Anatomy Ni Hensing Along
Anatomy Ni Hensing Along
Anatomy Ni Hensing Along
The brain has a few regions, the most obvious is the cerebrum, which is
divided into two cerebral hemispheres, each of which has a cortex (an outer
region) divided into four lobes including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe,
temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe. There are also a number of additional
structures, including the cerebellum, which is down below, as well as the
brainstem which connects to the spinal cord.
The right cerebrum controls muscle on the left side of your body and vice
versa.
The frontal lobe controls movement, and executive function, which is our
ability to make decisions.
The parietal lobe processes sensory information, which let us locate exactly
where we are physically and guides movements in a three-dimensional space.
The temporal lobe plays a role in hearing, smell, and memory, as well as
visual recognition of faces and languages.
The brainstem plays a vital role in functions like heart rate, blood pressure,
breathing, gastrointestinal function, and consciousness.
The brain receives blood from the left and right internal carotid arteries, as
well as the left and right vertebral arteries, which come together to form the
basilar artery.
The internal carotid arteries turn into the left and right middle cerebral
arteries which serve the lateral portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal
lobes of the brain.
Each of the internal carotid arteries also give off branches called the anterior
cerebral arteries which serve the medial portion of the frontal and parietal
lobes and connect with one another with a short little connecting blood vessel
called the anterior communicating artery.
Meanwhile, the vertebral arteries and basilar artery gives off branches to
supply the cerebellum and the brain stem. In addition, the basilar artery
divides to become the right and left posterior cerebral artery which mainly
serve the occipital lobe and some of the temporal lobe as well as the
thalamus.
The internal carotid arteries each give off a branch called the posterior
communicating artery which attaches to the posterior arteries on each side.
So together, the main arteries complete what is called the Circle of Willis (a
ring where blood can circulate from one side to the other in case of blockage).
The Circle of Willis offers alternative ways for blood to get around an
obstructed vessel. In general, the brain can get by on diminished blood flow,
especially when it happens gradually because that allows enough time for
collateral circulation to develop, which is where nearby blood vessel starts
sending out branches of blood vessels to serve an area that’s in need. But
once the supply of blood flow is reduced to below the needs of the tissue, it
causes tissue damage, which we call an ischemic stroke.
The heart pumps blood up to the brain through two sets of arteries, the
carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries. The carotid arteries are located in
the front of the neck and are what you feel when you take your pulse just
under your jaw. The carotid arteries split into the external and internal arteries
near the top of the neck with the external carotid arteries supplying blood to
the face and the internal carotid arteries going into the skull. Inside the skull,
the internal carotid arteries branch into two large arteries – the anterior
cerebral and middle cerebral arteries and several smaller arteries – the
ophthalmic, posterior communicating, and anterior choroidal arteries. These
arteries supply blood to the front two-thirds of the brain. The vertebral arteries
extend alongside the spinal column and cannot be felt from the outside. The
vertebral arteries join to form a single basilar artery near the brain stem, which
is located near the base of the skull. The vertebrobasilar system sends many
small branches into the brain stem and branches off to form the posterior
cerebellar and posterior meningeal arteries, which supply the back third of the
brain. The jugular and other veins carry blood out of the brain. Because the
brain relies on only two sets of major arteries for its blood supply, it is very
important that these arteries are healthy. Often, the underlying cause of an
ischemic stroke is carotid arteries blocked with a fatty buildup, called plaque.
During a hemorrhagic stroke, an artery in or on the surface of the brain has
ruptured or leaks, causing bleeding and damage in or around the brain.
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