solids and their

properties
 Learning objectives
• Compare the properties of crystalline and amorphous solids
• Classify crystals according to the attractive forces among component atoms,
molecules or ions
• Relate the properties of different types of solids to the bonding or
interactions among particles in these solids
 fluid

•A gas or a liquid, a substance

that can flow
 Crystal or crystalline solid

• a solid material whose components,

such as atoms, molecules or ions are
arranged in a highly ordered
microscopic structure
 ion

•An atom or group of atoms

that has a net positive or
negative charge
 Ionic crystal

•A solid that consists of

positively and negatively charged
ions held together by
electrostatic force
 Electrostatic bonding

•The attraction between

oppositely charged ions in a
chemical compound
 What is a solid?

1. How is a solid described in terms of the kinetic

molecular theory?
• A. average kE
• B. distance among particles
• C. arrangement/order of particles
• D. attractive forces between particles
 What is a solid?

2. Describe the properties of a solid as a result of the behavior of its particles:

a. volume/ shape
b. Density
c. Compressibility
d. Motion of molecules
e. Rate of diffusion
ACTIVITY:
WORK IN PAIR
 Guide questions:
• A. what are the two general types of solids? What features can be used to distinguish a
crystalline solid from an amorphous solid?
• B. what is the distinguishing feature of crystalline solids? How are the structures of
crystals determined?
• C. what are the four types of crystals? What form of unit particles makes up each type
of crystal? What forces bind the unit particles of each type of crystal? What are the
properties of each type of crystal?
 A. TWO TYPES OF SOLIDS

1. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
2. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
- THE DIFFERENCES IN PROPERTIES OF THESE
TWO GROUPS OF SOLIDS ARISE FROM THE
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF LONG RANGE
ORDER ARRANGEMENT OF THE PARTICLES.
 1. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES

A. REGULAR REPEATING THREE – DIMENSIONAL

STRUCTURE CALLED A CRYSTAL LATTICE,
THUS PRODUCING A CRYSTALLINE SOLID
B. THEY CAN AGGREGATE WITH NO PARTICULAR
LONG RANGE ORDER, AND FORM AN
AMORPHOUS SOLID (AMORPHOS, GREEK
WORD)
 CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

- ARE ARRANGED IN FIXED GEOMETRIC PATTERNS

OR LATTICES.
- EXAMPLES : ICE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, COPPER
SULFATE, DIAMOND, GRAPHITE, SUGAR
- ORDERED ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR UNITS
MAXIMIZES THE SPACE THEY OCCUPY AND ARE
ESSENTIALLY INCOMPRESSIBLE
 AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

- HAVE A RANDOM ORIENTATION OF PARTICLES.

- EXAMPLE: GLASS, PLASTIC, COAL AND RUBBER
- SUPER-COOLED LIQUIDS WHERE MOLECULES ARE
ARRANGED IN A RANDOM MANNER SIMILAR TO
THE LIQUID STATE
Quartz
 Fact:
• More than 90 % of naturally occurring and artificially prepared
are crystalline. Minerals, sand , clay, limestone, metals, alloys,
carbon (diamond and graphite), salts ( NaCl, MgSO4) all have
crystalline structures.
• Repetition of structural units of the substance over long atomic
distances is referred to as long – range order.
 2. Behavior when heated
• The presence or absence of long-range order in the structure of
solids results in a difference in the behavior of the solid when
heated.
• At a specific temperature, CRYSTALS become liquids
• Amorphous solids soften gradually when they are heated. They
tend to melt over wide range of temperature.
 B. Feature of Crystalline solids
• 1. The Crystal Lattice – regular repeating structure
 X –ray Diffraction
• A technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a
crystal, wherein atoms cause a beams of incident X-rays to diffract into
many specific directions.
• A stream of X-rays directed at a crystal diffracts and scatters as it
encounters atoms. The scattered rays interfere with each other and
produce a pattern of spots of different intensities that can be recorded
on film, such as that shown in the figure below. X-ray diffraction has
provided much of our knowledge about crystal structure. Below is an
image of a diffraction pattern produced by an 8 keV electron beam
incident on a graphite crystal.
Figure 5. An X-ray diffraction pattern of a graphite crystal. (Image Source:
https://quantumfrontiers.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/graphite2.gif)
C. What are the four types of crystals? What form
of unit particles makes up each type of crystal?
What forces bind the unit particles of each type of
crystal? What are the properties of each type of
crystal?
 The four types of crystals differ in the kind of particles
that make up the crystal and the attractive forces that hold
these particles together.
• 1. METALLIC CRYSTALS
• Metallic crystals are made of atoms that readily lose electrons to form
positive ions (cations), but no atoms in the crystal would readily gain
electrons. The metal atoms give up their electrons to the whole crystal,
creating a structure made up of an orderly arrangement of cations
surrounded by delocalized electrons that move around the crystal. The
crystal is held together by electrostatic interactions between the cations
and delocalized electron. These interactions are called metallic bonds.
This model of metallic bonding is called the “sea of electrons” model.
This model is able to explain many physical properties of metals,
such as their high melting points, malleability, ductility, thermal
and electrical conductivity, and luster.
 Explanation of properties:
• High melting point – a large amount of energy is needed to melt the crystal since the forces of attraction to be
broken are numerous and extend throughout the crystal.
• Dense – atoms are packed closely together. Metals exhibit close-packing structures, a most economical way by
which atoms utilize space.
• Electrical conductivity – then delocalized electrons move throughout the crystal.
• Thermal or heat conductor – the delocalized electrons collide with each other as they move through the crystal, and
it is through these collisions that kinetic energy is transferred . •
• Malleability/ductility – when stress is applied to the metal, the metal cations shift in position, but the mobile
electrons simply follow the movement of the cations. The attractive forces between cations and mobile electrons are
not broken.
• Luster – the motion and collisions of electrons allow it to gain and lose energy, some of these in the form
of emitted light that is observed as luster.
2. IONIC CRYSTALS
 2. IONIC CRYSTALS
• Ionic crystals are made of ions (cations and anions). These ions form
strong electrostatic interactions that hold the crystal lattice together. The
electrostatic attractions are numerous and extend throughout the crystal
since each ion is surrounded by several ions of opposite charge, making ionic
crystals hard and of high melting points. The figure below shows a model
of NaCl crystal, where one Na+ ion is surrounded by six Cl- ions, and a Cl-
ion is likewise surrounded by six Na+ ions.
 3. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
• Molecular crystals are made of atoms, such as in noble gases, or
molecules, such as in sugar, C12H22O11, iodine, I2, and naphthalene,
C10H8. The atoms or molecules are held together by a mix of
hydrogen bonding/ dipole-dipole and dispersion forces, and these are
the attractive forces that are broken when the crystal melts.. Hence,
most molecular crystals have relatively low melting points.
4. COVALENT NETWORK CRYSTALS
• Covalent network crystals are made of atoms in which each atom is
covalently bonded to its nearest neighbors. The atoms can be made
of one type of atom (e.g. Cdiamond and Cgraphite) or can be made of
different atoms (e.g. SiO2 and BN). In a network solid, there are no
individual molecules and the entire crystal may be considered one
very large molecule. Formulas for network solids, like those for ionic
compounds, are simple ratios of the component atoms represented by
a formula unit.