Industrial Microbiology Session 7

Industrial Microbiology
Instructor: Bita Zamiri

Quick Recap
Microbial Growth and Nutrition
• On exposure to oxygen most organisms interact
• Growth and development of Sporulation
with to produce highly reactive toxic products microorganisms are greatly affected by
the chemical and physical conditions of
their environment
• Aerobes and all other organisms able to
tolerate oxygen have superoxide dismutase • As the temperature rises, the rate of
which dissipated superoxide. chemical reactions increases. Thus, cells
should grow faster as the temperature is
• Many aerobes, but not aerotolerant raised
organisms also possess catalase for eliminating
hydrogen peroxide. • Psychrophiles are able to function at
low temperature because their membrane
• Strict obligate anaerobes lack superoxide contains a high proportion of unsaturated
dismutase and catalase or produce inadequate fatty acids
quantities. Consequently, they have very
limited ability to detoxify oxygen radicals and • Exposure of non-thermophiles to high
are unable to survive in the presence of survive temperatures normally cause damage
in the presence of oxygen. to cytoplasmic membranes, breakdown
of ribosomes, irreversible enzyme
denaturation and DNA strand
• Bacillus Subtilis is a gram-positive bacteria.
breakage.
• Ribosomes of thermophiles work • Some species of the Bacillus genus are strictly
effectively at higher temperatures and aerobic and others are facultative anaerobes or
their membranes also remain intact. microaerophilic, but all are catalase positive
• Some extreme thermophiles have DNA • Bacillus species also produce oval or cylindrical
with high GC ratio, giving increased endospores that are resistant to adverse environmental
interchain hydrogen bonds that provides conditions
greater thermostability.
• The cell wall of Gram + bacteria is 20-50 nm thick
and simply composed of 20—25 layers of
peptidoglycan, associated with some lipid, proteins
and teichoic acid ( a polyglycerol phosphate
molecule)
2
Today we will study:
• Microbial Growth and Nutrition
• Fungi structure and Function

Microbial growth and Nutrition
Effects of environmental conditions on microbial growth (Solutes and Water activity)
• Because the osmotic concentration of a habitat has such profound effect on

microorganisms, it is useful to be able to express quantitatively the degree of water
activity.
• Water activity is inversely related to osmotic pressure. If a solution has high

osmotic pressure, its aw is low.
• Because a selectively permeable plasma membrane separated microorganisms from their environment, they can be affected by
changes in osmotic concentration of their surrounding.
• If a microorganisms is places in a hypotonic solution ( one with a lower osmotic concentration), water will enter the cells and cause
it to burst unless something is done to prevent the influx.
• Prokaryotes contain pressure-sensitive channels that open and allow solute escape when the osmolarity of the environment
becomes much lower that that of the cytoplasm.
• Most bacteria, algae and fungi have rigid cell walls that maintain the shape and integrity of the cell.
• Most Prokaryotic cells increase their internal osmotic concentration in a hypertonic environment through the synthesis of some
solutes.
• Microorganisms differ greatly in their ability to adapt to habitats with low water activity (aw). A microorganism must put extra
effort to grow in a habitat with a low aw because it must maintain a high internal solute concentration to retain water.
• The microorganisms that can do this are called osmotolerant meaning that they can grow over a wide range of water activity or
osmotic concentration.
• Although a few microorganisms are truly osmotolerant, most only grow well at water activities around 0.98 or higher.
• Halophiles have adapted so completely to hypertonic, saline conditions that require high levels of sodium chloride to grow.
Halophilic bacteria have significantly modified the structure of their proteins and membranes rather than simply increasing their
intracellular concentration of solutes, the approach used by most osmotolerant microorganisms
Effects of environmental conditions on microbial growth (pH)
• It is not surprising that pH dramatically affects microbial

growth. Each species has a definite pH growth range and
pH growth optimum.
• Acidophiles have their growth optimum between pH 0 and

5.5; neutrophiles between pH 5.5 and 8.0 and alkalophiles
prefer the pH range of 8.5 to 11.5. Extreme alkalophiles
have growth optima at pH 10 or higher.
• Several mechanisms for the maintenance of a neutral

cytoplasmic pH has been proposed. Neutrophiles appear to
exchange potassium for proton using a transport system,
• Extreme alkalophiles maintain their internal pH close to

neutrality by exchanging sodium ions for external protons.
• Microorganisms often must adapt to environmental pH

changes to survive. When pH drops below about 5.5 to 6.0
E.Coli synthesizes an array of new proteins as part of what
has been called their acidic tolerance response.
• Microorganisms frequently change the pH of their own

habitat by producing acidic or basic metabolic products.
• Buffers are often included in media to prevent growth

inhibition by large pH changes.
Effects of environmental conditions on microbial growth (Pressure)
• Most organisms spend their lives on land or on the surface of water always subjected to a pressure of 1 atm and are never
affected significantly by pressure.
• Barotolerant: increased pressure does not adversely effect them.
• Barophilic: they grow more rapidly at high pressures.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function
Fungi Cell Structure and Function
• Fungi are a diverse groups of eukaryotic microorganisms that occupy a variety of habitats.
• The majority of fungal species are composed of filamentous hyphae and are often referred to as moulds, whereas the yeasts are
unicellular fungi.
• Of the thousand of species known, relatively few filamentous fungi are used for industrial purposed. Filamentous fungi are non-
photosynthetic and have strict chemoheterotrophic absorptive nutrition.
• Fungi are eukaryotic and therefore have
a nucleus and organelles
• They can be unicellular (yeast) or

multicellular (molds)
• They have a rigid cell wall containing

chitin
• Molds are multicellular structures.

• The majority of fungal species are composed of
filamentous hyphae and are referred to as molds
• A hypha (hyphae) is a long, branching filamentous
(threadlike) multicellular microscopic extension of cells
• They are collectively called a mycelium
• They reproduce sexually
• Some fungal hyphae have partitions which divide the
fungus into a number of compartments/cells. The cross
walls are called septa
• A hypha without septa is called aseptate
• Of the thousands of species know, relatively few
filamentous fungi are used for industrial purposes
• Yeasts are unicellular structures.
• Most reproduce asexually by budding.
• Yeasts are worthy of special attention due to
their major contribution to industrial
microorganisms.
• Yeasts are heterotrophic and are found in a wide
range of natural habitats.
• Unlike most fungi, which are obligate aerobes,
many yeasts are facultative anaerobes able to
grow in the absence of oxygen.
• Fungi can produce sexually or asexually

• Anamorph: the asexual form of fungus
• Asexual reproduction uses asexually derived spores
• Dimorphic Fungi occur in two forms: molds (filamentous) @ 25 °C and yeasts @ 37 °C
• Most fungi causing systemic infections are dimorphic

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Industrial Microbiology

Instructor: Bita Zamiri

• Microbial Growth and Nutrition

• Fungi structure and Function

• Because the osmotic concentration of a habitat has such profound effect on

• Water activity is inversely related to osmotic pressure. If a solution has high

• It is not surprising that pH dramatically affects microbial

• Acidophiles have their growth optimum between pH 0 and

• Several mechanisms for the maintenance of a neutral

• Extreme alkalophiles maintain their internal pH close to

• Microorganisms often must adapt to environmental pH

• Microorganisms frequently change the pH of their own

• Buffers are often included in media to prevent growth

• Barotolerant: increased pressure does not adversely effect them.

• Barophilic: they grow more rapidly at high pressures.

• They can be unicellular (yeast) or

• They have a rigid cell wall containing

• Molds are multicellular structures.

• Fungi can produce sexually or asexually

• Most fungi causing systemic infections are dimorphic

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