(Research Design and Respondents and Sampling Technique)

 Research Design
 Respondents and Sampling Technique
 Research Instrument
 Data Collection Procedure
 Data Analysis

RESEARCH DESIGN
 This section of the paper contains a detailed explanation of the procedures to
be conducted in the study.

Non- Experimental Research Experimental Research

1. Descriptive • Pre, Quasi, True
• (Survey, Assessment/ Evaluative, Tracer
Studies)
2. Comparative
3. Correlational
4. Predictive

 the definition of the research design adapted in the study

 the justification of using a specific research design, cite your references
 the explanation of how the research design will be used in your study.

SAMPLE SCRIPT
"In the conduct of the study, a correlational research design was used. According to
Seeram (2019), a correlational research study is a type of non-experimental research that
facilitates explanations and predictions of the relationship among the variables. This type of
research design was chosen as it measures two or more variables in order to investigate to
which extent the variables are related. Moreover, the correlational design is used as the
foundation for other designs that permits more causal inferences to be drawn from results. It
does not involve repeated administration of behavior measures (IGNOU, 2017). In the context
of this study, the researchers’ aim was to assess the relationship between sociodemographic
factors and food label literacy of Grade 12 students of a public high school."
RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Probability sampling
 Simple Random Sampling  Stratified Sampling
 Systematic Sampling  Cluster Sampling

Non-Probability sampling
 Convenience Sampling  Criterion Sampling
 Quota Sampling  Voluntary Sampling
 Purposive Sampling  Snowball Sampling

 identify the population and the research setting state the sampling method to be
used
 state the formula to be used to compute for the sample size
 state the sampling method to be used
 explain the relevance of the sampling method to be used, cite your references
 present the distribution of samples for each group using a table and in narrative
form

SAMPLE SCRIPT
"The respondents of this study were the Grade 12 SHS students of one public high
school in the City of Malolos, Bulacan. To determine the sample size, the researchers utilized the
Raosoft Sample Size Calculator software, setting 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error,
the computed sample size is 315 from the 1733 population.
In order to select the participants for this study, multi-stage sampling procedure
wasused. Stratified sampling technique would be used for the first level which would be followed
by a convenience sampling method. As defined by Nickolas (2021), stratified random sampling
is a method of sampling wherein the population is grouped into smaller numbers, called ‘strata.’
The strata are then organized based on the shared attributes of the individuals. On the other
hand, Creswell (2012) defined convenience sampling as the technique employed by researchers
to choose participants because they are willing and able to be examined. The distribution of
samples for each strata is shown on Table 1."
 (Research Instrument ,Data Collection and Data Analysis)

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 This section of the paper contains a detailed description of the tool to be
used by the researcher to gather data, and its reliability and validity
index (once computed).Procedure)

 the description of the research instrument adopted or created in the study (number
of sections, type of questions, number of questions)
 identify how are you planning to test for reliability and validity of the research
instrument
 state the reliability and validity index (once computed)

Sample Script
The researchers utilized a structured survey questionnaire that consisted of three sections
regarding nutrient declaration information. The questionnaire was based on a study by Domingo
(2017), entitled “The Use and Understanding of Nutrient Declarations, and their Influence on
Purchasing Decisions of Meal Planners in Barangays 454 and 455, Sampaloc, Manila”. The first
part of the questionnaire contained general questions about the respondent's profile to
determine gender and socioeconomic status. The first section consisted of seven general
questions regarding personal practices about nutrition facts table, nutrient claims, health
claims, and ingredient information. The statements were composed on a 5-point Likert scale. On
the other hand, the second section contained questions about subjective understanding
regarding food label nutrition knowledge of the respondents. It was composed of five
statements and a 5-point Likert scale. Lastly, the third section consisted of a 5-point Likert
scale that is composed of five questions to measure the objective understanding of participants
regarding food labels.

In addition, the researchers modified the questionnaire to ensure that it aligns with
the study. The three sections aided in assessing the relationship between gender and
socioeconomic status in food label literacy. Moreover, the researchers asked for the validity of
the modified questionnaire from 7 health professionals: 1 general physician, 2 medical
technologists, and 4 nurses. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using the Content
Validity Index (Rodrigues et al., 2017). The modified questionnaire has a high S-CVI/UA score of
0.88 and a high S-CVI/Average score of 0.98.
 Calmorin and Calmorin states that there are three qualities of a good
research instrument.

1. Usability
2. Validity
3. Reliability

 Usability is the degree to which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used by
anyone without undue expenditure of time, money, and effort. It can also be defined as
something practical.

Factors that determine Usability:

1. Ease of Administration
2. Ease of Scoring
3. Ease of Interpretation and application
4. Low cost
5. Proper mechanical makeup or layout

 Validity means the degree to which a test or measuring instrument measures what it
intends to measure (Calmorin & Calmorin, 1995). While Subong and Beldia (2005)
define validity as “the appropriateness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of the
inferences a researcher makes based on the data he collects.

Three types of Validity Testing:

Content-related Validity
 refers to the format and content of the instrument

Criterion-related Validity
 refers to the relationship between scores using the instrument and the
scores using one or more instruments or measures known as criterion

Construct-related Validity
 refers to the extent to which the test measures a theoretical construct or
trait.

 Validity expresses the relationship that exists between scores of the same
individuals on two separate instruments.

 Reliability refers to the degree to which the result is dependable, stable and consistent.
  Reliability expresses a relationship between the scores of the same person using the
same instrument at two different times or between two parts of the same instrument.

Three types of Reliability Testing:

Test-Retest
 administering the same test twice to the same group after a determined
time period has passed.
Split-Half
 test items were divided into two halves that are equal in content and
difficulty, usually, an odd and even scheme is done

Internal Consistency
 Estimating or determining the reliability of an instrument through single
administration of an instrument

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

 This section of the paper contains procedures and techniques to be used in
gathering information.

 the authority where you will ask permission to conduct the study
 the ethical considerations to be observed in the conduct of the study
 describe how the data will be collected

Sample Script

"In data collection, the researcher followed this procedure:

1. Researchers requested for the approval of the school principal of the chosen
public high school in the City of Malolos, Bulacan to administer the instrument
to selected Grade 12 students.
2. The researchers adhered to the ethical standards set by the School's Research
Committee.All respondents were informed that participation to the study is
completely voluntary, and they may withdraw any time if they feel
uncomfortable. They were also informed of all the possible risks they may
experience, if there were any, and the information that they have provided will
be treated as highly confidential. To assure the understanding of the
respondents, the researchers asked them to sign a letter of consent prior to the
administration of the questionnaires. For the respondents who are below 18
years old were also asked to have their consent forms signed by their parents.
 3. After the approval and signing of consent forms, the researchers collected the
data by distributing survey questionnaires to the selected respondents. Short
information regarding the topic was included in the questionnaires and as well
as the purpose was explained to ensure the validity of the data collected."

DATA ANALYSIS
 This section of the paper contains processes on how gathered information
will be analyzed.

 the data scoring, assignment of numerical values to categorical data

 the data presentation, how will the data be presented (table and/or figure)
 the statistical software, which software will be used to analyze the data and
accounting for missing data
 the statistical tests, how will the data be analyzed and their assumptions

sample script
Data Analysis
"In order to present and analyse the data collected in this study, below was the
statistical tool utilized:

a. Data Scoring. This is to assign numerical values to the categorical variables in the
study. The questionnaire utilized a five-point Likert scale that consists of strongly disagree to
strongly agree. Table 2 shows the corresponding verbal interpretation for the level of
agreement based on nutrition facts importance. Table 3 shows the corresponding verbal
interpretation for the level of agreement based on the subjective understanding of food labels.
Table 4 shows the corresponding verbal interpretation for the level of agreement based on
objective understanding of food labels.

Table 2
Data Interpretation for the Level of Agreement based on Nutrition Facts Importance

Rating Scale Verbal Interpretation Interval Verbal Interpretation

1 Strongly Disgree 1.00 - 1.74 Not At All Familiar

2 Disagree 1.75 - 2.49 Slightly Familiar
3 Agree 2.50 - 3.24 Moderately Familiar
4 Strongly Agree 3.25 - 4.00 Highly Familiar
Table 3
Data Interpretation for the Level of Agreement Based on Subjective Understanding of Food
Labels

Rating Scale Verbal Interpretation Interval Verbal Interpretation

1 Strongly Disgree 1.00 - 1.74 Not At All Familiar

2 Disagree 1.75 - 2.49 Slightly Familiar
3 Agree 2.50 - 3.24 Moderately Familiar
4 Strongly Agree 3.25 - 4.00 Highly Familiar

Table 4
Data Interpretation for the Level of Agreement Based on Objective Understanding of Food
Labels

Rating Scale Verbal Interpretation Interval Verbal Interpretation

1 Strongly Disgree 1.00 - 1.74 Not At All Familiar

2 Disagree 1.75 - 2.49 Slightly Familiar
3 Agree 2.50 - 3.24 Moderately Familiar
4 Strongly Agree 3.25 - 4.00 Highly Familiar

b. Data Presentation. Tables were used to present the informative summary on the weighted
mean of the level of agreement on nutrition facts importance, and the subjective and objective
understanding of food labels of the respondents.

c. Statistical Software. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to
analyze the data. The researchers eliminated all the respondents with missing data for any item
of the instrument.

d. Descriptive Statistics. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the level
of agreement on nutrition facts importance, and the subjective and objective
understanding of food labels of the respondents.

e. Inferential Statistics. Pearson's Chi-square test to determine the relationship

between two categorical variables namely the sociodemographic factors and food label
literacy of Grade 12 students of a public high school in the City of Malolos, Bulacan.

The researchers first checked the following assumptions for Pearson’s Chi-square test:
1. The independent and dependent variable of the study should be measured at the
nominal or ordinal level.
2. The two variables should consist of two or more categorical, independent groups.

Choosing the right statistical test

 Before choosing which statistical test to use, first, the
researchers need to ask themselves these three questions: (Dr. Nic's Maths and Stats, 2012;
Goldstein, 2015)

1. What is the level of measurement of the data to be analyzed?

2. How many sample groups are there to be analyzed?
3. What is the purpose of the analysis?

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal Variable

The first level is the Nominal Variable, it deals with non-numeric variables or where the
numbers have no value.

Of the four levels of measurements, it is the least precise and informative because it only
categorizes the characteristics or identity of the variable and their order does not matter.

Ordinal Variable

The second level is the Ordinal Variable, and just like with Nominal Variable, it also categorizes
the characteristics or identity of the variable but the order or rank of each category matters,
although the distance between the categories is unknown.

Interval Variable

The third level is the Interval Variable, and just like with Ordinal Variable, the order matters
but that there is an equal distance between each interval.

Ratio Variable

The highest level of measurement is the Ratio Variable, it is the most precise and informative
among the four levels of measurements. Just like with Interval Variable, there is an equal
distance between each interval and the order matters. On top of that, the ratio between the
two sets of data is meaningful.
 NUMBER OF SAMPLE GROUPS

 One Group
 Paired Group
 Two Groups
 Three or more Groups

PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS

1. To describe the characteristics of the population.

2. To determine the association between variables.
3. To compare statistics between groups.

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Conclusions apply only to the data Information obtained from the
at hand. sample can be applied to the
population.
-confidence interval - hypothesis testing

Descriptive Statistics

MEASURE OF FREQUENCY
Count/Percent/Frequency
Shows how often something occurs.
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean/Median/Mode
Locates the distribution by various points.

MEASURE OF DISPERSION

Range/Variance/Standard Deviation
Identifies the spread of scores by stating intervals.
 Inferential Statistics
 REFER TO THE ATTACHED PDF FILE