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    Macario Ligand Reaction

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    Jevaughn Small
    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment investigating ligand exchange reactions involving copper(II) ions (Cu2+). Specifically, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate was reacted with distilled water, concentrated ammonia solution, and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Observations of color changes were recorded and inferences about the formation of hydrated copper complexes and complexes with ammonia and chloride ligands were made. The discussion explains that ligand exchange reactions allow copper to form complexes with different ligands and the properties of these complexes depend on the coordinating ligand.

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    Macario Ligand Reaction

    Uploaded by

    Jevaughn Small
    42 views3 pages
    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment investigating ligand exchange reactions involving copper(II) ions (Cu2+). Specifically, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate was reacted with distilled water, concentrated ammonia solution, and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Observations of color changes were recorded and inferences about the formation of hydrated copper complexes and complexes with ammonia and chloride ligands were made. The discussion explains that ligand exchange reactions allow copper to form complexes with different ligands and the properties of these complexes depend on the coordinating ligand.

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    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment investigating ligand exchange reactions involving copper(II) ions (Cu2+). Specifically, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate was reacted with distilled water, concentrated ammonia solution, and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Observations of color changes were recorded and inferences about the formation of hydrated copper complexes and complexes with ammonia and chloride ligands were made. The discussion explains that ligand exchange reactions allow copper to form complexes with different ligands and the properties of these complexes depend on the coordinating ligand.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    42 views3 pages

    Macario Ligand Reaction

    Uploaded by

    Jevaughn Small
    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment investigating ligand exchange reactions involving copper(II) ions (Cu2+). Specifically, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate was reacted with distilled water, concentrated ammonia solution, and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Observations of color changes were recorded and inferences about the formation of hydrated copper complexes and complexes with ammonia and chloride ligands were made. The discussion explains that ligand exchange reactions allow copper to form complexes with different ligands and the properties of these complexes depend on the coordinating ligand.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Chem lab 11

    Date: March 8, 2023

    Topic: First-row transition metals

    Aim: To investigate ligand exchange reactions involving Cu2+ ions

    App. & Mat.: anhydrous copper (II) sulphate, concentrated hydrochloric acid,
    concentrated ammonia solution, distilled water, test tubes, test tube rack.

    Method: First a small amount of anhydrous copper (II) sulphate was placed into a test
    tube. Second, distilled water was then added in drops, while the test tube was shaken
    until there was no further change in the test tube. All observations were then recorded.
    Third, a concentrated ammonia solution was added to the same test tube in drops
    while the test tube was shaken until no further changes occurred. Observations were
    then recorded. Fourth, the first two steps were repeated and then a concentrated
    solution of hydrochloric acid was added to the same test tube in drops until there were
    no further changes and the observations were recorded.

    Observations:

    Anhydrous Copper (II) Observations Inference


    sulphate with:
    Distilled water  Colour change from  CuSO4 (s) + 5H2O(l) -->
    white to light blue. CuSO4.5H2O (s)
     Effervescence
     CuSO4.5H2O (s) + H2O
    (l) --> [Cu(H2O)6]2+
    Distilled water and  Colour change from  Copper/ammonia
    concentrated ammonia light blue to deep complex.
    blue  NH3 + H2O ←→ NH4+
    + OH-
     [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) +
    4NH3(aq) →
    [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
    (aq) + 4H2O (l)
    Distilled water and  Deep blue to emerald  [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- →
    concentrated green. [CuCl4]2- + 6H2O
    hydrochloric acid  Effervescence.  Copper/chloride complex
     Formation of a white
    column.
     Insoluble.
    Discussion:
    Ligand exchange reactions involving copper(II) ions, Cu2+, are common in many
    areas of chemistry, including coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, and
    catalysis. Copper(II) ions have a strong affinity for coordination by nitrogen, oxygen,
    and sulfur-containing ligands, and this allows for a wide range of ligand exchange
    reactions to occur.
    Copper(II) ions are usually coordinated with water molecules to form a
    hydrated complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+. When distilled water is added to this complex, no
    significant ligand exchange reaction occurs since water is already a coordinated
    ligand. However, if excess water is added, some of the water molecules may displace
    the coordinated water molecules, resulting in a change in the coordination number and
    geometry of the Cu2+ ion. The reaction can be represented as:

    [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + H2O ⇌ [Cu(H2O)5(OH)] + H3O

    [Cu(H2O)5(OH)] + H2O ⇌ [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + H3O

    Another example of a ligand exchange reaction involving Cu2+ ions is the


    reaction of CuSO4 with ammonia (NH3) to form the blue complex,
    [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. In this reaction, ammonia displaces water as a ligand on the
    copper(II) ion. This exchange is driven by the greater stability of the resulting
    complex due to the stronger binding of ammonia to Cu2+ than water.

    [Cu(H2O)6]2 + 4NH3 ⇌ [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2 + 4H2O

    [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2 + excess NH3 ⇌ [Cu(NH3)6]2 + 2H2O

    Ligand exchange reaction with concentrated hydrochloric acid: When


    concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of Cu2+ ions, the chloride ions
    displace the water molecules from the hydrated complex to form [CuCl4]2-, which is
    a yellow-green colour. The reaction can be represented as:

    [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- → [CuCl4]2- + 6H2O


    The study of ligand exchange reactions involving Cu2+ ions is important for
    understanding the properties and behaviour of copper-containing compounds. In
    addition, ligand exchange reactions can be used in synthetic chemistry to prepare new
    copper(II) complexes with desired properties, such as catalytic activity or
    fluorescence.

    Precautions:
    1. Care should be taken when handling Cu2+ salts, as they may be toxic if
    ingested or inhaled. It is important to avoid contact with skin and eyes and to
    handle these compounds in a well-ventilated area.
    2. The reaction vessel should be thoroughly cleaned and dried before use to
    avoid any contamination that could affect the results of the experiment.
    Sources of Error:
    1. If the ligand exchange reaction is not allowed to proceed to completion, the
    resulting equilibrium mixture may contain unreacted species that could affect
    the accuracy of the results.
    2. Changes in pH during the reaction could affect the ligand exchange
    equilibrium and alter the formation of products.

    Conclusion:
    The ligand exchange reactions involving Cu2+ ions with distilled water, concentrated
    ammonia, and concentrated hydrochloric acid demonstrated the ability of different
    ligands to coordinate with the Cu2+ ion and displace existing ligands, resulting in a
    change in the coordination number and geometry of the Cu2+ ion. The reactions
    showed that different ligands have different abilities to coordinate with the Cu2+ ion,
    which can result in different equilibrium mixtures depending on the ligands present.

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