(a) A web container is a component of a web server that manages the lifecycle of Java Servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSPs),

and
other Java components for processing HTTP requests from clients. The web container provides services like request handling,
thread management, and security.
(b) Request and Response in the context of HTTP : In the context of HTTP, a request is a message sent by a client (such as a
web browser) to a server, asking for a resource. The request contains information like the HTTP method (such as GET or POST),
the URL of the resource, and optional headers. The server processes the request and sends back a response, which contains the
requested resource (such as an HTML page) and additional information like status codes and headers.
(c) Scriptlets are Java code snippets that can be embedded within a JSP page using the <% ... %> syntax. Scriptlets allow
dynamic content generation in a JSP page by enabling Java code to be executed when the page is requested. However, it is
considered bad practice to use scriptlets in JSP pages as they can lead to unmaintainable code and security vulnerabilities.
(d) DriverManager is a class in the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API that manages the communication between a Java
application and a JDBC driver. The DriverManager class provides methods for registering and deregistering JDBC drivers, as well
as creating connections to a database.
(e) Controller in the context of MVC architecture: In the context of Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, a controller is a
component responsible for receiving and processing user input, updating the model (the data and business logic of the
application), and selecting the appropriate view (the presentation of the model) to display to the user. The controller acts as an
intermediary between the user and the application logic.
(F) < jsp : param > tag : The jsp:param tag is used to pass parameters from a JSP page to a included or forwarded JSP page. The
jsp:param tag is used within the jsp:include or jsp:forward tags to set a parameter with a name and value, which can then be
retrieved in the included or forwarded JSP page using the request.getParameter() method.
Compilation time errors in JSP occur when the JSP engine is unable to compile a JSP page into a Java servlet. These errors occur
during the JSP page's translation phase, which occurs when the JSP engine generates a Java source file from the JSP page. Some
common causes of compilation time errors in JSP include: Syntax errors in the JSP code, such as missing or misplaced tags,
incorrect syntax, or missing or extra brackets. Incorrect use of JSP directives or standard actions, such as using a directive in
the wrong location or with incorrect syntax. Errors in importing Java classes or packages. Missing or incorrect configuration of
the JSP engine or web container.
Request time errors in JSP occur when a JSP page is unable to execute correctly at runtime. These errors occur when the JSP
page is requested by a client, and the JSP engine tries to process the page to generate a response. Some common causes of
request time errors in JSP include:
* Null pointer exceptions, caused by trying to access a null object or variable.
* Class not found exceptions, caused by missing or incorrect classpath configuration.
* Database connection errors, caused by incorrect configuration or database connectivity issues.
* Compilation errors caused by missing or incorrect classes or resources.
* Java exceptions such as arithmetic exceptions, array index out of bounds exceptions, or type mismatches.
* Errors in the JSP page's logic or business logic.

Explain with the help of an example code how hidden fields can be used in session management.
Hidden fields can be used to maintain session information in a web application. A hidden field is an HTML form element that is
not visible to the user, but can be used to pass information between the client and the server. In session management, a hidden
field can be used to store a session ID that is used to identify the user's session on the server side. Here is an example
code that demonstrates the use of hidden fields in session management: <!-- login.jsp -->
<html>
<head>
<title>Login</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post" action="loginServlet">
<input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username">
<input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password">
<input type="submit" value="Login">
<input type="hidden" name="sessionId" value="<%= session.getId() %>">
 </form>
</body>
</html>
In this example, a login form is created using an HTML form element. The form is submitted to a loginServlet when the user
clicks the Login button. A hidden field named "sessionId" is included in the form, and its value is set to the session ID using the
session.getId() method. This session ID is used to identify the user's session on the server side.

Explain how a JSP page is processed with the help of a diagram.

A JSP (JavaServer Pages) page is processed by the web container, which translates the JSP page into a servlet that can be
executed on the server-side. Here is a diagram that shows the different steps involved in the processing of a JSP page:
Client sends a request to the server for a JSP page.
Web container receives the request and checks whether the JSP page has been compiled or not.
If the JSP page has not been compiled, the web container invokes the JSP translator, which parses the JSP page and generates a
servlet in Java code.
The generated servlet is then compiled into bytecode by the web container's compiler.
The compiled servlet is loaded into memory by the web container's class loader.
The web container then creates an instance of the servlet and invokes its service() method, passing in the HTTP request and
response objects.
The servlet processes the request, generating the dynamic content for the response.
The generated response is sent back to the client by the web container.
Here is a simplified diagram that shows the same process:

| JSP Request | -> | JSP Compiler | -> | Servlet API | -> | Servlet | -> | JSP Response |-> | Client |

WML Tasks: WML (Wireless Markup Language) is a markup language used to create content for mobile devices. WML Tasks
refer to a set of actions that can be performed in WML, such as displaying text or images, accepting user input, and navigating
between pages. WML Tasks are defined using WML tags, which are similar to HTML tags, but are specifically designed for
mobile devices.

XML Schemas: XML (eXtensible Markup Language) Schemas are used to define the structure and content of XML documents. A
schema is an XML-based document that defines the data types, elements, and attributes that can be used in an XML document.
XML Schemas provide a way to validate XML documents against a set of rules, ensuring that the document is well-formed and
conforms to the specified structure.

WAP Protocol Stack: WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a set of protocols used to provide Internet access and other
services on mobile devices. The WAP Protocol Stack is a layered architecture that defines the protocols used in WAP. The stack
includes the following layers: Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP), Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS), Wireless
Transaction Protocol (WTP), and Wireless Application Environment (WAE).

HTML DOM: The HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface used to
manipulate HTML documents. The HTML DOM represents the HTML document as a tree of objects, where each object
represents an element or attribute in the document. The HTML DOM provides methods and properties that can be used to
manipulate the HTML document dynamically, such as changing the content of an element, adding or removing elements, or
modifying the attributes of elements. The HTML DOM is commonly used in JavaScript programming to create interactive web
pages.

Explain the method getElementBy Id( ) in JavaScript with the help of an example.
The getElementById() method is a JavaScript function used to select an HTML element from the document by its ID. It is
commonly used to manipulate the content or styling of specific elements on a web page. The getElementById() method is part
of the Document Object Model (DOM) API, which allows JavaScript to interact with HTML and XML documents. Ex-
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
 <head>
<title>Example of getElementById()</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="myHeading">Hello, World!</h1>
<button onclick="changeText()">Click me</button>
<script>
function changeText() {
var heading = document.getElementById("myHeading");
heading.innerHTML = "Hello, JavaScript!";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

XML (Extensible Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), and XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
are all markup languages used for web development and information management.
XML is a markup language that is used to store and transport data. It is a flexible format that allows developers to define their
own markup tags, making it ideal for creating custom data structures. XML is widely used for data exchange, and it can be used
to store any type of data, including text, numbers, images, and more.
CSS, on the other hand, is used for styling HTML and XML documents. It separates the presentation of a web page from its
content, allowing developers to create visually appealing web pages without affecting the underlying content. CSS is used to
control the layout, colors, fonts, and other visual elements of a web page.
XSLT is a transformation language used to transform XML documents into other formats, such as HTML, XHTML, or even other
XML documents. XSLT uses templates and rules to transform an input XML document into a new output document, and it can
be used for a variety of tasks, such as reformatting data, merging documents, or extracting specific elements from a document.

What is an external style sheet ? How is it linked to a HTML document ? Explain the concept of box model in text style
specification.
An external style sheet is a separate file that contains CSS code and is linked to an HTML document using a link element in the
head section of the HTML document. The link element specifies the location of the external CSS file and the type of the file, and
allows the HTML document to apply the styles defined in the external file to its content.
Here is an example of how to link an external style sheet to an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
, the "styles.css" file is located in the same directory as the HTML document, and it contains CSS rules that apply styles to the h1
and p elements in the HTML document.
The box model is a fundamental concept in CSS that describes how HTML elements are displayed as rectangular boxes on a
web page. The box model includes four components: content, padding, border, and margin. The content is the actual text or
image inside the box. The padding is the space between the content and the border. The border is a line that surrounds the
box, and the margin is the space between the border and other elements on the page.
.box {
width: 200px;
 height: 100px;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid black;
}

Explain the features of Rich Internet Applications (RIA).

Internet Applications (RIAs) are web-based applications that provide a more interactive and responsive user experience
compared to traditional web applications. Some features of RIAs include:
Graphical user interface (GUI): RIAs use a GUI that is more similar to traditional desktop applications than to web pages. This
allows for a more intuitive and responsive user experience.
Asynchronous data retrieval: RIAs use asynchronous data retrieval, which means that data is retrieved from the server in the
background, without requiring the user to wait for the entire page to reload.
Offline capabilities: RIAs can be designed to work offline or with limited connectivity, by caching data and resources on the
user's device.
Advanced multimedia features: RIAs can include advanced multimedia features, such as audio and video playback, animation,
and 3D graphics.
Cross-platform compatibility: RIAs can be designed to run on multiple platforms, such as desktop computers, tablets, and
smartphones, using a variety of operating systems and web browsers.

What is the purpose of action elements in JSP ? Explain the uses of < jsp : include > with the help of an example. Also
differentiate between static and dynamic include in JSP.
The action elements in JSP are used to perform various actions or operations, such as forwarding to another page, including
other files or resources, declaring variables, and defining reusable components.
The jsp:include element is used to include the content of another JSP file in the current JSP file. This can be useful for reusing
code across multiple pages or sections of a page. Here is an example:
<!-- contents of header.jsp -->
<html>
<head>
<title>My Website</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>

<!-- contents of index.jsp -->

<jsp:include page="header.jsp" />
<h1>Welcome to my website</h1>
<p>This is the home page.</p>
</body>
</html>
In this example, the contents of "header.jsp" are included in "index.jsp" using the jsp:include element. This means that the
contents of "header.jsp" will be inserted into the HTML output of "index.jsp" at the location of the jsp:include element.

Static includes in JSP are done at compile time, meaning that the included content is inserted into the generated servlet code
before the JSP is executed. This can improve performance, but the included content cannot be changed dynamically at runtime.
Dynamic includes, on the other hand, are done at runtime, meaning that the included content is retrieved from the server or
another source at the time the JSP is executed. This allows for more flexibility and the ability to change the included content
based on user input or other factors.

How is WML different than HTML ? Write WML script that displays your enrolment number and name in the centre of the
screen.
WML (Wireless Markup Language) is a markup language used for creating content for mobile devices, while HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) is used for creating content for desktop computers and other devices with larger screens. Some of the key
differences between WML and HTML include: Syntax: WML uses a different syntax than HTML, which is optimized for
mobile devices with limited screen size and processing power. Tags: WML has a different set of tags than HTML, which are
designed to provide a more lightweight and efficient markup language. Formatting: WML does not support many of the
formatting features of HTML, such as tables and complex layout structures.
Here is an example of a WML script that displays the enrolment number and name in the center of the screen:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">
<wml>
<card id="main" title="My Enrolment Number and Name">
<p align="center">
<b>Enrolment Number:</b>
<br/>
123456789
<br/>
<b>Name:</b>
<br/>
John Doe
</p>
</card>
</wml>

What are the uses of JavaScript in Web Programming ? Write and explain Java-Scriptcode that changes the background
colour of a web page to "Red" if a button is clicked.
JavaScript is a scripting language used in web programming to add interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages. Some of
the common uses of JavaScript in web programming include:
Form validation: JavaScript can be used to validate user input on web forms, ensuring that data is entered correctly and meets
certain criteria.
User interface enhancements: JavaScript can be used to create dynamic user interfaces, such as menus, accordions, and sliders.
Browser manipulation: JavaScript can be used to manipulate the browser, such as resizing windows, creating pop-up windows,
and scrolling to specific positions on a page.
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML): JavaScript can be used to create asynchronous requests to the server, allowing web
pages to dynamically update content without requiring a full page reload.
Here is an example of JavaScript code that changes the background color of a web page to "Red" if a button is clicked:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Change Background Color with JavaScript</title>
<script>
function changeBackground() {
document.body.style.backgroundColor = "red";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Click the button to change the background color!</h1>
<button onclick="changeBackground()">Change Color</button>
</body>
</html>
December 19
What are the advantages of XML over HTML ? Explain the structure of XML document with the help of an example.
There are several advantages of XML (eXtensible Markup Language) over HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), including:
Customizability: XML allows users to define their own custom tags and attributes, whereas HTML has a fixed set of predefined
tags and attributes.
Data exchange: XML is designed for data exchange and can be used to represent complex data structures, whereas HTML is
designed for displaying documents and web pages.
Platform independence: XML can be used on any platform or operating system, whereas HTML is designed for use on the web
and is dependent on a web browser.
Separation of structure and presentation: XML separates the structure of the document from its presentation, allowing for
greater flexibility and easier management of large documents.
** The structure of an XML document consists of a series of elements, each of which may contain other elements or text
content. Elements are enclosed in angle brackets ("<" and ">") and are composed of a start tag, an end tag, and any content in
between. Attributes can also be included in the start tag to provide additional information about the element. Ex
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<catalog>
<book id="001">
<title>The Catcher in the Rye</title>
<author>J.D. Salinger</author>
<year>1951</year>
</book>
<book id="002">
<title>To Kill a Mockingbird</title>
<author>Harper Lee</author>
<year>1960</year>
</book>
<book id="003">
<title>1984</title>
<author>George Orwell</author>
<year>1949</year>
</book>
</catalog>
What are the uses of JSP ? Explain the advantages of using JSP over servlet.
JSP (JavaServer Pages) is a technology used in web development to create dynamic web pages. Some of the common uses of
JSP include:
Dynamic content generation: JSP allows developers to generate dynamic content on the server side, such as generating HTML
forms, processing user input, and accessing databases.

Integration with Java: JSP is based on Java and can be easily integrated with other Java technologies, such as Servlets,
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs), and JavaServer Faces (JSF).
Easy to learn: JSP is relatively easy to learn for developers with a background in Java programming.
Custom tags: JSP allows developers to create custom tags to encapsulate complex logic and reuse it across multiple pages.
The ADVANTAGES of using JSP over Servlets include:
Simplified development: JSP provides a simpler and more natural way to create dynamic web pages compared to Servlets.
Developers can focus on the content of the page rather than the low-level details of the HTTP protocol.
Separation of presentation and logic: JSP allows developers to separate the presentation of the web page from the logic that
generates the content. This makes it easier to modify the appearance of the page without affecting the underlying code.
Faster development time: JSP provides a faster development time compared to Servlets, as it requires less code to generate
dynamic content.
Reduced errors: JSP eliminates the need for manually generating HTML code within Servlets, which can reduce the number of
errors and increase code reliability.

Write the JavaScript code along with suitable tags which changes the content "Welcome to Exam" to "Welcome to Web
Programming" when it is executed. In addition the text colour should be changed to Green colour.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Text Change Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="text">Welcome to Exam</h1>
<button onclick="changeText()">Change Text</button>
<script>
function changeText() {
document.getElementById("text").innerHTML = "Welcome to Web Programming";
document.getElementById("text").style.color = "green";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
What is meant by a "Safe" method ? List two methods which are "safe".
In the context of HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), a "safe" method refers to a method that is considered safe to use,
meaning it should not modify the state of the server or the resource being accessed. In other words, a safe method is one that
is read-only and does not make any changes to the server or resource being accessed. Two HTTP methods that are considered
"safe" are:
GET: This method is used to retrieve information from a resource, such as a web page or an image, without modifying it. It is
the most commonly used HTTP method and is considered safe because it does not change the state of the server or the
resource.
HEAD: This method is similar to GET, but it only retrieves the headers of a resource without returning the actual content. It is
considered safe because it does not retrieve or modify the content of the resource.

(a) Cookies: Cookies are small pieces of data that are sent by a website and stored on the user's computer. They are commonly
used for session management, user tracking, and personalization. When a user visits a website, the website can send a cookie
to the user's browser, which is then stored on the user's computer. The next time the user visits the website, the website can
read the cookie and use the information stored in it to personalize the user's experience.

(b) URL Rewriting: URL rewriting is a technique used to modify the URL of a web page dynamically. It involves adding
information to the URL to pass data between pages or to create user-friendly URLs. For example, instead of displaying a URL
with a long query string, a website can rewrite the URL to display a more user-friendly version.

(c) Displaying data from a ResultSet object: In Java, a ResultSet object is used to retrieve data from a database after executing
an SQL query. To display the data obtained in a ResultSet object, we can loop through the ResultSet and extract the data from
each row. We can then display the data using HTML or another appropriate format. Here's an example code snippet:
ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM mytable");
while (rs.next()) {
String name = rs.getString("name");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
(d) DTD in the context of XML: DTD (Document Type Definition) is a set of rules that define the structure and contents of an
XML document. It is used to validate XML documents and ensure that they conform to a specific structure. DTD defines the
elements, attributes, and entities that can be used in an XML document and specifies their relationships and constraints.

(e) Handling onclick event: The onclick event is a JavaScript event that is triggered when a user clicks on an HTML element. To
handle the onclick event, we can define a JavaScript function that is executed when the element is clicked.
<button onclick="myFunction()">Click me</button>
<script>
function myFunction() {
alert("You clicked the button!");
}
</script>
(f) Box model of HTML: The box model is a concept in HTML and CSS that defines how elements are displayed on a web page. It
consists of four components: content, padding, border, and margin. The content is the actual content of the element, such as
text or images. The padding is the space between the content and the border. The border is a line that surrounds the element,
and the margin is the space between the border and other elements on the page. The box model is important for
understanding how elements are sized and positioned on a web page.

(i) JSP compilation time errors and JSP request time errors: JSP compilation time errors occur during the process of converting
a JSP page into a servlet. These errors are detected by the JSP compiler and must be fixed before the JSP page can be
successfully converted into a servlet. Examples of JSP compilation time errors include syntax errors, undeclared variables, and
missing tags.
JSP request time errors, on the other hand, occur during the execution of a JSP page. These errors are detected when a user
requests a JSP page and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as incorrect user input, database connection errors, or
server issues.

(ii) GET and POST methods: GET and POST are two HTTP methods used for submitting form data to a server. The main
difference between them is how they transmit the data.
GET method sends the form data as part of the URL, which is visible to the user and can be bookmarked or shared. It is typically
used for requests that retrieve data from the server. GET requests are limited by the maximum length of the URL, and should
not be used for sensitive information.
POST method sends the form data as part of the HTTP request body, which is not visible to the user. It is typically used for
requests that submit data to the server. POST requests have no length limitation, and can be used for sensitive information.

(iii) Blogging and Social Networking: Blogging and social networking are two different types of online communication
platforms. Blogging is the practice of writing and publishing articles or posts on a blog, which is a type of website. Blogs are
typically written by an individual or small group of authors, and often focus on a particular topic or niche. Blogging is a more
formal and structured type of online communication.

Social networking, on the other hand, refers to online platforms that allow users to connect and communicate with other
users. Social networking sites are typically more informal and focus on personal connections rather than content creation.
Examples of social networking sites include Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Social networking is more casual and less
structured than blogging.

What is the role of JDBC in a web application ? Why DriverManager class is needed ? List different signatures of get-
Connection method of DriverManager class
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that provides a standard way to connect to and interact with relational
databases. In a web application, JDBC can be used to perform database operations, such as querying, inserting, updating, and
deleting data.
The DriverManager class is needed to manage the drivers that are used to connect to a particular database. It acts as a
mediator between the application and the database driver, allowing the application to establish a connection to the database.
The getConnection() method of the DriverManager class is used to establish a connection to a database. It has several different
signatures, including:
getConnection(String url): establishes a connection to the specified database using the given URL.
getConnection(String url, String user, String password): establishes a connection to the specified database using the given URL,
username, and password.
getConnection(String url, Properties info): establishes a connection to the specified database using the given URL and
properties object.
getConnection(String url, String user, String password, Properties info): establishes a connection to the specified database using
the given URL, username, password, and properties object.

What are the advantages of using CSS ? Create an embedded style sheet that makes the text colour of every paragraph as
red and background colour green. It also changes the font size to 16 px
There are several advantages of using CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) in web development:
Separation of presentation and content: CSS allows web developers to separate the visual presentation of a web page from its
content. This makes it easier to make changes to the visual design of a web page without affecting its content.
Consistency: CSS allows web developers to create a consistent look and feel across multiple web pages. This makes it easier for
users to navigate a website and find the information they need.
Accessibility: CSS allows web developers to create accessible websites that can be used by people with disabilities. For
example, CSS can be used to create high-contrast text and adjust the font size to make it easier to read.
Flexibility: CSS allows web developers to create flexible layouts that can adapt to different screen sizes and devices. This is
especially important in the age of mobile devices and responsive web design.
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p{
color: red;
background-color: green;
font-size: 16px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>

Write a JSP scriptlet that finds the factorial of number 5 and displays it.
<html>
<head>
<title>Factorial of a Number</title>
</head>
<body>
<%
int number = 5;
int factorial = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= number; i++) {
factorial *= i;
}
%>
<h1>Factorial of <%= number %> is <%= factorial %></h1>
</body>
</html>

What are the advantages of data streaming ? Explain with the help of a suitable example.
Data streaming is the process of transferring data from one system to another in a continuous, real-time flow. The advantages
of data streaming are:
Faster processing: Data streaming enables faster processing of large data sets, as data can be processed in real-time as it is
generated, rather than waiting for all of it to be collected before processing.
Improved scalability: Streaming technology allows for the easy scaling of resources, as additional processing power and storage
can be added on the fly.
Real-time analytics: Data streaming enables real-time analytics, allowing for quicker insights and faster decision-making.
Cost-effective: Streaming data reduces the need for costly storage, as data can be processed and analyzed as it is generated.
One example of data streaming is in the financial industry, where trading firms use streaming data to make quick trading
decisions. For instance, a trading firm may use streaming data from stock exchanges to monitor market trends in real-time,
allowing traders to make quick decisions about when to buy or sell stocks. The use of streaming data enables traders to
respond quickly to changes in the market, which can give them a competitive advantage. Overall, data streaming is a powerful
technology that can help businesses make faster, more informed decisions in real-time.

June 20

What is the purpose of directives in JSP ? Explain the uses of include file directive of JSP with the help of an example.

Directives are special instructions that are used to provide additional information to the JSP container about how to process the
JSP page. They are typically used to import Java classes, specify the page language, and control the JSP page processing.
The include file directive in JSP is used to include the content of one JSP file into another JSP file at the time of translation. The
included file is parsed and compiled along with the main JSP file. This can be useful for including common header, footer, or
navigation elements in multiple pages.
The syntax for including a file in JSP using the include file directive is <%@ include file="filename.jsp" %>
For example, suppose we have a JSP page named main.jsp and a header file named header.jsp. We can include the contents of
header.jsp in main.jsp using the following code:
<%@ page language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>My JSP Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<%@ include file="header.jsp" %>
<h1>Welcome to my JSP page</h1>
<p>This is the main content of the page.</p>
</body>
</html>
Header.jsp <header>
<h1>My Website Header</h1>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
Write the HTML code segment that will create the following table :
PROGRAMME Fee
MCA 9000 per semester
BCA 6000 per semester
<table>
<tr>
<td>PROGRAMME</td>
<td>MCA</td>
<td>BCA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fee</td>
<td>9000 per semester</td>
<td>6000 per semester</td>
</tr>
</table>
Define the term Event in the context of JavaScript. Write a JavaScript function which changes the display of content of a
paragraph on a browser from "Demo of Event" to "Event handled." You must create a button which when clicked executes
the stated function
In the context of JavaScript, an event is an action or occurrence that takes place in a web page, such as a button being clicked, a
key being pressed, or a page loading. JavaScript allows developers to handle these events and execute certain functions or
actions in response to them.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Demo of Event Handling</title>
<script>
function changeText() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Event handled.";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p id="demo">Demo of Event</p>
<button onclick="changeText()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>

Explain the life-cycle of a JSP page with the help of a diagram,

The life-cycle of a JSP page can be divided into several stages, as illustrated in the following diagram:
Translation: The JSP page is translated into a Servlet by the JSP engine. During this stage, the JSP engine converts the JSP
elements into equivalent Java code and creates the Servlet class.
Compilation: The Servlet class is compiled into a Java bytecode by the Java compiler.
Loading: The class loader loads the Servlet class into the memory.
Instantiation: The Servlet instance is created by the Servlet container. The container calls the constructor of the Servlet class
and initializes it.
Initialization: The init() method of the Servlet is called by the container to perform any necessary initialization tasks.
Request Processing: The service() method of the Servlet is called by the container to process the client request. During this
stage, the Servlet generates the dynamic content and sends it to the client.
Destroy: The destroy() method of the Servlet is called by the container when the Servlet is no longer needed. This method
performs any necessary cleanup tasks.
The JSP engine can optimize this life-cycle by reusing the Servlet instance for multiple requests, thus reducing the overhead of
creating and initializing the Servlet for each request. This is called pooling.

Why is -session management needed for HTTP protocol ? Explain, how cookies can be used for session manage.
HTTP protocol is a stateless protocol, which means that every request and response exchange between a client and a server is
treated independently. This makes it difficult to maintain user session data across multiple requests and responses.
Session management is needed for HTTP protocol to maintain the state of the user session across multiple requests and
responses. It enables the web application to recognize the same user across different requests and responses and provide a
personalized experience to the user.
Cookies are a popular mechanism used for session management in web applications. A cookie is a small text file stored on the
client's machine by the web server. The web server sets a cookie with a unique session ID when the user logs in to the
application, and this session ID is used to identify the user's session in subsequent requests and responses.Cookies can be used
for session management in both stateful and stateless web applications. In stateful applications, the server-side storage is used
to maintain the session data, while in stateless applications, the session data is stored in the cookie itself.

Explain the role of CSS in an HTML file display. Explain the uses of class selector and id selector with the help of an example
each.
CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a language used to describe the presentation of an HTML document. It provides a way to
separate the content of a webpage from its presentation, allowing developers to change the look and feel of a webpage
without changing its underlying structure.The class selector in CSS is denoted by a period (.) followed by a class name. It allows
developers to apply the same styling to multiple elements on a webpage. a class selector is used to target specific HTML
elements that have been assigned a particular class attribute. The purpose of a class selector is to apply styles to a group of
elements that share the same class. ex: <p class="highlight">This text is highlighted</p> * .highlight {
font-weight: bold;* background-color: yellow; }
The id selector in CSS is denoted by a pound sign (#) followed by an id name. It allows developers to apply unique styling to a
specific element on a webpage.The ID SELECTOR is used in CSS to select a specific element based on its unique identifier. This
allows you to apply styles to only that specific element, instead of applying styles to all elements of the same type. Ex: <h1
id="header">This is a header</h1> ex: #header { * font-size: 24px;* color: blue; }
(a) Web Services and logging: Web services are a set of technologies and standards that enable communication between two
different systems over the internet. They allow the exchange of data between applications that are written in different
programming languages, on different platforms, and running on different operating systems. Logging, on the other hand, is the
process of recording events that occur in a system or application for the purpose of analysis and troubleshooting. The main
difference between web services and logging is that web services are used to enable communication between applications,
whereas logging is used to record and analyze events that occur within an application or system.
(b) Static web pages and Dynamic web pages: Static web pages are pre-built web pages that are delivered to the user exactly
as they were created. Dynamic web pages, on the other hand, are built in real-time by the server in response to user requests.
The main difference between static and dynamic web pages is that static web pages cannot be customized for individual users,
whereas dynamic web pages can be personalized based on user input.
(c) 2 Tier client server architecture and N Tier architecture: A 2-tier client-server architecture consists of two layers, the client
layer, and the server layer. The client layer is responsible for displaying the user interface, while the server layer is responsible
for handling the business logic and data storage. In contrast, N-tier architecture is a client-server architecture that consists of
multiple layers, such as the presentation layer, application layer, and data layer. The main difference between 2-tier and N-tier
architecture is that N-tier architecture provides greater scalability, flexibility, and maintainability than 2-tier architecture.
(d) JSP action elements and JSP scripting elements: JSP action elements are predefined tags that are used to perform specific
tasks, such as forwarding a request, including a file, or setting a variable. JSP scripting elements, on the other hand, are used to
embed Java code within a JSP page. The main difference between JSP action elements and JSP scripting elements is that JSP
action elements are predefined tags with specific functions, while JSP scripting elements allow developers to write Java code
within a JSP page.
(a) JDBC-ODBC Bridge: JDBC-ODBC Bridge is a bridge or translator that connects JDBC to ODBC. The JDBC driver uses ODBC
driver to connect to a database. It is used when the database is not accessible directly by JDBC drivers but can be accessed
through ODBC drivers. The following diagram shows the architecture of the JDBC-ODBC Bridge.
JDBC API -> JDBC Driver -> JDBC-ODBC Bridge -> ODBC Driver -> Database

(b) URL Rewriting: URL rewriting is a technique to maintain the session state of a user in a web application. In URL rewriting,
the session ID is appended to the URL of the requested page. The web server then reads the session ID from the URL and maps
it to the corresponding session object on the server. This enables the server to maintain the session state of the user across
multiple requests. For example, the following URL shows how the session ID is appended to the URL:
http://www.example.com/mypage.jsp;jsessionid=1234567890ABCDEF

(c) JSP Request time error: JSP Request time error occurs when there is an error in the JSP page at the time of processing the
request. These errors occur during the execution of the JSP page. For example, if there is a syntax error in the JSP page, it will
result in a request time error. These errors can be displayed to the user on the web page or can be logged for later analysis.
(d) WML <select> element: The <select> element in WML is used to create a drop-down list or a list box. The user can select
one or more options from the list. The following example shows how to create a drop-down list in WML:
<select name="gender">
<option value="M">Male</option>
<option value="F">Female</option>
</select>
(e) XML Schema: XML Schema is a language for describing the structure and constraints of XML documents. It is used to define
the elements, attributes, and data types in an XML document. It provides a way to validate the structure and content of an XML
document against a specific schema. The following is an example of an XML schema that defines a person element with name,
age, and address sub-elements:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="age" type="xs:int"/>
<xs:element name="address" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
(f) Web 2.0: Web 2.0 refers to a set of technologies and design principles that aim to make the web more interactive, user-
friendly, and collaborative. Web 2.0 technologies include AJAX, RSS, blogs, social networking, and wikis. Some of the features of
Web 2.0 include user-generated content, social media, rich internet applications, and cloud computing.

DEC 20
Write JSP scripting code that will display current date and time.
<%@ page import="java.util.*, java.text.*" %>
<%
Date now = new Date();
SimpleDateFormat dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("EEE, MMM d, yyyy 'at' hh:mm:ss a zzz");
String formattedDate = dateFormatter.format(now);
%>
<p>Current date and time: <%= formattedDate %></p>

MVC (Model-View-Controller) is an architecture pattern used in software development, including web applications. It separates
an application into three interconnected components: the Model, View, and Controller. The Model is responsible for
managing data and business logic. It interacts with the database or other data sources and performs operations such as data
validation and persistence. The View is responsible for rendering data and presenting it to the user. It includes HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript that determine how the data is displayed on the client-side. The Controller is responsible for handling
user input and managing the flow of data between the Model and View. It receives user input from the View, interacts with the
Model to update data or retrieve information, and sends the updated data to the View for display.

What is Web 2.0 ? How is it different from Web 1.0 ?

Web 2.0 refers to the second generation of the World Wide Web that emphasizes the ability of people to collaborate and share
information online. It is characterized by the use of dynamic web pages, social media, user-generated content, and interactivity
between users.Web 2.0 technologies refer to a set of web-based tools and services that emphasize user-generated content,
collaboration, and interactive experiences. four technologies that can be categorised as Web 2.0
Social networking sites: These are web-based platforms that allow users to create profiles, share information, and connect with
other users. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.
Blogging platforms: These are web-based platforms that allow users to create and publish content, such as articles or posts,
online. Examples include WordPress, Blogger, and Medium.
Wikis: These are web-based platforms that allow users to collaborate on creating and editing content, such as Wikipedia.
Web applications: These are web-based applications that allow users to perform tasks, such as online shopping or file sharing,
without needing to download software. Examples include Google Docs, Dropbox, and Trello

Web 1.0, on the other hand, refers to the first generation of the World Wide Web that primarily consisted of static web pages
with limited interactivity and content. The focus of Web 1.0 was on the delivery of information to users, rather than user
participation and collaboration.

Some of the key differences between Web 2.0 and Web 1.0 are:
User participation: Web 2.0 encourages user participation and collaboration, whereas Web 1.0 was primarily focused on
delivering information to users.
User-generated content: Web 2.0 relies heavily on user-generated content, such as social media posts, blogs, and wikis,
whereas Web 1.0 relied on content created by a few webmasters.
Interactivity: Web 2.0 allows for greater interactivity between users and websites through the use of AJAX and other
technologies, whereas Web 1.0 had limited interactivity.
Rich media: Web 2.0 supports the use of rich media, such as audio and video, whereas Web 1.0 was limited to text and static
images.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in markup
language, such as HTML. CSS separates the presentation style of a document from its content and allows for the separation of
layout, colors, and fonts from the HTML structure.

The format of a CSS rule consists of a selector and a declaration block. The selector indicates which HTML elements the style
will be applied to, and the declaration block contains one or more property-value pairs that define the style.
p {* color: blue; * font-size: 16px; }
In HTML, the <div> and <span> tags are used as container elements that can be used to group and style content within a
webpage.
The <div> tag is a block-level container that can be used to group large sections of content, such as paragraphs, headings,
images, forms, and other HTML elements. It can be used to create layout and structure for a webpage, and can be styled with
CSS to change the appearance of its content.
<div>
<h1>Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<img src="image.jpg" alt="An image">
<form>
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
</div>
The <span> tag, on the other hand, is an inline-level container that can be used to group small sections of content, such as
individual words, phrases, or characters. It can be used to apply specific styles to certain parts of a sentence or paragraph, or to
add semantic meaning to the content.
<p>The <span style="color: blue;">blue</span> car is faster than the <span style="color: red;">red</span> car.</p>

Create an XML document named Author.Every author should have a first name, last name and age field. Create records
oftwo such authors. Also write the DTD that verifies the XML document of author.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE author SYSTEM "author.dtd">
<author>
<person>
<first-name>John</first-name>
<last-name>Doe</last-name>
<age>35</age>
</person>
<person>
<first-name>Jane</first-name>
<last-name>Smith</last-name>
<age>28</age>
</person>
</author>
DTD : <!ELEMENT author (person*)>
<!ELEMENT person (first-name, last-name, age)>
<!ELEMENT first-name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT last-name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT age (#PCDATA)>

Explain with the help of an example, how JavaScript can be used for modifying content of a paragraph.
JavaScript can be used to modify the content of an HTML paragraph by accessing the DOM (Document Object Model) of the
HTML page. We can use the document.getElementById() method to access the paragraph element by its id attribute and then
change its content using the innerHTML property.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Example</title>
<script>
function changeContent() {
document.getElementById("my-para").innerHTML = "New content";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p id="my-para">Original content</p>
<button onclick="changeContent()">Click me to change the content</button>
</body>
</html>
What are dynamic web pages ? Explain how JavaScript can be used to create dynamic web pages Dynamic web pages
are those that are created dynamically on the server-side or client-side in response to a user's request. Unlike static web pages
that remain the same until they are manually changed, dynamic web pages can change dynamically based on user inputs or
other factors such as the current time or location.
* JavaScript is a scripting language that can be used to create dynamic web pages on the client-side. With JavaScript, web
developers can manipulate the content and appearance of web pages, respond to user events, and perform calculations or data
validation without needing to reload the entire page. Here are some ways JavaScript can be used to create dynamic web pages:
* DOM Manipulation: JavaScript can be used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM) of an HTML document. With
the DOM, developers can dynamically modify the structure and content of the web page. For example, JavaScript can be used
to add or remove elements from the page, change the attributes of existing elements, or modify the text content of elements.
* User Input Validation: JavaScript can be used to validate user inputs in real-time without requiring a server request. For
example, developers can use JavaScript to validate user input for forms, such as checking if an email address is in a valid format,
or if a password meets certain criteria.
* Ajax: JavaScript can be used to make asynchronous requests to the server, allowing developers to update specific parts of the
web page without requiring a full page reload. This technique is known as Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) and is
commonly used in modern web applications.
Dynamic Animation: JavaScript can be used to create dynamic animations that respond to user input or other events on the
page. For example, developers can use JavaScript to create a slideshow or to animate the movement of elements on the page.
What is the purpose of < SELECT > element in HTML ? Explain how you will display the following list in HTML : Select Highest
Qualification
10th 10 + 2 Graduation
The <select> element in HTML is used to create a drop-down list of options that the user can select from.
<label for="qualification">Select Highest Qualification:</label>
<select id="qualification" name="qualification">
<option value="10th">10th</option>
<option value="10+2">10 + 2</option>
<option value="Graduation">Graduation</option>
</select>
* Here, the <label> element is used to provide a label for the drop-down list. The for attribute of the <label> element is set to
the id of the <select> element. This associates the label with the drop-down list, making it easier for users to understand what
the list is for.
* The <select> element has an id and name attribute set to "qualification". The <option> element is used to specify the
individual items in the list. The value attribute of each <option> element represents the value that will be sent to the server
when the form is submitted, while the text between the opening and closing tags represents the text that will be displayed to
the user in the drop-down list.

What is more useful — Inline styles or Embedded style sheet ? Give reason in support of your answer.
Both inline styles and embedded style sheets have their own advantages and disadvantages, and which one is more useful
depends on the specific requirements and constraints of the project.
* Inline styles are styles that are applied directly to an HTML element using the "style" attribute. Inline styles are easy to use
and override any styles declared in an external or embedded style sheet, making them useful for making small, specific changes
to individual elements. However, inline styles can become difficult to manage and maintain as the number of elements and
styles increases.
* Embedded style sheets, on the other hand, are styles that are defined within the HTML document in the head section, using
the <style> tag. They allow for greater control over the styles of the entire page, making it easier to maintain consistency across
multiple pages. They also make it easier to reuse styles across different elements and pages. However, embedded style sheets
can become lengthy and hard to read if too many styles are defined within them.

Explain the how JavaScript can be used for modifying style of HTML element with the help of an example.
JavaScript can be used to modify the style of an HTML element by accessing the element's style object and setting its
properties. The syntax for accessing an element's style object is as follows: element.style.property = value;
where element is the HTML element to be modified, property is the name of the CSS property to be modified, and value is the
new value to be set for the property.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Modify Style using JavaScript</title>
</head>
<body>
<p id="my-paragraph">This is a paragraph.</p>
<button onclick="changeColor()">Change color</button>
<script>
function changeColor() {

var p = document.getElementById("my-paragraph");
p.style.color = "red";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Explain the steps of JSP page processing with the help of a diagram.
* JSP Translation: When a client requests a JSP page for the first time, the container checks if it has the corresponding Servlet. If
not, the container translates the JSP page into a Servlet.
* Servlet Compilation: The container compiles the Servlet code into bytecode, which is loaded into memory.
* Servlet Initialization: The container initializes the Servlet by calling the init() method.
* Request Processing: When a request is received, the container creates a new thread to handle the request. The thread calls
the service() method of the Servlet, which generates a response. In the case of a JSP page, the service() method calls the
_jspService() method, which contains the logic of the JSP page.
* JSP Page Execution: The JSP page is executed, and the HTML content is generated. The dynamic content is generated using
scripting elements, custom tags, and other JSP features.
* Response Generation: The JSP generates the response, which is sent back to the client.
* Servlet Destruction: When the container is shut down or the Servlet is no longer needed, the container calls the destroy()
method to clean up any resources used by the Servlet.
Why does HTTP protocol need session management ? What is ‘Session’ and ‘State’ in this context ? Explain with the help of
an example
HTTP is a stateless protocol, which means it does not maintain the state of the user across multiple requests. Session
management is needed in HTTP to keep track of user-specific data across multiple requests.
A session is a way to store user-specific data on the server-side between multiple requests from the same client. It is identified
by a unique session ID that is sent to the client and stored in a cookie or URL parameter. The client sends this session ID with
every subsequent request, and the server uses it to retrieve the session data associated with that user.
State refers to the data associated with a particular user or session. It can include user preferences, login status, shopping cart
items, etc. The state of a session can change over time as the user interacts with the web application.
For example, suppose a user logs into an e-commerce website and adds items to their shopping cart. The website needs to
maintain the user's shopping cart state across multiple requests, so it creates a session for that user and stores the cart items in
the session. The user can continue to browse the website and add more items to the cart, and the server can keep track of the
state of the cart by updating the session data. When the user checks out, the server can retrieve the cart items from the session
and process the order.

BLOG : A blog is a type of website or a part of a website that contains regularly updated posts or entries consisting of text,
images, and/or multimedia content. These entries are usually displayed in reverse-chronological order, with the most recent
post appearing first. A blog can be run by an individual or a group of individuals and can cover a wide range of topics such as
personal experiences, news, politics, entertainment, technology, and more. Blog contains : A blog typically contains features
such as commenting, archives, categories or tags, search functionality, and social media sharing options. Bloggers often use
their blogs to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas and to engage with their audience through comments and social
media.
MICRO BLOG : A microblog is a type of blog that allows users to post short updates or messages, usually limited to a certain
number of characters, such as Twitter's 280-character limit. Microblogs are designed for quick and easy sharing of information
and can be used for a variety of purposes, such as news updates, personal status updates, or sharing links to articles or other
content. Microblogging platforms also typically include features such as hashtags, mentions, and retweets to help users
discover and share content.

Write the HTML code that displays a paragraph ‘‘Welcome to Exam hall’’. Write a JavaScript code that changes this para to
‘‘Welcome to IGNOU’’ when the display of ‘‘Welcome to Exam hall’’ is clicked. You should use event handling for the same.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p id="paragraph">Welcome to Exam hall</p>
<script>
// Event handler function to change the text when clicked

function changeText() {
document.getElementById("paragraph").innerHTML = "Welcome to IGNOU";
}
// Assign the event handler to the paragraph
document.getElementById("paragraph").addEventListener("click", changeText);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Create the following table using WML table element : Book Title | Author Name , Computers Now | Desai , Web
Programming | Tanenbaum
<card id="tableCard" title="Book List">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Book Title</th>
<th>Author Name</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Computers Now</td>
<td>Desai</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Web Programming</td>
<td>Tanenbaum</td>
</tr>
</table>
</card>
Represent the following information using an XML document. Write the DTD that validates the XML document created for :
St_ID. Name Programme , 1001. Ravi BCA , 1002 Ullman V PhD
<!DOCTYPE students [
<!ELEMENT students (student*)>
<!ELEMENT student (St_ID, Name, Programme)>
<!ELEMENT St_ID (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Programme (#PCDATA)>
]>
DTD
<students>
<student>
<St_ID>1001</St_ID>
<Name>Ravi</Name>
<Programme>Bachelor of Computer Applications</Programme>
</student>
<student>
<St_ID>1002</St_ID>
<Name>Ullman V</Name>
<Programme>PhD</Programme>
</student>
</students>

WAP ? Why is WAP needed ? WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol. It is a set of communication protocols used for
wireless devices such as mobile phones and PDAs to access the internet and other web-based services. WAP was introduced to
provide a standardized way for wireless devices to access web content, email, and other online services, regardless of the
device or network being used. Before WAP, mobile devices had limited access to the internet and web-based applications
due to differences in hardware, software, and network capabilities. WAP provides a standardized platform for developing and
delivering mobile content and applications, making it easier for developers to create and users to access a wide range of
services on their wireless devices.

Explain the three layer architecture of Web applications with the help of a diagram.
The three-layer architecture of web applications is a design pattern used for developing scalable and maintainable web
applications. It consists of three layers: presentation layer, business layer, and data layer.
Presentation Layer: This is the layer that interacts directly with the user. It is responsible for displaying the user interface and
handling user input. The presentation layer typically consists of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the front-end development. The
presentation layer is responsible for rendering the views to the user.
Business Layer: The business layer is the middle layer that processes user requests and executes the application logic. This layer
is responsible for taking user input, processing it, and producing the output. It includes the application logic, workflows, and
data validation.
Data Layer: This is the bottom layer of the architecture and is responsible for managing the data storage and access. It includes
the database, data access layer, and data models. This layer is responsible for retrieving and storing data from the database.

Write the scriptlet using JSP that prints a sequence of numbers from 1 to 5. Also find the sum of the sequence you must use
for loop.
<%
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
out.println(i + "<br>");
sum += i;
}
out.println("Sum of the sequence is: " + sum);
%>
JSP Request Time Error ? How can these errors be handled ? JSP Request Time Error refers to the error that occurs during
the execution of a JSP page. These errors can occur due to various reasons such as syntax errors, runtime errors, null pointer
exceptions, etc. To handle these errors, JSP provides the use of the "errorPage" attribute of the page directive. This
attribute specifies the JSP page that will handle the errors that occur during the execution of the current page.
<%@ page language="java" %>
<html>
<body>
<%
int num = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("num"));
int result = 10 / num;
out.println("Result = " + result);
%>
</body>
</html>
if the user enters "0" as the value of "num", it will result in an arithmetic exception. To handle this error, we can add the
following code to the top of the JSP page:
<%@ page errorPage="error.jsp" %>

What is the role of DriverManager class ? Explain one of the important methods of this class.
The DriverManager class in Java provides a basic service for managing a set of JDBC drivers. It is responsible for managing the
set of JDBC drivers loaded by the Java Virtual Machine, and is used to establish a connection to a database. One of the
important methods of DriverManager class is getConnection(), which is used to create a connection to the database. This
method takes three arguments:
url - a string that contains the URL of the database to connect to.
user - a string that contains the username to use when connecting to the database.
password - a string that contains the password to use when connecting to the database.
The getConnection() method returns a connection object that represents the connection to the database. Here's an example of
using the getConnection() method to establish a connection to a MySQL database:
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";
String user = "root";
String password = "password";
try {
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
System.out.println("Connection to database established.");
} catch (SQLException e) {
System.out.println("Error connecting to database.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Assume that a database contains a table Course (Course_ID, Name, Fee) and a connection to this database has been
established. Write and explain JSP statements that will bring the details of courses in a ResultSet object.
<%
// Import required classes
import java.sql.*;
// Establish a database connection
String driver = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";
String username = "root";
String password = "password";
Connection conn = null;
try {
Class.forName(driver);
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// Create a statement object
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Execute a SQL query to retrieve all courses

String query = "SELECT * FROM Course";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query);
// Process the ResultSet object
while (rs.next()) {
// Get values of the columns for each course
int courseID = rs.getInt("Course_ID");
String name = rs.getString("Name");
double fee = rs.getDouble("Fee");
// Output the course details
out.println("Course ID: " + courseID + "<br>");
out.println("Name: " + name + "<br>");
out.println("Fee: " + fee + "<br>");
out.println("<br>");
}
// Close the database connection and statement object
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
%>
Explanation:
First, we import the java.sql.* package to use JDBC classes and interfaces for database connectivity. Then, we establish a
database connection using the DriverManager.getConnection() method. Next, we create a statement object using the
conn.createStatement() method. After that, we execute a SQL query to retrieve all courses using the stmt.executeQuery()
method and store the result in a ResultSet object rs. We use the while loop to iterate over the ResultSet object rs and retrieve
the values of the columns for each course using the rs.getInt(), rs.getString(), and rs.getDouble() methods. Finally, we output
the course details using the out.println() method, and close the database connection, statement object, and ResultSet object
using the close() method.