PHILOSOPHY 11 REVIEWER

MIDTERMS

Philosophy: TWO WAYS IN DEFINING

PHILOSOPHY:
- Derived from the two Greek
words “Philos” meaning love a. NOMINAL
and “Sophia” meaning wisdom - Derived from the Latin word,
as coined by Pythagoras. nominalis that means with
- seeks for the ultimate reasons, reference to a name.
causes and principles of beings. - focuses on the name of a thing or
- means different things to different concept without pointing out to
people. the nature or essence of the thing
- Most often, philosophy is that the term stands for.
associated with the Filipino word
pilosopo which has a different b. REAL
connotation. Sometimes, pilosopo - Derived from the Latin word,
is equated with the Spanish word realis that means with reference
falta razon which would mean to a reality.
illogical or being out of reason. - It provides the nature or essence
of the thing or concept that the
Philosopher:
term stands for.
- A lover of wisdom and a wise
man. It is someone who practices
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:
philosophy.
THEORETICAL
Philanthropist:
a. Metaphysics
- One who loves fellow man.
- Study of reality
Boersema (2009): b. Cosmology
- Study of the universe.
- Even among philosophers c. Epistemology
themselves there is no single - Study of the validity of human
definition or notion that is knowledge.
universally accepted. d. Theodicy
- Philosophy cannot be defined - Study of God.
since it is a way of life, a process, e. Ontology
and thus cannot be defined but, - Study of origin of all things.
philosophers INSISTED ON
DEFINING PHILOSOPHY.
 PRACTICAL agent analyses and examines the
concepts, word, issue to
a. Logic:
determine its meaning.
- The science and art of correct
d. Prescriptive
thinking, correct thinking leads to
- This method prescribes what
correct reasoning.
course of actions should be
b. Ethics:
followed it has been analyzed.
- The science of morality of human
e. Historical
conduct. It deals on how human
- This method traces back the
acts should be performed.
development of a particular study.
c. Aesthetics:
- The science of the nature of
works of art and aesthetic
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
experience.
d. Semantics: a. Idealism - believes that ideas are
- Is the study of the relationship the only reality.
between words and meanings. b. Realism - this is the anti-thesis of
Linguistics pertain to the words Idealism.
and sentences in existing c. Pragmatism - teaches that
languages while Philosophy practical consequences or real
pertains to the ideals and effects are vital components of
meaning behind language and meaning and truth.
the logic system. d. Existentialism - emphasizes
e. Axiology: individual existence, freedom,
- The study of value. and choice.
e. Dogmatism - they believe that
certain fundamental principles are
MODES OF PHILOSOPHIZING: self- evident and axiomatic;
hence, do not need explanation
a. Natural reason
or proof.
- The desire to know, to
f. Empiricism - claims that all
understand, and to determine the
knowledge, whether scientific or
causes of things are aided by
philosophical, have its origin from
reason.
sensations.
b. Speculative Method
g. Skepticism - they argue that that
- Philosophy is both speculative
data provided by the senses are
and practical. Speculative in this
not reliable for one to consider
sense means theoretical since
something as knowledge.
philosophy seek to know and
h. Criticism - believes that a true
understand.
philosophical method must be
c. Analytic
critical.
- This method clarifies the
i. Rationalism - depend its claim
meaning of concepts in their
for knowledge on reason.
contextual used. By this, the
 b. Science: we came from an
ape under the class of
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN
Mammalia.
EMBODIED SPIRIT
a. Man h. Cognitive Self
- Refers to the entire human race. - something within and cannot be
physically seen. Human person’s
b. Human belief, desire, dreams, and
- Refers to man as a species- intentions.
Homo sapiens or modern human
beings. i. Physical Self
- something can be seen in his/her
c. Human Being physical appearance. Human
- Is also used to distinguish man person’s body type, strength, and
from other animals. appearances.

d. Person j. Embodied
- Refers to human being granted - materialized, personify,
recognition of certain rights, epitomize, “kumakatawan”
protection, responsibilities, and
dignity, above all. k. Embodied Spirit
- inseparable union of body and
e. Personhood soul. Is an animating core living
- The state of being a person. within each of us. The body and
soul work together always.
f. Human Nature
- Refers to the deepest and natural a. Spirit - enables us to think,
behavior of a person that possess awareness,
distinguishes human from interiority, and the capacity to
animals. reach out to the outside world
and other persons. It is known
g. Human Person to be the driving force behind
- Is someone with an exact origin what we think, do, and speak.
of his/her classification. Typically,
with a body which is tangible and b. Embodiment - enables us to
has three components composed do and experience all the
of SOUL, MIND and SPIRIT things that make us human
persons.
a. Biblical perspective: we
came from Adam and Eve. l. Self-awareness:
- Refers to person having a clear
perception of oneself, including
 his or her thoughts, emotions,
identity, and actions.

m. Externalism:
- Capability of a person to reach
out and interact with others and
the world. Philosophers consider
man as a social being and that a
person never exist in isolation.

n. Self-determination:
- Refers to the capability of
persons to make choices and
decisions based on their own
preferences, monitor, and
regulate their actions, and be
goal-oriented and self-directed.
A. Consequence – result of an
action
B. Morality – goodness or
badness of an act.

o. Dignity:
- The innate right to be valued or
respected.

p. Limitations of the Human

Person
- The ability to surpass limits is
called Transcendence, and it is
also one important trait that
distinguishes the human person
from other beings in existence.