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    History of Energy - Wikipedia

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    Alam Surya Inggil
    The concept of energy emerged from early Greek philosophers' work. In the 18th century, vis viva and ideas of kinetic energy developed. Thomas Young first used the term "energy" in its modern sense in 1802. In the 19th century, concepts of potential and kinetic energy were established, and the field of thermodynamics developed, linking energy to heat and work. Conservation of energy was proven as a fundamental law of physics in the 20th century.

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    History of Energy - Wikipedia

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    Alam Surya Inggil
    62 views18 pages
    The concept of energy emerged from early Greek philosophers' work. In the 18th century, vis viva and ideas of kinetic energy developed. Thomas Young first used the term "energy" in its modern sense in 1802. In the 19th century, concepts of potential and kinetic energy were established, and the field of thermodynamics developed, linking energy to heat and work. Conservation of energy was proven as a fundamental law of physics in the 20th century.

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    The concept of energy emerged from early Greek philosophers' work. In the 18th century, vis viva and ideas of kinetic energy developed. Thomas Young first used the term "energy" in its modern sense in 1802. In the 19th century, concepts of potential and kinetic energy were established, and the field of thermodynamics developed, linking energy to heat and work. Conservation of energy was proven as a fundamental law of physics in the 20th century.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    62 views18 pages

    History of Energy - Wikipedia

    Uploaded by

    Alam Surya Inggil
    The concept of energy emerged from early Greek philosophers' work. In the 18th century, vis viva and ideas of kinetic energy developed. Thomas Young first used the term "energy" in its modern sense in 1802. In the 19th century, concepts of potential and kinetic energy were established, and the field of thermodynamics developed, linking energy to heat and work. Conservation of energy was proven as a fundamental law of physics in the 20th century.

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    History of energy

    The word energy derives from Greek


    ἐνέργεια (energeia), which appears for the
    first time in the 4th century BCE works of
    Aristotle (OUP V, 240, 1991) (including
    Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean
    Ethics[1] and De Anima).[2]
    Thomas Young - the first to use the term "energy" in the modern sense, in 1802.

    The modern concept of energy emerged


    from the idea of vis viva (living force),
    which Leibniz defined as the product of
    the mass of an object and its velocity
    squared, he believed that total vis viva was
    conserved. To account for slowing due to
    friction, Leibniz claimed that heat
    consisted of the random motion of the
    constituent parts of matter — a view
    described by Bacon in Novum Organon to
    illustrate inductive reasoning and shared
    by Isaac Newton, although it would be
    more than a century until this was
    generally accepted.

    Émilie marquise du Châtelet in her book


    Institutions de Physique ("Lessons in
    Physics"), published in 1740, incorporated
    the idea of Leibniz with practical
    observations of Gravesande to show that
    the "quantity of motion" of a moving object
    is proportional to its mass and its velocity
    squared (not the velocity itself as Newton
    taught—what was later called
    momentum).
    In 1802 lectures to the Royal Society,
    Thomas Young was the first to use the
    term energy in its modern sense, instead
    of vis viva.[3] In the 1807 publication of
    those lectures, he wrote,

    The product of the mass of a


    body into the square of its
    velocity may properly be termed
    its energy.[4]

    Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described


    "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern
    sense, and in 1853, William Rankine
    coined the term "potential energy."
    It was argued for some years whether
    energy was a substance (the caloric) or
    merely a physical quantity.

    Thermodynamics
    The development of steam engines
    required engineers to develop concepts
    and formulas that would allow them to
    describe the mechanical and thermal
    efficiencies of their systems. Engineers
    such as Sadi Carnot, physicists such as
    James Prescott Joule, mathematicians
    such as Émile Clapeyron and Hermann von
    Helmholtz, and amateurs such as Julius
    Robert von Mayer all contributed to the
    notion that the ability to perform certain
    tasks, called work, was somehow related
    to the amount of energy in the system. In
    the 1850s, Glasgow professor of natural
    philosophy William Thomson and his ally
    in the engineering science William Rankine
    began to replace the older language of
    mechanics with terms such as actual
    energy, kinetic energy, and potential
    energy.[5] William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
    amalgamated all of these laws into the
    laws of thermodynamics, which aided in
    the rapid development of explanations of
    chemical processes using the concept of
    energy by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard
    Gibbs and Walther Nernst. It also led to a
    mathematical formulation of the concept
    of entropy by Clausius, and to the
    introduction of laws of radiant energy by
    Jožef Stefan.
    Rankine coined the term
    potential energy.[5] In 1881, William
    Thomson stated before an audience
    that:[6]

    The very name energy, though


    first used in its present sense by
    Dr Thomas Young about the
    beginning of this century, has
    only come into use practically
    after the doctrine which defines
    it had ... been raised from mere
    formula of mathematical
    dynamics to the position it now
    holds of a principle pervading
    all nature and guiding the
    investigator in the field of
    science.

    Over the following thirty years or so this


    newly developing science went by various
    names, such as the dynamical theory of
    heat or energetics, but after the 1920s
    generally came to be known as
    thermodynamics, the science of energy
    transformations.
    Stemming from the 1850s development of
    the first two laws of thermodynamics, the
    science of energy have since branched off
    into a number of various fields, such as
    biological thermodynamics and
    thermoeconomics, to name a couple; as
    well as related terms such as entropy, a
    measure of the loss of useful energy, or
    power, an energy flow per unit time, etc. In
    the past two centuries, the use of the word
    energy in various "non-scientific"
    vocations, e.g. social studies, spirituality
    and psychology has proliferated the
    popular literature.

    Conservation of energy
    In 1918 it was proved that the law of
    conservation of energy is the direct
    mathematical consequence of the
    translational symmetry of the quantity
    conjugate to energy, namely time. That is,
    energy is conserved because the laws of
    physics do not distinguish between
    different moments of time (see Noether's
    theorem).

    During a 1961 lecture[7] for undergraduate


    students at the California Institute of
    Technology, Richard Feynman, a
    celebrated physics teacher and Nobel
    Laureate, said this about the concept of
    energy:
    There is a fact, or if you wish, a
    law, governing natural
    phenomena that are known to
    date. There is no known
    exception to this law—it is exact
    so far we know. The law is
    called conservation of energy; it
    states that there is a certain
    quantity, which we call energy
    that does not change in
    manifold changes which nature
    undergoes. That is a most
    abstract idea, because it is a
    mathematical principle; it says
    that there is a numerical
    quantity, which does not change
    when something happens. It is
    not a description of a
    mechanism, or anything
    concrete; it is just a strange fact
    that we can calculate some
    number, and when we finish
    watching nature go through her
    tricks and calculate the number
    again, it is the same.

    — The Feynman Lectures on


    Physics
    See also
    Timeline of thermodynamics
    History of physics
    History of the conservation of energy
    principle
    History of thermodynamics
    A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of
    Things Familiar, a book by Ebenezer
    Cobham Brewer, published around 1840,
    presenting explanations for common
    phenomena
    Caloric theory

    References
    1. Aristotle, "Nicomachean Ethics", 1098a, at
    Perseus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ho
    pper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0053:
    bekker%20page=1098a&highlight=e%29n
    e%2Frgeia#note4)
    2. Potentiality and actuality
    3. Smith, Crosbie (1998). The Science of
    Energy - a Cultural History of Energy
    Physics in Victorian Britain. The University
    of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76420-6.
    4. Thomas Young (1807). A Course of
    Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the
    Mechanical Arts, p. 52.
    5. Smith, Crosbie (1998). The Science of
    Energy - a Cultural History of Energy
    Physics in Victorian Britain. The University
    of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76421-4.
    6. Thomson, William. (1881). "On the sources
    of energy available to man for the
    production of mechanical effect." BAAS
    Rep. 51: 513-18 (Quote: pg. 513); PL 2: 433-
    50.
    7. Feynman, Richard (1964). The Feynman
    Lectures on Physics; Volume 1 (https://arch
    ive.org/details/feynmanlectureso0001fey
    n) . U.S.A: Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-
    02115-3.

    Further reading
    Hecht, Eugene. "An Historico-Critical
    Account of Potential Energy: Is PE Really
    Real? (http://scitation.aip.org/journals/d
    oc/PHTEAH-ft/vol_41/iss_8/486_1.htm
    l) " The Physics Teacher 41 (Nov 2003):
    486–93.
    Hughes, Thomas. Networks of Power.
    Electrification in Western society, 1880-
    1930 (Johns Hopkins UP, 1983).
    Martinás, Katalin. "Aristotelian
    Thermodynamics," Thermodynamics:
    history and philosophy: facts, trends,
    debates (Veszprém, Hungary 23–28 July
    1990), 285–303.
    Mendoza, E. "A sketch for a history of
    early thermodynamics." Physics Today
    14.2 (1961): 32–42.
    Müller, Ingo. A history of
    thermodynamics (Berlin: Springer, 2007)
    External links
    The Journal of Energy History / Revue
    d'histoire de l'énergie (JEHRHE) (http://w
    ww.energyhistory.eu/en)
    Timeline of history of energy for children
    (http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/history/ti
    melines/index.html)

    Retrieved from
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
    title=History_of_energy&oldid=1134663279"

    This page was last edited on 19 January 2023, at


    21:54 (UTC). •
    Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless
    otherwise noted.

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