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Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 9A
INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE
LESSON 1 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ECOSYSTEM
Science – Grade 11
Quarter 2 – Module 9A: INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE
LESSON 1 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ECOSYSTEM

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: JONESS P. SADANG

Editors: HELEN Z. CORNELIO
IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA

Reviewers: HELEN Z. CORNELIO

IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA

Layout Artist: JASON O. SALVADORA

Cover Illustration: RAYMOND T. TORALDE

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Categorize the different biotic

potential and environmental
resistance (e.g. diseases,
availability of food, and predators)
that affect population explosion.
S11/12LT-IVhj-29
 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON 1 (9A)
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ECOSYSTEM

Ecology is the study of the relationships between

different LESSON 1 biological life and their natural
forms of
BEGIN surroundings. All living things are dependent on both
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ECOSYSTEM
nature and each other for their survival. This
dependence is called ecological interdependence and it
can take numerous forms -- from food webs to habitat
creation.

In this module, you will learn about the Interaction and Interdependence in an
Ecosystem including concepts of ecology at the population level.

This module will help you understand

concepts and enjoy different learning
activities.

At the end of this module, it is expected that

you be able to:

1. Define ecosystem.

2. Differentiate biotic from abiotic

components of Ecosystem.

https://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/male_teacher.html
3. Enumerate the characteristics of biotic
and abiotic components of Ecosystem.

Directions: From the given statements below,

choose which describes an ecosystem?
TRY THIS! Write only the letters of your answers.

A. It is a complex interrelationship in a particular unit of space.

B. It is all about plants and animals that live in a particular area.
C. It is a system or group of interconnected elements.
D. It is a community just like your home.
E. It can be a geographical area where plants, animals, and other
organisms, as well as weather and landscapes interact.
F. It is composed of plants and animals including humans.
G. It includes water, air and other nonliving components.

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 Hi! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key

section and see how you did. Don’t worry if you got
a low score, this just means that there are more
things that you can learn from this module.

https://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/male_teacher.html DO THIS!

A. Directions: Look around you. List down different things you found/seen inside or
outside your room?

LIST THE THINGS YOU

FOUND/SEENAROUND
YOU HERE!!

B. Directions: From the words you have listed above. Which do you think are part of
biotic and abiotic?

BIOTIC ABIOTIC

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 EXPLORE

ACTIVITY 1: NAMEIT!
Study the figure 1.

Figure 1. Components of Ecosystem

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/ecosystem/components-of-ecosystem/

Direction: Name the two components of ecosystem as shown in the picture.

1. ___________________________________

2. ___________________________________

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ACTIVITY 2

Direction: Considering the two different components of an Ecosystem, name different

things which can be part of biotic/abiotic. Fill in the box with the appropriate answer.

Biotic vs. Abiotic

Biotic Abiotic

Example: Plants Example: Water

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Table 1.
Descriptions of the Eight Ecological Principles and Associated Concepts
Principle Description Associated Concepts
Adaptation The way a life system looks or behaves Evolution, Life History Patterns, Natural
is not random or accidental; rather it is Selection, Survival, Predator-Prey
the result of changing to survive in a Interactions
dynamic environment.
Behavior Living systems evolve behavioral Reproduction, Predator-Prey
responses to stress and disturbances to interactions, Dispersal, Survival (humans
enhance survival. and other animal species), Pest Control
(exotics, nuisance animals) Harvesting
Diversity Changes in environmental conditions Competition, Land-Use Practices,
over time have led to variety within each Genetics, Survival, Fragmentation
level of organization.
Emergent When different levels of organization are Complexity, Synthesis, Teamwork,
Properties functioning together, new properties are Government
created that were not operational at
lower levels
Energy Flow Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Thermodynamics, Food Chains, Tropic
but it can change form. Energy quality is Levels, Heat Exchange
always degraded through transformation.
Growth and As organisms and systems increase in Succession, Reproduction, Population
Development size, changes occur that allow survival. Dynamics, Competition
Growth rate slows as maximum capacity
is met.
Limits There are limits to how much stress can Sustainability, Conservation, Disease,
be tolerated by living systems. Natural Disaster, Agriculture, Pollution
Regulation Energy is spent if a signal is sent to Feedback Loops, Organismal Systems,
increase or decrease some function to Cybernetics
maintain balance.
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Reference: https://www.joe.org/joe/2009october/rb6.php
 ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
The following ecological principles describe the assumptions needed to plan actions
for conserving biodiversity:

• Protection of species and species subdivisions will support biodiversity.

• Maintaining habitat is fundamental to conserving species.
• Large areas usually contain more species than smaller areas with similar
habitat.the connection varies.
• Disturbances shape the characteristics of populations, communities and
ecosystems.
• Climate change will increasingly influence all types of ecosystems.

APPLYING ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

These ecological concepts and principles are closely inter-related, and they must
be applied in harmony with one another. The following applications are based on
Coarse- and Fine-filter considerations:

• Use both filters: Use a Coarse-filter to create a network of representative

protected areas and manage surrounding areas in a way that most closely
emulates natural processes. Use a Fine-filter to fill in the gaps by
conserving ecosystems, features and species not adequately protected
through the coarse filter approach.
• Represent all native ecosystem types in a system of protected areas.
• Retain large contiguous or connected areas that sustain natural ecological
processes.
• Maintain or emulate natural ecological processes.
• Manage for adaptability in response to environmental change.
• Maintain viable populations of all native species in natural patterns of
abundance and distribution.
• Preserve rare landscape elements, critical habitats and features, and
associated species.
• Minimize the introduction and spread of invasive alien species.

In Conclusion

The ecological concepts and principles, and their application to conserve

biodiversity described in this document are intended to provide a science-based
starting point for the action on biodiversity conservation.
Reference: http://www.biodiversitybc.org/EN/main/where/131.html

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 APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

ACTIVITY 1. WORD SEARCH

A. Direction. The crossword puzzle below contains words that are related to the
ecosystem and its basic principles. The words are spelled horizontally,
vertically, diagonally, or backwards. Locate and cross out those words, and
after, put it inside the word bank found below.

X A B D G F O O D C H A I N L M K C R
E V O L U T I O N D C E I O P L K T E
S F A U I J K L G S F B M H S E H G P
L M F G H C V N O I T A L U G E R E R
K Q T D I F N W H K K O R L S H F D O
D I S T U R B A N C E V H A H G D H D
C E O C G K B I O D I V E R S I T Y U
G I F E I I G R D V S S J K D W J G C
B O W L T T G G A T I N G H O E N E T
P L N A P O O L H D B H N R W S A Q I
H R T K T S C I T E N E G O W A F K O
W R K T N E R N B K T E T H P I G Q N
Y X B R U P R E D A T I O N L G P W N

WORD BANK

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DEPOSIT THE WORDS YOU

FOUND IN THE CROSSWORD
PUZZLE HERE!!

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 B. Directions. From the word bank in the previous activity, choose the word/s
that is being described by the statements that follow. Write your answer in the
space provided before each number.
____________1. It shapes the characteristicsof populations, communities and
ecosystems.
____________2. It is the change that happens over time in one or more inherited
traits found in populations of individuals.
____________3. There are limits to how much stress can be tolerated by living
systems.
____________4.Maintaining _____is fundamental to conserving species.
____________5.Successions, reproduction, population dynamics, and
competition areunder what principle of ecosystem.
____________6.Changes in environmental conditions over time have led to variety
within each level of organization.
____________7.It is an important resource that producers need for growth.
____________8.It is the process of producing young or species.
____________9.Living systems evolve behavioral responses to stress and
disturbances to enhance ___________.
____________10. It is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills
and eats another organism, its prey.
____________11. It includes plants, animals and other living organisms.
____________12. Energy is spent if a signal is sent to increase or decrease some
function to maintain balance.
____________13. It is the study of heredity and variation in an organism.
____________14. This refers to any non-living components of ecosystem.
____________15. It is a series wherein energy is transferred from the producers to
the consumers.

ACTIVITY 2. CAPTURE ME!

A. Take a photo or draw things around you. Out of that photos, tell what
component of ecosystem it is and what possible activity does it shows.

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 Congratulations for finishing the module.
Hope you enjoyed and learned a lot from
the tasks given.

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For the last time, share your insights and queries.

Things I have learned today-

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask about

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
____________________________________.

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 REINFORCEMENT

A. Directions: Make an illustration. It can be in a form of collage or an artwork

showing the effect of environmental conditions like Climate Change to
different organisms like animals, humans, and plants. Label and color your
output.

B. Essay: Why are abiotic components important for the survival of biotic
components?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 WORD BANK

1. Adaptation- a change in a plant or animal that makes it better able to live in a

particular place or situation.
2. Biodiversity-the existence of many different kinds of animals in an
environment.
3. Competition- refers to a type of ecological relationship wherein organisms
tend to compete for food, shelter, space, light, etc.
4. Cybernetics-the scientific study of how people, animals, and machines
control and communicate information.
5. Disturbance- a violent or unpleasant behavior of nature or environment.
6. Ecology- a science that deals with the relationships between groups of living
things and their environment.
7. Ecosystem- everything that exists in an environment.
8. Evolution- the process by which new species or populations of living things
develop from preexisting forms through successive generations.
9. Fragmentation- the breakdown of complex matter into smaller particles.
10. Genetics- the scientific study of how genes control the characteristics of
plants and animals.
11. Thermodynamics- a science that deals with the action of heat and related
forms of energy in the environment
12. Trophic level- one of the hierarchical strata of a food web characterized by
organisms which are the same number of steps removed from the primary
producers.

ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

A. Make a short advertisement/video that show what you do to express your concern
to the environment.
B. Directions: Give what is asked or described in each item by writing the letter of
the correct answer.
1. It is the ability of organisms to endure and stay in an environment.
A. Sustainability C. Survival
B. Adaptation D. Reproduction

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2. It refers to a gradual change in biotic community to form a stable community.
A. Productivity C. Adaptation
B. Succession D. Evolution

3. Which of the following organisms will get the highest energy coming from the
sunlight?
A. producers C. primary consumers
B. decomposers D. secondary consumers

4. Which is an ecosystem?
A. One set of similar organisms interacting in an area.
B. Population of similar species of organisms interacting in an area.
C. Population of different species of organisms interacting in an area.
D. Population of similar organisms reproducing in an area.

5. Which is the best reason why the tropical rainforests contain the most diverse
set of organisms?
A. Tropical rainforests have varieties of trees that house many organisms.
B. Precipitation level is high that is why organisms settle here.
C. Tropical rainforests contain fertile soil and abundant moisture because
of precipitation.
D. Tropical rainforests provide a lot of space for organisms.

Congratulations! I hope you got

the perfect score.

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 ANSWER KEY
LESSON 1: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ECOSYSTEM

TRY THIS
(All of which describes ecosystem)

DO THIS
(Sample answers)
Plants, animals, water, soil, insects, decomposers
(Answers may vary)

EXPLORE
Activity 1: Name it!
Biotic Abiotic

Activity 2: Tell Me
Biotic Abiotic
1. Plants 1. Water
2. Animals 2. Soil
3. Protists 3. Light
4. Fungus 4. Air
5. Bacteria 5. Minerals

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

A. WORD SEARCH
Abiotic Evolution Predation
Biodiversity Food chain Regulation
Biotic Genetics Reproduction
Disease Growth Survival
Disturbance Habitat Water
B.
1. Disturbance 6. Biodiversity 11. Biotic
2. Evolution 7. Water 12. Regulation
3. Disease 8. Reproduction 13. Genetics
4. Habitat 9. Survival 14. Abiotic
5. Growth 10. Predation 15. Food chain
A. ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED(Answers may vary, refer to rubric)
B. ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C

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 REFERENCES

“Components of Ecosystem: Biotic, Abiotic Components, Videos, Examples,” May

12, 2020. https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/ecosystem/components-of-
ecosystem/.

“Ecological Principles-A Unifying Theme in Environmental Education.”Accessed July

30, 2020. https://www.joe.org/joe/2009october/rb6.php.

Atomic Crayon, staff@atomiccrayon.com. “Where Are We Now?” Accessed July 30,

2020. http://www.biodiversitybc.org/EN/main/where/131.html.

“Stock Vector.”Accessed July 30, 2020. https://www.123rf.com/clipart-

vector/male_teacher.html.

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