Effects of Electric Current When a current flows through a conductor, there are a number of signs which tell if a current

is flowing or not. Following are the most prominent signs:

Heating Effect of Electric Current When our clothes are crumpled, we use the iron box to make our clothes crisp and neat. On the
principle of heating effect of current, iron boxes work. There are many such devices that employ the heating effect. When an
electrical current flows through a conductor, heat is generated within the conductor. The heating effect is given by the following
equation

H=I2RT

The Heating Effect depends on the Following Factor:

 The time “t” for which the current flows. The longer the current flows in a conductor, the more heat is generated.

 The electrical resistance of the conductor. Higher the resistance, the higher the heat produced.

 The amount of current. The larger the amount of current the higher the heat produced.

If the present is little then the quantity of warmth generated is probably going to be very small and should not be noticed.
However, if the present is larger then it's possible that a clear amount of warmth is generated.

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

Another prominent effect that is noticeable when an electric current flows through the conductor is the build-up of the magnetic
field. We can observe this when we place a compass close to a wire carrying a reasonably large direct current, the compass
needle deflects. The magnetic flux generated by a current is put to good use during a number of areas. By winding a wire into a
coil, the effects are often increased, and an electromagnet is often made.
Chemical Effect of Electric Current
When an electric current passes through a solution, the solution ionizes and breaks down into ions. This is because a reaction
takes place when an electrical current passes through the answer. Depending on the nature of the solution and the electrodes used,
the following effects can be observed in the solution:

 Change in the color of the solution

 Metallic deposits on the electrodes

 A release of gas or production of bubbles in the solution

 Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all
physical conditions and temperature, remain constant.

Ohm’s Law Equation: V = IR, where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the conductor and R
is the resistance provided by the conductor to the flow of current.

In the equation, the constant of proportionality, R, is called Resistance and has units of ohms, with the symbol Ω.
The same formula can be rewritten in order to calculate the current and resistance respectively as follows:

Ohm’s law only holds true if the provided temperature and the other physical factors remain constant. In certain components,
increasing the current raises the temperature. An example of this is the filament of a light bulb, in which the temperature rises as
the current is increased. In this case, Ohm’s law cannot be applied. The lightbulb filament violates Ohm’s Law.
What is resistance and its formula?

Resistance is the measure of opposition applied by any object to the flow of electric current. A resistor is an electronic constituent
that is used in the circuit with the purpose of offering that specific amount of resistance.

The resistance of any object is computed making use of the formula: R = V I.

Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-
1854), a German physicist who studied the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. He is credited for
formulating Ohm's Law.

Insulator and the properties of insulator

Materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them are called insulators. Insulators oppose electric current and so they are
used as a protection from the dangerous effects of electricity. Examples of insulators are glass, air, wood, plastic and rubber.

What are conductors?

A conductor, or electrical conductor, is a substance or material that allows electricity to flow through it. In a conductor,
electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or ions, move easily from atom to atom when voltage is applied. Most metals like
copper are considered good conductors, while nonmetals are considered bad conductors -- that is, insulators.

Characteristics of conductors

 It ensures free movement of electrons or ions through it.

 It has a zero electric field inside, which permits the movement of electrons or ions.

 Outside the conductor, the electric field is perpendicular to the conductor's surface.

 It has a zero charge density, ensuring that the positive and negative charges cancel each other and free charges exist only on
the surface.

Fundamental units of Electricity:

1. Voltage:
1. Voltage is the amount of work necessary to transfer one electric charge from one location to another.
2. The unit of voltage is the Volt (V).
2. Current:
1. Current is the amount of charge that flows across a circuit in one unit of time.
2. The unit of current is the Ampere (A).
3. Resistance:
1. Resistance is the opposition provided by the current flow in the circuit.
2. Ohms (Ω) is the unit of measurement for resistance.
4. Power:
1. Power is defined as the product of work done and the number of electrons traveling through a circuit in one
unit of time.
2. The unit of power is Watt (W).

Volts, amps, ohms, and watts are therefore the four fundamental units of electricity.

What is Self Inductance?

Self-inductance is the property of the current-carrying coil that resists or opposes the change of current flowing through it. This
occurs mainly due to the self-induced emf produced in the coil itself. In simple terms, we can also say that self-inductance is a
phenomenon where there is the induction of a voltage in a current-carrying wire.
The self-induced emf present in the coil will resist the rise of current when the current increases and it will also resist the fall of
current if the current decreases. In essence, the direction of the induced emf is opposite to the applied voltage if the current is
increasing and the direction of the induced emf is in the same direction as the applied voltage if the current is falling.
The above property of the coil exists only for the changing current which is the alternating current and not for the direct or steady
current. Self-inductance is always opposing the changing current and is measured in Henry (SI unit).
Induced current always opposes the change in current in the circuit, whether the change in the current is an increase or a decrease.
Self-inductance is a type of electromagnetic induction.

Self-inductance Formula

We can derive an expression for the self-inductance of a coil from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

VL = −N (dϕ / dt)

Where:
VL = induced voltage in volts
N = number of turns in the coil
dφ / dt = rate of change of magnetic flux in webers / second
Alternatively, the induced voltage in an inductor may also be expressed in terms of the inductance (in henries) and the rate of
change of current.
VL = −L (di / dt)
Or
E = −L (di / dt)

What Is Mutual Inductance?

When two coils are brought in proximity with each other the magnetic field in
one of the coils tend to link with the other. This further leads to the generation
of voltage in the second coil. This property of a coil which affects or changes
the current and voltage in a secondary coil is called mutual inductance.

Mutual inductance is the main operating principle of generators, motors, and

transformers. Any electrical device having components that tend to interact
with another magnetic field also follows the same principle. The interaction is usually brought about by a mutual induction where
the current flowing in one coil generates a voltage in a secondary coil.
What is Capacitance and capacitor
Capacitance is the amount of charge that can be stored at a given voltage by an electrical component called a capacitor. The unit
of capacitance is the Farad (F) and a 1F capacitor charged to 1V will hold one Coulomb of charge.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material called a
dielectric. A voltage applied to the plates creates an electric field across the dielectric, which causes the plates to accumulate a
charge. The charge remains after the voltage source is removed, allowing energy to be stored until the capacitor is discharged
(allowing the stored energy to perform work).

What are the factors that affect capacitance?

The size of the conductive plates and the permittivity of the insulating dielectric material determine capacitance.

What is the effect of capacitance?

The larger the capacitance of a capacitor, the longer it takes to charge and discharge. This means it takes more time for voltage to
build up (charge) or fall (discharge). This makes capacitance useful for filtering out small voltage variations that last only a short
length of time, i.e., high-frequency transients.

What is parasitic capacitance and why is it important in electronic circuits?

Unintended (parasitic) capacitance exists between any two conducting materials – the closer their proximity and size, the greater
the value. This must be factored into the design of a circuit as it can affect the speed at which it operates. For example, a large
transistor may allow faster switching, but its larger size means a larger parasitic capacitance exists between its terminals and this
may slow the speed of the circuit driving it.

How is capacitance measured?

Capacitance is measured using a capacitance meter. A 1F capacitor would be quite big – the size of a small bottle. For this
reason, capacitance values used in electronic circuits are in the microfarad to nanofarad range.