.

175- In the vicinity of the Magnetic North Pole the magnetic compass is useless because:
A) The magnetic field is too strong.
B) The magnetic pole is moving.
 C) The horizontal component of the magnetic field is too weak.
D) The variation is too large.

176- Variation is defined as the angle between:

A) MN and CN.
B) TN and CN.
 C) TN and MN.
D) CN and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.
Instrumentation P a g e | 398

177- The purpose of a compass swing is to attempt to coincide the indications of:
A) Compass north and True North.
 B) Compass north and Magnetic North.
C) True North and Magnetic North.
D) Compass north and the lubber line.

178- The purpose of compass swinging is to determine the deviation of a magnetic compass:
A) On a given heading.
 B) On any heading.
C) At any latitude.
D) At a given latitude.

179- The compass heading can be derived from the magnetic heading by reference to a:
A) Map showing the isogonic lines.
B) Map showing the isoclinic lines.
 C) Deviation correction curve.
D) Variation.

180- Magnetic compass swinging is carried out to reduce as much as possible:

A) Variation.
 B) Deviation.
C) Regulation.
D) Acceleration.

181- The fields affecting a magnetic compass originate from:

1) Magnetic masses
2) Ferrous metal masses
3) Nonferrous metal masses
4) Electrical currents
The combination of correct statements is:
A) 1,2,3
 B) 1,2,4
C) 1,2,3,4
D) 1,3,4
Instrumentation P a g e | 399

182- The magnetic heading can be derived from the compass heading by reference to a:
A) Magnetic variation correction card.
B) Map showing the magnetic variation lines.
 C) Compass deviation card.
D) Map showing the isogonic lines.

183- Concerning magnetic compasses, deviation is:

A) The angular difference between Magnetic North and True North.
 B) The angular difference between Magnetic North and Compass North.
C) Compass North.
D) A card in the cockpit showing compass heading errors.

184- During deceleration following a landing in a southerly direction, a magnetic compass made for the
northern hemisphere indicates:
A) An apparent turn to the west.
B) No apparent turn only on northern latitudes.
 C) No apparent turn.
D) An apparent turn to the east.

185- A pilot wishes to turn left on to a southerly heading with 20° bank at a latitude of 20° North. Using
a direct reading compass, in order to achieve this, he must stop the turn on an approximate
heading of:
A) 190°
B) 200°
C) 170°
 D) 160°

186- In the northern hemisphere, during deceleration following a landing in an easterly direction, the
magnetic compass will indicate:
 A) An apparent turn to the south.
B) An apparent turn to the north.
C) A constant heading.
D) A heading fluctuating about 090°.
Instrumentation P a g e | 400

187- In the northern hemisphere, during deceleration following a landing in a westerly direction, the
magnetic compass will indicate:
A) A heading fluctuating about 270°.
B) An apparent turn to the north.
C) No apparent turn.
 D) An apparent turn to the south.

188- A pilot wishes to turn right on to a northerly heading with 20° bank at a latitude of 40° North. Using
a direct reading compass, in order to achieve this, he must stop the turn on to an approximate
heading of:
A) 030°
B) 350°
 C) 330°
D) 010°

189- If an aircraft fitted with a Direct Reading Magnetic Compass (DRMC), takes off on a westerly
heading, in the northern hemisphere, the DRMC will indicate:
 A) A turn to the north.
B) Oscillates about west.
C) No turn.
D) A turn to south.

190- During deceleration following a landing in a northerly direction, a magnetic compass made for the
southern hemisphere indicates:
 A) No apparent turn.
B) An apparent turn to the east.
C) An apparent turn to the west.
D) A heading fluctuating about 360°.

191- An aircraft is taking off on a runway heading 045°, in still air, with a compass having 0° deviation.
The runway is on an agonic line. What will the compass read if you are in the northern hemisphere?
 A) Compass moves to less than 045°.
B) Compass moves to more than 045°.
C) Compass stays on 045° if wings are kept level.
D) Compass remains on 045°.
Instrumentation P a g e | 401

192- In the southern hemisphere, during deceleration following a landing in an easterly direction, the
magnetic compass will indicate:
A) A heading fluctuating about 090°.
B) An apparent turn to the south.
C) No apparent turn.
 D) An apparent turn to the north.

193- A pilot wishes to turn left on to a northerly heading with 10° bank at a latitude of 50° North. Using
a direct reading compass, in order to achieve this, he must stop the turn on an approximate
heading of:
A) 355°
 B) 030°
C) 330°
D) 015°

194- An aircraft is fitted with a direct reading magnetic compass. Upon landing in a northerly direction
the compass will indicate:
 A) No change.
B) An oscillation to its north alignment.
C) A turn towards east.
D) A turn towards west.

195- A pilot wishes to turn right on to a southerly heading with 20° bank at a latitude of 20° North. Using
a direct reading compass, in order to achieve this, he must stop the turn on an approximate
heading of:
A) 170°
B) 150°
 C) 200°
D) 190°

196- Which of the following will effect a direct reading compass?

1) Ferrous metals
2) Nonferrous metals
3) Electrical equipment
A) 1
 B) 1,3
C) 1,2
D) 1,2,3
Instrumentation P a g e | 402

197- About a magnetic compass:

A) Errors of parallax are due to the oscillation of the compass rose.
B) Acceleration errors are due to the compass deviation.
C) Acceleration errors are due to Schuler oscillations.
 D) Turning error is due to the vertical component of the earth's magnetic field.

198- Concerning the direct reading magnetic compass, the turning error:
A) Does not depend on the magnetic latitude.
B) Decreases with the magnetic latitude.
 C) Increases with the magnetic latitude.
D) Decreases with the magnetic longitude.

199- The direct reading magnetic compass is no more reliable when approaching:
1) The magnetic poles
2) The magnetic equator with an east or west heading
3) The magnetic equator with a north or south heading
The combination regrouping all the correct statements is:
A) 1,2
B) 1,2,3
 C) 1
D) 1,3

200- The turning errors of a direct reading magnetic compass are:

A) Maximum at the magnetic equator.
 B) Maximum at the magnetic poles.
C) Minimum at a latitude of 45°.
D) Minimum at the magnetic poles.
Meteorology P a g e | 403

1- How does the height of the tropopause normally vary with latitude in the northern hemisphere?
A) It remains constant throughout the year.
B) It remains constant from north to south.
C) It increases from south to north.
 D) It decreases from south to north.

2- Why are indications about the height of the tropopause not essential for flight documentation in the
tropics?
 A) The tropopause is generally well above the flight level actually flown.
B) The meteorological services are unable to such a chart.
C) The temperatures of the tropical tropopause are always very cold and therefore not
important.
D) Tropopause information are of no value.

3- Which force in the northern hemisphere act at a right angle to the wind and deflect it to the right
until parallel to the isobars?
A) Centrifugal.
B) Pressure gradient.
 C) Coriolis.
D) Net force.

4- Turbulence that is encountered above 15000 ft, AGL not associated with cumuliform cloudiness,
including thunderstorm should be reported as:
A) Convective turbulence.
B) Severe turbulence.
C) Orographic turbulence.
 D) Clear air turbulence.

5- A situation most conducive to the formation of advection fog is:

 A) An air mass moving inland from the coastline during the winter.
B) A warm, moist air mass settling over a cool surface under no wind conditions.
C) A warm, moist air mass on the windward side of a mountain.
D) A light breeze moving colder air over a water surface.
Meteorology P a g e | 404

6- Which procedure should be used when penetrating turbulent air?

A) Set power for maneuvering speed and maintain constant air speed with pitch control.
 B) Set power for maneuvering speed and maintain a level flight attitude.
C) Reduce air speed to maneuvering speed and maintain altitude with power control and
airspeed with pitch control.
D) Reduce air speed to maneuvering speed and maintain airspeed with power control and
altitude with pitch control.

7- Which type of approach and landing is recommended during gusty wind conditions?
A) A power off approach and power off landing.
 B) A power on approach and power on landing.
C) A power off approach and power on landing.
D) A power on approach and power off landing.

8- The location of radiation fog would most likely occur are:

A) Water surfaces.
B) Mountain valleys.
 C) Level inland areas.
D) Mountain Slopes.

9- The most hazardous wind shear near the ground often is produced by:
 A) Thunderstorm.
B) Surface winds exceeding 25 knots.
C) Rugged terrains.
D) Occluded fronts.

10- Which type clouds can be expected, when an unstable air mass is to ascend a mountain slope?
A) Stratified clouds with intermittent showers.
B) Layered clouds with little vertical development.
C) Stratified clouds with considerable associated turbulence.
 D) Clouds with extensive vertical development.

11- Dynamic hydroplaning (airplane skimming on a wet runway) occurs at:

 A) High speeds when there is standing water on the runway.
B) Only at low speed when there is standing water on the runway.
C) High speed with only a thin film of water on the runway.
D) Low speed with only a thin film of water on the runway.
Meteorology P a g e | 405

12- What term is used to describe hydroplaning, which occurs when an airplane tire is effectively held
off a smooth runway surface by steam created by friction?
A) Viscous hydroplaning.
B) Frictional hydroplaning.
 C) Reverted rubber hydroplaning.
D) Dynamic hydroplaning.

13- Which statement is true concerning the tropopause from the equator to the poles?
 A) The tropopause decreases, the tropopause temperature increases.
B) The tropopause decreases, the tropopause temperature decreases.
C) The tropopause increases, the tropopause temperature increases.
D) The tropopause increases, the tropopause temperature decreases.

14- What can be said about the temperature in the lower stratosphere?
 A) The temperature is constant.
B) The temperature is increasing.
C) The temperature is decreasing.
D) The temperature is first increasing and then decreasing.

15- The percentage concentration of gases in the atmosphere is constant from the surface of the Earth
to a certain altitude with the exception of:
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Hydrogen
 D) Water vapour

16- Several physical processes contribute to atmospheric warming. Which of the following contribute
the most?
A) Absorption and evaporation.
B) Solar radiation and conduction.
C) Absorption and vaporization.
 D) Convection and condensation.

17- A significant inversion at low height is a characteristic of:

A) The passage of cold front.
 B) Nocturnal radiation.
C) Advection fog.
D) Cumulus clouds.
Meteorology P a g e | 406

18- The radiation of the Sun heats:

A) The air in the troposphere only directly if no clouds are present.
B) The air in the troposphere directly.
C) The water vapour in the air of the troposphere.
 D) The surface of the Earth, which heats the air in the troposphere.

19- The diurnal variation in temperature is largest when the sky is:
A) Clear and winds are strong.
 B) Clear and winds are weak.
C) Overcast and winds are weak.
D) Overcast and winds are strong.

20- On a clear sky, continental ground surface, wind calm, the minimum temperature is reached
approximately:
A) At the moment the sun rises.
B) Half an hour before sunrise.
 C) Half an hour after sunrise.
D) One hour before sunrise.

21- Which of the following is a common cause of ground or surface temperature inversion?
 A) Terrestrial radiation on a clear night with no or very light winds.
B) Warm air being lifted rapidly aloft, in the vicinity of mountainous terrain.
C) The movement of colder air under warm air, or the movement of warm air over cold air.
D) Heating of the air by subsidence.

22- The amount of water vapor which air can largely depends on:
A) The dew point.
 B) Air temperature.
C) Stability of air.
D) Relative humidity.

23- How are haze layers cleared or dispersed?

A) By convicting mixing in cool night air.
B) Wind or movement of air.
C) Heating during the day.
 D) B and C are correct.
Meteorology P a g e | 407

24- What are some characteristics of unstable air?

A) Poor visibility, steady rain, and clear icing.
B) Good visibility, steady rain, and rime icing.
C) Poor visibility, showers, and clear icing.
 D) Good visibility, showers and cumuliform clouds.

25- A temperature inversion forms:

A) Only in summer.
B) Only in winter.
C) An unstable layer of air.
 D) A stable layer of air.

26- The most frequent type of ground or surface based temperature inversion is that produced by:
 A) Terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively still night.
B) Warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain.
C) The movement of colder air under warm air, or the movement of warm air over cold air.
D) Widespread sinking of air within a thick layer aloft resulting in heating by compression.

27- In which situation is advection fog most likely to form?

A) A warm, moist air mass on the windward side of mountains.
 B) An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter.
C) A light breeze blowing colder air out to sea.
D) Warm, moist air settling over a warmer surface under no-wind conditions.

28- In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?
A) Cumulus clouds.
B) Cirrus clouds.
C) Stratus clouds.
 D) Freezing rain.

29- What visible indicates extreme turbulence in thunderstorms?

 A) Cumulonimbus clouds, very frequent lightning, and roll clouds.
B) Base of the clouds close to the surface heavy rain and hail.
C) Low ceiling and visibility hail and precipitation static.
D) Lightning, roll clouds, low ceilings and visibility and precipitation static.
Meteorology P a g e | 408

30- Which thunderstorms generally produce the most severe conditions, such as heavy hail and
destructive winds?
A) Warm front thunderstorms.
 B) Squall line thunderstorms.
C) Nocturnal air mass thunderstorms.
D) Daytime air mass thunderstorms.

31- Standard sea level pressure is:

A) 29.92 inches of mercury.
B) 14.7 PSI.
C) 1013.25 mb.
 D) All answers are correct.

32- If the depth of the troposphere increases, the temperature at the tropopause must:
 A) Decrease.
B) Stay the same.
C) Increase.
D) Impossible to say.

33- The majority of troposphere heating is the result of:

A) Radiation of the sun.
 B) Heating from the ground below.
C) Re-radiation of the sun’s rays from the surface of the Earth.
D) Re-radiation from the clouds.

34- Why is a calm and clear-sky night cooler than a cloudy night?
A) The clouds prevent radiation from the atmosphere.
B) There is radiation from the clouds.
 C) The radiation from the Earth’s surface slips into space.
D) Due to contents of carbon dioxide.

35- The QNH at an airfield located 200 meters above sea level is 1009 hPa. The air temperature is 10°C
lower than a standard atmosphere. What is the QFF?
A) Less than 1009 hPa.
B) 1009 hPa.
 C) More than 1009 hPa.
D) It is not possible to give a definitive answer
Meteorology P a g e | 409

36- The QNH at an airfield located 0 meters above sea level is 1022 hPa. The air temperature is not
available. What is the QFF?
A) It is not possible to give a definitive answer.
B) Less than 1022 hPa.
C) More than 1022 hPa.
 D) 1022 hPa.

37- In the troposphere the decrease of pressure per 100 m increases in height:
A) Is greater at higher levels than at lower levels.
B) Remains constant at all levels.
 C) Is smaller at higher levels than at lower levels.
D) Is in the order of 27 hPa near MSL.

38- The QNH at an airfield in California located 69 meters below sea level is 1018 hPa. The air
temperature is 10°C higher than a standard atmosphere. What is the QFF?
 A) More than 1018 hPa.
B) Less than 1018 hPa.
C) 1018 hPa.
D) It is not possible to give a definitive answer.

39- Which of the following statements is true?

 A) High contour values are equivalent to high pressure.
B) Low contour values are equivalent to high pressures.
C) High contour values are equivalent to low pressure.
D) There is not direct relationship between contour values and pressure.

40- State the definition for QFF:

A) QFE reduced to MSL, using standard temperature gradient.
B) QNH reduced to MSL, using standard temperature gradient.
 C) QFE reduced to MSL, using actual temperature gradient.
D) QNE reduced to MSL, using standard temperature gradient.

41- At a certain position, the temperature on the 300 hPa chart is -48°C; according to the tropopause
chart, the tropopause is at FL330. What is the most likely temperature at FL350?
A) -56.5°C
B) -50°C
 C) -54°C
D) -58°C
Meteorology P a g e | 410

42- If you are flying at FL300 in an air mass that is 15°C warmer than a standard atmosphere, what is the
outside temperature likely to be?
 A) -30°C
B) -45°C
C) -60°C
D) -15°C

43- An aircraft is flying at FL080. The local QNH is 1000 hPa. After the second altimeter has been
adjusted to the local QNH the reading will be approximately:
 A) 7650 ft
B) 8600 ft
C) 8350 ft
D) 8000 ft

44- An aircraft lands at an airport (airport elevation 1240 ft, QNH 1008 hPa). The altimeter is set to 1013
hPa. The altimeter will indicate:
A) 1200 ft
 B) 1375 ft
C) 1105 ft
D) 1280 ft

45- An aircraft is flying at FL180 on the northern hemisphere with a crosswind from the left. Which of
the following is correct concerning its true altitude?
A) It remains constant.
B) It increases.
 C) It decreases.
D) Without knowing temperatures at FL180 this question cannot be answered.

46- You are flying at FL200. Outside air temperature is -40°C, and the pressure at sea level is 1033 hPa.
What is the true altitude? (Note: assume 1 hPa = 27 ft)
A) 20660 feet.
 B) 19340 feet.
C) 21740 feet.
D) 18260 feet.

47- At night when wind flows down the mountain it is called a:

 A) Mountain wind.
B) Valley wind.
C) Westerly wind.
D) Trade wind.
Meteorology P a g e | 411

48- Which of the following definitions are correct?

A) The movement of a cold front is usually slower and the slope of the cold front steep.
B) The slope of the cold front have a gradual slope than warm front.
 C) The cold front produces a severe turbulence.
D) The warm front moves faster than cold front.

49- Which statement is correct?

A) Cloud are divided into four families according to height range.
B) Steady precipitation in contrast to showers preceding a front is an indication of stratiform
clouds with little or no turbulence.
C) Temperature inversion produced by terrestrial radiation on calm &clear night.
 D) All answers are correct.

50- Select the best statement:

A) Drop pressure always associated with the passage of frontal system.
B) Change in wind direction is always associated with the passage of frontal system.
C) Temperature change is always a good indication of frontal passage.
 D) All answers are correct.

51- Precipitation trailing beneath clouds that evaporate before reaching the ground are called?
A) Frontal fog.
B) Foehn wind.
 C) Virga.
D) Fog.

52- Which statement is correct?

A) An air mass is a body of air that covers an extensive area and has uniform temperature.
B) An air mass is a body of air that has extensive turbulence and associated with uniform
temperature and moisture.
C) An air mass covers an extensive area and has uniform moisture.
 D) A and C are correct.

53- Which statement is correct?

A) Every physical process of weather is accomplished by, or the result of a pressure difference.
 B) Every physical process of weather is accomplished by heat exchange.
C) Every physical process of weather is accomplished by Coriolis force.
D) None.
Meteorology P a g e | 412

54- Which statement is correct?

A) When cold air mass moving over warm surface stratiform clouds, turbulence and poor
visibility will produce.
B) When warm air mass moving over cold surface cumuliform clouds, turbulence and good
visibility will expected.
C) When cold air mass settle down it will be produced turbulence.
 D) None.

55- Which statement is correct?

A) When temperature and temperature dew point spread increase relative humidity increase.
B) When temperature and temperature dew point are equal we will have fog.
C) When temperature and temperature dew point spread decrease relative humidity increase.
 D) B and C are correct.

56- Which statement is correct?

A) A removal of water vapor and sinking decrease stability.
B) Gray or dark massive cloud layer belongs high clouds.
 C) Terrestrial radiation on clear relatively still night may produce temperature inversion.
D) B and C are correct.

57- Which statement is correct?

A) Difference temperature creating different in pressure and cause wind.
B) Water droplet and ice crystal continue to growth by condensation and sublimation.
C) Wind shear can be expected at any level both horizontal and vertical direction.
 D) All answers are correct.

58- Which statement is correct?

 A) Water droplet increase in size with colliding and merging together.
B) Water droplet increase in size with evaporation and sublimation.
C) Water vapor increase with condensation and sublimation.
D) All answers are correct.

59- Which of the following clouds indicate convective turbulence?

A) Alto cumulus standing lenticular (ACSL).
 B) Towering cumulus (TCU).
C) Nimbostratus (NS).
D) Cirrus (CI).
Meteorology P a g e | 413

60- What is the feature of the air in low pressure area?

A) Area where descending air and then outward motion occurs.
 B) Area where inward and upward occurs.
C) Is an area of rising air and then descending.
D) None.

61- Which statement is true regarding squall lines?

A) They are non-frontal and contains severe weather.
B) They associated with fast moving cold front.
C) They are associated with 15 kts winds at least for one minute.
 D) A and B are correct.

62- A barometric altimeter always indicates:

A) Correct altitude to the terrain below.
 B) Altitude to the set altitude reference.
C) Standard altitude.
D) The dynamic pressure.

63- At the official measuring level for a specific airport, an aircraft altimeter, set at QNH for the airport,
should read:
A) The elevation of the airport, but only at standard ISA temperature.
 B) The elevation of the airport, regardless of temperature.
C) Zero, regardless of temperature.
D) Zero, only at standard ISA temperature.

64- Which of the following is true concerning an aircraft that is flaying at FL180 in the northern
hemisphere, where wind is geostrophic and the true altitude remains constant?
A) There is a crosswind from the right.
B) There is a crosswind from the left.
 C) There is no crosswind.
D) Without knowing temperature at FL180 this question cannot be answered.

65- Under anticyclone conditions in the northern hemisphere, with curved isobars the speed of the
gradient wind is:
A) Less than the geostrophic wind.
 B) Greater than the geostrophic wind.
C) The same as the thermal component.
D) Proportional only to the Coriolis force.
Meteorology P a g e | 414

66- At the approach of a warm front (northern hemisphere) the wind direction changes from the surface
up to the tropopause. The effect of this change is that the wind:
A) Veers in the friction layer and backs above the friction layer.
B) Backs in the friction layer and veers above the friction layer.
 C) Veers in the friction layer and veers above the friction layer.
D) Backs in the friction layer and backs above the friction layer.

67- Whilst flying at FL180 on the northern hemisphere an aircraft experiences right drift. What effect, if
any, will this have on the aircraft’s true altitude?
A) Without knowing the pressure change this question cannot be answered.
B) It increases.
C) It remains constant.
 D) It decreases.

68- In the northern hemisphere the gradient wind of a cyclonic pressure distribution is 350˚/24, over the
sea the surface wind would approximate:
 A) 340˚/20
B) 030˚/20
C) 340˚/28
D) 030˚/28

69- The difference between geostrophic wind and gradient wind is caused by:
 A) Curvature of isohypses.
B) Friction.
C) Horizontal temperature gradients.
D) Slope of pressure surfaces.

70- The geostrophic wind is less than the gradient wind around an anticyclone because the:
A) Centrifugal force opposes the pressure gradient.
 B) Centrifugal force is added to the pressure gradient.
C) Effect of Coriolis is added to friction.
D) Coriolis Effect opposes the centrifugal force.

71- Which statement is true regarding mountain wave?

 A) They are always indicated by the presence of a lenticular clouds.
B) They are generally stationary over the mountain.
C) They are sometimes marked by stationary lens-shaped clouds.
D) They are found on the wind ward side of mountain.
Meteorology P a g e | 415

72- Suppose an airport has elevation of 4500 ft assuming a standard temperature dew point laps rate. If
the temperature at this airport is 70˚ F and dew point is 52˚ F the base of the cloud by lifting process
would located approximately?
 A) 8500 MSL.
B) 4500 AGL.
C) 4500 MSL.
D) 8500 AGL.

73- For a given temperature and pressure if humidity increase the density will be:
A) Remain unchanged.
B) Increase.
 C) Decrease.
D) First increase then decreases.

74- In the international standard atmosphere, the temperature at mean sea level is:
 A) 15° C
B) 10° C
C) 25° C
D) 20° C

75- Water vapor is:

A) Visible as cloud.
B) Visible as cloud, fog and frost.
 C) An invisible gas.
D) Invisible liquid.

76- With increasing temperature, the capability of air to retain humidity will:
 A) Increases.
B) Remains constant.
C) Decreases.
D) First increase then decreases.

77- With increasing temperature, the rate of saturation will be:

 A) Increases.
B) Remains constant.
C) Decreases.
D) First increase then decreases.
Meteorology P a g e | 416

78- Super cooled is the term applied to water drops which:

A) Have formed below the dew point temperature.
 B) Are existing as liquid below 0˚ C.
C) Have formed below the wet bulb temperature.
D) Invisible gas with temperature below 10˚ C

79- The temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated is:
A) Cloud base temperature.
 B) Dew point temperature.
C) Wet bulb temperature.
D) Super cool temperature.

80- A temperature inversion indicates a state of the atmosphere, which is:

 A) Absolutely stable.
B) Absolutely unstable.
C) Conditionally unstable.
D) Conditionally stable.

81- On clear night inland, the stability of the lowest layers of the atmosphere:
A) Will decrease.
B) Will not change.
 C) Will increase.
D) First increase then decreases

82- The dry adiabatic laps rate value is:

A) 1.5°C/1000 ft.
B) 1.98°C/1000 ft.
 C) 3°C /1000 ft.
D) 2.5°C/1000 ft.

83- Clouds names are classified by:

A) Rain bearing.
 B) Type of stability.
C) Composed only of water drops.
D) Shape of cloud.
Meteorology P a g e | 417

84- Which one of the following cloud has lowest cloud base?
A) Altostratus.
B) Nimbostratus.
 C) Stratus.
D) Cirrus.

85- Where you are likely to find the strongest winds close the ground?
A) At the center of a high-pressure system.
B) At the center of a low-pressure system.
 C) In the transition zone between two air masses.
D) Where there is little variation in pressure over a large area during the winter months.

86- The effect of curved isobars on gradient wind speed correction is:
A) Greater at high latitudes.
B) Low latitudes.
 C) Less at high latitudes.
D) No effect.

87- The gradient wind is:

 A) Less than the geostrophic wind around a low.
B) More than the geostrophic wind around a low.
C) Less than the geostrophic wind around a high.
D) None of the above.

88- In an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere, with curved isobars, the speed of the gradient wind:
A) Is lower than the geostrophic wind.
B) Equals the cyclostrophic wind.
C) Depends on Coriolis force only.
 D) Is greater than the geostrophic wind.

89- The wind speed at an isobaric surface in the northern hemisphere:

 A) Increases with increased inclination of the isobaric surface.
B) Is greatest when the isobaric surface is horizontal.
C) Is not influenced by inclination of the isobaric surface.
D) Decreases with increased inclination of the isobaric surface.
Meteorology P a g e | 418

90- How does the geostrophic wind speed change with latitude?
A) Increase with increasing latitude to a certain latitude.
B) Decrease with increasing latitude to a certain latitude.
 C) Increase with decreasing latitude.
D) Latitude does not affect wind force.

91- When the inclination of isobar surfaces are equal, the geostrophic wind velocity depends upon:
A) Air density.
 B) Latitude.
C) Temperature.
D) Centrifugal force.

92- Buys Ballot’s law of winds states that in the northern hemisphere standing with your back to the
wind, you have:
 A) A low pressure ahead at an angle to your left, and a high pressure behind you at an angle to
the right.
B) A low pressure ahead at an angle to your right, and a high pressure behind you at an angle to
the left.
C) A high pressure ahead at an angle to your right, and a low pressure behind you at an angle to
the left.
D) A high pressure ahead at an angle to your left, and a low pressure behind you at an angle to
the right.

93- During periods of undisturbed radiation weather, overland, the:

A) Wind tends to back from early morning until early afternoon.
B) Surface wind speed tends to be highest at night.
C) Angle between isobars and surface wind direction tends to be lowest in the mid afternoon.
 D) Surface wind speed tends to be highest during the mid-afternoon.

94- If altocumulus is seen ahead of the aircraft, this indicates:

A) Increasing stability.
 B) Increasing instability.
C) Improving weather to probably cloudless skies.
D) Cold front is approaching

95- Thunderstorms are caused by:

A) Thunder and lightning.
B) Anvil cumulonimbus.
 C) Instability, humidity, lifting action.
D) Stable air lift by warm front
Meteorology P a g e | 419

96- Frontal thunderstorms are mainly associated with:

A) Warm front.
 B) Fast moving cold front.
C) Ridges of high pressure.
D) Area low pressure

97- If a cumulonimbus has developed a large anvil:

A) It has reached the beginning of the most active (mature) stage.
B) It is in the most active (mature) stage.
 C) It has reached the third or dissipating stage.
D) It has reached the end of the most active (mature) stage.

98- When flying through a turbulent air, increasing speed:

A) Will enable the storm to be penetrated safely in the shortest time.
B) Will probably cause the aircraft to suffer a high speed stall.
 C) Will greatly increase the risk of structural failure.
D) Will decrease stall speed.

99- To minimize the effect of lightning striking an aircraft in flight, the pilot should:
A) Wear dark glasses and turn the cockpit lighting to maximum.
 B) Turn off all the radios and unnecessary electric.
C) Engage the auto pilot and relax.
D) Decent to lower altitude.

100- For radiation fog to form, the requirements are:

A) Light wind up to 10 knots, high humidity and instability.
B) Cloudless inland night, high humidity and wind 2 to 8 knots.
 C) Clear sky, calm to 2 knots wind and high humidity.
D) Clear sky with turbulence.

101- Advection fog forms:

A) Only over mountain.
B) Only over sea.
 C) Over land.
D) Only over valley.
Meteorology P a g e | 420

102- When turbulence causes changes in altitude and/or attitude but aircraft control remains positive
that should be reported it as:
A) Light.
B) Severe.
 C) Moderate.
D) Heavy

103- Which type of jet stream can be expected to cause the greater turbulence?
A) A straight jet stream associated with a low-pressure trough.
 B) A curving jet stream associated with a deep low-pressure trough.
C) A jet stream occurring, during the summer at the lower altitude.
D) Polar jet stream at mid latitude.

104- A significant wind shear can be associated with:

A) A surface inversion with calm conditions.
B) Low pressure area.
 C) Thunderstorms or squall line.
D) Warm front.

105- The minimum vertical wind shear value critical for probable moderate or greater turbulence is:
A) 5 knots per 1000 feet.
 B) 6 knots per 1000 feet.
C) 8 knots per 1000 feet.
D) 4 knots per 1000 feet.

106- The thickness of stratosphere is approximately:

A) 20 miles.
B) Above 18 miles.
 C) 19-22 miles.
D) Bellow 22 miles.

107- Most of weather phenomena may occur at the:

 A) Troposphere.
B) Tropopause.
C) Stratosphere.
D) All answers are correct.
Meteorology P a g e | 421

108- A thin layer of the atmosphere at the top of the troposphere is called?
A) Ionosphere.
 B) Tropopause.
C) Stratosphere.
D) Haze layer.

109- An elongated area of low pressure is:

A) Low.
B) Ridge.
 C) Trough.
D) Col.

110- When air is heated, its molecules -------, it becomes -------- and ------- than surrounding.
A) Packed more - denser - heavier.
B) Packed more - less dense - lighter.
C) Spread apart - denser - heavier.
 D) Spread apart - less dense - lighter.

111- Connecting lines of equal pressure points is called:

A) Isocline.
 B) Isobar.
C) Isotach.
D) Isotherm.

112- When isobars are ------- the pressure gradient is considered to be ------- and wind speed is ---
 A) Widely apart - weak - low.
B) Widely apart - strong - low.
C) Close together - weak - strong.
D) Close together - strong - low.

113- A ------- gradient tends to produce ------- wind, while a ------- gradient result in ------- wind.
 A) Strong - strong - weak - lighter.
B) Strong - lighter - weak - strong.
C) Strong - light - weak - no.
D) Weak - light - strong - no.
Meteorology P a g e | 422

114- What are Trade Winds?

 A) The wind zones towards the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone.
B) The westerly wind zones.
C) The polar easterly winds.
D) Foehn winds in alpine valleys.

115- In the northern hemisphere with an anti-cyclone pressure system the geostrophic wind at 2000 ft
over the sea is 060˚/15. At the same position the surface wind is most likely to be:
A) 075˚/12
B) 060˚/18
C) 060˚/12
 D) 030˚/08

116- Possible mountain wave turbulence should be anticipated in cases where wind speeds of:
A) 20 kts or greater blow across a mountain ridge, and the air is unstable.
 B) 25 kts or greater blow across a mountain ridge, and the air is stable.
C) 25 kts or greater blow down a mountain valley, and the air is unstable.
D) 25 kts or greater blow parallel to a mountain peak, and the air is stable.

117- What jet streams are likely to be crossed during a flight from Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro (23°S) at
FL350 in July?
A) A polar front jet stream followed by a subtropical jet stream and later, a second polar front
jet stream.
B) A subtropical jet stream followed by a polar front jet stream.
 C) A polar front jet stream followed by one or two subtropical jet streams.
D) One subtropical jet stream.

118- What is the minimum speed for a wind to be classified as a jet stream?
A) 70 kts
B) 50 kts
 C) 60 kts
D) 100 kts

119- In which zone of a jet stream is the strongest CAT to be expected?

A) About 12000 ft above the core.
B) The warm air side of the core.
C) Exactly in the center of the core.
 D) The cold air side of the core.
Meteorology P a g e | 423

120- When air moves from high pressure to low pressure, Coriolis force deflects this air to the ------- in
the -------.
A) Right - both hemisphere.
B) Left - southern hemisphere.
C) Right - both hemisphere.
 D) Right - northern hemisphere.

121- Within about ------- of the ground, friction causes by the earth’s surface ------- the moving air and ----
-:
A) 2500 ft - slow - divert winds from its path along the isobars.
B) 2000 ft - increase - below winds along the isobars.
 C) 2000 ft - slow - divert winds from its path along the isobars.
D) 10000 ft - slow - below winds along the isobars.

122- The ------- air flow from the high pressure at 30°N to the ------- area deflect to the ------- and to the
southern area deflect to the -------.
 A) Low level - northern - right - left
B) High level - northern - left - right
C) Low level - northern - right - right also
D) High level - low pressure - left - left also

123- When cold dense air spills over mountain and flow down the slope, the descending wind is called:
 A) Katabatic wind.
B) Fall wind.
C) Foehn wind.
D) Gravity wind.

124- When water vapor changes to liquid then ------- take place and its latent heat is ------
 A) Condensation - released.
B) Sublimation - absorbed.
C) Evaporation - absorbed.
D) Condensation - absorbed.

125- If the temperature of a parcel of air ------- it can hold ------- water vapor than before and relative
humidity will -------.
A) Rise - less - decrease.
B) Drop - more - increase.
C) Drop - less - decrease.
 D) Rise - more - decrease.
Meteorology P a g e | 424

126- Condensation and sublimation are the process that change ------- water vapor into states that are
readily -------.
 A) Invisible - seen.
B) Invisible - drop from clouds.
C) Visible - drop from clouds.
D) Visible - seen.

127- One of the following temperature dew point spread is favorite condition, which fog forms?
A) 2°F.
B) 2°C.
C) 4°F.
 D) B and C are correct.

128- Thunderstorm formation requires following essential condition:

A) High moisture - Convectional lifting - Cumuliform clouds.
 B) Unstable condition - Lifting force - High moisture.
C) Unstable condition - Cumuliform clouds - High moisture.
D) Lifting force- High moisture - CB clouds.

129- The lifting action may be provided by several factors such as:
 A) Orographic lifting - Frontal lifting - convectional lifting.
B) Orographic lifting - Radiation lifting - convectional lifting.
C) Orographic lifting - Rising terrain lifting - convectional lifting.
D) Rising terrain lifting - Frontal lifting - Daily heating lifting.

130- When in a thunderstorm the updraft continues to increase up to speed of 6000 ft/min and severe
turbulence and most violent weather occurs the thunderstorm is in:
A) The end of mature stage.
B) Dissipating stage.
 C) Mature stage.
D) Cold front thunderstorm.

131- The layer between two air mass is known as:

A) Cold front.
 B) Front.
C) Warm front.
D) Stationary front.
Meteorology P a g e | 425

132- A pilot may encounter hail in flight at ---------- and even when no hail is reaching the surface.
A) An especial altitude and within the storm.
B) All altitude and within the storm.
 C) All altitude and within or outside the storm.
D) An especial altitude and within or outside the storm.

133- Some typical characteristic of cold type air mass is:

 A) Unstable condition - Turbulence - Cumuliform clouds and showers precipitation.
B) Unstable condition - No Turbulence - Stratiform clouds and showers precipitation.
C) Stable condition - Stratiform clouds - Good visibility.
D) Rough air - Stratiform clouds - showery and fog weather condition.

134- What is approximate base of the cumulus clouds if the temperature at 2000 ft MSL is 70°F and dew
point is 61°F?
A) 3000 ft AGL.
 B) 4000 ft MSL.
C) 2000 ft MSL.
D) 8000 ft AGL.

135- Which weather condition is an example of a non-frontal instability band?

 A) Squall line.
B) Advection fog.
C) Front genesis.
D) Frontal TS.

136- What is a feature of air movement in a high pressure area?

A) Rapid change in stability.
B) Ascending from the surface high to lower pressure at higher altitude.
C) Moving outward from the high at high altitudes and into the high at the surface.
 D) Descending to the surface and then outward.

137- Which type of clouds are indicative of very strong turbulence?

A) Nimbostratus.
B) Cirrocumulus.
 C) Standing lenticular.
D) Altocumulus.
Meteorology P a g e | 426

138- Which statement is true concerning the in-flight hazard of hail?

A) Large hailstone are entirely composed of clear ice.
B) Tropical and subtropical thunderstorm contain more hail than thunderstorm in northern
hemisphere.
 C) Hail may be thrown outward from a storm cloud for several miles.
D) Hail is usually produced by altocumulus clouds.

139- Hail is an in-flight hazard is most likely to be associated with:

A) Cirrocumulus clouds.
 B) Cumulonimbus clouds.
C) Stratocumulus clouds.
D) Cumulus clouds.

140- The most severe weather conditions such as heavy hail, destructive winds and tornadoes are
generally associated with:
A) Fast moving warm front.
 B) Squall line and steady state thunderstorms.
C) Slow moving cold front.
D) Slow moving warm front.

141- Which of the following is considered to be the most hazardous condition associated with
thunderstorm?
A) Intense rain.
B) Lighting.
C) Icing.
 D) Wind shear and turbulence.

142- Which statement is true regarding squall lines?

A) They are always associated with cold front.
 B) They are non-frontal and often contains sever steady state thunderstorm.
C) They form slowly but move rapidly.
D) They are associated with frontal systems only.

143- Air mass thunderstorm most often result from:

 A) Movement of a cold & moist air mass over warm ground with surface heating.
B) Movement of a warm unstable air mass.
C) Frontal lifting.
D) Fast moving cold front.
Meteorology P a g e | 427

144- An instability line, which is narrow non frontal line or band of convective activities with fully
developed thunderstorm is:
A) Cold front thunderstorm.
B) Fast moving cold front thunderstorm.
 C) Squall.
D) Air mass thunderstorm.

145- All thunderstorm hazards reach their greatest intensity during:

A) Cumulus stage.
 B) Mature stage.
C) Dissipating stage.
D) Development stage.

146- Which of the following is correct?

A) The atmosphere is composed of about %78 nitrogen, %20 oxygen, %1 ozone and %1 of
other gases.
 B) The atmosphere is composed of about %78 nitrogen, %21 oxygen, and %1 of other gases.
C) The atmosphere is composed of about %78 nitrogen, %20 oxygen, %0.1 water vapor and %9
of other gases.
D) All answers are correct.

147- The thickness of troposphere varies; it slopes upward from about -------- at the poles to -------- at the
equator.
 A) 20000 ft - 60000 ft
B) 18000 ft - 54000 ft
C) 20000 ft - 30000 ft
D) 50000 ft - 60000 ft

148- While crossing a jet stream at right angles in Western Europe (3000 ft below its core) and OAT is
decreasing, what would be the prevailing wind?
A) A headwind.
B) Crosswind from the right.
 C) Crosswind from the left.
D) A tailwind.

149- Which of the following types of jet streams can be observed all year round?
A) Equatorial jet stream / arctic jet stream.
B) Equatorial jet stream / polar front jet stream.
C) Arctic jet stream / subtropical jet stream.
 D) Subtropical jet stream / polar front jet stream.
Meteorology P a g e | 428

150- Under which of the following conditions is the most severe CAT likely to be experienced?
A) A jet stream, with great spacing between the isotherms.
 B) A curved jet stream near a deep trough.
C) A westerly jet stream at low latitudes in the summer.
D) A straight jet stream near a low pressure area.

151- What is the average height of the jet core within a polar front jet stream?
A) 50000 ft
B) 20000 ft
C) 40000 ft
 D) 30000 ft

152- Which area of a polar front jet stream in the northern hemisphere has the highest probability of
turbulence?
 A) Looking downstream, the area to the left of the core.
B) Looking downstream, the area to the right of the core.
C) In the core of the jet stream.
D) Above the core in the boundary between warm and cold air.

153- What is the most significant difference between an equatorial jet stream and all the other jet
streams?
A) Horizontal dimension.
B) Vertical dimension.
 C) Wind direction.
D) Wind speed.

154- What is the average height of the arctic jet stream core?
A) 30000 ft
 B) 20000 ft
C) 40000 ft
D) 50000 ft

155- Which jet stream blows all year round, over the northern hemisphere?
A) The arctic jet stream.
B) The polar night jet stream.
C) The equatorial jet stream.
 D) The subtropical jet stream.
Meteorology P a g e | 429

156- Which jet stream is connected with a surface front system?

A) The easterly jet stream.
 B) The polar front jet stream.
C) The subtropical jet stream.
D) The equatorial jet stream.

157- An aircraft is flying through the polar front jet stream from south to north, beneath the core. How
would the OAT change, in the northern hemisphere, during this portion of the flight?
A) It first increases, then decreases.
B) It increases.
 C) It decreases.
D) It remains constant.

158- During the winter months in mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere, the polar front jet stream
moves toward the:
A) South and speed decreases.
B) North and speed decreases.
 C) South and speed increases.
D) North and speed increases.

159- What is the approximate ratio between height and width for a jet stream cross section?
A) 1/1
B) 1/10
C) 1/1000
 D) 1/100

160- Convection occurs when -------- rises and is replaced by --------.

A) Warm air - cooler air
 B) Warm air - cool air
C) Cool air - cooler air
D) Cool air - warm air

161- Connected equal pressure points with lines drown on weather charts called:
A) Pressure.
 B) Isobars.
C) Pressure gradient.
D) A & B together are correct.
Meteorology P a g e | 430

162- When isobars widely apart:

 A) The gradient is considered to be weak.
B) The wind flow is strong.
C) Air flow from the cool less dense air to warm less dense air in a slow speed.
D) All of above are correct.

163- What is the approximate base of the cumulus clouds if the temperature at 2000 feet MSL is 10°C.
and the dew point is 1°C?
A) 3000 feet MSL.
B) 4000 feet MSL.
 C) 6000 feet MSL.
D) 5000 feet MSL.

164- If clouds form as a result of very stable, moist air being forced to ascend a mountain slope, the
clouds will be
A) Cirrus type with no vertical development or turbulence.
B) Cumulus type with considerable vertical development and turbulence.
 C) Stratus type with little vertical development and little or no turbulence.
D) Stratus type with vertical development and no turbulence.

165- What determines the structure or type of clouds which will form as a result of air being forced to
ascend?
A) The method by which the air is lifted.
 B) The stability of the air before lifting occurs.
C) The relative humidity of the air after lifting occurs.
D) The type of pressure area which causes turbulence.

166- Which cloud types would indicate convective turbulence?

A) Cirrus clouds.
B) Nimbostratus clouds.
 C) Towering cumulus clouds.
D) Altostratus

167- Advection fog has drifted over a coastal airport during the day. What may tend to dissipate or lift
this fog into low stratus clouds?
A) Nighttime cooling.
B) Surface radiation.
 C) Wind 15 knots or stronger.
D) Wind 5 knot or stronger.
Meteorology P a g e | 431

168- A situation most conducive to the formation of advection fog is:

A) A light breeze push colder air over a water surface.
 B) An air mass moving inland from the coastline during the winter.
C) A warm, moist air mass settling over a cool surface under no-wind conditions.
D) A warm, moist air mass settling over a cool surface under calm conditions.

169- In what ways do advection fog, radiation fog, and steam fog differ in their formation or location?
 A) Radiation fog is restricted to land areas; advection fog is most common along coastal areas;
steam fog forms over a water surface.
B) Advection fog deepens as wind speed increases up to 20 knots; steam fog requires calm or
very light wind; radiation fog forms when the ground or water cools the air by radiation.
C) Steam fog forms from moist air moving over a colder surface; advection fog requires cold air
over a warmer surface; radiation fog is produced by radiation cooling of the ground.
D) Advection fog deepens as wind speed decreases up to 5 knots; steam fog requires light
wind; radiation fog forms when the ground or water cools the air by radiation.

170- Fog produced by frontal activity is a result of saturation due to:

A) Nocturnal cooling.
B) Adiabatic cooling.
 C) Evaporation of precipitation.
D) Terrestrial lifting.

171- Which in-flight hazard is most commonly associated with warm fronts?
A) Advection fog.
B) Radiation fog.
 C) Precipitation-induced fog.
D) Steam fog.

172- Which feature is associated with the tropopause?

A) Constant height above the Earth.
 B) Abrupt change in temperature lapse rate.
C) Absolute upper limit of cloud formation.
D) Abrupt change in pressure lapse rate.

173- Moisture is added to air by:

A) Sublimation and condensation.
B) Evaporation and condensation.
 C) Evaporation and sublimation.
D) Condensation and melting.
Meteorology P a g e | 432

174- What is the reason of ice pellets if encountered at 8000 feet?

 A) Freezing rain at higher altitude.
B) You are approaching an area of thunderstorms.
C) You will encounter hail if you continue your flight.
D) You are approaching an area of cold front.

175- From which measurement of the atmosphere can stability be determined?

A) Atmospheric pressure.
 B) The ambient lapse rate.
C) The dry adiabatic lapse rate.
D) The standard lapse rate.

176- Which is true regarding actual air temperature and dew point temperature spread? The
temperature spread
A) Decreases as the relative humidity decreases.
 B) Decreases as the relative humidity increases.
C) Increases as the relative humidity increases.
D) Increases as the relative humidity unchanged.

177- Which conditions are favorable for the formation of a surface based temperature inversion?
 A) Clear, cool nights with calm or light wind.
B) Area of unstable air rapidly transferring heat from the surface.
C) Broad areas of cumulus clouds with smooth, level bases at the same altitude.
D) Clear, cool nights with strong wind.

178- What minimum distance should exist between intense radar echoes before any attempt is made to
fly between these thunderstorms?
A) 20 miles.
B) 30 miles.
 C) 40 miles.
D) 50 miles.

179- The jet stream and associated clear air turbulence can sometimes be visually identified in flight by:
A) Dust or haze at flight level.
 B) Long streaks of cirrus clouds.
C) A constant outside air temperature.
D) Long streaks of CB clouds
Meteorology P a g e | 433

180- The strength and location of the jet stream is normally:

 A) Weaker and farther north in the summer.
B) Stronger and farther north in the winter.
C) Stronger and farther north in the summer.
D) Weaker and farther south in the summer

181- In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind is deflected to the:

 A) Right by Coriolis force.
B) Right by surface friction.
C) Left by Coriolis force.
D) Left by net force.

182- A high pressure area covers part of the Mediterranean Sea and coastal region during the summer.
What surface wind direction is likely at an airport at the coast on a sunny afternoon?
A) Land to sea.
 B) Sea to land.
C) Variable.
D) Parallel to the coastline.

183- What is the most frequent wind in valleys, caused by thermal effects?
A) Mountain wind by day.
B) Mountain wind by night.
 C) Valley wind by day.
D) Valley wind by night.

184- At the top of standing waves, in mountainous regions, the cloud most likely to be encountered is:
 A) Altocumulus lenticulars.
B) Cirrostratus.
C) Cirrus.
D) Cumulus.

185- Standing waves are likely when:

A) Wind speeds are uniform with height.
B) The atmosphere is uniformly stable.
C) The wind direction is at 45° to the ridge of the hills.
 D) None of the above.
Meteorology P a g e | 434

186- In addition to a stable layer of air over a substantial mountain range, the conditions most favorable
to the development of standing waves are:
A) Significant moisture loss due to precipitation, rapid lowering of the tropopause in the area
of the mountain range.
B) Steep dry adiabatic lapse rate, wind speed increasing and changing direction rapidly with
increase in height.
C) Conditional instability, wind speed constant from a direction parallel to the mountain range.
 D) Wind speed excess of 20 kts at the surface and increasing with height, wind direction
perpendicular to the general direction of the range.

187- Which cloud type may indicate the presence of severe turbulence?
 A) Altocumulus lenticulars.
B) Stratocumulus.
C) Cirrocumulus.
D) Nimbostratus.

188- What degree of turbulence, if any, is likely to be encountered while flying through a cold front in
the summer over Central Europe at FL100?
A) Moderate turbulence in NS cloud.
 B) Severe turbulence in CB cloud.
C) Light turbulence in CB cloud.
D) Light turbulence in stratiform clouds.

189- On a clear summer day, turbulence caused by solar heating is most pronounced:
A) Immediately after sunset.
 B) During the early afternoon.
C) During early morning hours before sunrise.
D) About midmorning.

190- A wind speed of 350 kts within a jet stream core should be worldwide regarded as:
 A) Possible but a very rare phenomenon.
B) Not possible.
C) A common occurrence.
D) Not unusual in Polar Regions.

191- Which of the following statements concerning jet streams is correct?

A) In the southern hemisphere only easterly jet streams occur.
 B) In the northern hemisphere both westerly and easterly jet streams occur.
C) In the northern hemisphere only westerly jet streams occur.
D) In the southern hemisphere no jet streams occur.
Meteorology P a g e | 435

192- In January, a mean sub-tropical jet appears at:

A) 30°S
 B) 30°N
C) 60°S
D) 50°N

193- A jet stream is:

A) A band of strong winds only found near thunderstorms.
B) A broad band of strong winds flattened and tubular in cross-section.
C) A narrow band of strong winds only found near fronts.
 D) A narrow band of strong winds flattened and tubular in cross-section.

194- The normal maximum speeds of the polar front jet are in the region of:
 A) 150 kts in January /135 kts in July.
B) 150 kts in July /135 kts in January.
C) 150 kts in July / 50 kts in January.
D) 135 kts in July /135 kts in January.

195- At which height and at what time of the year can an aircraft be affected by the equatorial jet
stream?
 A) FL500 from June to August.
B) FL500 from November to February.
C) FL400 during the winter in the northern hemisphere.
D) FL400 during the winter in the southern hemisphere.

196- The easterly jet is a jet stream that occurs:

A) Only in the winter of the northern hemisphere at approx. 30000 ft.
 B) Only in the summer of the northern hemisphere at approx. 45000 ft.
C) During the whole year in the southern hemisphere.
D) During the whole year in the northern hemisphere.

197- Where is the projection of the polar front jet stream on the surface most likely to be found in
relation to the cold and warm fronts of a depression?
A) 300 to 450 NM behind the cold front and 50 to 200 NM ahead of the warm front.
B) Up to 100 NM either side of the cold front and up to 200 NM either side of the warm front.
C) Up to 200 NM either side of the cold front and up to 200 NM either side of the warm front.
 D) 50 to 200 NM behind the cold front and 300 to 450 NM ahead of the warm front.
Meteorology P a g e | 436

198- The equatorial easterly jet is a jet stream that occurs:

 A) Only in the summer of the northern hemisphere at approx. 45000 ft.
B) Only in the winter of the northern hemisphere at approx. 30000 ft.
C) During the whole year in the southern hemisphere.
D) During the whole year in the northern hemisphere.

199- How would you describe a jet stream?

 A) A zone of wind in the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere with wind forces at 60 knots
minimum.
B) The outflow airstream from a turbine engine.
C) Any wind force above 64 knots.
D) A zone of winds in connection with a squall line".

200- Which phenomenon is often associated with a jet stream?

A) Icing.
 B) Clear Air Turbulence (CAT).
C) Wind shear.
D) Both icing and Clear Air Turbulence (CAT).

201- Severe turbulence is associated with a jet stream:

 A) At the low pressure side.
B) At the high pressure side.
C) In the core of the jet stream.
D) Underneath the core of the jet stream.

202- The approximate position of the polar front jet stream is:
 A) Approx. 60°N.
B) Approx. 30°N.
C) Approx. 80°N.
D) Over the north polar area.

203- Which jet stream is more or less found continuously around the Earth?
A) The polar front jet stream.
B) The artic front jet stream.
 C) The subtropical jet stream.
D) The equatorial jet stream.
Meteorology P a g e | 437

204- A parcel of unsaturated air is lifted to just below the condensation level and then returned to its
original level. What is the final temperature of the parcel of air?
A) Lower than the starting temperature.
B) Higher than the starting temperature.
 C) The same as the starting temperature.
D) It depends upon the QFE.

205- Which of the following statements is true?

A) Gale has an average speed of 33 kts or more.
B) Gust is a squall which lasts for several minutes.
C) The more stable the atmosphere, the more turbulence.
 D) The more stable the atmosphere, the less turbulence.

206- Thermal turbulence is caused by:

A) Wing-tip vortices.
 B) Vertical movements of air due to convection.
C) Movement of air over mountainous terrain.
D) Movement of air over smooth ground surface.

207- Fair weather cumulus often is an indication of:

A) A high risk of thunderstorms.
B) Poor visibility at surface.
C) Smooth flying conditions below the cloud level.
 D) Turbulence at and below them.

208- The amount of water vapor which air can hold largely depends on:
A) Relative humidity.
 B) Air temperature.
C) Stability of air.
D) Dew point.

209- The average slope of a warm front is approximately:

 A) 1:150
B) 1:250
C) 1:500
D) 1:80
Meteorology P a g e | 438

210- The dew point temperature:

A) Cannot be equal to the air temperature.
B) Is always lower than the air temperature.
C) Is always higher than the air temperature.
 D) Can be equal to the air temperature.

211- Relative humidity:

A) Is higher in cool air than in warm air.
B) Is higher in warm air than in cool air.
 C) Increases if the air is cooled whilst maintaining the vapor pressure constant.
D) Decreases if the air is cooled whilst maintaining the vapor pressure constant.

212- Relative humidity depends on:

A) Temperature of the air only.
B) Pressure of the air only.
C) Moisture content of the air only.
 D) Moisture content and temperature of the air.

213- Which of the following statements is true of the dew point of an air mass?
A) It can be used to estimate the air mass’s relative humidity even if the air temperature is
unknown.
B) It can be higher than the temperature of the air mass.
C) It can be used together with the air pressure to estimate the air mass’s relative humidity.
 D) It can only be equal to, or lower, than the temperature of the air mass.

214- During the late afternoon an air temperature of +12°C and a dew point of +5°C were measured.
What temperature change must occur during the night in order to induce saturation?
A) It must decrease to +6 °C.
B) It must decrease by 5°C.
 C) It must decrease to +5°C.
D) It must decrease to +7°C.

215- Dew point is defined as:

A) The temperature below which the change of state in a given volume of air will result in the
absorption of latent heat.
B) The lowest temperature at which evaporation will occur for a given pressure.
C) The lowest temperature to which air must be cooled in order to reduce the relative
humidity.
 D) The temperature to which moist air must be cooled to become saturated at a given
pressure.
Meteorology P a g e | 439

216- When a given mass of air descends, what effect will it have on relative humidity?
A) It increases up to 100%, then remains stable.
B) It increases.
C) It remains constant.
 D) It decreases.

217- The difference between temperature and dew point is greater in:
A) Air with low temperature.
B) Moist air.
C) Air with high temperature and high moisture.
 D) Dry air.

218- The difference between air temperature and dew point temperature is popularly called the
"spread". As spread increases, relative humidity:
A) Increases.
 B) Decreases.
C) Stays the same.
D) First decreases and then increases.

219- As a parcel of air cools, its ability to hold water vapor:

 A) Decreases.
B) Increases.
C) Remains unaltered.
D) Depends, whether the parcel is rising or no.

220- Moist air is:

A) Denser than dry air.
B) Warmer than dry air.
 C) Less dense than dry air.
D) Colder than dry air.

221- Where is the usual location of a thermal low?

A) Over the arctic region.
B) Over the polar region.
 C) Over the surface of a dry, sunny region.
D) Over the surface of a humid, cold region.
Meteorology P a g e | 440

222- The temperature at which a parcel of air becomes saturated if it cools is called:
 A) Dew point temperature.
B) Saturation temperature.
C) Condensation temperature.
D) Freezing temperature.

223- The process by which water vapor is transformed directly into ice is known as:
A) Super coiling.
 B) Depositing.
C) Super saturation.
D) Radiation cooling.

224- In which of the following changes of state is latent heat released?

A) Liquid to gas.
B) Solid to liquid.
C) Solid to gas.
 D) Gas to liquid.

225- When water evaporates into unsaturated air:

A) Relative humidity is decreased.
B) Heat is released.
C) Relative humidity is not changed.
 D) Heat is absorbed.

226- A super cooled droplet is:

A) A water droplet that is mainly frozen.
 B) A droplet still in liquid state at a temperature below freezing.
C) A small particle of water at a temperature below -50 °C.
D) A water droplet that has been frozen during its descent.

227- Super cooled droplets can be encountered:

A) Only in winter at high altitude.
B) In winter only in high clouds.
C) Only in winter above 10000 ft.
 D) At any time of the year.
Meteorology P a g e | 441

228- Clouds, fog or dew will always be formed when:

A) Relative humidity reaches 98%.
B) Water vapor is present.
 C) Water vapor condenses.
D) Temperature and dew point are nearly equal.

229- How are high level condensation trails formed that are to be found occasionally behind jet aircraft?
A) Only through unburnt fuel in the exhaust gases.
B) Through a decrease in pressure, and the associated adiabatic drop in temperature at the
wing tips while flying through relatively warm but humid air.
 C) Through water vapor released during fuel combustion.
D) In conditions of low humidity, through the particles of soot contained in the exhaust gases.

230- Evaporation is the change of:

 A) Liquid water to water vapor.
B) Water vapor to ice.
C) Invisible water vapor to liquid water.
D) Ice directly to water vapor.

231- When water vapor condenses into water droplets, there is a:

A) Release t of heat energy that increases density of the surrounding air.
B) Sublimation.
 C) Release of heat energy that makes the surrounding air warmer.
D) None.

232- What is sublimation?

A) The change of state from ice to water.
B) The change of state from water to water vapor.
C) The change of state from water vapor to water.
 D) The change of state from ice to water vapor.

233- What is freezing?

A) The change of state from ice to water.
B) The change of state from water to water vapor.
C) The change of state from water vapor to water.
 D) The change of state from water to ice.
Meteorology P a g e | 442

234- A layer can be:

A) Unstable for unsaturated air and conditionally unstable.
B) Stable for saturated air and unstable for unsaturated air.
C) Unstable for unsaturated air and neutral for saturated air.
 D) Stable for unsaturated air and unstable for saturated air.

235- Absolute instability exists whenever the environmental lapse rate:

A) Exceeds the saturated adiabatic lapse rate.
 B) Exceeds the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
C) Is less than the saturated adiabatic lapse rate.
D) Is between the dry and saturated adiabatic lapse rate.

236- An inversion is a layer of air which is:

A) Absolutely unstable.
 B) Absolutely stable.
C) Conditionally unstable.
D) Conditionally stable.

237- What is the dry adiabatic lapse rate per 1000 ft?
A) 1.5°C
B) 2.0°C
 C) 3.0°C
D) 3.5°C

238- If the surface temperature is 15°C, then the temperature at 10000 ft in a current of ascending
unsaturated air is:
A) 5°C
B) 0°C
 C) -15°C
D) -5°C

239- A sample of moist but unsaturated air may become saturated by:
 A) Expanding it adiabatically.
B) Raising the temperature.
C) Lowering the pressure, keeping temperature constant.
D) Compressing it adiabatically.
Meteorology P a g e | 443

240- The decrease in temperature, per 100 meters in an unsaturated rising parcel of air is:
A) 0.65°C
B) 2°C
 C) 1°C
D) 0.5°C

241- The rate of cooling of ascending saturated air is less than the rate of cooling of ascending
unsaturated air because:
A) Water vapor absorbs the incoming heat from the sun.
B) Moist air is heavier than dry air.
C) Water vapor does not cool as rapidly as dry air.
 D) Heat is released during the condensation process.

242- If a saturated air mass descends downslope its temperature increases at:
A) The same rate as if the air mass were dry.
 B) A lower rate than in dry air, as evaporation absorbs heat.
C) A lower rate than in dry air, as condensation gives out heat.
D) A higher rate than in dry air, as it gives up latent evaporation heat.

243- Which of the following statements concerning the lifting of a parcel of air is correct?
A) Unsaturated parcels cool less rapidly than saturated parcels.
 B) Unsaturated parcels cool more rapidly than saturated parcels.
C) Unsaturated parcels cool at a rate of 0.65 °C/100 m.
D) Saturated parcels always cool at a rate of 0.65 °C/100 m.

244- Which one of the following precipitation types gives the most severe icing?
A) Snowfall.
B) Mixed rain and snow.
 C) Freezing rain.
D) Ice pellets.

245- The environmental lapse rate in an actual atmosphere:

A) Has a fixed value of 2 °C/1000 ft.
B) Has a fixed value of 1 °C/100 m.
C) Has a fixed value of 0.65 °C/100 m.
 D) Varies with time.
Meteorology P a g e | 444

246- Which of the following is a common result of subsidence?

A) Clear air turbulence at higher altitudes.
B) CB clouds and thunderstorms over a large area.
C) Wide spread NS and AS clouds and intense precipitation.
 D) An inversion over a large area with haze, mist.

247- An air mass is called stable when:

 A) The vertical motion of rising air tends to become weaker and disappears.
B) The temperature in a given air mass decreases rapidly with height.
C) The pressure in a given area is constant.
D) The environmental lapse rate is high, with little vertical motion of air currents.

248- A layer in which the temperature increases with height is:

A) Conditionally unstable.
B) Absolutely unstable.
 C) Absolutely stable.
D) Neutral.

249- The height of the lifting condensation level is determined by:

 A) Temperature and dew point at the surface.
B) Temperature at surface and air pressure.
C) Wind and dew point at the surface.
D) Wet adiabatic lapse rate and dew point at the surface.

250- In still air the temperature decreases at an average of 1.2 °C per 100 m with increase in altitude.
This temperature change is called:
 A) Environmental lapse rate.
B) Saturated adiabatic lapse rate.
C) Dry adiabatic lapse rate.
D) Normal lapse rate.

251- An air mass is stable when:

 A) Lifted air returns to its original level.
B) Temperature in a given area drops off very rapidly with increasing altitude.
C) Pressure is constant.
D) The lapse rate is 1 °C per 100 m.
Meteorology P a g e | 445

252- For both saturated and unsaturated air instability will occur when the:
 A) Environmental lapse rate is greater than both dry adiabatic lapse rate and saturated
adiabatic lapse rate.
B) Environmental lapse rate is greater than saturated adiabatic lapse rate but less than dry
adiabatic lapse rate.
C) Environmental lapse rate is less than both dry adiabatic lapse rate and saturated adiabatic
lapse rate.
D) Dry adiabatic lapse rate is less than saturated adiabatic lapse rate but greater than
environmental lapse rate. When the ELR is greater than 3 °C/1000 ft the air is absolute
stable

253- In the lower levels of the atmosphere when the environmental lapse rate is greater than saturated
adiabatic lapse rate but less than dry adiabatic lapse rate, the air mass is described as being:
 A) Conditionally unstable.
B) Stable.
C) Unstable.
D) Absolutely unstable.

254- What process in an air mass leads to the creation of wide spread NS, AS and ST Cloud coverage?
A) Convection process.
B) Sinking.
 C) Lifting radiation.
D) Radiation.

255- What type of cloud is being described? A generally grey cloud layer with fairly uniform base and
uniform appearance, which may give drizzle or snow grains. When he sun is visible through the
cloud, the outline is clearly discernible. Sometimes it appears in the form of ragged patches.
 A) Stratus
B) Altostratus
C) Nimbostratus
D) Cirrostratus

256- Strongly developed cumulus clouds are an indication of:

A) The presence of a low level inversion.
 B) Instability in the atmosphere.
C) The presence of warm air aloft.
D) Poor surface visibility.
Meteorology P a g e | 446

257- The presence of altocumulus lenticulars is an indication of the:

A) Presence of valley winds.
B) Risk of orographic thunderstorms.
C) Development of thermal lows.
 D) Presence of mountain waves.

258- Altostratus (AS) and nimbostratus (NS) are easily condensed. How do you distinguish between
them?
 A) The precipitation from AS, if any, is light and the cloud is thinner than for NS.
B) Precipitation falls from AS but not from NS.
C) Steady precipitation from AS.
D) The sun can be seen through NS.

259- The presence of altocumulus lenticulars is a sign of:

A) Severe instability.
B) Anabatic winds.
C) Katabatic winds.
 D) Lee waves.

260- A cumulus congestus is:

A) A remnant of a CB.
 B) A cumulus that is of great vertical extent.
C) A cumulus with little vertical development.
D) A cumulus that only occurs in association whit the lTCZ.

261- What weather condition would you expect at a squall line?

A) Strong steady rain.
 B) Thunderstorms.
C) Fog.
D) Strong whirlwinds reaching up to higher levels.

262- In an air mass with no clouds the surface temperature is 15°C and the temperature at 1000 m AGL
is 13°C. This layer of air is:
A) Unstable.
 B) Stable.
C) A layer of heavy turbulence.
D) Conditionally unstable.
Meteorology P a g e | 447

263- A moist but unsaturated parcel of air becomes saturated by:

A) Lowering the parcel to a lower level.
 B) Lifting the parcel to a higher level.
C) Moving the parcel to an area with lower pressure and equal temperature.
D) Moving the parcel to an area with higher pressure and equal temperature.

264- During an adiabatic process heat is:

 A) Neither added nor lost.
B) Added.
C) Lost.
D) Added but the result is an overall loss.

265- The dry adiabatic lapse rate:

 A) Has a constant fixed value.
B) Is greater in summer than in winter.
C) Is greater during the night than during the day.
D) Has a variable value.

266- What is the final temperature of unsaturated surface air at 12°C, which rises to 6000 ft?
A) +30 °C
B) +18 °C
C) -30 °C
 D) -6 °C

267- An ELR of 2.9˚C per 1000 ft, is by definition:

A) Stable.
B) Conditionally stable.
C) Unstable.
 D) Conditionally unstable.

268- A layer is conditionally unstable if the air:

A) Becomes stable by lifting it.
B) Is stable for saturated air and unstable for dry air.
 C) Is unstable for saturated air and stable for dry air.
D) Is unstable for saturated air as well as for dry air.
Meteorology P a g e | 448

269- Absolute instability in the atmosphere will occur when the environmental lapse rate is:
 A) Greater than both saturated adiabatic lapse rate and dry adiabatic lapse rate.
B) Less than saturated adiabatic lapse rate.
C) Less than both saturated adiabatic lapse rate and dry adiabatic lapse rate.
D) Greater than saturated adiabatic lapse rate but less than dry adiabatic lapse rate.

270- An unstable air mass is forced to ascend a mountain slope. What type of clouds can be expected?
A) Stratiform clouds with a temperature inversion.
B) Stratiform clouds with considerable turbulence.
C) Layer-like clouds with little vertical development.
 D) Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence.

271- In the lower levels of the atmosphere when the environmental lapse rate is greater than saturated
adiabatic lapse rate but less than dry adiabatic lapse rate, the air mass is described as being:
 A) Conditionally unstable.
B) Stable.
C) Unstable.
D) Absolutely unstable.

272- The stability in a layer increases by advection of:

 A) Cold air in the lower part.
B) Warm air in the lower part.
C) Dry air in the upper part.
D) Moist air in the lower part.

273- Which statement is correct for an absolutely unstable atmosphere?

 A) Visibility is good between showers.
B) The environmental lapse rate is less than 1 °C / 1100 m.
C) Clouds are mainly of the Stratiform type.
D) The dry adiabatic lapse rate is more than 1 °C / 1100 m.

274- Unsaturated air moving downwards is heated at a rate of:

 A) Dry adiabatic.
B) Environmental lapse rate.
C) Saturated adiabatic.
D) Ambient lapse rate.
Meteorology P a g e | 449

275- The weather is clear and the temperature decreases uniformly and rapidly as you climb (approx.
3.2 °C per 1000 ft), you have an indication of:
A) Stable air.
 B) Unstable air.
C) Saturation.
D) Sublimation.

276- Which term applies when the temperature of the air changes by compression or expansion with no
heat added or removed?
A) Katabatic
B) Advection
 C) Adiabatic
D) Atmospheric

277- From which of the following pieces of information can the stability of the atmosphere be derived?
A) Dry adiabatic lapse rate.
B) Pressure at the surface.
C) Surface temperature.
 D) Environmental lapse rate.

278- Which thunderstorms are the more difficult to forecast and detect?
A) Squall line thunderstorms.
 B) Air mass thunderstorms.
C) Frontal thunderstorms.
D) Cumulus thunderstorms because they are smaller.

279- Which statement is true for the lifting of an air parcel?

 A) Unsaturated parcels cool more rapidly than saturated.
B) Saturated parcels cool more rapidly than unsaturated.
C) An air parcel always cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
D) A stable air mass must be present.

280- Which of the following is a cause of stratus forming over flat land?
 A) Radiation during the night from the Earth surface in moderate wind.
B) Unstable air.
C) Convection during the day.
D) The release of latent heat.
Meteorology P a g e | 450

281- What process in an air mass leads to the creation of wide spread NS, AS and ST Cloud coverage?
A) Convection process.
B) Sinking.
 C) Lifting.
D) Radiation.

282- Which of the following clouds are classified as medium level clouds in temperate regions?
A) Cl, CC.
B) SC, NS.
 C) AS, AC.
D) CS, ST.

283- Which of the following types of clouds are evidence of unstable air conditions?
A) ST, CS
 B) CU, CB.
C) SC, NS.
D) CI, SC.

284- A cumulonimbus cloud at mid-latitudes in summer contains:

A) Only water droplets.
 B) Ice crystals, water droplets and super cooled water droplets.
C) Only ice crystals.
D) Ice crystals and water droplets but never super cooled water droplets.

285- Which of the following cloud types is found at high levels?

A) SC
 B) CI
C) AS
D) CU

286- Clouds, classified as being low level are considered to have bases from:
A) 500 to 1000 ft.
B) 1000 to 2000 ft.
 C) The surface to 6500 ft.
D) 100 to 200 ft.
Meteorology P a g e | 451

287- Which of the following types of cloud can extend over the low, medium and high cloud levels?
 A) CB
B) AC
C) ST
D) Cl

288- Which of the following clouds may extend into more than one layer?
A) Stratus
 B) Nimbostratus
C) Altocumulus
D) Cirrus

289- A layer of stratus is most likely to be dispersed by:

A) Adiabatic cooling due to subsidence.
B) Absorption of long waved solar radiation in the stratus layer.
C) The release of latent heat due to precipitation.
 D) Insolation resulting in the lifting of the condensation level.

290- About ten identical clouds are in the sky, well isolated from one another, dense, with well-defined
contours developing vertically in a cauliflower shape. The side of these clouds lit by the sun is
bright white. Their base, relatively dark, is essentially horizontal and at FL030, and their tops at
FL150. These clouds are:
A) Altocumulus Castellanus.
B) Broken cumulus humilis.
 C) Towering cumulus.
D) Stratocumulus.

291- After a clear night cumuliform clouds are formed in the morning. Why can the base of these clouds
become higher during the day?
A) Because the difference between the temperature and the dew point temperature at the
initial condensation level becomes smaller.
B) The wind speed is increasing, because the cold air mass changes into a warm air mass.
C) Because the stability increases.
 D) Because the surface temperature increases.
Meteorology P a g e | 452

292- Which of the following phenomena is least likely to lead the formation of a cumulonimbus with
thunderstorm?
A) Convection.
 B) Ground radiation.
C) Convergence.
D) Orographic lift.

293- What is the average vertical extent of radiation fog?

A) 2000 ft
 B) 500 ft
C) 5000 ft
D) 10000 ft

294- Frontal fog is most likely to occur:

A) In winter in the early morning.
B) In rear of a warm front.
C) In summer in the early morning.
 D) In advance of a warm front.

295- When does frontal fog also known as mixing fog occur?
A) When very humid warm air meets with dry cold air.
 B) When very humid warm air meets with very humid cold.
C) When very humid cold air meets with dry warm air.
D) When very dry cold air meets with very dry warm air.

296- Freezing fog consists of:

A) Frozen water droplets.
 B) Super cooled water droplets.
C) Frozen minute snow flakes.
D) Ice crystals.

297- Which of the following is most likely to lead to the formation of radiation fog?
A) Dry, warm air passing over warm ground.
 B) Heat loss from the ground on clear nights.
C) The passage of fronts.
D) Cold air passing over warm ground.
Meteorology P a g e | 453

298- Conditions favorable for the development of radiation fog (FG) are:
A) High relative humidity, no cloud.
B) High relative humidity, little or no cloud
C) High relative humidity, little or no cloud, a strong sea breeze
 D) High relative humidity, little or no cloud, light wind.

299- Which of the following statements is true?

A) Radiation fog only forms on a clear night with no wind.
B) Radiation fog only forms in valleys (the katabatic effect).
C) Radiation fog only forms when the air is very dry and there is an inversion.
 D) Radiation fog cannot form over the sea.

300- Advection fog:

A) Is formed by advection.
B) Can form a persist with moderate or even strong wind.
C) Is cleared by change of air mass or less commonly by an increase in wind strength.
 D) All answers are correct.

301- Advection of very cold air over a warm sea current can cause:
A) Frontal fog.
B) Advection fog.
C) No fog at all.
 D) Steaming fog.

302- As a result of diurnal variation radiation fog is lifted and a cloud cover is formed. Which statement
is true?
A) Layers of altocumulus will develop caused by increasing wind speed.
B) Low stratus will develop caused by radiation in combination with low geotropic wind speed
 C) Low stratus will develop caused by increasing wind speed.
D) Stratus will develop caused by insulation.

303- Frontal fog can be formed by:

A) Cooling at night.
B) Condensation of air saturated by adiabatic cooling.
 C) Evaporation of moisture at the surface.
D) Warming at day.
Meteorology P a g e | 454

304- Which statement is correct?

 A) Fog can be super cooled and can also contain ice crystals.
B) Mist and haze consist of water droplets.
C) Fog and haze do not occur in the tropics.
D) Mist and haze only differ by different values of visibility.

305- What can be said about the formation of haze?

 A) Dust particles are trapped below an inversion.
B) The air is very cold and thus the relative humidity increases.
C) A strong lifting action in the atmosphere is necessary.
D) A frontal system is the cause.

306- An autumn day with rain showers and terminated by evening clear sky will be followed in the next
morning by:
A) Advection fog.
 B) Radiation fog.
C) Orographic fog.
D) Frontal fog.

307- Fog which reaches only 2 meter above ground or 10 meters above the sea is called:
A) Smog.
B) Mist.
C) Drifting fog.
 D) Shallow fog.

308- Freezing rain occurs when:

A) Snow falls into an above-freezing layer of air.
B) Ice pellets melt.
C) Water vapour first turns into water droplets.
 D) Rain falls into a layer of air with a temperature below 0°C.

309- The widest precipitation zone occurs usually:

 A) Ahead of a warm front.
B) Ahead of a cold front.
C) In rear of a cold front.
D) In rear of a warm front
Meteorology P a g e | 455

310- Which of the following cloud is classified as low level cloud?

 A) ST
B) CS
C) AS
D) CC

311- Which types of clouds are typical evidence of stable air conditions?
 A) ST, AS.
B) CU, CB.
C) NS, CU.
D) CB, CC.

312- Convective clouds are formed:

A) In stable atmosphere.
 B) In unstable atmosphere.
C) In summer during the day only.
D) In mid-latitudes only.

313- What is the main composition of clouds classified as high level clouds?
A) Super cooled water droplets.
 B) Ice crystals.
C) Water droplets.
D) Water vapor.

314- What are the characteristics of cumuliform clouds?

A) Large water droplets, stability, no turbulence, showers and mainly rime ice.
B) Small water droplets, stability, no turbulence and extensive areas of rain.
 C) Large water droplets, instability, turbulence, showers and mainly clear ice.
D) Small water droplets, instability, turbulence, extensive areas of rain and rime ice.

315- Cumuliform clouds are formed as a result of unstable air mass being lifted, most typically by
convection. The flying conditions in cumuliform clouds typically include:
A) Icing in the clouds
B) Precipitation in the form of showers (large water droplets)
C) Turbulence inside the cloud and frequently also below the cloud base
 D) All answers are correct
Meteorology P a g e | 456

316- In cumuliform clouds with extensive vertical development (TCU, CB) we can expect: severe
turbulence and icing:
A) Electrical discharges (thunderstorms)
B) Gusting surface winds
C) Up and down drafts in and around the cloud
 D) All answers are correct

317- Cumulus clouds are an indication for:

A) Stability.
 B) Up and down draughts.
C) The approach of a cold front.
D) The approach of a warm front.

318- The presence of altocumulus Castellanos indicates:

A) Stability in the higher troposphere.
B) Strong convection at low height.
 C) Instability in the middle troposphere.
D) Subsidence in a large part of the troposphere.

319- Which of the following cloud types can project up into the stratosphere?
 A) Cumulonimbus.
B) Cirrostratus.
C) Altocumulus.
D) Altostratus.

320- Lenticular clouds in mountainous areas indicate:

A) Unstable air.
 B) Turbulence.
C) An inversion.
D) Light variable winds.

321- The presence of lenticular cloud is an indication of:

A) Jet streams.
 B) Mountain waves.
C) Stratospheric inversions.
D) Areas of high level clear air turbulence.
Meteorology P a g e | 457

322- Stratiform clouds indicate stable air. Flight generally will be:
A) Rough with good visibility.
 B) Smooth with low ceiling and visibility.
C) Smooth with good visibility.
D) Smooth with moderate turbulence and good visibility

323- The family of medium clouds include altostratus, altocumulus and nimbostratus. In moderate
latitudes their height of base ranges from:
A) 3000 to 5000 feet.
B) 2000 to 10000 feet.
C) 2000 to 12000 feet.
 D) 6500 to 23000 feet.

324- State the four families of clouds:

A) High, medium and low clouds.
B) High and medium clouds, and clouds with extensive vertical development.
C) Heap clouds, stratified clouds, layered clouds and nimbus clouds.
 D) High, medium and low clouds, and clouds with extensive vertical development.

325- Given a surface temperature of +10 °C, and a dew point of +5 °C, at what height might you expect
cumulus clouds to form?
 A) 2000 ft
B) 4000 ft
C) 1000 ft
D) 3000 ft

326- If a stable air mass is forced to rise, what type of cloud is most likely?
A) CU
 B) NS
C) TCU
D) CB

327- What will be the classification of high level clouds and where will their bases be situated?
A) Above 14000 ft, Nimbus.
B) Above 16500 ft, Cumuliform.
 C) Above 16500 ft, Cirriform.
D) Above 7000 ft, Cumuliform.
Meteorology P a g e | 458

328- What is the primary factor that determines the structure or type of clouds which will form as a
result of air being forced to ascend?
 A) The stability of the air before lifting occurs.
B) The method by which air is lifted.
C) The relative humidity of the air after lifting occurs.
D) The atmospheric pressure lapse rate.

329- What conditions can you generally expect with fair weather cumulus clouds?
 A) Turbulence at and below the cloud level.
B) Smooth flight below the cloud level.
C) Continuous rain.
D) Turbulence in and above the clouds up to approximately FL250.

330- Which precipitation type generally has the greatest impact on visibility?
A) Heavy rain.
B) Drizzle.
C) Hail.
 D) Snow.

331- What is drizzle?

 A) Small water droplets of 0.2 to 0.5 mm in diameter.
B) Water droplets of more than 0.5 mm in diameter.
C) Precipitation which forms mostly in CB and CU clouds.
D) Typical precipitation, when NS clouds are present.

332- Which precipitation type normally indicates freezing rain at some altitude above the ground?
A) Snow.
B) Hail.
 C) Ice pellets.
D) Ice crystals.

333- When is heavy precipitation unlikely?

 A) In summer, with SC and AC clouds.
B) In summer, with CB and CU clouds.
C) In spring and autumn, with NS and CB clouds.
D) In winter, with CB clouds.
Meteorology P a g e | 459

334- In which air mass are extremely low temperatures encountered?

A) Arctic maritime air.
B) Polar maritime air.
C) Tropical continental air.
 D) Polar continental air.

335- Which of these phenomena usually forms in the transition zone between two air masses?
A) An unstable low pressure.
B) Radiation fog.
 C) A frontal low pressure.
D) A ridge of high pressure.

336- Air masses which are being cooled from below are often characterized by:
 A) Fog, poor visibility and layered clouds.
B) Strong winds, cumulus clouds, good visibility.
C) Uniform temperature, good visibility.
D) Continuous rain and freezing temperatures.

337- Which of the following is typical for the passage of a cold front in the summer?
A) Rapid increase in temperature once the front has
B) Mainly layered clouds.
C) Rapid drop in pressure once the front has passed.
 D) Mainly towering clouds.

338- Where is the coldest air to be found, in an occlusion with Cold front characteristics?
A) Ahead of the front.
 B) Behind the front.
C) At the surface position of the front.
D) At the junction of the occlusion.

339- What types of cloud will you meet flying towards a warm front?
A) Extensive areas of fog. At some 100 km from the front NS begin.
 B) At some 800 km CS, later AS, and at some 300 km NS until the front.
C) At some 500 km AS, later CS and at some 80 km before the front CB.
D) At some 500 km from the front, groups of CB, later at some 250 km thickening AS.
Meteorology P a g e | 460

340- During a cross-country flight at FL050, you observe the following sequence of clouds: nimbostratus,
altostratus, cirrostratus, cirrus. Which of the following are you most likely to encounter?
A) Strong, gusty winds.
 B) Decreasing temperatures.
C) A strong downdraught.
D) Increasing temperatures.

341- In a polar front depression, an occlusion is called a warm which occlusion when the cold air
 A) Behind is less cold than the cold air in front, with the warm air at a high altitude
B) In front of the surface position of front is only at a high altitude
C) Behind is colder than the cold air in front
D) Behind is colder than the cold air in front with the warm air being at a high altitude

342- What will be the effect on the reading of an altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground as an
active cold front is approach and then passing?
 A) It will first increase then decrease
B) It will remain unchanged
C) It will first decrease then increase
D) Will fluctuate up and down by about ± 50 feet

343- The average slope of a cold front is in the order of:

A) 1:150.
B) 1:250.
C) 1:500.
 D) 1:80.

344- Which one of the following alternatives indicates how an occluded front is generated?
A) Warm air supersedes cold air.
B) Cold air wedges under warm air.
 C) A cold front overtakes a warm front and the warm air between the fronts is lifted.
D) A cold front is halted and becomes almost stationary.

345- When flying through a cold front form the warm air side in the summer the following flying
weather may be expected:
 A) Towering clouds with showery precipitation.
B) Horizontally extended clouds with drizzle.
C) Horizontally extended clouds with even tops and bases.
D) Towering clouds without turbulence.
Meteorology P a g e | 461

346- When a cold front has passed over a meteorological station it will result in:
A) A steady fall in pressure and a backing of the surface wind.
 B) A steady rise in pressure and a veering of the surface wind.
C) A steady fall in pressure and a veering of the surface wind.
D) A steady rise in pressure and a backing of the surface wind.

347- Which of the following are low level clouds?

A) AS, AC.
 B) ST, SC.
C) CI, ST.
D) NS, CI.

348- Which of the following are high level cloud? State the most complete answer:
A) AS, AC.
B) ST, NS.
 C) Cl, CC.
D) NS, CI.

349- Flying conditions associated with cumulonimbus (CB) at summer time are:
A) Hazy weather combined with drizzle and turbulence.
B) Good visibility, intervals of fine weather and little turbulence.
C) Bad visibility, continuous rain and little turbulence.
 D) Bad visibility in showers and pronounced turbulence.

350- The type of cloud formed when warming from below:

A) Stratus type.
 B) Cumulus type.
C) Stratocumulus type.
D) Nimbostratus type.

351- Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to the formation of advection fog?
A) Moist cold air moving over a warm surface.
 B) Moist warm air moving over a cold surface.
C) Dry warm air moving over a cold surface.
D) Dry cold air moving over a warm surface.
Meteorology P a g e | 462

352- Which of the following circumstances most favor the development of radiation fog?
A) Warm moist air at the windward side of a mountain.
 B) Moist air over land during clear night with little wind.
C) Maritime tropical air flowing over cold sea.
D) Advection of very cold air over much warmer sea.

353- The range of wind speed in which radiation fog is most likely to form is:
A) Above 15 kts.
B) Between 10 and 15 kts.
C) Between 5 and 10 kts.
 D) Below 5 kts.

354- Which of the following statements is true concerning advection fog?

A) It forms slowly and disappears rapidly.
B) It forms at night or the early morning.
C) It forms when unstable air is cooled adiabatically.
 D) It can be formed suddenly by day or night.

355- The morning following a clear, calm night when the temperature has dropped to the dew point, is
likely to produce:
A) A cold front.
 B) Radiation fog.
C) Advection fog.
D) Good clear weather.

356- When the temperature and dew point are less than one degree apart the weather conditions are
most likely to be:
A) Unlimited visibility.
B) Clear and cool.
C) High scattered clouds.
 D) Fog or low cloud.

357- Which of the following is most likely to lead to the dissipation of radiation fog?
A) A buildup of a high pressure area resulting in adiabatic warming associated with a sinking air
mass.
B) A marked decrease in wind velocity close to the ground.
C) Ground cooling caused by radiation during the night.
 D) A marked increase in wind velocity near the ground.
Meteorology P a g e | 463

358- Which type of fog is likely to form when air having temperature of 15°C and dew point of
12 °C blows at 10 knots over a sea surface having temperatures of 5°C?
A) Radiation fog.
 B) Advection fog.
C) Steam fog.
D) Frontal fog.

359- Which of the following weather conditions favor the formation of radiation fog?
 A) Light wind, little or no cloud, moist air.
B) Light wind, extensive cloud, dry air.
C) Light wind, extensive cloud, moist air.
D) Strong wind, little or no cloud, moist air.

360- Radiation fog can be dispersed by:

A) Insolation.
B) Strong winds.
C) Replacement of moist air by drier air.
 D) All answers are correct.

361- Radiation fog most frequently occurs in:

A) Low pressure systems over sea.
 B) High pressure systems over land.
C) High pressure systems over sea.
D) Low pressure systems over land.

362- The formation of morning fog before sunrise is possible if:

 A) Air temperature and dew point are equal or close to one another.
B) The wind is strong.
C) The sky is overcast.
D) The turbulence in the lower layers is moderate.

363- Which type of fog cannot be formed over water?

A) Advection fog.
 B) Radiation fog.
C) Arctic smoke.
D) Frontal fog.
Meteorology P a g e | 464

364- The danger of experiencing fog is greatest when:

A) Dew point temperature is high.
B) Dew point temperature is low.
 C) There is little dew point spread.
D) There is great dew point spread

365- What enhances the growth rate of precipitation?

A) Adjective action.
 B) Upward currents.
C) Cyclonic movement.
D) Temperature inversions.

366- Fall streaks or Virga are:

 A) Water or ice particles falling out of a cloud that evaporate before reaching the ground.
B) Strong down draughts in the polar let stream, associated with let streaks.
C) Gusts associated with a well-developed Bora.
D) Strong katabatic winds in mountainous areas and accompanied by heavy precipitation.

367- In the typical weather pattern behind a cold front the visibility outside precipitation is:
A) Low and the precipitation is showers.
B) Good and the precipitation is steady rain.
 C) Good and the precipitation is showers.
D) Low and the precipitation is steady rain.

368- The passage of a warm front can be associated with areas of fog. The types of fog just in advance
and just after the passage are respectively:
A) Arctic smoke and frontal fog.
B) Advection fog and radiation fog.
 C) Frontal fog and advection fog.
D) Advection fog and steaming fog.

369- What surface weather is associated with a stationary high pressure region over land in the winter?
A) Thunderstorms.
 B) A tendency for fog and low ST.
C) NS with continuous rain.
D) The possibility of snow showers.
Meteorology P a g e | 465

370- What is the correct term for the descending air flow in a large high pressure area?
A) Convection.
B) Convergence.
C) Advection.
 D) Subsidence.

371- When flying at 5000 feet in the northern hemisphere over plains (flat country) with an anticyclone
on the left and a depression on the right the wind will be:
A) From the right.
B) From the left
 C) A headwind.
D) A tailwind.

372- Freezing precipitation occurs:

A) Only in the precipitate on of a warm front.
B) Only in the precipitation of a cold front.
 C) Mainly in the form of freezing rain or freezing drizzle.
D) Mainly in the form of freezing hail or freezing snow.

373- The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that:

 A) Freezing rain occurs at a higher altitude.
B) A cold front has passed.
C) There are thunderstorms in the area.
D) A warm front has passed.

374- What type of cloud can produce hail showers?

A) CS
B) NS
 C) CB
D) AC

375- What type of clouds are associated with snow showers?

A) Nimbostratus.
B) Cumulus and altostratus.
C) Altostratus and stratus.
 D) Cumulonimbus.
Meteorology P a g e | 466

376- Large hailstones:

A) Only occur in thunderstorms of mid-latitudes.
 B) Are typically associated with severe thunderstorms.
C) Are entirely composed of clear ice.
D) Only occur in frontal thunderstorms.

377- Precipitation in the form of showers occurs mainly from:

A) Clouds containing only ice crystals.
B) Stratified clouds.
C) Cirrus clouds.
 D) Convective clouds.

378- What type of clouds are associated with rain showers?

A) Nimbostratus.
B) Towering cumulus and altostratus.
C) Altostratus and stratus.
 D) Towering cumulus and cumulonimbus.

379- Which one of the following types of cloud is most likely to produce heavy precipitation?
A) SC
B) CS
 C) NS
D) ST

380- Which of the following cloud types is least likely to produce precipitation?
 A) Cl
B) AS
C) CB
D) NS

381- In which of the following situations can freezing rain be encountered?

 A) Ahead of a warm front in the winter.
B) Ahead of a cold front in the winter.
C) Behind a warm front in the summer
D) Ahead of a cold front in the summer.
Meteorology P a g e | 467

382- Super cooled droplets can occur in:

 A) Clouds, fog and precipitation.
B) Clouds but not in precipitation.
C) Precipitation but not in clouds
D) Clouds but not in fog

383- Which of the following types of cloud is most likely to be associated with prolonged and continuous
moderate rain?
 A) NS
B) CU
C) ST
D) Cl

384- What type of cloud is pertinent for showers?

 A) CB
B) NS
C) Cl
D) AS

385- An unstable air mass will normally be characterized by:

A) Stratiform cloud.
 B) Cumuliform cloud and good visibility except in precipitation.
C) Continuous light rain from medium level layer cloud.
D) Poor visibility due to haze at the lower levels.

386- An air mass acquires its characteristics by:

A) Rising of the warm air above the underlying cold air.
B) Convection.
 C) Stagnation of the air for a long period of time over areas having particular characteristics.
D) Air circulation around centers of permanent action.

387- What are the most common characteristics of a cold air mass moving over a warm surface?
 A) Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility.
B) Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and poor visibility.
C) Stratiform clouds, smooth air, and poor visibility.
D) Stratiform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility.
Meteorology P a g e | 468

388- What are the most common characteristics of a warm air mass, moving over a cold surface?
A) Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility.
B) Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and poor visibility.
 C) Stratiform clouds, smooth air, and poor visibility.
D) Stratiform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility.

389- The first clouds are thin, wispy cirrus, followed by sheets of cirrus and cirrostratus, and altostratus.
The sun is obscured as the altostratus thickens and drizzle or rain begins to fall. The cloud base is
lowering as nimbostratus arrives. These phenomenon is due to
 A) Warm front.
B) Cold front.
C) Trade wind front.
D) Sea-breeze front.

390- An occlusion takes place when:

 A) A cold front catches up with a warm front.
B) Warm air displaces cold air.
C) Cold air displaces warm air.
D) The front no longer moves.

391- Subsidence is:

A) Vertically upwards motion of air.
B) Horizontal motion of air.
 C) Vertically downwards motion of air.
D) The same as convection.

392- Areas of sinking air are generally cloudless because as air sinks it:
A) Reaches warmer layers.
 B) Is heated by compression.
C) Is heated by expansion.
D) Loses water vapor.

393- Define a "HIGH";

 A) An area with higher pressure than that of the horizontal environments.
B) A high pressure ridge.
C) An area of divergence.
D) None of the above.
Meteorology P a g e | 469

394- A trough of low pressure on a surface synoptic chart is an area of:

A) Divergence and subsidence.
 B) Convergence and widespread ascent.
C) Divergence and widespread ascent.
D) Convergence and Subsidence.

395- Which statement is true regarding squall lines?

A) They are always associated with cold front.
 B) They are non-frontal and often contains sever steady state thunderstorm.
C) They form slowly but move rapidly.
D) They are associated with frontal systems only.

396- A "trough" is a:
 A) Type of a low pressure area.
B) Type of a high pressure area.
C) Tropical thunderstorm.
D) Tropical wind.

397- An area on a synoptic chart appearing as a "V-shaped" extension of a low pressure area is called a:
A) Ridge
B) Col
 C) Trough
D) Occlusion

398- The downdrafts and rain starts and rain reach the ground when a thunderstorm cell is in --------
stage and the cell has reached a height 25000 ft/min or more.
 A) Mature
B) Thermal
C) Cumulus
D) Dissipating

399- A strong, dry and warm katabatic wind, produced by prior enforced ascent of air over hills or
mountains is known as a:
A) Bora
B) Harmattan
C) Mistral
 D) Foehn
Meteorology P a g e | 470

400- A Foehn wind occurs on the:

A) Leeward side of a mountain range and is caused by the condensation level being lower on
the leeward side than on the windward side.
B) Windward side of a mountain range and is caused by surface heating.
C) Windward side of a mountain range and is caused by surface cooling and reverse air flow.
 D) Leeward side of a mountain range and is caused by significant moisture loss by precipitation
from cloud.

401- What type of air movement is associated with the center line of a trough?
A) Divergence with lifting.
B) Divergence with descending air.
 C) Convergence with lifting.
D) Convergence with descending air.

402- Which is true of a typical non frontal thermal depression?

A) It forms over the ocean in summer.
 B) It forms over land in summer.
C) It forms both over the ocean and land in winter.
D) It forms over land in winter.

403- What is meant by an area of divergence?

A) An area where air masses are moving in.
 B) An area where air masses are moving out.
C) A frontal zone.
D) A high pressure area.

404- The formation of a thermal low pressure is by:

A) Advection of warm air.
B) Advection of cold air.
C) A dynamic effect.
 D) A temperature rises in an area in relation to the environment.

405- What type of clouds, visible even at a long distance, could indicate the presence of a tropical
revolving storm?
A) NS spread over a large area.
B) Frequent SC.
C) Excessive accumulation of CU.
 D) Dense CI.
Meteorology P a g e | 471

406- During which seasons are hurricanes most likely to appear in the northern hemisphere?
A) All seasons.
B) Winter.
C) Winter and spring.
 D) Summer and autumn.

407- Where is the most dangerous zone in a tropical revolving storm?

A) Anywhere in the eye.
 B) In the wall of clouds around the eye.
C) In the center of the eye.
D) About 600 km away from the eye.

408- What is the reason for seasonal changes in climate?

 A) Because the earth spin axis is inclined to the plane of its orbit round the sun.
B) Because the distance between the earth and the dun varies over a year.
C) Because the earth’s orbital speed round the sun varies according to the time of the year.
D) Because of the difference between the tropical year and the calendar year.

409- Which one of the following statements regarding the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is
correct?
A) The ITCZ does not change its position during the course of the year.
B) Thunderstorms seldom occur within the area of the ITCZ.
C) The ITCZ is always associated with a strong jet stream.
 D) Frequent and widespread thunderstorms are to be expected within the area of the ITCZ.

410- Which of the following statements concerning the inter-tropical convergence zone is true:
 A) There are frequent occurrences of CB.
B) It lies totally in the northern hemisphere in July and totally in the southern hemisphere in
January.
C) It does not change it position over the oceans during the year.
D) It is an area of low pressure and low relative humidity.

411- Which wind systems converge on the ITCZ when it lies at the equator?
 A) SE trade winds and NE trade winds.
B) SW monsoon and NW monsoon.
C) SW monsoon and NW trade winds.
D) NW monsoon and SW trade winds.
Meteorology P a g e | 472

412- In which month does the humid monsoon in India start?

A) In October.
 B) In June.
C) In December.
D) In March.

413- From which direction for the trade winds blow in the southern hemisphere?
A) N
B) NE
C) SW
 D) SE

414- Define the Chinook:

 A) Warm and dry air descending at the leeward side of the Rocky Mountains.
B) Cold and dry air descending at the leeward side of the Appalachian Mountains.
C) A dust and sand laden northeasterly wind in Northwest Africa.
D) Warm and dry air ascending on the west side of the-Rocky Mountains.

415- Large super cooled water drops, which freeze on impact on an airplane, form:
A) Rime ice.
 B) Clear ice.
C) Hoar frost.
D) Cloudy ice.

416- While descending through a cloud cover at high level, a small amount of a white and rough powder
like contamination is detected along the leading edge of the wing. This contamination is called:
A) Clear ice.
 B) Rime ice.
C) Mixed ice.
D) Frost.

417- In which of the following conditions is moderate to severe airframe icing most likely to be
encountered?
A) Within cloud of any type.
B) Below the freezing level in clear air.
C) In clear air above the freezing level.
 D) In nimbostratus cloud.
Meteorology P a g e | 473

418- Clear ice is dangerous because it:

A) Spreads out and contains many air particles.
B) Is translucent and only forms at the leading edges.
C) Is not translucent and forms at the leading edges.
 D) Is heavy and is difficult to remove from the aircraft surfaces.

419- The most dangerous form of airframe icing is:

A) Rime ice.
B) Hoar frost.
C) Dry ice.
 D) Clear ice.

420- A thin coating of Hoar frost on the airfoil surface:

A) Does not affect takeoff performance.
 B) Has significant negative effects on the lift of the wing.
C) Affects the aspect ratio of the wing.
D) Only affects stability.

421- Which conditions result in the formation of hoar frost?

A) The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below freezing and small droplets of
moisture are falling.
B) When dew forms and the temperature is below freezing.
 C) Temperature of the collecting surface is below the dew point of surrounding air and the
dew point is colder than freezing.
D) None.

422- Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?

A) The increased weight requires a greater takeoff distance.
B) Frost causes early airflow separation resulting in a loss of lift.
C) Frost decreases control effectiveness.
 D) All answers are correct.

423- The possibility of significant icing at altitude, should be expected when on ground you observe:
 A) Ice pellets.
B) Hail.
C) Snow.
D) Ice droplet.
Meteorology P a g e | 474

424- How does moderate turbulence affect an aircraft?

A) Large, abrupt changes in altitude or attitude occur but the aircraft may only be out of
control momentarily.
B) Rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness is experienced without appreciable changes in
altitude or attitude.
 C) Changes in altitude or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times.
D) Continued flight in this environment will result in structural damage. With reference to ICAO
scale of Intensity of turbulence.

425- The mechanical turbulence will increase when:

A) Flying from land to sea.
B) Temperature falls.
C) Pressure rises.
 D) The wind speed increases.

426- Hazardous wind shear is encountered near the ground:

A) During periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots.
B) During periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots and near mountain valleys.
 C) During periods of strong temperature inversion and near thunderstorms.
D) Near mountain valleys and on the windward side of hills and mountains.

427- What is a microburst?

A) A small low pressure system where the wind circulates with very high speeds.
B) A concentrated down draught with high speeds and a higher temperature than the
surrounding air.
C) An extremely strong wind gust in a tropical revolving storm.
 D) A concentrated downdraught with high speeds and a lower temperature than the
surrounding air.

428- What are squall lines?

A) Unusual intensive cold fronts.
 B) Bands of intensive thunderstorms.
C) The surface weather associated with upper air troughs.
D) The paths of tropical revolving storms.
Meteorology P a g e | 475

429- During which stage of thunderstorm development are rotor winds characterized by roll clouds most
likely to occur?
A) Dissipating stage.
B) Cumulus stage.
 C) Mature stage.
D) Cumulus stage and mature stage.

430- In addition to a lifting action, what are two other conditions necessary for thunderstorm
formation?
A) Stable conditions and high moisture content.
 B) Unstable conditions and high moisture content.
C) Stable conditions and low atmospheric pressure.
D) Unstable conditions and low atmospheric pressure.

431- During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominantly by
downdraughts?
 A) Dissipating stage.
B) Initial stage.
C) Mature stage.
D) Anvil stage.

432- Thunderstorms reach their greatest intensity during the:

A) Dissipating stage.
B) The initial stage.
 C) Mature stage.
D) Period in which precipitation is not falling.

433- A microburst:
A) Always occurs in thunderstorms.
B) Has a life time of more than 30 minutes.
 C) Has a diameter of up to 4 km.
D) Occurs only in tropical areas.

434- Which thunderstorms generally produce the most severe conditions, such as heavy hail and
destructive winds?
A) Warm front thunderstorms.
 B) Squall line thunderstorms.
C) Nocturnal air mass thunderstorms.
D) Daytime air mass thunderstorms.
Meteorology P a g e | 476

435- A thunderstorm has the following stages in its life cycle:

A) Initial, mature or building and declining.
B) Building, mature, declining and dissipating.
C) Initial, declining and dissipating.
 D) Cumulus, mature and dissipating.

436- The initial stage of a thunderstorm last for approximately:

 A) 20 min.
B) 30 min.
C) 20 - 30 min.
D) 40 min.

437- The mature stage of a thunderstorm lasts for approximately:

A) 5 -15 min
B) 30 - 60 min
 C) 20 - 30 min
D) 45 min

438- Which of the following statements is true with regard to a mature thunderstorm?
 A) Both up-currents and down-currents appear concurrently.
B) The cloud top assumes and anvil shape.
C) Water droplets, hail and snow are all present.
D) The top of the cloud is negatively charged and the base is positively charged.

439- The final stage of a thunderstorm is reached when:

A) No further electrical charge is developed.
B) The lower portion of the cloud dissipates.
 C) A well-developed anvil can be seen.
D) All answers are correct.

440- What is a signal of the beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm?

A) The appearance of an anvil top.
B) Growth rate of the CB cloud is maximum.
 C) The start of precipitation.
D) CB cloud stops growing vertically
Meteorology P a g e | 477

441- What is the location of a squall line?

 A) Ahead of a cold front.
B) Ahead of a warm front.
C) Between cold and warm front.
D) On the rear side of a frontal system.

442- Which type of clouds are associated with "Microburst"?

A) Stratus (ST).
B) Altocumulus (AC).
 C) Cumulonimbus (CB).
D) Cumulus (CU).

443- Which of the following best describes the inter-tropical convergence zone?
A) The zone where the Harmattan meets the northeasterly trade winds over Africa.
 B) The zone where the trade winds of the northern hemisphere meet those of the southern
hemisphere.
C) The zone where cold fronts form in the tropics.
D) The zone where the west winds meet the subtropical high pressure belt.

444- What is the name of the low level winds between the subtropical high pressure belt and the ITCZ?
A) Monsoon.
 B) Trade winds.
C) Easterly wave.
D) Low level jet stream.

445- How do you recognize a cold air pool?

A) A cold air pool may only be recognized on the surface chart as a low pressure area.
B) As a high pressure area aloft (e.g. on the 500 hPa chart).
 C) As a low pressure area aloft (e.g. on the 500 hPa chart).
D) A cold air pool may only be recognized on the surface chart as a high pressure area.

446- What is encountered during the summer over land in the center of a cold air pool?
A) Noting (CAVOK)
B) Strong westerly winds
C) Fine weather CU
 D) Showers and thunderstorms
Meteorology P a g e | 478

447- The polar front is the boundary between:

A) Maritime polar air and continental polar air.
B) Arctic air and polar air.
C) Arctic air and tropical air.
 D) Polar air and tropical air.

448- What will be the effect on the reading of an altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground shortly
before an active cold front passes over the airport?
A) It will be decreasing.
B) It will remain unchanged.
 C) It will be increasing.
D) It will fluctuate up and down by about ± 50 feet.

449- What type of precipitation would you expect at an active unstable cold front?
 A) Showers associated with thunderstorms.
B) Freezing rain.
C) Light to moderate continues rain.
D) Drizzle.

450- You have been flying for some time in dense layered cloud. The outside air temperature is - 25˚C
which of the following statements is true?
A) If you do not have weather radar on board there is no need to worry as CB is unlikely to
form in such cloud.
B) Severe airframe icing is quite likely under these conditions.
 C) Severe air frame icing is unlikely under these conditions.
D) In a dense layered cloud icing is unlikely also at an outside air temperature of -30˚C.

451- Which one of the following statements concerning the formation of aircraft icing is most correct?
A) Risk for icing increases when cloud temperature decreases well below minus 12˚C.
B) Greatest risk of icing conditions is experienced in cirrus clouds.
 C) A cloud consisting of both super cooled cloud droplets and ice crystals produces aircraft
icing.
D) Probability of icing increases when dry snow starts to fall from a cloud.

452- Hoar frost is most likely to from when?

A) Flying inside convective clouds.
 B) Taking off from an airfield with a significant ground inversion.
C) Flying inside Stratiform clouds.
D) Flying in super cooled drizzle.
Meteorology P a g e | 479

453- Which of the following factors have the greatest effect on the formation of the various types of ice
on an aircraft?
A) Relative humidity inside the cloud.
B) Aircraft speed and size of cloud droplets.
C) Aircraft speed and curvature of the airfoil.
 D) Cloud temperature and droplet size.

454- Freezing fog exists if fog droplets:

A) Are frozen.
 B) Are super cooled.
C) Are freezing very rapidly.
D) Freeze when temperature falls below zero.

455- Which of the following cloud types are most likely to produce light to moderate icing when they are
not subject to orographic lifting and consist of super cooled cloud droplets:
A) Stratocumulus and cirrostratus.
 B) Altocumulus and altostratus.
C) Stratus and cumulonimbus.
D) Altostratus and cirrocumulus.

456- How does a pilot react to heavy freezing rain at 2000 ft AGL when he is unable to de-ice, nor land?
 A) He turns back before the aircraft less maneuverability.
B) He descends to the warm air layer below.
C) He ascends to the cold air layer above.
D) He continues to fly at the same altitude.

457- Which of the following statements is true regarding moderate to severe airframe icing?
A) It may occur in an upper most levels of a cumulonimbus capillatus formation.
B) It always occurs in altostratus cloud.
 C) It may occur in nimbostratus cloud.
D) It will occur in clear-sky conditions.
Meteorology P a g e | 480

458- In which conditions would you most likely encounter clear icing and how would it normally appear?
A) Cumuliform clouds small water droplets temperatures between -20˚C and 25˚C appears
transparent and tends to take the shape of the surface on which it freezes
B) Stratiform clouds small water droplets temperatures between -10 ˚C and -20˚C. Appears
granular and teds to accumulate forward into the air stream.
 C) Cumuliform clouds large water droplets temperatures between 0˚C and -15˚C appear
smooth and tends to spread back over an aircraft wing.
D) Stratiform clouds large water droplets temperatures will below freezing appears opaque
and builds forward form leading surface in to a sharp edge.

459- What intensity and type of aircraft icing is likely to occur at FL100 in a thunderstorm with the
freezing level at 7000 ft?
 A) Moderate to severe icing due to clear ice.
B) Light icing due to rime ice.
C) Moderate to severe icing due to rime ice.
D) Light icing due to clear ice.

460- In which cloud type does moderate to severe airframe icing most probably occur?
 A) NS
B) ST
C) CS
D) AC

461- What is normally the most effective measure to reduce or avoid the clear air turbulence effects?
A) Decrease of speed.
B) Change of course.
C) Increase of speed.
 D) Change of flight level.

462- A zone of strong convection currents is encountered during a flight. In spite of moderate gust you
decide to continue the flight. What are your precautionary measures?
A) Increase the speed / try to descend below the zone of convective currents.
B) Increase the speed / try to climb above the zone of convective currents if aircraft
performance parameters allow.
C) Decrease the speed / try to descend below the zone of convective currents.
 D) Decrease the speed / try to climb above the zone of convective currents if aircraft
performance parameters allow.
Meteorology P a g e | 481

463- The degree of clear air turbulence experienced by an aircraft is proportional to the?
A) Intensity of the solar radiation.
B) Height of the aircraft.
C) Stability of the air.
 D) Intensity of vertical and horizontal wind shear.

464- All pilots encountering clear air turbulence are requested to report it. You experience CAT which
causes passengers and crew to feel definite strain against their seat belt or shoulders straps.
Unsecured objects are dislodged food service and walking are difficult this intensity of CAT should
be reported as:
A) Severe.
B) Extreme.
 C) Moderate.
D) Light.

465- Conditions favorable for low-level frictional turbulence are:

 A) Strong wind, rough terrain, steep lapse rate.
B) Strong wind, rough terrain, stable lapse rate.
C) Light wind, rough terrain, stable lapse rate.
D) Strong wind, smooth terrain, stable elapse rate.

466- In which zone of a polar front jet stream is the strongest clear air turbulence to be expected?
A) Exactly in the center of the core.
B) On the tropical air side of the core.
 C) On the polar air side of the core.
D) About 12000 ft above the core.

467- When cat (CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE) conditions are anticipated the following procedure should be
used as soon as turbulent air penetration speed is established:
A) The airspeed indicator should be used as primary flight instrument.
B) The attitude indicator should be used as secondary flight instrument.
 C) Maintain wings level and control pitch attitude smoothly.
D) Prepare the use of large control inputs to fight the excessive G-force that may occur.
Meteorology P a g e | 482

468- Clear air turbulence (CAT) should be anticipated when:

A) Immediately after the passage of a thunderstorm.
B) A sharp trough area aloft is present with wind speed considerable higher than that of jet
stream winds.
 C) A sharp trough area aloft is present even though the wind speed may be considerably less
than that of jet stream winds.
D) Whenever a high pressure is present close to a thunderstorm area.

469- What is the effect of a strong low level inversion?

A) It results in good visual conditions.
B) It promotes extensive vertical movement of air.
C) It prevents vertical wind shear.
 D) It promotes vertical wind shear.

470- An important characteristic of wind shear is that:

A) It is encountered most frequently near mountain waves during winter months.
B) It is an atmospheric contention that is associated exclusively with zones of convergence.
C) It only occurs with jet streams.
 D) It is an atmospheric condition that maybe associated with a low level temperature inversion
a jet stream or a frontal zone.

471- In a microburst you may experience strong wind shear:

 A) 4 km
B) 8 km
C) 10km
D) 15 km

472- Which thunderstorms move forward the fastest?

A) Thunderstorms formed by lifting processes.
 B) Frontal thunderstorm.
C) Thermal thunderstorm.
D) Orographic thunderstorms.

473- At which altitude at temperate latitudes may hail be expected in connection with a CB?
 A) From the ground up to a maximum of FL450.
B) From the ground up to about FL200.
C) From the ground up to about FL100.
D) From the base of the clouds up to FL200.
Meteorology P a g e | 483

474- Which of the following meteorological phenomenon indicates upper level instability which may
lead to thunderstorm development?
A) Red cirrus
B) Continuous downdraughts
C) Light showery precipitation
 D) Continuous up draughts

475- Which of the following conditions are necessary for thunderstorms to form:
A) Low surface temperature and high moisture content.
 B) High moisture content and a trigger action.
C) Instability at night 0° isotherm.
D) Low upper temperatures and a high.

476- Which types of thunderstorm can be the most difficult to avoid:

A) Mature thunderstorms because they spread over such a wide area.
 B) Frontal thunder storms.
C) Air mass thunderstorms.
D) Low-level thunderstorms.

477- Convective weather phenomena include:

A) Heavy showers, lightning strikes, hail, mist, squalls light rain over a range area.
B) Thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail, haze, wind gusts, advection fog, lightning strikes.
 C) Thunderstorms, hail, tornadoes, wind gusts, heavy showers, lightning strikes.
D) Hail, lightning, strikes, wind lulls, squalls, stratocumulus, low level wind maximum.

478- Thunderstorms are often preceded by:

A) Altostratus clouds
B) Nimbostratus clouds
 C) Altocumulus castellanos clouds
D) Altocumulus lenticulars clouds
Meteorology P a g e | 484

479- Which of the following sets of conditions are most favorable to the development of
thunderstorms?
A) Extensive isothermal layer, ice particles and water droplets must exist just below the
freezing level and orographic lift in.
 B) Environmental lapse rate greater than saturated adiabatic lapse rate through a great
vertical extent high relative humidity and an initial lifting process.
C) Environmental lapse rate less than saturated adiabatic lapse rate with dew point below 0 ˚ C
and considerable surface heating.
D) Environmental lapse rate less than dry adiabatic lapse rate with freezing level below the
cloud base high relative humidity and strong surface winds.

480- Which of the following situations favors the formation of heavy thunderstorms?
 A) A cold front approaching a mountain range in the evening.
B) The passage of a warm front in the morning.
C) A cold front on the leeward side of a mountain range.
D) A warm sector moving over a snow –covered ground.

481- Which of the following statements about lightning’s and lightning strikes is correct?
 A) The aircraft is temporarily part of the lightning trajectory.
B) Spherical lightning often penetrate into aircraft.
C) Lightning strikes always cause heavy damage.
D) Compasses and electronics are always affected.

482- Which one of the following can provide the initial lifting leading to air mass thunder storms?
 A) Advection of cold air over a warm sea.
B) Mountain waves.
C) Advection of warm air over a cold sea.
D) Low level wind shear.

483- Which statement is correct for microburst?

A) The only develop below convective clouds with heavy rain.
 B) The diameter or the affected area on the surface does not exceed 4 km.
C) They occur in the tropics only.
D) Their downdraughts is warmer the surroundings.

484- With the development of a thunderstorm at what stage will there be only up draughts of air?
A) Anvil stage.
B) Mature stage.
 C) Initial stage.
D) Dissipating stage.
Meteorology P a g e | 485

485- What conditions (amongst others) have to be met for the development of CBs and thunderstorms?
 A) Moist air must be present.
B) Warm air has to move over a cold surface.
C) There have to be significant pressure differences over a small area.
D) A front has to be present.

486- Where can wind shear associated with a thunderstorm be found (choose the most complete
answer)?
A) In front of the thunderstorm cell (anvil side).
B) Ahead of the roll clouds or gust front.
C) In front of the thunderstorm cell and directly under the cell.
 D) On all sides of the thunderstorm cell and directly under the cell.

487- Concerning the radar reflectivity in relation to a thunderstorm the followings is true?
A) Reflectivity decreases with severity and frequency of turbulence.
B) Reflectivity increases with severity and frequency of turbulence.
C) Reflectivity is a function of the number and size of water droplets in a given unit of volume.
 D) Both B and C are correct.

488- Which of the following conditions are most favorable to the formation of mountain waves?
A) Unstable air at mountain top altitude and a wind at least 20 knot blowing across the
mountain ridge.
B) Either stable or unstable air at mountain top or a wind of at least 30 knots blowing parallel
to the mountain ridge.
C) Most unstable air at mountain top and wind of less than 5 knots blowing across the
mountain ridge.
 D) Stable air at mountain top altitude and a wind at least 20 knots blowing across the
mountain ridge.

489- With reference to rotor circulation?

A) It can occur at levels up to 80000 ft.
 B) It is a low level phenomenon.
C) It is found at approximately the tropopause level.
D) It is another name for the rotor zones associated with mountain waves.

490- Mountain waves should be expected?

A) When instability is high.
 B) On the downwind side of the maintain chain.
C) Directly over the mountain chain.
D) On the upwind side of the mountain chain.
Meteorology P a g e | 486

491- The conditions most favorable to formations of mountain waves are?

A) Wind direction parallel to the mountain range – wind speed increasing with height –
extensive isothermal layer between mountain crests and the tropopause.
B) Wind direction parallel to the general alignment of the mountain range wind speed
increasing with height – intense surface heating.
 C) Wind speed above 20 kts and wind direction at right angles to mountains – wind speed
increasing with height.
D) Wind directing approximately at right angles to the mountain range – wind speed 30 kts and
steadily increasing with height – an inversion just above the crest level with less stable air
above and below.

492- What is likely when mountain waves are observed?

 A) Strong wind and turbulence in the mountains.
B) Unstable air.
C) Rain on the leeward side of the mountains.
D) Convection clouds.

493- Below a low level inversion visibility is often:

A) Moderate or poor due to heavy snow showers.
B) Very good at night.
C) Very good in the early morning.
 D) Moderate or poor because there is no vertical exchange.

494- In unstable air, surface visibility is most likely to be restricted by:

A) Low stratus.
B) Haze.
C) Drizzle.
 D) Showers of rain or snow.

495- The solid particles which reduce visibility in the atmosphere are:
A) Atmospheric pollution, dust, ozone and moisture.
B) Atmospheric pollution, volcanic fumes, dust and sand.
C) Atmospheric pollution, dust, sand and spray.
 D) Atmospheric pollution, dust, sand and volcanic ash.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 487

1- Frequency is defined as the:

 A) Number of complete cycles recurring in one unit of time.
B) Distance between a crest and a crest.
C) Number of complete cycles recurring in ten units of time.
D) Distance from the axis to the peak value.

2- The speed of radio waves is:

A) 300 km per second
 B) 300 million meters per second
C) 162 NM per second
D) 162 million NM per second

3- If the wavelength of a radio wave is 3.75 meters, the frequency is:

A) 80 kHz
B) 8 MHz
 C) 80 MHz
D) 800 kHz

4- The wavelength corresponding to a frequency of 125.000 MHz is:

 A) 2.4 m
B) 24 m
C) 24 cm
D) 24 mm

5- The frequency band containing the frequency corresponding to 29.1 cm is:

A) HF
B) VHF
C) SHF
 D) UHF

6- SELCAL is an equipment that:

A) Is coupled with TCAS II and is to do with traffic advisory warning systems.
B) Automatically transmits data signals.
 C) Automatically receives incoming signals.
D) Functions as a frequency modulator.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 488

7- Which of the following lists information required to input a way point or Phantom Station into a
basic VOR/DME-based Area Navigation System?
A) Magnetic track and distance from the aircraft to the way point or Phantom Station.
B) Magnetic track and distance to a VOR/DME from the way point or Phantom Station.
C) Radials from a minimum of two VORs to the way point or Phantom Station.
 D) Radial and distance from a VOR/DME to the way point or Phantom Station.

8- Which of the following is one of the functions of the computer in a basic RNAV system?
A) It checks the ground station accuracy using a built-in test program.
 B) It transfers the information given by a VOR/DME station into tracking and distance
indications to any chosen Phantom Station/waypoint.
C) It automatically selects the two strongest transmitters for the Area-Nav Mode and continues
working by memory in case one of the two necessary stations goes off the air.
D) It calculates cross track information for NDB approaches.

9- On a 5 dot HSI in the RNAV approach mode (APR RNAV) what does one dot indicate?
 A) 0.25 NM
B) 0.5 NM
C) 1.0 NM
D) 2.0 NM

10- Erratic indications may be experienced when flying towards a basic VOR/DME-based Area
Navigation System Phantom Station:
A) Because, under adverse conditions (relative bearing to the Phantom Station other than
180°/360°).
B) It takes the computer more time to calculate the necessary information.
 C) When operating at low altitudes close to the limit of reception range from the reference
station.
D) When in the cone of silence overhead the Phantom Station when the Phantom Station is out
of range.

11- RNAV routes are:

A) Usually specified by waypoints co-incident with point source aids such as VOR, DME or NDB
facilities.
 B) Specified by waypoints defined as a position in latitude and longitude based on the WGS-84
system.
C) Selected according to TCAS inputs.
D) None of the above.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 489

12- Basic RNAV requires a track-keeping accuracy of:

A) ± 1˚or better for 95% of the flight time.
B) ± 5˚ or better for 95% of the flight time.
C) ± 1 NM or better for 95% of the flight time.
 D) ± 5 NM or better for 95% of the flight time.

13- Precision RNAV (P-RNAV) requires a track-keeping accuracy of:

A) ± 1˚ or better for 95% of the flight time.
B) ± 5˚ or better for 95% of the flight time.
 C) ± 1 NM or better for 95% of the flight time.
D) ± 5 NM or better for 95% of the flight time.

14- With VOR/DME basic area navigation, the displacement of the CDI needle represents:
A) Angular displacement from the course line (e.g. 5 dots = 5° off track)
B) Angular displacement from the course line (e.g. 5 dots = 10° off track)
 C) Distance off track (e.g. 5 dots = 5 NM off track)
D) Distance off track (e.g. 5 dots = 10 NM off track)

15- The range to a required waypoint presented by RNAV system is:

 A) Plan range or slant range depending on RNAV settings
B) Plan range
C) Slant range
D) Neither plan range nor slant range

16- VORTAC-based RNAV systems allow you more lateral freedom, Because:
A) The data base identifies surrounding airports you to track directly to or from navigation
facilities.
B) The signals radiate from satellites in space.
C) You do not have to tune and identify the station.
 D) You do not have to track directly to or from navigations facilities.

17- When you are using a VORTAC-based RNAV system, the needle deflections on the VOR indicator
show course deviation in terms of:
A) Degrees.
B) Radials.
C) Statute miles.
 D) Nautical miles.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 490

18- Which of the following is true in respect of using ILS back-beam approach procedure?
A) When using a CDI you must set the OBS to the back-beam beam localizer course.
B) When using a CDI in the overshoot sector you must disobey the needles.
 C) When using a HSI you must set the course arrow to the localizer front-beam course.
D) When using a HSI the glide path must be set before approach.

19- The frequency band of the ILS glide path is:

 A) UHF
B) VHF
C) SHF
D) VLF

20- In which frequency band does an ILS localizer transmit?

 A) VHF
B) UHF
C) SHF
D) EHF

21- Which of the following correctly describes the Instrument Landing System (ILS) localizer radiation
pattern?
A) Two overlapping lobes on the same UHF carrier frequency.
 B) Two overlapping lobes on the same VHF carrier frequency.
C) A pencil beam comprising a series of smaller beams each carrying a different modulation.
D) Two overlapping lobes on different radio carrier frequencies but with the same modulation.

22- ILS marker beacons do not interfere with each other because:
A) They operate on different modulations.
B) They operate at different frequencies.
 C) They transmit in narrow vertical beams.
D) They transmit low power signals, which cannot be detected by the aeroplane's receiver.

23- The principle of operation of the ILS localizer transmitter is that it transmits two overlapping lobes
on:
A) Different frequencies with different phases.
B) The same frequency with different phases.
 C) The same frequency with different amplitude modulations.
D) Different frequencies with different amplitude modulations.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 491

24- The glide path transmitter operates on:

A) 36 VHF frequencies, paired with localizer frequencies.
B) The frequencies 90 and 150 MHz.
C) On frequencies found by multiplying the localizer frequency by 3.
 D) 40 frequencies from 329.15 MHz to 335.00 MHz.

25- What is measured in order to establish aircraft position in relation to the localizer beam on an ILS?
A) The difference in phase between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.
 B) The difference in depth between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.
C) The bearing to the localizer antenna found by means of a loop antenna.
D) The difference in time between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.
۵۹

26- An aircraft is flying downwind outside the coverage of the ILS. The CDI indications will be:
 A) Unreliable in azimuth and elevation.
B) Reliable in azimuth, unreliable in elevation.
C) No indications will be shown.
D) Reliable in azimuth and elevation.

27- Consider the following statements on ILS back-beam approach:

A) Using a standard ILS indicator, a back beam approach must be flown with heading
adjustments made away from the localizer needle.
B) Only when a published procedure is at hand, a back beam approach may be flown.
C) Using an HSI the course selector should be set to the inbound track of the localizer front
beam, it orders to get normal sensing.
 D) All statements are correct.

28- ILS back beams may be received:

A) When flying outside the area of coverage.
B) Never.
C) When approaching the ILS from behind the glide path aerial.
 D) When approaching the ILS from behind the localizer aerial.

29- Which of the following elements of an ILS transmit in the VHF band?
A) Localizer only.
B) Marker beacons only.
C) Glide-path and marker beacons.
 D) Localizer and marker beacons. ۶ ۰
Radio Navigation P a g e | 492

30- ILS markers are identified in the aeroplane by color light and audio signal. The identification of the
outer marker is:
A) High-pitched dashes, amber light.
B) Low-pitched dots and dashes, amber light.
C) High pitched dots and dashes, blue light.
 D) Low-pitched dashes, blue light.

31- There are four types of marker beacons, all transmitting on the same carrier frequency:
A) Airway marker (fan marker), outer marker, middle marker, intersection marker.
B) Intersection marker, outer marker, middle marker, inner marker.
 C) Airway marker (fan marker), outer marker, middle marker, inner marker.
D) Boundary marker, outer marker, middle marker, inner marker.

32- Which range facility associated with the ILS may be identified by a two-letter identification group?
 A) Locator.
B) Inner marker.
C) Outer marker.
D) Glide path.

33- Consider the following statements on ILS:

A) An ILS-approach may be flown only if all of the following components are operational:
localizer, glide path and marker beacons/DME.
B) If the localizer is out of service, an ILS approach with increased decision height (DH) may be
carried out.
 C) ILS is the primary precision approach facility for civil aviation.
D) When the pilot is reaching the decision height (DH) he may only continue the approach if
both localizer and glide path indications are within one dot from the center positions.

34- The minima for a CAT I ILS are:

A) Height: 100 ft, RVR: 550 m.
B) Height: 100 ft, RVR: 700 m.
 C) Height: 200 ft, RVR: 550 m.
D) Height: 200 ft, RVR: 700 m.

35- The minima for a CAT II ILS are:

 A) Height: 100 ft, RVR: 300 m.
B) Height: 100 ft, RVR: 400 m.
C) Height: 50 ft, RVR: 300 m.
D) Height: 50 ft, RVR: 400 m.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 493

36- The errors of an ILS localizer beam are due to:

A) Emission side-lobes.
 B) Ground reflections.
C) Spurious signals from objects near the runway.
D) Interference from other systems operating on the same frequency.

37- Which of the following is correct regarding false beams on a glide path?
A) False beams will only be found more than 10° to the left or to the right of the localizer center
line.
 B) False beams will only be found above the correct glide path. ۶ ۲
C) False beams are only present when flying a back beam ILS approach.
D) False beams will only be found below the correct glide path.

38- ILS CAT II equipment will permit instrument approaches down to:
A) DH 100 ft, RVR 150 m.
 B) DH 100 ft, RVR 300 m.
C) DH 50 ft, RVR 200 m.
D) DH 150 ft, RVR 400 m.

39- A HSI compass rose is stuck on 200°. When the aircraft is lined up on the centerline of the ILS
localizer for runway 25, the localizer needle will be:
A) Left of the center.
 B) Centered.
C) Right of the center.
D) Centered with the fail flag showing.

40- The sensitive area of an ILS is the area aircraft may not enter when:
A) ILS operations are in progress.
B) Category I ILS operations are in progress.
 C) Category II/III ILS operations are in progress.
D) The ILS is undergoing calibration.

41- An ILS localizer can give reverse sense indications on the approach side and outside the protected
coverage:
A) Beyond 25 NM.
B) Beyond 35° azimuths either side of the approach.
C) Beyond 10° azimuths either side of the approach.
 D) At any time.
ATP۶۳
Radio Navigation P a g e | 494

42- The middle marker is identified by:

 A) Audible alternate dots and dashes with tone 1300 Hz and an amber light.
B) Audible alternate dots and dashes with tone 400 Hz and an amber light.
C) Audible alternate dots and dashes with tone 400 Hz and a white light.
D) Audible alternate dots and dashes with tone 1300 Hz and a white light.

43- Which of the following statements is true in respect of an ILS?

A) If the glide path is not operating, the ILS will be switched off.
B) An ILS cannot be used if either of the outer or middle markers is switched off.
C) The glide path frequency is paired with the marker frequency.
 D) The glide path transmits on UHF.

44- The ILS glide path coverage in elevation is accurate to:

 A) An angle 1.35° to an angle of 5.25° above the horizontal for a 3° glide path.
B) An angle 1.35° to an angle of 5.25° above the horizontal for a 3.25° glide path.
C) An angle 0.45° to an angle of 1.75° above the horizontal for a 3° glide path.
D) An angle 0.45° to an angle of 1.75° above the horizontal for a 3.25° glide path.

45- The visual and aural indications of the ILS outer marker are:
A) A blue light and 2 dashes per second of a 1300 Hz modulated tone.
B) An amber light and alternate dots and dashes of a 1300 Hz modulated tone.
C) A white light and 6 dots per second of a 30 Hz modulated tone.
 D) A blue light and 2 dashes per second of 400 Hz modulated tone.

46- What is the color sequence of lights when passing over an Outer, Middle and Inner Marker beacon
when flying an ILS approach?
A) White - Amber - Blue.
B) Amber - White - Green.
 C) Blue - Amber - White.
D) Blue - Green - White.

47- The middle marker of an ILS has an aural and visual identification of:
 A) Alternating dots and dashes with an amber light.
B) Alternating dots and dashes with a blue light.
C) Continuous dashes with an amber light.
D) Continuous dashes with a blue light.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 495

48- Which of the following statements is true?

 A) A localizer back beam should only be used for approaches if there is a published procedure.
B) All localizers have back beams. They provide guidance in the event of a missed approach.
C) Localizer back beams are never checked for accuracy.
D) A localizer back beam will always provide reversed steering signals.

49- The reason why pre-takeoff holding areas are sometimes further from the active runway when ILS
Category II and III landing procedures are in progress than during good weather operations is:
A) Heavy precipitation may disturb guidance signals.
 B) Aircraft maneuvering near the runway may disturb guidance signals.
C) To increase distance from the runway during offset approach operations.
D) To increase aircraft separation in very reduced visibility conditions.

50- The ILS glide path transmitter is located:

A) No more than 600 meters from the localizer transmitter.
B) About 150 meters upwind from the threshold and about 300 meters from the center line of
the runway.
 C) About 400 meters upwind from the threshold and about 150 meters from the center line of
the runway.
D) As close to the runway threshold as possible without causing an obstruction to aircraft.

51- Flying an ILS approach, the middle marker is positioned so as to be passed:

 A) At about 200 ft AAL.
B) About 1500 m from the threshold.
C) At about 350 ft AAL.
D) At about 100 ft above DH.

52- A CAT III ILS glide path transmitter facility provides reliable guidance information down to:
 A) The surface of the runway.
B) A maximum height of 200 ft above the runway.
C) A maximum height of 100 ft above the runway.
D) A maximum height of 50 ft above the runway.

53- What are the modulation frequencies of the two overlapping lobes that are used on an ILS
approach?
A) 75 kHz, 135 kHz.
 B) 90 Hz, 150 Hz.
C) 328 MHz, 335 MHz.
D) 63 MHz, 123 MHz.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 496

54- The rate of descent required to maintain a 3.25° glide slope at a groundspeed of 140 kts is
approximately:
A) 850 ft/min.
 B) 800 ft/min.
C) 670 ft/min.
D) 700 ft/min.

55- The rate of descent required to maintain a 3.25° glide slope at a ground speed of 110 kts is
approximately:
A) 850 ft/min.
B) 770 ft/min.
 C) 630 ft/min.
D) 700 ft/min.

56- What frequency is assigned to all ILS marker beacons?

A) One chosen from between 108.000 – 112.000 MHz at odd tenths.
 B) 75 MHz.
C) 90 Hz.
D) 150 Hz.

57- On what carrier frequency does the inner marker transmit?

A) Same frequency as the localizer.
 B) 75 MHz.
C) Same frequency as the glide path.
D) 3000 Hz.

58- What approximate rate of descent is required in order to maintain a 3° glide path at a ground speed
of 120 kts?
A) 550 ft/min.
 B) 630 ft/min.
C) 800 ft/min.
D) 950 ft/min.

59- Flying a 3° glide path ILS approach, at a ground speed of 100 kts, the "rule of thumb" gives a
required rate of descent of:
 A) 530 ft/min.
B) 600 ft/min.
C) 450 ft/min.
D) 400 ft/min.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 497

60- The rate of descent for a 3° glide slope at a ground speed of 140 kts is approximately:
A) 350 ft/min
B) 600 ft/min
 C) 740 ft/min
D) 850 ft/min

61- One disadvantage of the GPS is that it is adversely affected by electrical disturbances such as
thunderstorms and precipitation static.
A) True.
 B) False.
C)
D)

62- Full scale deflection of the localizer needle indicates that the aircraft is approximately:
A) 10° offset from the localizer center line.
B) 5° offset from the localizer center line.
C) 1.25° offset from the localizer center line.
 D) 2.5° offset from the localizer center line.

63- Assuming a five dot display on either side of the ILS localizer cockpit display, what is the angular
displacement of the aircraft from the localizer center line when the CDI is deflected 2 dots to the
right?
A) 1° to the right.
B) 2° to the left.
C) 2° to the right.
 D) 1° to the left.

64- The ILS localizer transmits VHF frequencies between:

A) 108.00 and 117.95 MHz.
B) 112.00 and 117.95 MHz.
 C) 108.00 and 111.95 MHz.
D) 118.00 and 136.95 MHz.

65- At a distance of 18 NM from the localizer transmitter, the horizontal extent of the localizer coverage
is:
A) ±10 NM wide.
B) 10 NM wide.
 C) ±10° from the runway extended center line.
D) ±2.5°.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 498

66- Assuming a five dot display on either side of the CDI on the ILS localizer cockpit display, what does
each dot represent approximately?
A) 2.5°
B) 1.5°
 C) 0.5°
D) 2.0°

67- Full deflection on a glide slope indicator indicates that the aircraft is:
A) 2.5° above or below the correct glide path.
 B) 0.7° above or below the correct glide path.
C) 0.5° above or below the correct glide path.
D) 1.25° above or below the correct glide path.

68- An aircraft tracking to intercept the Instrument Landing System (ILS) localizer inbound on the
approach side, outside the published ILS coverage angle:
A) Will receive signals without identification coding.
B) Will not normally receive signals.
 C) May receive false course indications.
D) Can expect signals to give correct indications.

69- On a localizer the modulations are at 150 Hz and 90 Hz, which of the following statements is
correct?
A) The 90 Hz modulation predominates to the right of the center line.
 B) The 150 Hz modulation predominates to the right of the center line.
C) If the 150 Hz modulations predominates, the needle on the CDI moves to the right of center.
D) When both modulations are received, the aeroplane will be on the center line.

70- The aircraft is approaching to Varamin NDB on heading 330°, Varamin holding is standard and
inbound course is 001°, what is holding entry?
 A) Direct
B) Parallel
C) Offset
D) Either direct or parallel

71- The aircraft is approaching to Varamin NDB on heading 135°, Varamin holding is standard and
inbound course is 001°, what is holding entry?
A) Direct
B) Parallel
 C) Offset
D) Either direct or offset
Radio Navigation P a g e | 499

72- The aircraft is approaching to Varamin NDB on heading 185°, Varamin holding is standard and
inbound course is 001°, what is holding entry?
A) Direct
B) Parallel
C) Offset
 D) Either parallel or offset

73- The aircraft is approaching to Varamin NDB on heading 230°, Varamin holding is standard and
inbound course is 001°, what is holding entry?
A) Direct
 B) Parallel
C) Offset
D) Either direct or parallel

74- The aircraft is approaching to RUS VOR on heading 234°, RUS holding is non-standard and inbound
course is 047°, what is holding entry?
A) Direct
B) Parallel
 C) Offset
D) Either parallel or offset

75- The aircraft is approaching to RUS VOR on heading 045°, RUS holding is non-standard and inbound
course is 047°, what is holding entry?
 A) Direct
B) Parallel
C) Offset
D) Either direct or offset

76- The aircraft is approaching to RUS VOR on heading 225°, RUS holding is non-standard and inbound
course is 047°, what is holding entry?
A) Direct
B) Parallel
C) Offset
 D) Either parallel or offset
Radio Navigation P a g e | 500

77- You are flying on radial 120°, 30NM inbound VOR/DME station, ATC requests you to join non-
published standard holding pattern at 20NM with inbound course 300°, what is holding entry?
 A) Direct
B) Parallel
C) Offset
D) Either direct or offset

78- You are flying on radial 350°, 25NM inbound VOR/DME station. ATC requests you to join non-
published standard holding pattern at 18NM with inbound course 350°, what is holding entry?
A) Direct
B) Parallel
C) Offset
 D) Either parallel or offset

79- An aeroplane’s RMI shows a NDB bearing 070°, wind is calm, the aeroplane is to join a right hand
holding pattern at the NDB, the inbound leg of which is 330°, the aeroplane should:
 A) Fly to the NDB and join the pattern.
B) Fly to the NDB then fly outbound on 150° for 1 minute, then turn left to point directly at the
NDB joining the pattern overhead.
C) Fly to the NDB then fly a teardrop with an outbound heading of 120° for 1 minute and a rate
one turn to join inbound.
D) Either B or C above at pilot's discretion.

80- Transmissions from the VOR facilities may be adversely affected by:
A) Static interference.
 B) Uneven propagation over irregular ground surfaces.
C) Night effect.
D) Quadrantal error.

81- The frequency band of the VOR is:

 A) VHF
B) UHF
C) HF
D) LF and MF

82- What are the indications to show that you are receiving a Doppler VOR?
A) The identification will always end with a D.
 B) There is no difference from the conventional VOR indications.
C) The Doppler VOR identification begins with a D.
D) The ident is spoken like Aberdeen Doppler VOR.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 501

83- When the term "Radial" is used in reference to the VOR it means:
A) The magnetic bearing of the VOR station.
 B) The magnetic bearing from the VOR station.
C) The magnetic bearing of the aircraft to the station.
D) The true bearing from the VOR station.

84- The information carried by a signal emitted from a VOR is:

A) The direction from the aircraft to the VOR and the identification of the VOR.
B) The accurate timing signal and the station identifier.
C) The magnetic north reference signal and the identification signal for the correct direction to
the aircraft.
 D) In the magnetic direction the signal left the VOR antenna, and the identification of the
station.

85- When a maximum range and altitude is published for a VOR:

A) The signal from the VOR will be too weak to provide information when you are outside this
airspace.
B) The terrain will cause bends and/or scalloping on the VOR signal and make it inaccurate
outside standards in the airspace outside the published airspace.
 C) The reception from this VOR is guaranteed free from harmful interference from other VORs
when you are within this airspace.
D) You are guaranteed to receive no interference to the VOR signal from other radio
transmissions as long as you are within the air space published.

86- If VOR bearing information is used beyond the published protection range, errors could be caused
by:
A) Sky wave interference from distant transmitters on the same frequency.
 B) Interference from other transmitters.
C) Noise from precipitation static exceeding the signal strength of the transmitter.
D) Sky wave interference from the same transmitter.

87- The related accuracy of VOR is valid:

 A) At all times.
B) By day only.
C) By night only.
D) At all times except dawn and dusk.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 502

88- If you correctly tuned in a VOR situated to your east, your RMI should read ……. and your OBS would
read …….
A) 000, 000 with needle central and TO indicated
B) 090, 090 with needle central and FROM indicated
C) 000, 000 with needle central and FROM indicated
 D) 090, 090 with needle central and TO indicated

89- An aeroplane flies over position A which is due North of a VOR station sited at position B, the
magnetic variation at A is 18°W, and at B is 10°W, what radial from B is the aircraft on?
A) 350°
B) 360°
 C) 010°
D) 342°

90- If a VOR station and a DME station, having different locations, are selected to provide a fix:
A) Two different IDs will have to be checked.
B) Two positions being ambiguous will be presented.
C) Two navigation radio sets with separate frequency control are required in the aircraft.
 D) All answers are correct.

91- An aircraft wishes to track towards a VOR along the radial 274˚, if variation is 10° W what should be
set on the OBS?
A) 274˚
B) 264˚
 C) 094˚
D) 084˚

92- When the warning flag on a VOR indicator appears, it may indicate:
A) That no signal is received.
B) That the received signal is too weak to be processed in the receiver.
C) That the quality of the received signal is so poor that a stave establishment of phase
difference between the reference and the variable signal is not possible.
 D) All answers are correct.

93- The TO/FROM indicator of a VOR:

A) Tells whether you are now flying towards or from the VOR.
 B) Tells whether a track equal to the selected bearing will bring you to or away from the VOR.
C) Tells whether the deviation indicator shows that you should maneuver the aircraft towards
or from the CDI needle.
D) Tells whether you should turn the aircraft towards or away from the CDI indication.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 503

94- A Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) shows full deflection to the left when within range of a
serviceable VOR What angular deviation are you from the selected radial?
 A) 10° or more.
B) Less than 10°.
C) 5° or more.
D) 2.5° or more.

95- You are on compass heading of 090° on the 255° radial from a VOR, you set the course 190° on your
OBS, the deviation bar will show:
A) Full scale deflection right with a FROM indication.
 B) Full scale deflection left with a FROM indication.
C) Full scale deflection left with a TO indication.
D) Full scale deflection right with a TO indication.

96- An aircraft is on a VOR radial of 235°, heading 003° (M), and with the OBS set to 060°, the correct
indications are:
 A) TO, 1/2 scale deflection to the left.
B) FROM, 1/2 scale deflection to the left.
C) TO, 1/2 scale deflection to the right.
D) FROM, 1/2 scale deflection to the right.

97- An aeroplane is on radial 070° of a VOR, HDG is 270°, If the OBS is set to 260°, the CDI will show:
 A) Fly left, TO.
B) Fly right, TO.
C) Fly left, FROM.
D) Fly right, FROM.

98- In order to plot a bearing from a VOR station, a pilot needs to know the magnetic variation:
 A) At the VOR.
B) At the aircraft location.
C) At the half-way point between the aircraft and the station.
D) At both the VOR and aircraft.

99- A VOT is:

 A) A VOR test.
B) A terminal VOR.
C) A trial VOR.
D) A tracking VOR.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 504

100- Your aircraft is heading 075°M, the OBS is set to 025°, the VOR indications are TO with the needle
showing right deflection, relative to the station, you are situated in a quadrant defined by the
radials:
A) 115° and 205°.
B) 295° and 025°.
C) 250° and 115°.
 D) 205° and 295°.

101- An aircraft is required to approach a VOR via the radial 104°, which of the following settings should
be made on the VOR/ILS deviation indicator?
A) 284° with the FROM flag showing.
 B) 284° with the TO flag showing.
C) 104° with the TO flag showing.
D) 104° with the FROM flag showing.

102- Given:
OBS for a VOR is selected to 090°.
From/To indicator indicates TO.
CDI needle is deflected halfway to the right.
On what radial is the aircraft?
A) 085°
 B) 275°
C) 265°
D) 095°

103- An aircraft on heading of 180° (M) is on a radial of 270° (M) from a VOR, the bearing you should
select on the OBS to centralize the VOR/ILS, left/right deviation needle and to proceed to the VOR
is:
A) 360°
B) 270°
 C) 090°
D) 180°

104- An aircraft is on a VOR radial of 280°, heading 260° (M), and with the OBS set to 310° what is the
intercept heading? (Intercept angle=45°)
A) 235°
 B) 355°
C) 265°
D) 305°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 505

105- An aircraft is on a VOR radial of 355°, heading 355° (M), and with the OBS set to 015°, what is the
intercept heading? (Intercept angle=40°)
A) 035°
B) 335°
 C) 055°
D) 315°

106- An aircraft is on a VOR radial of 150°, heading 360° (M), and with the OBS set to 350°, what is the
intercept heading? (Intercept angle=45°)
A) 285°
B) 215°
 C) 305°
D) 315°

107- An aircraft is on a VOR radial of 005°, heading 175° (M), and with the OBS set to 170°, what is the
intercept heading? (Intercept angle=45°)
A) 125°
 B) 215°
C) 230°
D) 220°

108- An aircraft is on a VOR radial of 120°, heading 030° (M), and with the OBS set to 290°, what is the
intercept heading? (Intercept angle=40°)
 A) 330°
B) 300°
C) 150°
D) 350°

109- An aircraft bears 036° (T) from a VOR station, it’s heading is 330° (T) and the variation at the VOR
station and aircraft is 8°E, what OBS setting would make the CDI needle central with TO showing?
A) 028°
 B) 208°
C) 232°
D) 052°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 506

110- OBS course is set to 123° with a TO indication, the CDI is indicating 4 dots right on a standard 5 dot
indicator, on what radial is the position of your aircraft?
A) 295°
B) 131°
 C) 311°
D) 115°

111- An aircraft is on heading of 100° (M) from a VOR, to make the VOR/ILS deviation indicator needle
centralize with the TO flag showing, the following bearing should be selected on the OBS:
A) 100°
B) 110°
C) 290°
 D) 280°

112- Which of the following is a valid frequency (MHz) for a VOR?

A) 107.75
B) 109.90
C) 118.35
 D) 112.20

113- What is the approved frequency band assigned to VOR?

A) 108.000 – 117.975 MHz which is LF.
B) 108.000 – 117.975 MHz which is MF.
C) 108.000 – 117.975 MHz which is HF.
 D) 108.000 –117.975 MHz which is VHF.

114- An aircraft is tracking inbound to a VOR beacon on the radial 105°, the setting the pilot should put
on the OBS and the CDI indications are:
 A) 285° TO
B) 105° TO
C) 285° FROM
D) 105° FROM

115- An aircraft is flying a heading of 090° along the Equator, tracking direct to a VOR, if the variation at
the aircraft is 10°E and 15°E at the VOR, on which radial is the aircraft situated?
A) 090°
B) 105°
 C) 255°
D) 285°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 507

116- A VOR indicates 275° TO with the needle showing 2.5 dots fly right, the aircraft is 20 NM from the
beacon on a heading of 330° (M), the radial that the aircraft is on and the correct way to turn after
intercepting the required track to fly to the facility is:
A) 092°, right.
 B) 100°, left.
C) 272°, right.
D) 280°, left.

117- Aircraft is maintaining magnetic heading of 268°, the needle of a Course Deviation Indicator is
showing 3 dots right on a 5 dot scale, with 268° set and FROM showing, what radial is the aircraft
on?
A) 082°
B) 094°
 C) 262°
D) 274°

118- An aircraft on a heading of 280° (M) is on a radial 090° (M) from a VOR, the course you should
select on the OMNI bearing selector (OBS) to centralize the VOR/ILS deviation needle with a TO
indication is:
A) 100°
B) 090°
 C) 270°
D) 280°

119- An aircraft on a heading of 270° (M) has 093° set on the OBS and TO indicated on the VOR L/R
deviation indicator, the needle shows two dots fly left, the aircraft is on the:
A) Radial 277°
B) Radial 089°
C) Radial 097°
 D) Radial 269°

120- A VOR indication of 240° FROM is given. Variation at the aircraft position is 9°W and at the VOR is
7°W. True heading in no wind to reach the station is:
A) 231° (T)
B) 051° (T)
 C) 053° (T)
D) 233° (T)
Radio Navigation P a g e | 508

121- What is the theoretical maximum range that an aircraft at FL360 will obtain from a VOR beacon
situated at 900 feet above mean sea level?
 A) 274 NM
B) 255 NM
C) 112 NM
D) 224 NM

122- The OBS on a deviation indicator is set to 330° and gives a 3 dots fly right demand with FROM
indicated. What is the QDM of the aircraft to the station?
 A) 144˚
B) 324˚
C) 336˚
D) 156˚

123- What is the theoretical maximum range that an aircraft at FL420 will obtain from a VOR beacon
situated at 400 feet above mean sea level?
A) 225 NM
B) 256 NM
 C) 281 NM
D) 257 NM

124- Concerning Conventional and Doppler VORs (DVOR), which of the following is correct?
 A) There is no way of knowing from the instrumentation display which type is being used.
B) The DVOR will always have a “D” in the ident.
C) The DVOR has a higher pitch ident than the standard VOR.
D) The conventional VOR has less site error.

125- An aircraft is attempting to home to VOR on the 064˚ radial. The CDI shows 4 dots fly right with TO
indication, at the same time the co-located DME shows range of 45 NM. Where is the aircraft in
relation to the required track?
A) 6 NM right of track
B) 3 NM right of track.
 C) 6 NM left of track.
D) 3 NM left of track.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 509

126- (Refer to figure I-26) An aircraft is tracking away from a VOR on the 150° radial with 10° right drift.
An NDB lies to the South of the VOR. Which of the RMIs illustrated in figure shows the aircraft
when it is obtaining a relative bearing of 100° from the NDB?
 A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

127- An aircraft, heading 150°, is 100 NM north of a VOR, the pilot intends to home to the VOR on the
030° radial. The pilot should set ….. on the OBS and on reaching the 030˚ radial should turn ……..
onto a heading of ….., assuming zero wind.
A) 210˚, left, 030˚
B) 030˚, right, 210˚
 C) 210˚, right, 210˚
D) 150˚, left, 210˚

128- An aircraft is attempting to home to a VOR beacon. The pilot has set 329° on the OBS of the
deviation indicator. If the aircraft is situated on the 152° radial, then the deviation indicator will
show:
 A) One and a half dots fly right.
B) One and a half dots fly left.
C) Three dots fly right.
D) Three dots fly left.

129- (Refer to figure I-27) Both the VOR and the ADF in an aircraft are correctly tuned and identified. The
indications from both are shown on the RMI illustrated. Use the following information given on the
RMI indicates?
A) That the aircraft is heading 033°(M), is on the 310° radial from the VOR, and bears 050°(M)
from the NDB.
B) That the aircraft is heading 330°(M), is on the 310° radial from the VOR, and bears 050°
from the NDB.
C) That the aircraft is heading 330°(M), is on the 130° radial from the VOR, and bears 050°(M)
from the NDB.
 D) That the aircraft is heading 330°(M), is on the 130° radial from the VOR, and bears 230°(M)
from the NDB.

130- The global positioning system (GPS) provides horizontal accuracy for civil user of approximately:
A) 100 feet.
 B) 328 feet.
C) 300 meters.
D) 328 meters.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 510

131- Where does the DME indicator have the greatest error between the ground distance and displayed
distance to the VORTAC?
 A) High altitudes close to the VORTAC.
B) Low altitudes close to the VORTAC.
C) Low altitudes far from the VORTAC.
D) High altitudes far from the VORTAC.

132- What DME indication should a pilot observe when directly over a VORTAC site at 24000 feet?
A) 24 DME miles.
 B) 4 DME miles.
C) 24000 feet.
D) 6 DME miles.

133- To track inbound on the 215° radial of a VOR station, the recommended procedure is to set the OBS
to:
A) 215° and make heading corrections toward the CDI needle.
B) 215° and make heading corrections away from the CDI needle.
 C) 035° and make heading corrections toward the CDI needle.
D) 035° and make heading corrections away from the CDI needle.

134- If an airborne checkpoint is used to check the VOR system for VFR operations, the maximum
bearing error permissible is:
 A) Plus or minus 6˚
B) Plus 6˚ or minus 4˚
C) Plus or minus 4˚
D) Zero

135- When the course deviation indicator (CDI) needle is centered during a receiver check using a VOR
test signal (VOT), the OBS and the TO/FROM indicator should read:
A) 180° FROM, only if the pilot is due north of the VOT.
B) 0° TO or 180° FROM, regardless of the pilot’s position from the VOT.
 C) 0° FROM or 180° TO, regardless of the pilot’s position from the VOT.
D) 0° FROM or 180° TO, only if the pilot is due north of the VOT.

136- When correcting toward the CDI in a reverse sensing situation, you will:
A) Parallel the radial, deflected away from the course you want to follow.
B) Fly closer to the radial, this situation is known as reverse sensing.
 C) Fly further away from the radial.
D) Stay the same distance from the radial.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 511

137- A VORTAC facility provides you with:

A) Course guidance only.
B) Distance information only.
C) Nautical mile distance information only.
 D) Course guidance and distance information.

138- The most accurate DME groundspeed readings occur when traveling:
A) Directly to the station only.
B) Directly from the station only.
 C) Directly to or from the station.
D) At a 90° angle to the station.

139- When you are tuning a VOR/DME or VORTAC facility, the absence of the single-coded identification
every 30 seconds indicates:
 A) The DME is not operational.
B) The VOR is not operational.
C) The system is working correctly.
D) Your receiver is not operational.

140- A DME beacon having a transmit frequency of 962 MHz would have a receive frequency of:
A) 1030 MHz
B) 902 MHz
 C) 1025 MHz
D) 962 MHz

141- Which of the following system provides distance information?

 A) DME
B) VOR
C) ADF
D) VDF

142- Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) operates in the:

A) UHF band and is a primary radar system.
B) VHF band and uses the principle of phase comparison.
 C) UHF band and is a secondary radar system.
D) SHF band and uses frequency modulation techniques.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 512

143- Which one of the statements below is correct regarding the DME?
A) Two lines of position obtained from two different DME's give an unambiguous fix.
 B) The DME operating frequencies are in the UHF frequency band.
C) The indicated distance is the ground distance measured from the aircraft's projected
position on the ground to the DME ground installation.
D) The DME ground station is always co-located with a VOR station.

144- Which of the following will give the most accurate calculation of aircraft ground speed?
A) A VOR station sited on the flight route.
B) A VDF station sited across the flight route.
 C) A DME station sited on the flight route.
D) An ADF sited on the flight route.

145- What is the approved frequency band assigned to DME?

A) 960 - 1215 MHz which is VHF.
 B) 960 - 1215 MHz which is UHF.
C) 960 - 1215 MHz which is SHF.
D) 960 - 1215 MHz which is EHF.

146- A typical DME frequency is:

 A) 1000 MHz
B) 1300 MHz
C) 1000 kHz
D) 113.55 MHz

147- The most accurate measurement of speed by DME for an aircraft at 30000 ft will be when the
aircraft is:
A) Tracking towards the beacon at 10 NM.
B) Overhead the beacon.
 C) Tracking away from the beacon at 100 NM.
D) Passing abeam the beacon at 50 NM.

148- Of what use, if any, is a military TACAN station to civil aviation?

A) It can provide a DME distance and magnetic bearing.
B) It is of no use to civil aviation.
 C) It can provide DME distance.
D) It can provide a magnetic bearing.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 513

149- The indicated range from a DME station is:

 A) Slant range.
B) Ground range.
C) Zero when passing overhead the station.
D) Ground range only if the beacon is co-located with VOR.

150- The operating principle of a DME is the measurement of the:

 A) Time between the transmission and reception of radio pulses.
B) Frequency change between the emitted wave and reflected wave.
C) Frequency of the reflected wave.
D) Phase difference between emitted wave and reflected wave.

151- A VOR and DME are collocate, you want to identify the DME by listening to the Morse ident, having
heard the same Morse indent 4 times in 30 seconds the:
A) VOR and DME Morse idents were the same and broadcast with the same pitch.
B) DME Morse ident was not transmitted; the distance information is sufficient proof of
correct operation.
C) DME Morse ident is the one with the lower pitch that was broadcast several times.
 D) DME Morse ident is the one with the higher pitch that was broadcast only once.

152- A DME is located at MSL. An aircraft passing vertically above the station at flight level FL360. At
that time, the DME reading will be:
A) FLAG/OFF, the aircraft is within the cone of silence.
B) Fluctuating and not significant.
 C) 6 NM
D) 0 NM

153- When considering the use of NDB, night effect has its greatest effect during:
A) Autumn and winter.
B) When using inland beacons.
C) When using a horizontally polarized signal.
 D) At dawn and dusk.

154- A cumulonimbus cloud in the vicinity of an aeroplane can cause certain navigation systems to give
false indications. This is particularly true of the:
 A) ADF
B) VOR
C) Weather radar
D) DME
Radio Navigation P a g e | 514

155- The frequency band chosen for NDB is:

A) Upper MF and lower LF
B) VLF
 C) Upper LF and lower MF
D) LF

156- NDBs transmit mainly in the:

A) VHF band.
B) UHF band.
C) HF band.
 D) MF band.

157- Which of the following is the ICAO allocated frequency band for ADF receivers?
A) 255 - 455 kHz.
 B) 190 - 1750 kHz.
C) 300 - 3000 kHz.
D) 200 - 2000 kHz.

158- The basic information given by the ADF is:

 A) The relative bearing from the aircraft to the NDB.
B) The magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the NDB.
C) The true great circle track from the NDB to the aircraft.
D) The magnetic direction of the loop aerial with reference to the sense aerial.

159- An aircraft is intending to track from NDB ‘A’ to NDB ‘B’ on a track of 050° (T), heading 060° (T). If
the RBI shows the relative bearing of ‘A’ to be 180° and the relative bearing of ‘B’ to be 330° then
the aircraft is:
A) Left of track and nearer ‘A’.
B) Left of track and nearer ‘B’.
C) Right of track and nearer ‘A’.
 D) Right of track and nearer ‘B’.

160- Flying in the vicinity of CB clouds and using ADF:

A) The ANT position of the function switch should be used when listening for NDB
identification.
B) Strong static emitted from the CB may cause the ADF needle to deflect towards the CB.
C) The static emitted from the CB will fade soon after you have passed it.
 D) All answers are correct.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 515

161- Which of the following may cause inaccuracies in ADF bearings?

A) Static interference, height effect, lack of failure warning.
B) Station interference, mountain effect, selective availability.
C) Coastal refraction, slant range, night effect.
 D) Lack of failure warning, station interference, static interference.

162- What action must be taken to receive a bearing from an ADF:

A) BFO on.
B) Select the loop position.
 C) Both the loop and sense aerials must receive the signal.
D) Select the ANT position.

163- The 95% accuracy for ADF bearings of an NDB by day is:
A) ± 2°
 B) ± 5°
C) ± 10°
D) ± 3°

164- When identifying an NDB (NON A1A) it is necessary to:

 A) Turn the BFO on.
B) Turn the BFO off.
C) Turn the ANT on.
D) Turn the ANT off.

165- Using an ADF indicator of the manually rotatable card type:

A) Relative bearing is normally indicated under the pointer needle.
B) The aircraft heading may be marked on the indicator with a manually controlled "bug".
C) May be combined with a VOR indicator.
 D) The card should be rotated so that the aircraft heading is at the top of the indicator.

166- The BFO selector on an ADF receiver is used to:

A) Find the loop NULL position.
B) Stop loop rotation.
C) Hear the IDENT and must always be switched ON.
 D) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 516

167- Which of the following disturbances is most likely to cause the greatest inaccuracy in ADF bearings?
A) Coastal refraction.
B) Sky waves.
C) Night effect.
 D) Thunderstorms nearby.

168- Aircraft is flying over the sea. The maximum errors when using ADF will occur in which of the
following situations:
(i) Position of the NDB?
(ii) Angle of cut at the coast?
A) (i)On the coast, (ii) 90°
B) (i)Well inland, (ii) 90°
C) (i)On the coast, (ii) 15°
 D) (i)Well inland, (ii) 20°

169- If an NDB has a published range of 30 NM, its accuracy is:

A) Guaranteed to that range.
B) Only guaranteed at night to that range.
 C) Only guaranteed by day to that range.
D) Is not protected in any way.

170- Errors caused by the effect of coastal refraction on bearings at lower altitudes are maximum when
the NDB is:
A) Near the coast and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles.
 B) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle.
C) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles.
D) Near the coast and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle.

171- A failed RMI rose is locked on 090° and the ADF pointer indicates 225°. The relative bearing to the
station is:
 A) 135°.
B) Impossible to read, due to failure RMI.
C) 315°.
D) 225°.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 517

172- Given:
Actual QDM: 320°
Actual HDG: 050°
Required QDM: 340°
What should be the first turn to intercept the required QDM?
A) 350°
B) 005°
 C) 290°
D) 340°

173- Given:
Actual QDM: 210°
Actual HDG: 060°
Required QDM: 260°
What should be the first turn to intercept the required QDM?
A) Left HDG 170°.
B) Right HDG 215°.
 C) Right HDG 170°.
D) Right HDG 260°.

174- A VOR and an ADF are co-located, you cross the VOR radial of 240° on a magnetic heading of 360°.
At the same time, you should read an ADF bearing of:
 A) 060°
B) 240°
C) 300°
D) 120°

175- You are on a magnetic heading of 055° and your ADF indicates a relative bearing of 325°, the QDM
is:
A) 235°
B) 200°
C) 055°
 D) 020°

176- On the QDR of 075° (in the vicinity of the station) with a magnetic heading of 295°, the relative
bearing on the ADF indicator is:
A) 140°
B) 040°
C) 220°
 D) 320°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 518

177- An aircraft is HOMING to a radio beacon whilst maintaining a relative bearing of zero. If the
magnetic heading decreases, the aircraft is experiencing:
A) Left drift.
 B) Right drift.
C) A wind from the west.
D) Zero drift.

178- Using an NDB it is possible to experience which of the following errors or limitations?
A) Coastal refraction, timing error and night effect.
B) Night effect, station interference and latitude error.
 C) Night effect, station interference and lack of a failure warning system.
D) Coastal refraction, timing error and lack of a failure warning system.

179- Which of the following is true about the ADF?

A) Its accuracy is the same by day and by night.
 B) It does not have a signal failure warning.
C) It should not be used at night because of sky waves.
D) Sky waves do not affect the bearing accuracy provided they come from the correct NDB.

180- Homing toward NDB:

A) Will call for an assessment of the drift.
B) Is most effective in strong winds.
 C) Will in most situations result in frequent heading changes when approaching the NDB.
D) Will result in passing the NDB along the planned track.

181- Which of the following is correct regarding the range of an NDB?

A) The range is limited to the line of sight.
 B) Aircraft height is not limiting for the reception of signals from the NDB.
C) The range of an NDB will most likely increase at day time compared to night time.
D) The transmitter power of the NDB station has no effect on the range.

182- The indications of a VOR in an aircraft tracking towards a VOR are 075°(M) with "TO" indication and
the CDI needle centered, a co-located NDB shows 012° relative bearing, what are the drift and
heading in °(M)?
A) 12°right; 087°.
B) 12° left; 063°.
 C) 12° right; 063°.
D) 12° left; 087°.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 519

183- Which is true about homing when using ADF during crosswind conditions?
 A) Homing to a radio station results in a curved path that leads a curved path to the station.
B) Is a practical navigation method for flying both to and from a radio station.
C) Homing to a radio station requires that the ADF have an automatically or manually rotatable
azimuth.
D) All answers are correct

184- The magnetic heading is 315° and the ADF shows a relative bearing of 140°, the magnetic bearing
FROM the radio beacon would be:
A) 095°
B) 140°
C) 175°
 D) 275°

185- The magnetic heading is 350° and the relative bearing to a radio beacon is 240°, what would be the
magnetic bearing TO that radio beacon?
A) 050°
 B) 230°
C) 240°
D) 295°

186- An aircraft is maintaining a magnetic heading of 265° and the ADF shows a relative bearing of 065°,
this indicates that the aircraft is crossing the:
A) 065° magnetic bearing FROM the radio-beacon.
 B) 150° magnetic bearing FROM the radio-beacon.
C) 265° magnetic bearing FROM the radio-beacon.
D) 330° magnetic bearing FROM the radio-beacon.

187- (Refer to Figure I-29) To intercept a magnetic bearing of 240° FROM at a 030° angle (while
outbound), the airplane should be turned:
A) Left 065°
 B) Left 125°
C) Right 270°
D) Left 240°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 520

188- (Refer to Figure I-29) If the airplane continues to fly on the heading as shown, what magnetic
bearing FROM the station would be intercepted at a 035° angle outbound?
A) 035°
 B) 070°
C) 165°
D) 215°

189- (Refer to Figure I-30) If the airplane continues to fly on the magnetic heading as illustrated, what
magnetic bearing FROM the station would be intercepted at a 035° angle?
A) 090°
B) 062°
C) 270°
 D) 305°

190- (Refer to Figure I-30) If the airplane continues to fly on the magnetic heading as illustrated, what
magnetic bearing FROM the station would be intercepted at a 030° angle?
A) 090°
B) 130°
C) 270°
 D) 310°

191- (Refer to Figure I-31) Which ADF indication represents the aircraft tracking TO the station with a
right crosswind?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
 D) 4

192- (Refer to Figure I-31-1) Determine the magnetic bearing TO the station:
A) 030°
B) 150°
 C) 210°
D) 330°

193- (Refer to Figure I-31-2) What is the magnetic bearing TO the station:
A) 010°
B) 135°
 C) 190°
D) 315°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 521

194- (Refer to Figure I-31-2) Determine the approximate heading to intercept the 180° bearing TO the
station:
A) 040°
B) 160°
C) 180°
 D) 220°

195- (Refer to Figure I-32-1) The relative bearing TO the station is:
A) 045°
B) 180°
C) 135°
 D) 315°

196- (Refer to Figure I-32-2) The relative bearing TO the station is:
 A) 090°
B) 180°
C) 270°
D) 360°

197- (Refer to Figure I-32-3) On a magnetic heading of 320°, the magnetic bearing TO the station is:
A) 005°
B) 045°
 C) 140°
D) 225°

198- (Refer to Figure I-32-6) If the magnetic bearing TO the station is 240°, the magnetic heading is:
A) 015°
B) 045°
 C) 195°
D) 225°

199- (Refer to Figure I-32-8) If the magnetic bearing TO the station is 135°, the magnetic heading is:
A) 135°
B) 270°
C) 315°
 D) 360°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 522

200- ADF equipment is capable of receiving signals from:

A) Any FM radio station.
B) Only AM radio station.
C) Specially equipped VOR or VORTAC station.
 D) NDBs and commercial broadcast stations.

201- (Refer to Figure I-33) An aircraft is tracking away from an NDB on a track of 023°(T). If the drift is 8°
left and variation 10° west, which of the RMIs illustrated below shows the correct indications?
A) a
B) b
C) c
 D) d

202- The BFO facility on ADF equipment should be used as follows when an NDB having NON A1A type
emission is to be used:
A) BFO on for tuning and identification but may be turned off for monitoring.
B) BFO on for tuning but can be turned off for monitoring and identification purpose.
C) BFO off during tuning, identification and monitoring because this type of emission is not
modulated.
 D) BFO should be switched on for tuning, ident and monitoring.

203- An aircraft on a heading of 235°(M), and RMI shows of 090° with respect to an NDB. Any quadrantal
error which is affecting the accuracy of this bearing is likely to be:
 A) A maximum value.
B) A very small value.
C) Zero, since quadrantal error affects only the RBI.
D) Zero, since quadrantal error affects only the VOR.

204- The heading read on a standard RMI is:

A) The magnetic track.
B) The relative heading.
 C) The magnetic heading.
D) The true heading.

205- Of the bearing indicators available for use on ADF, the most sophisticated one is:
A) The Relative Bearing Indicator.
 B) The Radio Magnetic Indicator.
C) The Deviation Indicator.
D) The Manually Rotatable Card.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 523

206- An RMI indicates aircraft heading and bearing. To convert the RMI bearings of NDBs and VORs to
true bearings the correct combination for the application of magnetic variation is:
A) NDB: aircraft position; VOR: aircraft position.
B) NDB: beacon position; VOR: beacon position.
C) NDB: beacon position; VOR: aircraft position.
 D) NDB: aircraft position; VOR: beacon position.

207- On which of the following displays are you able to get a direct read-out (no calculation is necessary
from the pilot) of the magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the NDB?
A) Fixed card ADF and RMI.
 B) Moving card ADF and RMI.
C) Moving and fixed card ADF.
D) Fixed card ADF only.

208- The RMI shows the bearing of a NDB as 020°. The heading of the aeroplane is 020°(M). In order to
intercept an outbound course of 330° (from the NDB) at an angle of 40°, the aeroplane’s heading
should be altered to:
 A) 010°
B) 330°
C) 300°
D) 040°

209- When using an RMI as an indicator for the VOR receiver:

A) You will read the drift as the angle between the OBS bug and the tip of the VOR needle.
 B) You will read the number of the received radial under the tail of the VOR needle.
C) The TO/FROM indication on the RMI will indicate which way to turn the aircraft in order to
fly towards the VOR station being received.
D) You will read the number of the received radial under the tip of the VOR needle.

210- An aircraft is inbound to VOR X on the 073° radial and experiences a drift of 12°L. A position report
is required when crossing the 133° radial from VOR Y. If the aircraft is on track, the RMI indications
at the reporting point will be:
A) Heading: 085°, X Pointer: 073°, Y Pointer: 133°.
B) Heading: 085°, X Pointer: 253°, Y Pointer: 133°.
C) Heading: 265°, X Pointer: 073°, Y Pointer: 313°.
 D) Heading: 265°, X Pointer: 253°, Y Pointer: 313°.
Radio Navigation P a g e | 524

211- The RMI is oriented toward:

A) True north.
 B) Magnetic north.
C) Grid north.
D) The nose of the aircraft.

212- An aircraft is on the 120° radial from a VOR station. Course 340° is selected on the HSI (Horizontal
Situation Indicator). If the magnetic heading is 070°, the deviation bar relative to the aeroplane
model, will be:
 A) Behind.
B) In front.
C) Right.
D) Left.

213- Given:
Aircraft heading 160° (M).
Aircraft is on radial 240° from a VOR.
Selected course on HSI is 250°.
The HSI indications are deviation bar:
A) Ahead of the aeroplane symbol with the FROM flag showing.
B) Ahead of the aeroplane symbol with the TO flag showing.
 C) Behind the aeroplane symbol with the FROM flag showing.
D) Behind the aeroplane symbol with the TO flag showing.

214- Given:
Aircraft heading 280° (M).
Aircraft is on radial 030° from a VOR.
Selected course on HSI is 010°.
The HSI indications are deviation bar:
 A) Ahead of the aeroplane symbol with the FROM flag showing.
B) Ahead of the aeroplane symbol with the TO flag showing.
C) Behind the aeroplane symbol with the FROM flag showing.
D) Behind the aeroplane symbol with the TO flag showing.

215- Aircraft is proceeding to a VOR station. The EHSI is showing 5° "fly right" with a TO indication. The
aircraft heading is 280° (M) and the required track is 270° (M). The radial is:
A) 275°
B) 265°
C) 085°
 D) 095°
Radio Navigation P a g e | 525

216- How many satellites make up the Global Positioning System (GPS)?
A) 20
B) 22
C) 25
 D) 24

217- GPS consists of:

 A) The space segment, the user segment and the ground segment.
B) A ground segment, the receiver segment and five monitoring stations.
C) A master control station, a back-up control station and antennas.
D) A master control station, a back-up control station and the INMARSAT geostationary
satellites.

218- The ground segment of GPS consists of:

A) Master control station, a back-up control station and five monitoring stations.
B) A ground segment, the INMARSAT geostationary satellites and five monitoring stations.
 C) A master control station, three ground antennas and five monitoring stations.
D) A master control station, a back-up control station and the processors.

219- What is the minimum number of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites that are observable by a
user anywhere on earth?
A) 6
 B) 5
C) 4
D) 3

220- How many Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites are required to make a three dimensional
position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and time solution?
A) 6
B) 5
 C) 4
D) 3
Figures P a g e | 526
Figures P a g e | 527
Figures P a g e | 528
Figures P a g e | 529
Figures P a g e | 530
Figures P a g e | 531
Figures P a g e | 532
Figures P a g e | 533
Figures P a g e | 534
Figures P a g e | 535
Figures P a g e | 536
Figures P a g e | 537
Figures P a g e | 538
Figures P a g e | 539
Figures P a g e | 540
Figures P a g e | 541
Figures P a g e | 542
Figures P a g e | 543
Figures P a g e | 544
Figures P a g e | 545
Figures P a g e | 546
Figures P a g e | 547
Figures P a g e | 548
Figures P a g e | 549
Figures P a g e | 550
Figures P a g e | 551
Figures P a g e | 552
Figures P a g e | 553
Figures P a g e | 554
Figures P a g e | 555