Factors Affecting Teenage Pregnancy of Selected Brgy.

in
Mayorga, Leyte

An Undergraduate Research
Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Criminology
College of Criminal Justice Education
Visayas State University Tolosa
Tanghas, Tolosa, Leyte

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course Crim 108
Criminological Research

By

JUDY ANN E. ALBAO

JOEL E. AYO JR.
KARL JAMES M. BATIS

FEBRUARY 2023

APPROVAL SHEET

The undergraduate research manuscript hereto attached entitled “Factors Affecting

Teenage Pregnancy in selected Brgy. In Mayorga, Leyte”, prepared and submitted at the
 2

Department of Criminal Justice Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

course; Criminological Research 2(Crim 108) in here by presented.

RUBY ANN C. SUYOM

Adviser

Date Signed: _________

APPROVED by the Oral Examination Committee on February 06, 2023 with a

rating_____.

DONN A. OBERES, MSCJ NOEL B.

TABULOC, MSCJ

Member Member

Date Signed: ______ Date Signed: ______

ARNEL G. AGRAVA, MSCJ

JESSIELYN M. ABORDO, MSCJ

Member Member

Date Signed: ______ Date Signed:

______

ROSE ANN D. AGUA, Ph. D

Chairman/DEAN
 3

Date Signed: _______

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course, Criminological

Research 2(Crim 108)

QUENSTEIN D. LAUZON, Ph. D

Chancellor

Visayas State University Tolosa

Date Signed: ______________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work would have been difficult without the help of the following people. The
researcher hereby acknowledgement their indebtedness for the invaluable assistance and
great contribution of the following:

The Almighty Father, who has been guiding us right from the beginning and are still
guiding us towards our journey. We are so blessed with your love and grace. Thank you!

Ma’am Rose Ann D. Aguja, Ph.D Dean of College of Criminal Justice Visayas State
University-Tolosa Campus, for allowing the researchers to conduct the survey.

Hon. Mayor Alexander S. De Paz, thank you for allowing the researchers to conduct an
interview in the choosen Brgy. In your municipality.

Hon. Erlinda P. Mostales thank you for allowing the researchers to conduct a survey in
your barangay.

Hon. Henry Q. Gallaron thank you for allowing the researchers to conduct a survey in
your barangay.
 4

Hon. Alex L. Miralles thank you for allowing the researchers to conduct a pilot test in
your barangay.

Maam Ruby Ann C. Suyom, our research adviser for her support, and guidance for the
success of the study.

Ma,am Angelyn L. Noble, our research instructor for her professional comments,
guidance, support, patience, brilliant suggestion and effort in checking and editing this
study to finish our manuscript.

Our Panel Members, for their constructive comments and suggestions for the enrichment
of this research study.

To the Informants, for the wilful and genuine cooperation in answering the questions and
for the time they spend.

To the researcher, Classmates and Friends, who assistance, suggestions, and words of
encouragement contributed in making the study a success.

To the researchers family, for their moral and financial support in the pursuit of the study.

The researchers also like to make special acknowledgement to the writers of the various
publications and the publishers listed in the bibliography of this research, to all the
people who in one way or another extended their help in the study.

And above all; to our Almighty God, for the gift of life and good health, light guidance,
and wisdom, which helped this endeavor a reality.

Block 57

Judy Ann E. Albao

Joel E. Ayo Jr.

Karl James M. Batis

Visayas State University Tolosa

Tolosa, Leyte

February 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 5

Title Page

TITLE PAGE
i

APPROVAL SHEET
ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv

LIST OF TABLES
v

ABSTRACT
vi

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of the study 1

Objective of the Study

3

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 4

Definition of Terms 4

Significant of the Study 5

Theoretical Framework of the Study 8-10

Conceptual Framework of the Study 11-12

 6

CHAPTER II

RIVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature 13-16

Related Studies 16-19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design 20

Research Instrument 20

Respondent of the Study 21

Research Locale 21

Statistical Treatment 23

Sampling Procedure 24

Data gathering procedure 24

Method of Scoring 25

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Profile of the Respondents according to Age 26

Profile of the Respondents according to Civil Status 27

 7

Profile of the Respondents according to Educational Attainment 28

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings 55

Conclusions 57

Recommendation 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY
61

APPENDICES
64

CURRICULUM VITAE
77

ABSTRACT
 8

Judy Ann E. Albao, Joel E. Ayo Jr., Karl James M. Batis Visayas State University,
Tolosa February 2023 Factors Affecting Teenage Pregnancy in selected Brgy. In
Mayorga, Leyte.

Adviser: Ruby Ann Suyom

In accomplishing this study Factors Affecting Teenage Pregnancy in selected Brgy. In

Mayorga, Leyte. The overall data obtained from the survey shows that there are 54.84%
respondents out of 31 answered moderately agree that their parents are not open about the
use of contraceptives at home. About the levels of educational attainment of parents is
low and the income is not enough to support the family there are 58.06% respondents out
of 31 answered disagree. There are 48.39% respondents out of 31 answered agree that
computer and other electronic gadget are openly used at home. There are 58.07%
respondents out of 31 answered moderately agreed about parents don’t talk about
consequences of plan or unplanned indulgence of sex. There are 70.97% respondents out
of 31 answered disagree about lack of income among parents leading the teenagers to
stay with his boyfriend

In peers the overall data shows that there are 70.97% out of 31 respondents answered
moderately agree about friends are likely to talk about friends indulging premarital sex.
There are 77.42% out of 31 respondent answered moderately agree about friends and
peers are likely to joke about still being virgin. There are 48.39% out of 31 respondent
answered moderately agree about friends and peers usually watch pornographic materials
when they are together. There are 61.29% out of 31 respondent answered moderately
agree about watching X-rated movies is usually form of recreation among friends or what
we called “barkada”. And there are 51.61% out of 31 respondents answered moderately
agreed about hanging out with friend overnight.

And in institution; the data shows that there are 48.39% out of 31 respondents answered
moderately agree about low academic performance. There are 61.29% out of 31
respondents answered moderately agree about lack of sex education in school. There are
51.61% out of 31 respondents answered moderately agree about lack of faith and moral
guidance. There are 35.48% out of 31 respondents answered moderately agree about
presence of lodging house in the community. And also the data shown that there are
32.26% out of 31 respondents answered moderately agree about presence of beerhouse
and videoke bars.

And also we formulate some strategies that can help to minimize the the data shows that
strategy 1 has 96.77% out of 31 respondents answered strongly agree about sex education
awareness. The strategy 2 has 96.77% out of 31 respondents answered strongly agree
about parental guidance and strict monitoring among children. The strategy 3 has 58.06%
out of 31 respondents answered agree about monitor the influence media. The strategy 4
has 70.97% out of 31 respondents answered strongly agree about counseling among
adolescents. The strategy 5 has 93.55% out of 31 respondent who answered strongly
agree about develop a good relationship with children.
 9

So based on the findings of the study, we conclude that the highest percentage in terms of
factors is in the Peers than the other factors based on the result. Most of them were
influenced by their peers, by just hanging with them and talking about sex they can be
influence. The Study found out also that there are several strategies that can help to
prevent or even minimize the case of teenage pregnancy.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of the Study

Teenage pregnancy remains a public health problem of varying importance in

developing and developed countries. Teenage pregnancy is an unwelcomed occurrence

among females who are both educationally and economically disadvantaged. Pregnancy

among teenagers is one of the most pressing issues confronting most countries today.

Teenage pregnancy is becoming a growing concern, and understanding the various

causes of teenage pregnancy is critical. Pregnancies among girls appear to be one of the

social issues confronting not only in Mayorga, but also a number of other countries

around the world. Sexual activities among teenagers in Mayorga are also on the rise.
 10

According to Kost, Henshaw & Carlin (2010), out-of-wedlock pregnancies, which

can result in abortion, childbirth, or even death, are a major consequences of these

increased sexual activities among teenagers. Pregnancy, regardless of age, can be a

lifechanging experience that transcends race, educational attainment, and socioeconomic

status.

Motherhood imposes demands on one's life that were previously unimaginable

before the woman's birth. When a girl who should be in school becomes pregnant, her

entire life could be turned upside down as her hopes and dreams are dashed. Pregnancy is

usually welcomed when it occurs at the appropriate age and in the context of marriage.

On the contrary, it is particularly unwelcome when it occurs outside of marriage or

during the adolescent years, when the individual is learning skills in a formal or informal

setting. Poverty, pornography, mass media, and peer influence have all been identified as

factors contributing to teenage pregnancy (Audu, 2011; WHO, 2011; Onuzuike, 2010).

According to Gyan (2013), peer influence is also paramount during the period of

adolescence. Furthermore, it was discovered that adolescents in a suburb of Accra,

Ghana, mostly engaged in sex as a result of peer pressure, which could predispose them

to early pregnancy, motherhood, and HIV/AIDS infection. Peer pressure has been

identified as a factor that contributes to teenage pregnancy. A study conducted in two

Kenyan informal settlements to investigate patterns and determinants of entry into

motherhood discovered that having negative peer models was linked to early childbearing

among females aged 15–17 years (Donatien, 2013).

 11

The rate of teenage pregnancy in Mayorga Leyte increased in numbers. This has

been very alarming to the institution. Teenage pregnancy often occurs between the ages

of 15-19 years old. Often in this age the girls are still studying with early pregnancy the

girls usually have to abandon their education to give birth or raise their child. Girls who

become pregnant stopped from school. It delays the chance of earning a degree that will

help them in providing for their child. Education becomes a lesser priority and is often

delayed until they are able to leave the children at home are financially stable. But there

are girls who are studying as well as taking care of their child and they are who we call

students mother. The burden of being teenage mother is to take care of their child and

working for them to provide their needs everyday.

The purpose of this study is to determine the profile of the respondent in terms of Age,

Civil Status, Number of Children and Educational Attainment. To determine the factors

affecting teenage pregnancy on Socio-economic status among respondents in terms of

Family, Peers, Institution. To Determine the Strategies in preventing teenage pregnancy

in Mayorga, Leyte.

Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Civil status

1.3 Number of Children

1.4 Educational Attainment

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2. To determine the factors affecting teenage pregnancy in Mayorga, Leyte on

socioeconomic status among respondents in terms of:

2.1 Family

2.2 Peers

2.3 Institution

3. To determine the strategies in preventing teenage pregnancy in Mayorga, Leyte.

Scope and Delimitation of the study

The study is delimited to teen female who have been pregnant at their teens (1219) years

old and living in, Mayorga, Leyte. The subjects will drawn to the teen female who have

been pregnant and or have been a student on their teenager days and living in Mayorga,

Leyte. The study focused on the extent of major causes of teenage pregnancy which are

family, peers, community, and church involvement, with the educational development of

students in Mayorga, Leyte.

The perception of the teenager to the effects of major causes of teenage pregnancy

were limited to educational development only. This was the dependent variables of the

study. The dependent variables of the respondents indicate the effects of educational

development among students in school. These are teenagers who got pregnant and

pursued their studies in spite of the hassle of having in the school and having a child to
 13

rear. There are also teenagers who got pregnant tried to go to school and earned a

vocation plus degree.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined for smooth progress of understanding and clarity of the

major concepts used in the study.

Cause of teenage pregnancy. it is the reasons why those teenagers got pregnant.

Economic Status. low, medium, and high status in the community

Educational Development. school performance of the student who been

pregnant
Effect of teenage pregnancy. result of being pregnant in young age

Peers of teenagers. means were teenagers having an age of 13 to 19 who is equal

to another in abilities, qualification, age, background, and social status.

Sex Education . it is a program that teach in the community to reduce the rates of

teenaged pregnant.

Teenage Pregnancy. it is the teenager who got pregnant in very young age.

Significance of the Study

The study will be conducted to find out the extent of how extreme is the effect of

the major causes of teenage pregnancy to the teen mothers in Mayorga Leyte. The result

of this study is beneficial to teen mother, to students, to the parents, teachers, to the

community, researchers and other interested individuals because this can serve as
 14

empirical data where suggestion of minimizing teenage pregnancy in the community can

be taken.

Department of Health (DOH). For them to implement guidelines for the teen
mothers.

And to control high teen pregnancy.

Department of Social Welfare and development (DSWD)-They are the one

who empowering teen mother by providing social services and assistances referring them

to other agencies and organizing peer advocates that with help teen mother achieve

development goals, meet the parent’s needs, and play their role in society.

Rural Health Unit (RHU). Is the one who provide regular health care services to

receive comprehend sexual and reproductive health counseling about the importance of

delaying the initiation of sexual activity and about their contraceptive option.

Non-Government Organization (NGO). The result of the study will give them

an idea on what is the possible services or assistance for teenager who got pregnant to

reduce or control increasing teenaged pregnant in the community especially in Mayorga,

Leyte.

Parents. For them to realize their great role in educating their teenagers,

protecting and diverting them from indulging early sex especially if without marriage.

They must be aware too of what kind of peers their teenagers have. This study too will

make the parents aware that education about the use of contraceptives will start also at

home.
 15

Teachers. They could be informed how important education to the development

of children to manhood is. This enables them to guide and identify the major causes of

teenage pregnancy especially in Mayorga, Leyte. Then and there they would intensify

their functions to counter those causes by diversity. The interest of teenage in engaging

early sex and if ever teenagers are already fall of indulging sex both boys and girls, then

contraceptives will play on this to prevent teenage pregnancy.

Youth. It will give them information about the cause and possible effects of

teenage pregnancy to their studies once they got pregnant. In one way or in another this

paper will guide them to focus first their attention to their studies rather than giving

priority to their romantic affairs with boyfriends.

Future Researchers. The result of this study can help the future researchers to

gather more important information in making their own research paper. It may also serve

their basis or guide be able to come up with a relevant study that could be beneficial to

their study and their community.

 16

Theoretical Framework of the Study

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

According to Vega, Torres, and Gallegos (2019), that Theory of Reasoned Action

(TRA) has proven its validity and usefulness to explain health behaviors; it has also been

used to substantiate interventions that modify health behaviors. This theory is applicable

to explain how sexual communication occurs between parents and children. That TRA of

Fishbein and Ajzen state that behaviors are under the control of the individual because

humans are rational beings that process information, using it in structured manner with

the aim of evaluation and making decisions. In other words, behavior is determined by a

process of logical thought known as intention.

The present study mission is to understand sexual decision-making among teenagers in

Mayorga, Leyte using Theory of Reasoned Action to introduce and utilize the behaviors

of teens. Theory of reasoned action provide that having sexual communication between
 17

parents and children may result to have good relationship with them. Having sexual

communication may reduce or control increasing rates of teenage pregnancy in our

community. TRA will help to process the communication coming from the parents on

what is right or wrong decisions. Teenagers got aging 12-29 years old are the respondent

of this study.

Ecological System Theory

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory views child development as a complex

system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment, from

immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.

Bronfenbrenner recognized there are multiple aspects of a developing childs life that

interacts with and affects the child. His work looked beyond individual development

taking into account wider influencing factors and the context (or ecology) of

development.

He proposed the “Ecological System Theory” based on these dynamic interactions that

the environment have on the developing child.

This study is supported by Theory of Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory that

helps or determine the factors increasing rates of teenage pregnancy. On this study with

the help of this theory, teenagers will develop based on their environment; Family,

School Peers and Institutions. Every teenagers has develop on what they saw and how to
 18

interact coming from their parents, friends and their environment. The influence of teens

from strangers, family friends or etc. will adapt but it depends on how develop of their

own life.

Social Conflict Theory

According to Karyo S (2012), this theory claims human behavior in social context result

from conflicts between compete groups. There will be conflict of people. This theory is

Marxist-based. With teen pregnancy there can be conflict between the parents of the teens

and the teens themselves. Parents and kids are always butting heads. Parents want

obedience and control from their kids, while kids want obedience and control from their

kids, while kids want freedom from their parents. Teen pregnancy can be a form of

rebellion. A lot of parents kick their children out after finding out their child is pregnant,

or refuse to help financially support the child. Some parents can even force there into

abortion and adoption, even against the teens will which can lead to resentment and

issues in that family.

So this theory somehow suit in our study which is “Factors Affecting Teenage

Pregnancy in selected Brgy. in Mayorga, Leyte”. Because one of our factors causing

teenage pregnancy is the family. Conflict is a normal part of family life and can often

escalate during teenage years. With this the girls disclose feelings of repression,

loneliness and indifference to their parents, leading them to unprotected sexual relations

without fear of pregnancy. Resulting for teenagers to seek independence and separation

from their parents. Also this theory realize and understand how communication works

between parents and children is necessary to avoid teenage pregnancy.

 19

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Due to the increasing cases of teenage pregnancy in Mayorga, Leyte and find out on this

last year has the highest cases of early pregnancy. Communities, families and teenagers in

Mayorga, Leyte must be smarter enough to counter phenomenon. The schematic diagram

in Figure 1 show the variables affected to the input of the study which point out the

profile of the respondent in terms of Age, Civil Status, and Number of Children and

Educational attainment. Factors affecting teenage pregnancy on socioeconomic and the

strategies in preventing teenage pregnancy in Mayorga, Leyte and the process of the

studies uses Descriptive method survey questionnaire, Data gathering processing, Data

Analysis and Interpretation and the output of the research is about the

Factors Affecting Teenage Pregnancy of Selected Brgy. in Mayorga, Leyte.

 20

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 21

 Demographic
profile of the  Descriptive
respondent method using
survey
 Factors  Factors
affecting questionnaire
affecting
teenage  Data Teenage
pregnancy on gathering
Pregnancy of
Socio - processing
selected Brgy.
economic  Data analysis in Mayorga,
status among and
Leyte.
respondents.  Interpretation
 The strategies
in pre venting
teenage
pregnancy in
Mayorga,
Leyte.

FIGURE 1: Conceptual Framework showing the Factors Affecting Teenage Pregnancy of

Selected Brgy. in Mayorga, Leyte.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related studies and important concepts gleamed for literature that
have had been found useful in the conceptualization of the present study. These related
studies and literature offered assessment and enrichment in the conduct of this research
work on teenage pregnancy.

Related Literatures
 22

Teenage pregnancy, a case of under-aged girl usually within ages of thirteen to nineteen
years becoming pregnant, is a serious cankerworm that has eaten deep to fabric of our
societies in this contemporary period. This study investigated the general causes, effect
and the way out of this act among the teenagers in Nigeria. Teenage pregnancy in Nigeria:
Causes, Effect and control – OT Alabi, Isaac Oluwafemi Oni (International Journal of
Academic Research in Business and social Sciences 7 (2), 17-32, 2017.

Recently, the incidents of teenage pregnancy has been very high in Ghana. The study
therefore was design to explore the effects of teenage pregnancy on the educational
attainment of the girl-child at Chorkor. With respect to factors that lead to teenage
pregnancy, it was evident that poor parenting, poverty and peer influence are the major
cause of teenage pregnancy. Journal of education and Social Research 3 (3), 53, 2013.

Berrington (2013), emphasized that: policies aimed at reducing inequalities in adult health
need to take a life-long perspective and to tackle social disadvantages across the life
course. Teenage motherhood is an important independent pathway through which poor
socio-economic conditions in childhood translate into higher rates of both mental and
overall ill health adulthood. The poorer mental health of teenage mothers has implications
for the subsequent generation and hence contributes to the intergenerational transmission
of disadvantage.

Teenage pregnancy is described to be the uncontrolled pregnancy among girls between

13-19. Hence, it is becoming the major concern among Malaysian population mostly in
Sabah. Furthermore, the data collection procedure has also been describe which shows
that a mixed method of data collection has been indicated. Hence, the journals and articles
have helped to achieve the aims and objectives of the paper that helps to accomplish the
better understanding and knowledge. The effect and consequences of uncontrolled teenage
pregnancy in Sabah, Malaysia-Shameer Khan bin Sulaiman, Rozita Hod, Idayu Badila
Idris (International Journal of progressive research in Science and Engineering 2(7) 10-16,
2021.

Teenage pregnancy is both a social and a public health problem in The Gambia and as
such it continues to be concern to families, community leaders, educators, social workers,
health care professionals, the government and its partners. Though there are some studies
on the topic of teen pregnancy and school dropouts, there is a limited material on the
perceptions held by teens about teenage pregnancy, contributing factors and childbearing,
difficulties encountered by teen parents, needed preventive and curative programmes.
Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing 29 (2), 118-136, 2016.
 23

Education in our view is capable to tackling this global social problem, the paper
advocates for multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary approaches toward achieving the
necessary ameliorative effects. It is our strong desire that the identifiable gaps can
effectively be filled if our recommendations are systematically applied by government,
relevant institutions and agencies. There is the need for all disciplines and other sectors to
contribute to prevent the approaching global population explosion through sensitization of
teenagers to prevent early pregnancies. Ekeng Nyong Ekefre, Samuel Asuquo Ekanem,
Obia Ekpenyong E Esien (Journal of Education and Social Research 4 (3), 41, 2014.

The factors contributing to teenage pregnancy included: lack of school fees, lack of
parental care, communication and supervision, poverty, peer pressure, non-use of
contraceptives, desire for a child, forced marriage, low educational level and need for
dowries. The effect of pregnancy on teenagers included: school drop-out, health risk
during and after childbirth, divorce, rejection by parents, stigmatism, and sometimes if the
baby is unwanted, abortion. Factors contributing, and effect of, teenage pregnancy in
Juba. Gwido Vincent, Fekadu Mazengia Alemu (South Medical Journal 9 (2), 28-31,
2016).

The factors contributing to teenage pregnancy included: lack of school fees, lack of
contraceptives, desire for a child, forced marriage, low educational level and need of
dowries. The effects of pregnancy on teenage included: school dropout, health risk during
and after child birth, divorce, rejection by parent stigmatism, and sometimes if the baby is
unwanted, abortion. South Sudan Medical Journal 9 (2), 28-31, 2016.

Result from cumulative years of the National Demographic and Health survey and the
latest result of the 2011 family health survey, shows that teenage pregnancy in the
Philippines, measured as the proportion of women who have begun childbearing in their
teen years has been steadily rising over a 35-year period. These teenage mothers are
predominant poor, reside in rural areas and have low educational attainment However,
this paper observes a trend of increasing proportions of teenagers who are not poor, who
have better education and are residents of urban areas, who have begun childbearing in
their teens. Among the factors that could help explain this trend are the younger age at
menarche, premarital sexual activity at a young age, the rise in cohabiting unions in this
age group and the possible decrease in the stigma of out of wedlock pregnancy. Journal of
the ASEAN federation of Endocrine Societies 28 (1), 30-30, 2013.

Review Related Studies

This study was an attempt to assess the factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in
tunduru District Council. The objectives of the study were to determine whether poverty,
 24

awareness and low access to family planning services, peer pressure, and level of
education contributed to the problem also to solicit for suggestions on how to curb them.
Factors contributing to teenage pregnancies in Tunduru District council. Judith Nsimbo
Malisa (Mzumbe University 2019).

Nakuthula Nokuphiwe Nkosi, Edmarie Pretorius (2019) that teenage pregnancy has far-
reaching consequences, and specifically affects the emotional behavior of the pregnant
teenager and/or young mother. They are largely faced with stigmatization in the school
and community, and are often subject to limited or no support from families and
healthcare facilities. The participants firmly expressed the need for social workers in
school to create awareness and implement preventative programmes, to provide the much-
needed counselling and psychosocial support to pregnant learners and their family
systems, and to network with other important role players, e.g. healthcare facilities, in
terms of service delivery.

Sylvia Kirchengast an analyst of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues 13, 2016 teenage
pregnancies are nothing new. For much of human history, it was absolutely common that
girls married during their late adolescence and experienced first birth during their second
decade of life. For a long time teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical
problems, however, most of data supporting this viewpoint have been collected some
decades ago and reflect mainly situation of perse socially disadvantaged teenage mothers.
According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear
risk group are extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are
confronted with various medical risk, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for
gestational age newborns but also marked social disadvantage, such as poverty,
unemployment, low educational level and single parenting. In the present study, the
prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancies in Austria are focused on.

Judith Nsimbo Malisa Msumbe University. 2015. This study was an attempt to assess the
factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Tunduru District Council. The objectives of
the study were determine whether poverty, awareness and low access to family planning
services, peer pressure, and level of education contributed to the problem also to solicit
for suggestions on how to curb them. Cross sectional research design was used to show
and also help in investigating associations between risk factors and the outcome interest.

Isaac Amoah-Saah Causes, Effects and prevention of teenage pregnancy among students
in senior high schools in the agona west municipality in the central region, Ghana.
Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the research data. It was
concluded that teenage pregnancy is mainly caused by lack of education on the causes,
effects and prevention of the phenomenon. It was also conducted that negative peer group
influence and poverty can lead to teenage pregnancy.
 25

Torivillas (2013) The Philippine Star noted that there is evidence supporting the
Reproductive health law that calls for sexuality education among young students. Not that
for teaching the kids to engage in “safe” sex, but rather, for telling them why they should
not engage in early sex, and yes, before marriage. With regulated sexuality education, the
young are informed about sex, pregnancy, unplanned and planned, instead of through the
internet or pornographic magazines that somehow manage to reach them. Peep into their
rooms and see copies of Playboy and Pent house and other sexy publications tucked
between the bed sheets, and for-adults-only videos in the internet. The factors that triggers
the Teenage pregnancy in the country are: Family problems, broken family/complicated
family, peer pressure/bad influence, Media/Television/Movies Influential Trends
(regarding sex), pornography, lack of attention, love, caring, lack of moral values, failure
to nurture with good principle, curiosity, lack of information about Sex (sex education),
use of illegal drugs, lack of Guidance, prostitution (involve poverty), unintelligent
decision etc. (Discover questions in the Philippines, 2013).

According to Polistico (2019), determinants of teenage Pregnancy in Davao City:

An Exploratory Factor Analysis. This Study aimed to identify the factors of development
of a framework utilizing an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) technique. This study was
conducted in Davao Region with 173 students from different universities and colleges in
the region as sample respondents. Students were chosen as respondents of the student
because they have a direct experience of this problem thus making them a reliable source
of information. A modified questionnaire was utilized as the research instrument in the
gathering the data and was presented to an examiner for content validity. Rotated
component matrix discarded 23 items out of 50 and categorized the remaining 27 items
into 5 dimensions. The contributing reasons to pregnancy among teenagers revealed five
different factors which include peer pressure, lack of social involvement, poor parent
guidance sociocultural, and temptation. Thus a framework on the contributing factors to
pregnancy among teenagers was develop.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY
 26

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, and the respondents, sampling
procedure, data gathering tools, the scoring procedure and the treatment data in the
foregoing study.

Research Design

The research design is the researcher’s overall plan for obtaining answers to the research
questions guiding the study. According to burns and grove (2001) state that designing a
study helps researches to plan and implemented the study in a way that will help them
obtain the intended results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could
be associated with the real situation. This study used a quantitative exploratory descriptive
design to identify, analyses and describe the Factors Affecting Teenage Pregnancy of
Selected Brgy. In Mayorga, Leyte.

Research Instrument

The instrument that will be used in this study will be a researcher made survey
questionnaire. Said questionnaire has two parts, the first part is about the profile of the
respondents while the second part is about the causes and effects of early pregnancy. The
data of questionnaire was drawn out based on the researchers reading, previous studies
conducted, professional literature, and published and unpublished research studies.

According to Rossman and Rallis (2012), in survey research, questions contained on

questionnaire is able to elicit, ideas and behavior, preferences, traits, attitudes and facts.
Similarly, they posited that questionnaires are best used for collecting factual data.

In this undertaking, the proper and pencil mode were utilized.

Research Respondents

The teenaged pregnant in Mayorga, Leyte were considered in this study. The researchers
used simple random sampling, 105 were identified as the total number of population of
teenaged pregnant in selected Brgy. In Mayorga, Leyte. The researchers would only get
30% of the total population that part of 12-19 years old will be serve as the subject for the
study.

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Mayorga, Leyte. This municipality was be purposively
chosen because of its accessibility to the researcher in gathering data for the reason that
this municipality is developing and the researcher is concerned of the teenagers who get
 27

pregnant in the locality and are often the topics of the bystanders and acquaintances of the
respondent who are affected with the sudden twist of their life situation.

Research Local Map

Figure 2. Map where research is conducted (Google Map)

Statistical Treatment

The data gathered from the respondent were subjected to a statistical treatment
using weighted mean, and percentage in order to answer the questions proposed in this
study. The responses of the respondents are categories by tabulating them according to the
nature of the specific question asked.

Percentage was used to determine each variable. The following will be use:
 28

Where:

% = Percentage

X = Scores

N = No. of respondents

Mean was used to determine each variable. The following formula will be used:

Where:

X = Mean

Σƒx = Sum of all frequency

N = No. of respondents

Sampling Procedure

The method that was used in choosing the respondents was purposive sampling
picking all the cases that meet the criterion. The researcher will chose purposive sampling,
considering that the population of respondents is small and there are lots to consider on
securing the respondents’ participation. Furthermore, the victims might be ashamed to
disclose their experiences, some don’t want to refresh their sad past chapter of their lives,
others have transferred to other place and there are still others that were not be reached for
comments.

All teenage female, students and out of school youth who got pregnant from the age of 13-
19 years old were involved and prioritized. The researcher hoped to gather not less than
15 respondents all throughout the Municipality of Mayorga, Leyte.
 29

Data Gathering Procedure

The data will be gathered from the survey questionnaire will be thematically treated. It
means the researchers will have to tally all the concerns that respondents have answered
in the survey questionnaire. All factors affecting teenage pregnancy that have surfaced
will be regarded as a common theme. Meanwhile, all those factors affecting Teenage
Pregnancy that have not surfaced will be discarded since the researcher have agreed to
have this number of concerns to surface in the entire study. Then, all the themes that the
group have divided to include will be discussed thoroughly. It means that are indepth
analysis will be applied in the interpretation process.

Method of Scoring

Factors Affecting Teenage Pregnancy of Selected Brgy. In Mayorga, Leyte. In terms of

the factors that affect and the strategies that help to the teenagers.

Likert Scale serves as the guide for the interpreting the data gathered.

Scale Mean Range Visual Interpretation

5 4.20-500 Strongly Agree

4 3.40-4.19 Agree

3 2.60-3.39 Moderately Agree

2 1.80-2.59 Disagree

1 1.00-1.79 Strongly Disagree

2
Table 1. Method of Scoring of the Data
 30

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results, interpretation of the data, and discussion that been
gathered from the answers to questionnaires distributed to the respondents. The various
results were presented in the succeeding tables with corresponding discussion and
explanation.

Profile of the Respondents

I. To determine the Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of,

Table 1. Profile of the Respondents according to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

12-14 years old 0 0%

15-17 years old 8 25.81%

18-19 years old 23 74.19%

TOTAL 31 100%

Based on the table above, out of 31 respondent who answered the research instrument,
most of them are aging 18-19 years old which has 74.19%, followed by aging

15-17 years old which has 25.81% and 0% in aging 12-14 years old.

Table 2. Profile of the Respondents according to Civil Status

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

 31

Single 29 93.55%

Married 2 6.45%

Separated 0 0%

TOTAL 31 100%

On the table shown above, 29 respondents who answered the research instrument
where single which has 93.55%, and followed by married that consist 6.45% and 0% of
respondents are separated.

Table 3. Profile of the Respondents according to Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

Elementary Level 1 3.23%

Elementary Graduate 9 29.03%

Junior High School 14 45.16%

Junior High School

 32

Graduate 7 22.58%

Senior High School 0 0%

Senior High School

Graduate 0 0%

TOTAL 31 100%

Based on the table above, 31 of the respondent who answered the research instrument,
most of them are junior high school graduate that has 45.16%, followed by elementary
graduate that has 29.03%, then followed by junior high school graduate has 22.58%, then
elementary level has 3.23%, while the senior high school and senior high school graduate
has 0%.

Part II. To determine the factors affecting teenage pregnancy of selected Brgy. In
Mayorga, Leyte.

A. The following statements were taken from teenagers who got pregnant.

Table 6. Family

Statement 1. Parents are not open about the use of contraceptives at home.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted

Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 5 16.13% 0.16

 33

Moderately Agree 17 54.84% 0.55

Disagree 9 29.03% 0.29

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown that, 54.84% are the most respondent rated moderately agree and
the data revealed 0.55 mean in moderately agree. Then followed by disagree that has
29.03% and revealed 0.29 mean. And then followed by agree that has 16.13% and
revealed 0.16 mean. While the strongly agree and strongly disagree has 0% and the mean
has 0 also.

The data reveal that one of the factors affecting teenager become pregnant because some
of the parents are not open on their children about contraceptives. Parent adolescent
communication interventions should improve contraceptive knowledge, help parents
understand the harmful effects of gender biases in information dissemination and provide
mothers and father with communication skills tailored to enhance the role they play in
their adolescent’s sexual development. (Akers, Schwarz, Borrero, Smith 2010).
 34

Table 7. Family

Statement 2. The Level of educational attainment of parents is low.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 2 6.45% 0.07

Moderately Agree 10 32.26% 0.32

Disagree 18 58.06% 0.58

Strongly Disagree 1 3.23% 0.03

TOTAL 31 100% 1

Based on the table shown above 58. 06% of the respondents had rated disagree and the
mean revealed is 0.58. Then followed by the moderately agree that has 32.26% and the
mean is 0.32. Then followed 6.45% rated agree that has 0.07 mean. Then 3.23% rated
strongly disagree that has 0.03 mean, while the strongly agree has 0% and 0 mean.

The data reveal that the level of educational attainment of parents is low is lighten affect
teenaged pregnancy in Mayoroga, Leyte. Parent educational attainment provides a
foundation that supports children’s academic success indirectly through parent’s belief
about and expectations for their children, as well as through the cognitive stimulation that
parents provide in and outside of the home environment. (PE Davis-Kean, LA Tighe, NE
Waters 2021).

Table 8. Family
 35

Statement 3. Computer and

Other electronic gadget are openly used at home.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 15 48.39% 0.48

Moderately Agree 14 45.16% 0.45

Disagree 2 6.45% 0.07

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

Based on the table above 48.39% out of 31 respondents had agree and the mean revealed
0.48. Then followed by 45.16% rated moderately agree that has 0.45 mean and the 6.45%
rated disagree that has 0.07 mean. While the rated strongly agree and strongly disagree
has 0% and the weighted mean is 0 also.

The data reveal that one of the factors affecting teenagers become pregnant it’s because
computer and other electronic gadget are openly used at home. So that teenagers can
watch x-videos and become curious. Teenage girls is involve of teenager’s sexual
activities that increasing day by day and the reasons are social media and electronic
gadgets. (Chauhan, Fulmali, Sawal,& Chimurkar 2021)

Table 9. Family

Statement 4. Parents do not talk about consequences of plan or unplanned indulgence of

sex.
 36

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 4 12.90% 0.13

Moderately Agree 18 58.07% 0.58

Disagree 7 22.58% 0.22

Strongly Disagree 2 6.45% 0.07

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown that the most rated percentage is moderately agree which has
58.07% and has 0.58 mean. And then followed by 22.58% of them are disagree and has
0.22 mean. Then followed by agree that has 12.90% and 0.13 mean, then followed by

6.45% strongly disagree that has 0.07 mean. While the strongly agree is 0% and 0 mean.

The data revealed that one of the factor affecting teenaged pregnant is the parent do not
talk about consequences of plan or unplanned indulgence of sex. Parents are an important
source of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information for very young adolescents
and are likely to have a significant influence on adolescent sexual attitudes, values, and
risk-related beliefs. (BW Maina, BA Ushie, & CW Kabiru 2020)
 37

Table 10. Family

Statement 5. Lack of income among parents leading the teenagers to stay with his
boyfriend.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 0 0% 0

Moderately Agree 5 16.13% 0.16

Disagree 22 70.97% 0.71

Strongly Disagree 4 12.90% 0.13

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown that the most rated is disagree which has 70.97% and 0.71
weighted mean. Then followed by 16.13% rated moderately agree that has 0.16 mean,
while the strongly disagree has 12.90 % and has 0.13 weighted mean, and the strongly
agree has 0% and 0 mean.
 38

The data revealed that lack of income among parents leading the teenagers to stay with
his boyfriend is lighten affect in selected Brgy. In Mayorga, Leyte. According to

Maswikwa B, Richter L, Kaufman J, & Nandi A (2015). Adolescents with low economic
status, poverty, and smaller income are more likely to become pregnant than their counter
parts. However, based on the study of Marteleto, Lam, & Ranchhod (2008) that income is
not significantly related to pregnancy.

Table 11. Peers

Statement 1. Friends are likely to talk about friends indulging premarital sex.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 1 3.23% 0.03

Moderately Agree 22 70.97% 0.71

Disagree 8 25.80% 0.26

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above show that 70.97% among 31 respondents rated moderately agree that has
0.71 weighted mean. Second 25.80% rated disagree that has 0.26 weighted mean. Third
3.23% agree has 0.03 weighted mean. Fourth is the 0% is strongly agree has 0 weighted
mean. Last also got 0% strongly disagree has 0 weighted mean.

The data revealed that one of te factor affecting teenage pregnant are those friends likely
to talk about indulging premarital sex. One of the scenarios that can deal with an
unwanted pregnancy is to have the pregnancy terminated secretly, and thereby avoid the
stigma linked to premarital pregnancy. (M Zenebe & H Haukanes 2019). Table 12. Peers
 39

Statement 2. Friends and peers are likely to joke about still being virgin.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 2 6.45% 0.07

Moderately Agree 24 77.42% 0.77

Disagree 5 16.13% 0.16

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above show that the highest percentage got 77.42% which is moderately agree
that has 0.77 weighted mean. Then followed by 16.13% rated disagree has 0.16 weighted
mean. Then 6.45% rated agree has 0.07 weighted mean .And last 0% for strongly agree
and strongly disagree that has 0 weighted mean.

The data revealed that one of the factor affecting teenage pregnant are those friends and
peers are likely to joke about still being virgin.

Table 13. Peers

Statement 3. Friends and peers usually watch pornographic materials when they are
together.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0
 40

Agree 3 9.68% 0.10

Moderately Agree 15 48.39% 0.48

Disagree 10 32.25% 0.32

Strongly Disagree 3 9.68% 0.10

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above show that the highest percentage was 48.39% rated moderately agree that
has 0.48 weighted mean. Second got 32.25% rated disagree has 0.32 weighted mean.

Third got 9.68% rated agree has 0.10 weighted mean. Fourth got 9.68% rated strongly
disagree that has weighted mean of 0.10. And last 0% rated strongly agree and 0 weighted
mean.

The data revealed that one of the factor affecting teenage pregnant are those. Friends and
peers usually watch pornographic materials when they are together. Based on the sexual
script theory, which predicts that by consuming pornography, individuals acquire new
sexual scripts they were unaware of. They are further encourage to apply this script in real
life, since the behaviour are portrayed as normal. Meghan Donevan, Magdalena Mattebo
(2017)
 41

Table 14. Peers

Statement 4. Watching X-rated movies is usually form of recreation among friends or

what we called

“barkada”.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 1 3.23% 0.03

Moderately Agree 19 61.29% 0.61

Disagree 7 22.58% 0.23

Strongly Disagree 4 12.90% 0.13

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above show that the highest percentage is 61.29% rated moderately agree has
the weighted mean of 0.61. Second got 22.58% rated disagree has 0.23 weighted mean.
Third 12.90% rated strongly disagree that has 0.13 weighted mean. And last is 0% for
strongly agree has o weighted mean.

Table 15. Peers

 42

Statement 5.

Hanging out with friend overnight. Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 2 6.45% 0.06

Moderately Agree 16 51.61% 0.52

Disagree 12 38.71% 0.39

Strongly Disagree 1 3.23% 0.03

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above show that the highest percentage is 51.61% rated moderately has the
weighted mean of 0. 52. Second got 38 .71% rated disagree and has the weighted mean of
0.39. Third 6.45% rated agree and has 0.06 weighted mean. Fourth is 3.23% rated
strongly disagree and has weighted mean of 0.03.

Table 16. Institutions

Statement 1. Low academic performance.

Frequency
 43

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 0 0% 0

Moderately Agree 15 48.39% 0.48

Disagree 15 48.39% 0.48

Strongly Disagree 1 3.22% 0.03

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above show the highest percentage is moderately agree and disagree that has
48.39% and the weighted mean of moderately agree and disagree is 0.48. Then followed
by strongly disagree that has percentage of 3.22% and has weighted mean of 0.03. While
the strongly agree and agree is 0% and the weighted mean is also 0.

The data revealed that one of the factors affect teenaged pregnant is low academic
performance. According to Kamwengo J (2022), the poor academic performance,
absenteeism, school dropout, delayed completion of education are the effects that the girls
being pregnant.

Table 17. Institutions

Statement 2. Lack of sex education in school.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 2 6.45% 0.07

 44

Moderately Agree 19 61.29% 0.61

Disagree 9 29.03% 0.29

Strongly Disagree 1 3.23% 0.03

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown that the highest of percentage is moderately agree which has
61.29% and has 0.61 weighted mean. Then followed by disagree that consist of 29.03%
and 0.29 weighted mean. And then followed by agree that has 6.45% from the respondent
and 0.07 weighted mean. And then the strongly disagree that has 3.23% and has 0.03
weighted mean. While the strongly agree is 0% and the weighted mean is 0 also.

The data revealed that one of the factors affect teenage pregnant is lack of sex education
in school. Education is the most commonly associated factor in many studies. They have
shown that a higher level of educational attainment or more schooling is a protective
factor against pregnancy. (H Sahoo 2011)

Table 18. Institutions

Statement 3. Lack

Of faith and moral guidance. Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 5 16.13% 0.16

Moderately Agree 16 51.61% 0.52

Disagree 5 16.13% 0.16

Strongly Disagree 5 16.13% 0.16

TOTAL 31 100% 1
 45

The table above shown that the highest of percentage is moderately agree that has
51.61% and has 0.52 of weighted mean. Then followed by agree, disagree, and strongly
agree that consist of 16.13% and the same 0.16 weighted mean. While the strongly agree
is 0% and the weighted mean is also 0.

The data revealed that one of the factor affect teenaged pregnancy in the institution is
lack of faith and moral guidance. In the study of Pradhan et al. (2015), that religion is not
significantly related to adolescent pregnancy. It is supported by an argument of Were
(2007) that religion itself might not affect adolescent pregnancy, but religious meeting
with adequate information for adolescents would affect their health.

Table 19. Institutions

Statement 4. Presence of lodging house in the community.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 8 25.81% 0.26

Moderately Agree 11 35.48% 0.35

Disagree 8 25.81% 0.26

Strongly Disagree 4 12.90% 0.13

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown the highest percentage is moderately agree that has 35.48% and
has 0.35 weighted mean. Then followed by agree and disagree that has same 25.81% and
weighted mean 0.26. And then strongly disagree has 12.90% and has weighted mean
 46

0.13. While the strongly agree is 0% and weighted mean is 0 also.

Based on the table above that one of the factors affect teenage pregnant is the presence of
lodging house in the community. Lodging house is the place that teenager will meet and
make sexual activity. Most of them are students who got cutting classes or leave of the
class and cannot monitored by the teachers or even the parents.

Table 20. Institutions

Statement 5. Presence of beerhouse and videoke bars.

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0% 0

Agree 9 29.03% 0.29

Moderately Agree 10 32.26% 0.32

Disagree 8 25.81% 0.26

Strongly Disagree 4 12.90% 0.13

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown the highest is moderately agree which has 32.26% and has 0.32
weighted mean. Then followed by agree that has 29.03% and has 0.29 weighted mean.
And then disagree that has 25.81% and has 0.26 weighted mean. And followed strongly
disagree that has 12.90% and has 0.13 weighted mean, while the strongly agree is 0
percentage and its mean.

The data revealed that one of the factors effect teenaged pregnant is presence of
beerhouse and videoke bars. Based in our findings the presence of beerhouse and videoke
bars can lead teenaged pregnant it is because this is the place where more teenagers
stayed.
 47

Part III. To determine the strategies to lessen teenage pregnant in Mayorga, Leyte A. The
following strategies are taken from teenager who got pregnant.

Table 21. Different Strategies

Strategies 1. Sex education awareness

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 30 96.77% 0.97

Agree 1 3.23% 0.03

Moderately Agree 0 0% 0

Disagree 0 0% 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown that the majority of the respondent has strongly agree in sex
education awareness, it consist of 96.77% and has 0.97 weighted mean. And followed by
agree that has 3.23% and has 0.03 weighted mean. The moderately agree, disagree, and
strongly disagree has the same 0 percent and 0 weighted mean.

The data revealed that one of the strategies to control teenage pregnancy is sex education
awareness. Sex education beginning in elementary school, that is scaffold and of longer
duration, as well as LGBTQ- inclusive education across the school curriculum and a
social justice approach to healthy sexuality.(ES Goldfarb, LD Lieberman 2021). Table 22.
Different Strategies

Strategies 2.

Parental guidance and strict monitoring among children

 48

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 30 96.77% 0.97

Agree 1 3.23% 0.03

Moderately Agree 0 0% 0

Disagree 0 0% 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown that the majority of the respondent has strongly agree in parental
guidance and strict monitoring among children, it consist of 96.77% and has 0.97
weighted mean. Then followed by agree that has 3.23% and has 0.03 weighted mean. The
moderately agree, disagree, and strongly agree has same 0 percentage and 0 weighted
mean.

The data revealed that one of the strategies to control teenage pregnancy is to have
parental guide and strict monitoring among children. Teenagers monitor and evaluate the
suggestions and pieces of advice received from their peers, as well as utilize good peers
for positive support; and that teachers, parents, counselors, social workers, and all who
work with adolescent’s needs and behavior and guide them adequately to benefit from
their developmental stage. (PM Kukundakwe 2021)
 49

Table 23. Different Strategies

Strategies 3. Monitor the influence media

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 13 41.94% 0.42

Agree 18 58.06% 0.58

Moderately Agree 0 0% 0

Disagree 0 0% 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1
 50

As gleaned on the table, majority of the respondents had rated agree with an equivalent of
58.06% with a weighted mean of 0.58. While 13 0f the respondents answered strongly
agree on the statement monitor the influence media with a 41.94% with the weighted
mean of 0.42. The rest are 0 that shows a zero percentage and weighted mean.

The data revealed that one of the strategies to control teenage pregnancy is to monitor the
influence media. The internet use and reading of newspaper or magazines may trigger
behavioral change as an effective approach to reducing teenage pregnancy. (Q

Sserwanja, AS Sepenu, D Mwamba, & D Mukunya 2022)

Table 24. Different Strategies

Strategies 4.

Counseling among adolescents

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 22 70.97% 0.71

Agree 9 29.03% 0.29

Moderately Agree 0 0% 0

Disagree 0 0% 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

As indicated on the table 24 above, majority of the respondents answered strongly agree
on the statement counseling among adolescent that got 70.97% with an equivalent
weighted mean of 0.71. Then followed by agree got the percentage of 29.03% that has
0.29 weighted mean. And last both moderately agree, disagree, and strongly disagree got
the lowest rating with 0 percentage and also its weighted mean.
 51

The data shows that one of the strategies to reduce or control the teenage pregnancy is to
counseling among adolescents. Counseling is beneficial because it help you cope during
the entire term of the pregnancy. Being an adolescent already comes with its own set ups
and downs. Be willing to receive advice from someone who is experienced and capable of
getting you through these times. (Roberts J 2019)

Table 25. Different Strategies

Strategies 5.

Develop a good relationship with children

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 29 93.55% 0.94

Agree 2 6.45% 0.06

Moderately Agree 0 0% 0

Disagree 0 0% 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above shown that the highest percentage that answered by the respondent is
strongly agree that has 93.55% which has equivalent of 0.94 weighted mean. Followed by
agree that has 6.45% answered out of 31 respondents which has equivalent of 0.06
weighted mean. And then both moderately agree, disagree, and strongly disagree got the
lowest rating with 0 percentage and also its weighted mean.

The data revealed that one of the strategies to reduce or control teenage pregnancy is to
develop a good relationship with children. The relationship between parent and child are
so important because, the parent provide haven for children to explore and develop. They
 52

also provide opportunity of the parents to teach and show love through unconditional
support, guidance, discipline, and encouragement to the children. (K Williams & D
Dance-

Schissel 2022)

Table 26. Different Strategies

Strategies 6. Educate them on topics, such as HIV, STDs, and contraception’s

Frequency

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree 23 74.19% 0.74

Agree 8 25.81% 0.26

Moderately Agree 0 0% 0

Disagree 0 0% 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0% 0

TOTAL 31 100% 1

The table above is showing the highest percentage answered by the respondent is strongly
agree that has 74.19% which has weighted mean of 0.74. And followed by agree that has
25.81% which has equivalent of 0.25 weighted mean. And then both moderately agree,
disagree, and strongly disagree got the lowest rating with 0 percentage and also its
weighted mean.

The last data revealed that this strategy can reduce or control teenage pregnant is to
educate them on topics, such as HIV, STDs and contraception’s. Participating in
combination HIV prevention interventions that are delivered via multiple approaches may
promote access to, and use of condoms and other methods of contraceptives among
adolescent women, and thereby help reduce unintended pregnancies.
 53

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter contains the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations of the
researchers that were found based on the results of the study.

Summary of Findings

The key findings of the study are summarized below.

Based on the data gathered, 74.19% of the respondent were 18-19 years old. Based on the
gathered that 93.55% were single out of 31 respondents. In educational attainment, the
data gathered also shown that 45.16% of the respondent are junior high school.

This study endeavored to identify perception of the respondents on the factors affecting
teenage pregnancy in terms of family; the data shows that there are 54.84% respondents
out of 31 answered moderately agree that their parents are not open about the use of
contraceptives at home. There are 58.06% respondents out of 31 answered disagree about
the levels of educational attainment of parents is low and the income is not enough to
support the family. There are 48.39% respondents out of 31 answered agree that computer
and other electronic gadget are openly used at home. There are 58.07% respondents out of
31 answered moderately agreed about parents don’t talk about consequences of plan or
unplanned indulgence of sex. There are 70.97% respondents out of 31 answered disagree
about lack of income among parents leading the teenagers to stay with his boyfriend.

Secondly, this study attempted to find out the factors affecting teenage pregnancy in terms
of peers; the data shows that there are 70.97% out of 31 respondents answered moderately
agree about friends are likely to talk about friends indulging premarital sex. There are
77.42% out of 31 respondent answered moderately agree about friends and peers are
likely to joke about still being virgin. There are 48.39% out of 31 respondent answered
moderately agree about friends and peers usually watch pornographic materials when they
are together. There are 61.29% out of 31 respondent answered moderately agree about
watching X-rated movies is usually form of recreation among friends or what we called
 54

“barkada”. And there are 51.61% out of 31 respondents answered moderately agreed
about hanging out with friend overnight.

Third, this study attempted to find out the factors affecting teenaged pregnancy in terms of
institution; the data shows that there are 48.39% out of 31 respondents answered
moderately agree about low academic performance. There are 61.29% out of 31
respondents answered moderately agree about lack of sex education in school. There are
51.61% out of 31 respondents answered moderately agree about lack of faith and moral
guidance. There are 35.48% out of 31 respondents answered moderately agree about
presence of lodging house in the community. And also the data shown that there are
32.26% out of 31 respondents answered moderately agree about presence of beerhouse
and videoke bars.

And lastly, this study attempted to find out the strategies to lessen the teenaged pregnancy
in selected Brgy. In Mayorga, Leyte; the data shows that strategy 1 has 96.77% out of 31
respondents answered strongly agree about sex education awareness. The strategy 2 has
96.77% out of 31 respondents answered strongly agree about parental guidance and strict
monitoring among children. The strategy 3 has 58.06% out of 31 respondents answered
agree about monitor the influence media. The strategy 4 has 70.97% out of 31 respondents
answered strongly agree about counseling among adolescents. The strategy 5 has 93.55%
out of 31 respondent who answered strongly agree about develop a good relationship with
children.

Conclusions

Based on the summary of findings, the researchers concluded that teenage pregnancy is a
serious problem, many teenage mothers were also simply not prepared by education and
maturity to undertake the dual responsibility of parent-hood and economic support. From
what teenagers have read about being a teen parent it isn’t as great as it sounds. No one
wants to become a parent when they are a teenager. Teenagers are not able to get a decent
education, and some teens don’t know what they want to do with their lives.

Recommendations

The final recommendation was drawn from this research. The researchers strongly
recommend the following:
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1. Teenagers and students to read and study about the early pregnancy. This would
help them to understand, learn and realize the effects and disadvantages of having
an early sexual intercourse.

2. To improve knowledge about contraception, unintended pregnancy, and

reproductive health in general.

3. Provide extra-curricular activities at school and other community sites, involving

adults from the community sites, involving adults from the community as
volunteer coaches, counselors, and mentors.

4. Help parents become more comfortable with their children about difficult issues.

5. Develop sexuality education and communication training for all adults who work
with children and youth.

Proposed Action Plan

Goal

In order to minimize cases of teenage pregnancy in selected Brgy. In Mayorga,

Leyte through education. The LGU must implement different strategies such as Teen

Pregnancy Prevention Program (TPP) also DSWD can help to address teenage pregnancy.

Emphasis Areas

The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and the Commission on
Population and Development (POPCOM) has identified specific emphasis areas to focus.

Community Mobilization

Stakeholder Education

Evidence – Based Programs

Increasing youth access to quality sexual and reproductive health services

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Working with diverse communities to promote health equality

Teen pregnancy prevention programs

Program Management

Goal

Lead a comprehensive teen pregnancy prevention programs in Mayorga, Leyte in

cooperation with stakeholders.

Strategy 1. Sex education counselling of all teenagers in Mayorga, Leyte with help of

MSWD.

Strategy 2. Strict Parental Guidance in Mayorga, Leyte.

Strategy 3. Conduct seminars to parents on how to guide their children.

Strategy 4. Physicians should link prevention of sexually transmitted diseases when

counseling sexually active teenagers.

Strategy 5. Condom use should be encourage in all sexually active teenagers regardless of
whether another contraceptive method is used.

Strategy 6. Periodic counseling about effective contraceptive method is recommended for

all women at risk for unintended pregnancy.

Teenager’s education and awareness

Strategy 1. Encourage them to focus on education and teach younger peers the importance
of mutual respect in relationship

Strategy 2. Teenagers need to have a comprehensive understanding of abstinence,

contraceptive technique.

Program Evaluation and Data

Goal

Conduct regular analysis of data to identify problem areas and to continually

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Evaluate initiatives for effectiveness

Strategy 1. Conduct and evaluation monthly about the cases of teenage pregnancy.

Strategy 2. Analyze the previous cases recorded, identify most rampant.

Strategy 3. Develop a family approach to teenage pregnancy prevention, promote healthy

sexuality.