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Landforms

There are four major types of landforms: mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains. Landforms are created by both endogenic forces from within the Earth like tectonic activity as well as exogenic forces like erosion. Mountains form through processes like folding of tectonic plates, faulting, volcanic activity, and erosion of plateaus. The five main types of mountains are fold, fault-block, dome, volcanic, and plateau mountains. Plateaus form from processes like continental uplift and erosion and come in types like intermontane, piedmont, and continental. Plains form from structural, erosional, and depositional processes and include riverine/alluvial, lacustrine, and loess

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136 views3 pages

Landforms

There are four major types of landforms: mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains. Landforms are created by both endogenic forces from within the Earth like tectonic activity as well as exogenic forces like erosion. Mountains form through processes like folding of tectonic plates, faulting, volcanic activity, and erosion of plateaus. The five main types of mountains are fold, fault-block, dome, volcanic, and plateau mountains. Plateaus form from processes like continental uplift and erosion and come in types like intermontane, piedmont, and continental. Plains form from structural, erosional, and depositional processes and include riverine/alluvial, lacustrine, and loess

Uploaded by

Jacki Pauline Vinoya
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Landforms

 Endogenic forces and exogenic forces can create a lot of landforms.


 A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth.
 Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms.
 Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins

Different kinds of Landforms


 Tectonic plate movement under Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills.
 Erosion by water and wind can wear down land and create landforms like valleys and canyons.
 Both processes happen over a long period of time, sometimes millions of years.
 It took 6 million years, in fact, for the Colorado River to carve out the Grand Canyon in the U.S.
 The highest landform on Earth is a mountain: Mount Everest in Nepal. It measures 8,850 meters
(29,035 feet) above sea level.
 It is part of the Himalaya range that runs across several countries in Asia.
 Landforms can exist under water in the form of mountain ranges and basins under the sea.
 The Mariana Trench, the deepest landform on Earth, is in the South Pacific

Mountains
 The mighty chunks rise all over the world, including the oceans. They usually have steep, sloping
sides and sharp or rounded ridges, and a high point, called a peak or summit.
 Most geologists classify a mountain as a landform that rises at least 1,000 feet (300 meters) or
more above its surrounding area.
 A mountain range is a series or chain of mountains that are close together.

How Are Mountains Formed?


 The world's tallest mountain ranges form when pieces of Earth's crust—called plates—smash
against each other in a process called plate tectonics.
 Different types of mountains: fold, fault-block, dome, volcanic, & plateau mountains

Types Of Mountains

 [1] Fold Mountains


 The most common type of mountain in the world are called fold mountains.
 When you see vast mountain ranges stretching on for thousands of kilometers, those are fold
mountains.
 Fold mountains are formed when two of the Earth’s tectonic plates collide head on; like two
cars crashing together.
 [1] Fold Mountains
 The edges of each tectonic plate crumple and buckle, and these create the mountains.
 Some examples of fold mountain ranges include the Rocky Mountains in North America, and
the Himalayan Mountains in Asia

 [2] Fault-Block Mountains


 Fault-block mountains (or just “block mountain“) are created when faults or cracks in the Earth’s
crust force materials upward.
 So instead of folding, like the plate collision we get with fold mountains, block mountains break
up into chunks and move up or down.
 [2] Fault-Block Mountains
 Fault-block mountains usually have a steep front side and then a sloping back side.
 Examples of fault-block mountains include the Sierra Nevada mountains.

 [3] Dome/ Laccolith Mountains


 Dome mountains are created when a large amount of magma pushes up from below the Earth’s
crust, but it never actually reaches the surface and erupts.
 And then, before it can erupt, the source of the magma goes away and the pushed up rock cools
and hardens into a dome shape.
 Since the dome is higher than its surroundings, erosion works from the top creating a circular

mountain range.

 [4] Volcanic/ Accumulated Mountains


 Here’s a fairly familiar kind of mountain.
 Volcanic mountains are created when magma from beneath the Earth makes its way to the
surface.

 When does get the surface, the magma erupts as lava, ash, rock and volcanic gases.
 [4] Volcanic/ Accumulated Mountains
 This material builds up around the volcanic vent, building up a mountain.
 Some of the largest mountains in the world were created this way, including Mauna Loa and
Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaii.
 Other familiar volcanoes are Mt. Fuji in Japan and Mt. Rainier in the US

 [5] Plateau Mountains


 Plateau mountains are actually formed by the Earth’s internal activity; instead, they’re revealed
by erosion.
 They’re created when running water carves deep channels into a region, creating mountains.
 Over billions of years, the rivers can cut deep into a plateau and make tall mountains.
 Plateau mountains are usually found near folded mountains.

Plateau
 The vast plain area lowers than the mountain but higher in elevation than the plain land is
known as Plateau.
 The formation of plateau is mainlylinked with the mountain building processes. It is also called as
high plains or tablelands.
 Different types of plateaus: intermontane, piedmont, continental, volcanic, & dissected platesus

Types of Plateau
 [1] Intermontane Plateaus
 The plateaus which are bordering the mountain ranges (generally fold mountains) or are partly
or fully enclosed within them are the intermontane plateaus.
 The word "intermontane means between mountains'. Intermontane plateaus are the highest in
the world.
 [1] Intermontane Plateaus
 They have nearly horizontal rock layers which are raised to very heights by vertical movements
of the earth.
 Examples: The Plateau of Tibet is an example of the intermontane plateau which is surrounded
by the fold mountains like the Himalayas, the Karakoram, the Kunlun and the Tien Shah.

 [2]Piedmont Plateaus
 Plateaus which is situated at the foot of a mountain and is locked on the other side by a plain or
a sea/ ocean is called as a piedmont plateau.
 The word "piedmont' means 'foot of a mountain'.
 [2] Piedmont Plateaus
 They are also called as Plateaus of denudation as the areas once were high to the level of
mountains, have now been reduced to the foot level of the mountain by various agents of
erosion.
 Examples: The Malwa Plateau is an example of piedmont plateau.
 [3] Continental Plateaus
 They are formed either by an extensive continental upliftment or by the spread of horizontal
basic lava (less viscous) sheets completely covering the original topography.
 This kind of plateaus shows an abrupt elevation in contrast to the nearby lowland or sea (i.e.
more steepness on sides).
 3] Continental Plateaus
 The Continental Plateaus are also known as Plateaus of Accumulation.
 Examples: Plateau of Maharashtra is an example of the continental plateau.

 [4] Volcanic Plateaus


 A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity. There are two main types: lava
plateaus and pyroclastic plateaus.
 Lava plateaus are formed by highly fluid basaltic lava during numerous successive eruptions
through numerous vents without violent explosions.
 Pyroclastic volcanic plateaus are produced by massive pyroclastic flows and they are underlain
by pyroclastic rocks.

 [5] Dissected Plateaus


 A dissected plateau is a plateau area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is
sharp.Such an area may appear as mountainous.
 Dissected plateaus are distinguishable from orogenic mountain belts by the lack of folding,
metamorphism, extensive faulting, or magmatic activity that accompanies orogeny (mountain
building).

Plains
 Plains are the most important landforms found on the earth surface.
 A plain is nothing but a low-lying relatively flat land surface with very gentle slope
andminimum local relief.
 About 55% of the earth's land surface is occupied by plains. Most of the plain have been formed
by deposition of sediments brought down by rivers.
 Besides rivers, some plains have also been formed by the action of the wind, moving ice and
tectonic activities (exogenetic processes).
 Different types of plains: structural, erosional, & depositional plains

Types of Plains
 [1] Structural Plains
 These plains are mainly formed by the upliftment of a part of the sea floor or continental shelf.
 They are located on the borders of almost all the major continents.
 The structural plains may also be formed by the subsidence of areas.

 [2] Erosional Plains (peneplains)


 Erosional plains are formed by the continuous and longtime erosion of uplands. The surface of
such plains is hardly smooth and hence, they are also called as peneplains,which means almost
plain.
 [3] Depositional Plains
 These plains are formed by the depositional activity of various geomorphic agents.
 When plains are formed by the river deposits, they are called as riverine or alluvial plains.
 The depositions of sediments in a lake give rise to a lacustrine plain or lake plains.
 The Valley of Kashmir is an example of lacustrine plain.
 When plains are formed by glacial deposits, they are called as glacial or drift plains.
 When the wind is the major agent of deposition, those plains are called as loess plains.

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