EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

SCIEN

11
FIRST QUARTER

Module 8

Natural Hazards: A Hydrometeorological,

Marine and Coastal Processes

Bryan Dale D.C. Dela Cruz

Module Writer

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought

about by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo.
(S11/12ES-Ig-36);
2. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion,
submersion and salt water intrusion (S11/12ES-Ih-38); and
3. Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal
and constructions of structures on control coastal processes. (S11/12ES-Ii-41).
 To the Learners
This Module is a supplementary material that will help you to know the basic
concepts, facts, current issues and ideas of the lesson. This will guide you for a better and
enjoying moment while you are reading, learning, and answering the activities of this
material. You will also realize how this lesson affects your life, your family, peers,
community, country and even the whole world.
You will be able to do this if you follow the simple instructions or guide to achieve the
goals of the lesson:
1. Read and understand the instructions in each activity in this module.
2. Take down notes of the basic concepts in the module as your reference for your future
learning.
3. Accomplish the activities with honesty and integrity based on what you have learned.
5. Do not hesitate to seek assistance to the facilitator or member of the family if there are
unclear instructions or questions.
6. Have fun!

Expectations
Earth is the only life sustaining planet surrounded with mostly water and the different

land formations. In the previous discussion, you are already aware with the different hazards

brought about by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. In this module you are

expected to:

1. identify the hydrometeorological phenomena such as tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods

and tornadoes or ipo-ipo;
2. identify the places in the Philippines that are prone to natural weather related hazards
(tropical cyclones or typhoon, floods and tornadoes or ipo-ipo.);
3. explain the economic and environmental impacts of tropical cyclone and tornado or ipo-
po;
4. explain how marine and coastal process result in coastal erosion, submersion and salt
water intrusion; and
5. give suggestions on how to mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal and
construction of structures on control coastal processes.

Pre-Test
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the line provided before the number.
____1. Which of the following is NOT a category of tropical cyclone?
A. monsoon C. tropical storm
B. typhoon D. tropical depression 1
 ____2. Which of the following best describes coastal erosion?
A. the soil became watery
B. water in the sea became salty
C. pebbles are carried by the wind
D. rocks and sand are transported to the seashore
____3. Which of the following hydrometeorological phenomenon is purely found at ocean
and other bodies of water?
A. tornadoes C. flash floods
B. hurricanes D. tropical cyclones
____4. Which of the following characterizes summer monsoon season?
A. heavy rains C. extreme dry spell
B. intense heat D. freezing temperature
____5. Hanging habagat (summer monsoon) and Hanging amihan (winter monsoon) are two
prevailing weather systems in the Philippines. Which of the following
characterizes hanging amihan?
A. dry spells C. little or no rain fall
B. heavy rain fall D. cold weather and little or no rain fall

Looking Back
Directions: Find Me! Circle all the direction words hidden in the grid. Use the definition
described in each number as a guide, then fill-out the blanks.

N F G H Y U L I S D X G V R M
D S O P L N E C X U Y T S D U
A E T C B E D I L S D N A L D
R L H G D S L P I F D C R W F
H A Z A R D X C V B U L P U L
G H C R O C K F A L L U T R O
S A C V B N Y W R C Z X V U W
Q R M N C Y T G W P L I C Y S
X B E A R T H Q U A K E R D X
R W N O I T C A F E U Q I L B
X V B I P L O Q E R F G Z X W

1. __ __ __ __ __ __ It is an agent that can cause harm or risk to a

certain situation, property, environment or
people.

2
2. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ It is a downslope movement of rocks, soil and
some organic materials under the influence of
gravity
3. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ It is a sudden steep drop of rock debris from the
cliff or other high land forms.
4. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ It is a rapid movement of wet earth materials
initiated by shaking or heavy rainfall.
5. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ It is a phenomenon to lessen the strength
and stiffness of soil materials due to earthquake
shaking.
6. __ __ __ __ __ It is a kind of mudflow coming from volcanic
remains.
7. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ It is described through magnitude and intensity.

Brief Introduction
Are you familiar with names like, Yolanda (2013), Uring (1991), Pablo (2012),
Sendong (2011), Frank (2008). They are some of the most deadly names of typhoon that hit
in the Philippine Archipelago (Bongat 2015); that brought about devastation such as flash
floods, destruction of property and even death of people. How about ocean waves and
tides? These are the natural huge forces such as coastal erosion and other marine
processes that shape many coastal areas and land formation.
Another hydrometeorological phenomenon that is most common especially in highly
urbanized areas like Metro Manila is flash floods. Every time the tropical cyclone hits the
area it will severely disrupts the normal flow of life. And that is brought about by hanging
habagat (summer monsoon) which is one of the seasons of monsoon that usually starts in
April and ends in September. While hanging amihan (winter monsoon) starts at mid- October
or November and ends in February. Meanwhile, some areas in the archipelago are
experiencing and witness a whirlpool like structure that has a strong force that usually found
in the sea that contains thunderstorm and brings a lot of damage once it hits the land. This is
called a Tornado or ipo-ipo.
In this module, you will focus on identifying the hydrometeorological phenomena
such as tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods and tornadoes or ipo-ipo, identifying the
places in the Philippines prone to natural weather related hazards, explaining the economic
and environmental impacts of tropical cyclone and tornado or ipo-po and how marine and
coastal process result in coastal erosion, submersion and salt water intrusion as well as
giving suggestions on how to mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal and
constructions of structures on control coastal processes.

Hazards due to Tropical Cyclones

Tropical cyclone is a structure composed of a series of clouds and thunderstorms

that originated in a warm place region of bodies of water and created a strong force of

3
circulation that produce from moderate to heavy rains. In the table below shows the different
categories of tropical cyclone in the Philippines.
Table 1. CATEGORIES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Tropical Cyclone Description
Tropical Depression maximum sustained wind – 61 kph
Tropical Storm from 62-88 kph
Severe Tropical Storm from 89-117 kph
Typhoon from 118-220 kph
Super Typhoon more than 220 kph
Source: PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration)

The terms cyclone, typhoon and hurricane are all the same weather phenomenon. It
is named differently according to the location where it produces just like cyclone which
originates at North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific. Typhoon develops at Northwest Pacific
and from the South Pacific and Indian Ocean which is known to be as hurricane (Roly B.
Bayoang 2016).
You have learned the different hydrometeorological phenomena that we are
experiencing right now and the different categories of tropical cyclone, its origin and the
possible devastation it could bring to mankind. At this point, you will identify areas prone to
hazards brought about by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo using the
Philippine hazard maps.

Activity 1
Cyclone Where Are You?

Objective: To identify areas in the Philippines that are prone to tropical cyclones.
Direction: Study and analyze the map below and answer the guide questions.

According to PAGASA, in the year

2019, the total tropical cyclones that hit
in the Philippines are 21. Some are
tropical depressions and some are
typhoon or even super typhoon. The
picture in the right shows the most
visited areas of the tropical cyclone and
the lines are the locations of the
gustiness and the whirlpool wind
coming from the cyclones.

T
he illustration shows the affected area of the
Philippines hit by the tropical cyclones.

4
Guide Questions:
1. Based on the map above, which part of the country is the most frequently hit by the
tropical cyclones?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think will happen if a super typhoon hits Metro Manila as one of the densest
population in the country?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Why those lines are not intended to go in one direction? Is there a possibility that the next
set of typhoon will hit only at one particular place?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What do you think will happen to the areas hit by the tropical cyclone? Is there a possible
storm surge and flash flooding?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you think is the economic impact to the areas prone to the tropical cyclone?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2
Hazard Map Interpretation

Objective: To identify areas in the Philippines that are prone to hydrometeorological

hazards.
Directions: Identify the areas prone to hydrometeorological hazards using the hazard
hunter application. You may visit it through this website link
(https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph/). And explore the use of this application to better
understand the latest hydrometeorological hazard occurred in the Philippines.
In the given application, you will make a list of a Hydrometeorological Hazard Prone
Areas in the Philippines. Write your answer on the given table below.
(NOTE: This is intended as an Enrichment Activity. If you have an internet connection
try to access the given website link and explore the updated status of our country to
the hydrometeorological hazards then answer the guide questions in the next page,
otherwise proceed to Activity 3.)

5
 Hydrometeorological Hazards Areas affected by the hazard

1. Flood

2. Rain-Induced landslide

3. Storm Surge

4. Severe wind
Guide Questions:
1. How did you find the areas prone to hydrometeorological hazard?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think is the advantage to know the areas prone to hydormeteorological
hazards?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. As a student, how will you inform your family members, peers or friends the importance of
knowing areas prone to hydrometeorological hazards?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
At this point, you have already known what tropical cyclone is. Now are you familiar
with the whirlpool like structure with a strong force usually
found at the sea areas that brings great danger to the A

people or even the properties near to it? If your answer is

yes, what kind of phenomenon is this?
The pictures at the right were taken from Laguna de
Bay last March 31, 2020 covered by TV Patrol News. That B
strong whirling force at picture A is known as Tornado (ipo-
ipo). Picture B shows three tornadoes at different positions
what do you think will happen near the area? What do you
think is the economic and environmental impact of this kind Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=1SPVQQHXCYY
of phenomenon? Destruction caused by tornado is
undeniably disastrous, imagine if these three tornadoes hit the land with the strong force it
will easily vanished the area near to it and bring agreat danger to the people and destruction
of the properties.
The picture at the right represent the
monsoon, the summer monsoon locally referred to
as hanging habagat and the winter monsoon is
called hanging amihan. These two types of monsoon
have great effects to the weather condition.
Summer monsoon dominated by trade winds Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5XtN_aMH94

6
from the extreme of heat of summer commonly came from southwestern part of the globe
and typically starts in June and ends early October. On the other hand, winter monsoon is
came from the northeastern part of the world characterized by a dropping of temperature
especially at the higher elevated part of the country such as Baguio and Tagaytay and
usually associated as Christmas season it usually starts from middle October and ends in
February.
Meanwhile, let us talk about the Marine and Coastal processes; have you
experienced going to the beach? What have you noticed to the land forms and coastal
formations around the vicinity? How are the materials like sand, pebbles and other less
dense materials transported to the shore? Now you will find it out based on the activity
below.

Activity 3
Let’s Talk About Marine and Coastal Process

Objective: To determine how coastal erosion occur in a certain area.

Materials: Coloring materials, pencil
Procedures:
1. Illustrate your favorite beach or river that you have visited or watched in the television
2. Differentiate them by means of the changes you observed in the materials such as sand,
pebbles and stone around its vicinity.
3. Observe the water level in both illustrations.
4. Write a short description of your illustration.

Before After

Description: _______________
Description: _______________ __________________________
__________________________

Guide questions:
1. What do you think is the phenomenon that might occur in the area?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

7
2. What causes coastal erosion in the area?
_________________________________________________________________________

3. What should be done to stop and mitigate the impact of coastal erosion?
________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4
Rise, Philippines!
Objective: To create Policies/Guidelines on how to prevent or lessen the impact of land
development, waste disposal and coastal erosion.

Pretend that you are one of the environmentalists invited to visit one of the scenic
places in the Philippines. Your task is to make five comprehensive Policy and Guidelines to
help the people lessen or prevent the impact of land development, waste disposal and
construction of structures on control coastal process near them that will possibly destroy the
natural beauty of the area. Then, write a short paragraph stating the possible outcome on
the policy and guidelines you have created.

Policies/Guidelines:

1. ______________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________________________

Outcome:

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Remember
 Hydrometerological Phenomena is a natural process or an atmospheric
phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury, damage of the property as well as
social, economic and environmental disruption.
 Tropical cyclone accumulation of series of clouds and thunderstorms that originates
in a warm place region of bodies of water and created a strong force of circulation
that produces moderate to heavy rains.
 Tornado is a whirlpool like structure piling a column of strong force of air and
extends from the bottom part of a thunderstorm that brings a lot of danger around the
vicinity.
8
  Monsoon is refers to a seasonal reversing wind that has a change in precipitation
and atmospheric pressure.
 Southeast Monsoon (Hanging Habagat) is also known as summer monsoon that
contains an air mass that can be affected in the country starting April and ends in
September.
 Northeast Monsoon (Hanging Amihan) is also known as winter monsoon and
usually perceived starting Mid October or November and ends in February.
 Coastal Erosion is a natural process by which the soil, rocks and other small
particles are carried by the strong force due to the action of wave, sea level rise and
coastal flooding. (Toolkit, U.S. Climate Resilience 2019)
 Marine and Coastal processes are responsible to the formation of different coastal
land forms due to the action of the process called deposition. (Roly B. Bayoang, et.al
2016)

Check Your Understanding

How Well Are You Prepared?
Materials:
- coloring materials (e.g., crayons, colored pencil, marker etc.)
- pencil
Instructions:
1. Make an infographic about the effects of different natural phenomena that you have
observed/experienced in the Philippines.
2. See to it that different natural phenomena are seen/ observed in your infographic.
(Note: Please refer the criteria on how to rate your infographics on Parent’s Guide)

Post Test
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the line provided before the number.
____1. Which of the following hydrometeorological phenomenon is referring to the
accumulations of a series of clouds originated in bodies of water that carries strong force of
circulation of rains and winds?
A. hurricanes C. flash floods
B. tornadoes D. tropical cyclones
____2. The picture at the right is a Philippine map, the
lines appeared shows the gustiness and the direction of
the tropical cyclones hit in the Philippines. Which of the
following areas in the country have not mostly visited by
typhoon?
A. Baguio C. Manila
B. Legazpi D. Zamboanga

9
____3. What is the safest thing to do if a tropical cyclone reaches a maximum wind of 185
kph and carries heavy rain fall?
A. Go to the evacuation center immediately
B. Call the hotline and report what will happen in the next succeeding time
C. Get all the important things in your house like flash light, cellphone,
important documents, medicine, food etc.
D. both a and c
____4. Which of the following reasons could cause floods in the National Capital Region?
A. center of commerce C. cemented and asphaltic roads
B. clogged canals and esteros D. big number of household living
____5. What kind of phenomenon occurred along the seashore of Boracay Island that leads
to the change in its appearance and land formation?
A. Monsoon C. Coastal Erosion
B. Flash flood D. Tropical Cyclone

Reflection
How will I ready myself: Make your own disaster preparedness plan before, during and
after the occurrence of natural phenomena/hazard.

Natural Phenomena Before During After

Tropical Cyclone
Flash floods
Tornado
Monsoon
Coastal Erosion

10