THE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AMONG PERSONS DEPRIVED

OF LIBERTY IN QUEZON CITY JAIL

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

PHINMA- Republican College

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

SAUR, MARIO M

ATILANO, JLYNA M

KILESTE, JAE ANN S

March 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Criminology. This thesis entitled “THE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AMONG

PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY INQUEZONCITYJAIL has been prepared

and submitted by ATILANO, JLYNA A, KILESTE, JAE ANN S, and SAUR,

MARIO M who are hereby recommend for oral examination.

Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Criminology by the Pre-Oral Defense committee.

_____________________________________

Chairman

______________________ ______________________

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

____________________________________

Dean- College of Criminal Justice Education

 ENDORSEMENT SHEET

This is to certify that the thesis

SAUR, MARIO M, ATILANO, JLYNA M, and

KILESTE, JAE ANN S

Entitled

THE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AMONG PERSONS DEPRIVED

OF LIBERTY IN QUEZON CITY JAIL

Has been examined and recommended for oral examination

PROFESSOR SAMUEL YAP

Adviser
 DEDICATION

This work is a fruit of countless and arduous sacrifices. Through the

researchers’ effort, this work is heartily and proudly dedicated to the people who

serve as an inspiration. From parents and guardians, to classmates and circle of

friends whom extended their help in the midst of problems while doing this work.

To the faculty and staff of PHINMA – Republican College. Above all, to our

God Almighty who showered us His blessings in our everyday lives, especially

for the strength, courage, patience, wisdom, time, and guidance in realization of

this work.

-The Researchers
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Dean, Dr. Fredda H

Ebanada, RCrim, PhD, our Criminological Research Professor, for her

unwavering support throughout our studies and research, as well as her

patience, motivation, and vast knowledge. Apart from our course adviser, we

would like to express our gratitude to our Program Head, Professor Mark Nayre

Busa, and Professor Samuel Yap. To Bureau of Jail Management and

Penology – National Capital Region specially to Regional Director of the Jail

Bureau Jail Chief Superintendent Efren A Nemeño, DPA, TLPE, and to

Quezon City Jail – Male Dormitory warden Jail Superintendent Michelle Ng

Bonto, thank you for supporting our research, suggestions, recommendations

and assistance, and to all others who have contributed to our research we deeply

appreciated your help. Above all, we are grateful to Almighty God for

providing the power, support, knowledge, and continuous flow of ideas, and for

giving us the persistence to see this project through to completion for all these

graces.

-The Researchers
 ABSTRACT

TITLE : THE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AMONG PERSONS

DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY IN QUEZON CITY JAIL

RESEARCHERS : SAUR, MARIO M., ATILANO, JLYNA M., KILESTE, JAE

ANN S.

ADVISER :

PROFESSOR : SAMUEL YAP

SCHOOL YEAR : 2022-2023

The study aimed to assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing

mental health services of Persons Deprived of Liberty towards a proposed policy

enhancement. The study also aimed to provide evidence-based

recommendations for a proposed policy enhancement to improve the mental

health services provided to Persons Deprived of Liberty in Quezon City Jail.

A quantitative research design with a correlational approach was used in

this study to assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing mental

health services of Persons Deprived of Liberty towards a proposed policy

enhancement. The population was the PDL in Quezon City Jail, and a purposive

sampling was used to select a sample of 50 from the Persons Deprived of

Liberty, 10 Health Officer, and 1 Unit Welfare and Development Officer in the

Quezon City Jail.

 Results showed that the majority of the PDL respondents are between

ages 26-30 years old (40 percent) while jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer are between ages 26-30 years old (65 percent). As to the

gender of the respondents, most of the PDL are Male ( (96 percent) while the

majority of the jail health officers and unit welfare and development officers are

also male (64 percent). As to the highest educational attainment, the majority of

the PDL respondents finished at least high school or secondary education (56

percent) while all of the jail health officers and unit welfare and development

officers finished a college degree (100 percent).

As to the Mental Health Services Given among Persons Deprived of

Liberty in Quezon City Jail in terms of the availability of Mental health

professionals and the availability of health care services, both PDL respondents,

jail health officers, and unit welfare and development officer perceived “highly

agree”.

As to the Health intervention programs given by the Quezon City Jail

among the Persons Deprived of Liberty in terms of the availability of healthcare

services, frequency of medical check-ups, and the types of health intervention

programs offered, both PDL respondents, jail health officers, and unit welfare and

development officer perceived “highly agree”.

As to the challenges encountered in the health intervention program given

the three groups of respondents: Health Officer; Persons Deprived of Liberty: and

Unit Welfare and Development Officer in terms of Availability of medications and

medical equipment and accessibility of healthcare services, both of the

respondents perceived “highly agree”.

As to the proposed enhancement plans in regard to the health intervention

program in the Quezon City Jail in terms of staffing changes and budget

changes, both of the respondents have recommended all of the proposed

enhancement plans as they both responded: “highly recommended”.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Endorsement Sheet iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgment v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
List of Appendices ix
Abstract
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1
Background of the Study 4
Statement of the Problem 5
Conceptual Framework 6
Research Paradigm 7
Hypothesis 8
Significance of the Study 9
Scope and Limitation of the Study 10
Definition of Terms 11

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature 13
 Local Literature 17
Foreign Studies 21
Local Studies 24

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology 28
Research Design 28
Respondents of the Study 29
Sampling Techniques 29
Data Gathering Procedure 30
Statistical Treatment of Data 31
Ethical Considerations 33

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPETATION OF DATA

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 35

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION

Summary 51
Conclusion and Recommendation 52
References 54
Curriculum Vitae 69
 CHAPTER I

The Problem and its Background

INTRODUCTION

The Mental Health Law of the Philippines is defined under Republic Act

No. 11036. This law aims to establish a National Mental Health Policy that

enhances the delivery of integrated mental health services, promotes and

protects the rights of persons utilizing psychosocial health services, appropriates

funds therefore and other purposes. (Philippines. Republic Act No. 11036.

(2018). An act establishing a national mental health policy for the purpose of

enhancing the delivery of integrated mental health services, promoting and

protecting the rights of persons utilizing mental health services, and appropriating

funds therefore).The issue of mental health among persons deprived of liberty

(PDLs) in correctional facilities is a growing concern in many countries, including

the Philippines. According to a study conducted by the World Health

Organization (WHO), the prevalence of mental disorders among PDLs is

significantly higher than in the general population, with depression and anxiety

being the most commonly reported disorders (WHO, 2018). Despite this, mental

health services in correctional facilities are often inadequate and under-

resourced, leading to poor health outcomes and increased recidivism rates

among PDLs.

The Philippine penal system is recognized as one of the most congested

in the world, with a noticeable increase in the prison population over the years

1
(McCarthy, 2020). According to the World Prison Brief data, the total prison

population in 2012 was 106,323, with a prison population rate of 111. By 2016,

the total prison population increased to 142,168, with a prison population rate of

140. Furthermore, in 2019, the prison population significantly rose to 215,000,

with a prison population rate of 200 (Institute for Criminal Policy Research, n.d.).

At present, the national prison population cannot be accurately determined, but

the Bureau of Corrections reported a congestion rate of 310% in its facilities in

January and the Bureau of Jail Management at 534% in March (Cabrera

&Nonato, 2020).The drug war program in the country has also contributed to the

worsening of overcrowding, with thousands being sent to prison. In the

Philippines, the Quezon City Jail is one of the largest detention facilities in the

country, with a capacity of 800 inmates but currently housing over 4,000 PDLs

(Villanueva, 2021). This severe overcrowding has raised concerns about the

mental health and well-being of PDLs, as well as the capacity of the jail to

provide adequate mental health services. To address this issue, this research

aims to assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing mental health

services of PDLs towards a proposed policy enhancement. Specifically, the study

will investigate the implications of jail congestion on the mental health of PDLs,

as well as the accessibility and effectiveness of mental health services provided

in the jail. The study will involve a sample size of 50 from the PDLs, 10 from the

Jail Officers and 1 from the Medical Officer who will be selected using a

2
purposive sampling technique. Data will be collected using a questionnaire or

survey, as well as interviews with PDLs and staff members. The study will use

both quantitative and qualitative method to analyze the data. The study will also

use correlation and regression analysis to determine the relationship between

variables. The findings of this study will provide important insights into the current

state of mental health services in Quezon City Jail, and will serve as a basis for

policy recommendations to improve the mental health outcomes of PDLs. The

study's findings may also inform the development of mental health programs in

other correctional facilities in the country. By addressing the issue of mental

health services in correctional facilities, this research will contribute to the

promotion of human rights and social justice for PDLs in the Philippines.

3
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Philippine Commission on Human Rights (CHR) reported that there

has been a "drastic increase in prison population and incarceration rate"in the

Philippines over the years, leading to a severe congestion problem in jails (CHR,

2020). Quezon City Jail, in particular, has been one of the most overcrowded jails

in the country. As of May 2020, the jail had a congestion rate of 438%, with 3,453

PDLs detained in a facility built for only 800 inmates (Inquirer, 2020).Congestion

in jails has been found to have negative effects on the mental health of PDLs.

Studies have shown that overcrowding, inadequate living conditions, and lack of

access to basic services can lead to various mental health problems such as

depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Ramsden

&Apel, 2019; Bick et al., 2020). Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has

exacerbated the situation, as PDLs are at a higher risk of contracting the virus

due to the overcrowded conditions in jails (United Nations, 2020).

As future criminologists, the researchers aim to investigate the effectivity

of mental health services among the PDLs in Quezon City Jail. This study is

significant as it sheds light on the current state of mental health services and

policy in the jail, and provides insights into the accessibility and effectiveness of

mental health services provided to PDLs. The study's findings may also serve as

a basis for policy recommendations to improve the mental health services

outcomes of PDLs in the Philippines, and potentially in other countries facing

similar issues.

4
Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing

Mental Health services of Persons Deprived of Liberty towards a proposed policy

enhancement.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the mental health services given among the Persons Deprived of

Liberty in Quezon City Jail?

1.1 Availability of mental health professionals

1.2 Quality of mental health services (as perceived by PDLs)

2. What are the health intervention programs given by the Quezon City Jail

among the Persons Deprived of Liberty?

2.1 Availability of healthcare services (e.g., access to medical

Professionals, medications)

2.2 Frequency of medical check-ups

2.3 Types of health intervention programs offered (e.g., health education,

Fitness programs, Therapeutic Community Modality Program)

3. What are the challenges encountered in the health intervention program given

the three group of respondents: Health Officer; Persons Deprived of Liberty: and

Unit Welfare and Development Officer?

3.1 Availability of medications and medical equipment

5
 3.2 Accessibility of healthcare services (e.g., scheduling appointments)

4. What will be the proposed enhancement plans in regards to health intervention

program in the Quezon City Jail?

4.1 Staffing changes

4.2 Budget changes

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the Jean Hampton Rehabilitation Theory and

Freudians’ Theory.

According to the Jean Hampton Rehabilitation Theory, as proposed by

Ugwuoke & Ameh, (2014), the aim of the penal system should be treatment and

correction. The assumption of rehabilitation is that people are not natively

criminal and that it is possible to restore a criminal to a useful life, to life in which

they contribute positively to the development of themselves and the society.

It is with this view that Dambazau (2007) noted that rehabilitation theory

posits that offender should be treated as an individual whose special needs and

problems must be known in order to enable prison officials to deal effectively with

him. He also argued that one cannot inflict a severe punishment or inhuman

treatment to inmates in the prison and expect them to be reformed and be

reintegrating into the society upon release. Although it is important to inflict

punishment on those persons who breech the law, so as to maintain social order,

the importance of rehabilitation is also given priority as it is the best assured way

of ensuring that offenders do not return to crime particularly since they have

acquired skills that will help them engage in productive activities upon release.

6
 In line with this view, Siegel (2005) affirmed that rehabilitation embraces

the notion that given the proper care and treatment, criminals can be changed

into productive, law-abiding citizens. Influenced by the positivist criminology, the

rehabilitation school suggests that people commit crimes through no fault of their

own. Instead, criminals themselves are the victims of social injustice, poverty and

racism, their acts are a response to a society that has betrayed them and

because of their disturbed and impoverished upbringing, they may be suffering

psychological problems and personality disturbances that further enhance their

tendencies for crimes commission (Ugwuoke & Ameh, 2014).

The Rehabilitation theory therefore seeks to promote the humanizing

belief in the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished and

recognizes the reality of social inequity. To say that some offenders need help to

be rehabilitated especially when they are emotionally and psychologically

challenged is to accept the idea that circumstances can constrain, if not compel

and lead to criminality. In the context of this study, rehabilitation theory tries to

establish the justification or rationale behind the treatment of PDL by changing

the attitude and behavior of criminals so that they will be able to choose lawful

means, in satisfying their needs. It also helps to emphasize the need to retrain

the PDL so that he can live a lawful and independent life upon release and

advocates that vocational training be designed to transform PDL life style sough

the vigorous application of discipline, education, work ,and other relevant

programs.

7
 On the other hand, according to Freudian’s Theory, the human mind is

structured into two main parts: the conscious and unconscious mind. The

conscious mind includes all the things we are aware of or can easily bring into

awareness. The unconscious mind, on the other hand, includes all of the things

outside of our awareness, all of the wishes, desires, hopes, urges, and memories

that lie outside of awareness yet continue to influence behavior. Kendra Cherry

(2022)

There are serious gaps and inconsistencies in the delivery of mental

health services in the Philippines. The Mental Health Act provides a platform for

the delivery of comprehensive and integrated mental health services. Despite

advances in the provision of accessible and affordable mental healthcare, there

are still many challenges to be overcome. John Lally Et.Al.,(2019)

It is worthy also to consider thatthe first mental health act legislation in

Philippine history has been officially signed into law and took effect as the

Republic Act No. On June 21, 2018, 11036 was observed.It provides a

rightsbased mental health law and a comprehensive framework for implementing

optimal mental health care in the Philippines. Review the principles and

regulations of the 2017 Mental Health Act and their impact on mental health care

in the Philippines. Meanwhile, be it noted that insane people have limited ability

to act or are not legally competent to some extent. A Filipino court demands a

complete deprivation of intelligence and is declared crazy. However, recent

academic research on this subject and progress in international law and other

jurisdictions do not support this definition. Filipino lawMental illness, in particular,

8
affects the rights and responsibilities arising from criminal law, inheritance law,

and worker accident compensation insurance, so insane reforms are needed as

we need to be aware that they occur to a different extent. There must be a policy

aimed at removing the stigma associated with mental illness. Assessment of a

person's mental state in court proceedings must be interdisciplinary. The parens

patria approach and remedies for involuntary treatment need to be reconsidered

in the light of a more rights-based approach. Ruby Rossele L. Tugade (2017)

The Prisoners have a high incidence of mental illness, and the transition from

prison to the community is a difficult time to provide mental health services, with

many negative consequences confirmed during this time. The impact of

programs on return to prison should be evaluated further to establish the effect of

interventions on clinical outcomes and to clarify the role of interventions on

reincarceration. G. Hopkin,Et.Al ( 2018). Additionally, according to Fazel and

Seewald (2012), It was It is well known that prisoners have a higher incidence of

mental health problems than the general public. In-Prison Mental Health Services

are increasingly being developed to identify and treat individuals who have been

diagnosed with mental health problems in prison. However, the transition from

prison to community is stressful for prisoners and their families with mental health

problems, and many negative effects have been identified during this time.

Maintaining continuity of care between prisons and community health services is

difficult, and prisoners often lose contact with services after being released in

which remained to be a problem.

9
Assessment of the Proposed
Jean Hampton
capability of Quezon enhancement plans
Rehabilitation
City Jail in addressing in regards to health
Theory and
Mental Health intervention program
Freudians’ Theory
services of Persons in the Quezon City
Deprived of Liberty Jail
towards a proposed
policy enhancement.

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study

Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm that serves as a guide to the study is the system’s

approach or Input-Process-Output model by Landy, Frank J., and Conte, Jeffrey

M. (2009). According to this model, a system has flows of information, materials,

and energy that enter the system from the environment as inputs, undergo

transformation processes within the system and exit the systems as outputs. A

feedback mechanism is installed and is considered the key to system control. As

10
operations of the system proceed, information is feedback to the appropriate

people and perhaps to a computer so that the work can be assessed and, if

necessary, corrected. The INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (IPO) model has been

adopted by this study. Under this model, the Input is considered the independent

variable, the Process is the intervening variable, and the Output is the dependent

variable or the desired result intended for the study.

Figure 1, input pertains to the assessment to assess the capability of

Quezon City Jail in addressing Mental Health services of Persons Deprived of

Liberty. The second is the Process, which pertains to the procedures that will be

used to reach the desired objectives of the study. It includes formulas and

administration of survey questionnaires, interviews, document analysis, and

interpretation of data.

The third is the Output, which will be the basis for proposed measures and

policy formulations to address the challenges encountered Mental Health

services of Persons Deprived of Liberty at Quezon City Jail and to forward some

recommendations for the enhancement of the mental health services and other

rehabilitation programs inside the jail. In order to achieve the output of this study,

the following processes shall be undertaken, analysis of the profile of the

respondents and descriptions in its input pertaining to the assessment to assess

the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing Mental Health services of

Persons Deprived of Liberty.

11
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Assessment of the  Proposed

capability of Quezon City enhancement plans
Jail in addressing Mental Assessment in regards to health
Health services of through: intervention program
in the Quezon City
Persons Deprived of
Jail
Liberty in terms of:
 Administration of
1. Mental health
Survey
services,
Questionnaire
2. Health intervention
programs, and
 Analysis and
3. Challenges
Interpretation of
encountered in the
Data
health intervention
program.

FEEDBACK

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to contribute to the

improvement of mental health services for Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) in

12
Quezon City Jail. By assessing the jail's capability in addressing mental health

issues and proposing policy enhancements, this study could lead to the

development of effective interventions and programs that promote the well-being

of PDLs.

Health Officer: The findings of this study can be useful for health officers

to Develop interventions that address the mental health needs of Persons

Deprived of Liberty in Quezon City Jail. By understanding the effects of jail

congestion on mental health, health officers can implement programs that

help to improve mental health outcomes for PDLs.

Researcher: This study can be useful to researchers who are interested

in mental health issues among incarcerated individuals. The findings of

this study can contribute to the existing literature on mental health and

Criminology Student: As future professionals who may work in the

criminal justice system, criminology students can benefit from this study by

gaining a better understanding of the mental health issues faced by.

PDLs in Quezon City Jail: The findings of this study can help criminology

students in their future careers to develop programs and policies that

address the mental health needs of PDLs.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this study focused on assessing the capability of Quezon

City Jail in addressing mental health services of Persons Deprived of Liberty

13
(PDLs) towards a proposed policy enhancement. Specifically, the study

assessed the accessibility and effectiveness of mental health services provided

in the jail. The study involved a sample size of 50 from the Persons Deprived of

Liberty, 10 from Health Officer and 1 from Unit Welfare and Development Officer

who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected

using a questionnaire or survey. The study was used a quantitative method to

analyze the data. The study used the likert scale to answer the data.

The study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size was relatively

small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Secondly, the study

only focused on Quezon City Jail and may not be representative of other jails in

the Philippines or in other countries. Finally, the study only assessed the current

state of mental health services and policy in the jail, without considering external

factors such as funding and government regulations.

Despite these limitations, the study provided important insights into the

current state of mental health services in Quezon City Jail, and served as a basis

for policy recommendations to improve the mental health outcomes of PDLs. The

study's findings also informed the development of mental health programs in

other correctional facilities in the country.

Definitions of Terms

Mental Health Law - refers to Republic Act No. 11036, a law that

establishes a National Mental Health Policy in the Philippines, which aims

to improve the delivery of integrated mental health services, promote and

14
 protect the rights of individuals receiving psychosocial health services, and

allocate funds for mental health purposes.

Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) - refers to individuals who are

detained, imprisoned, or incarcerated due to criminal charges or

conviction.

Correctional facilities - institutions where PDLs are confined for serving

their sentences, undergoing rehabilitation, or awaiting trial.

Mental disorders - refers to a range of conditions that affect an

individual's thinking, mood, and behavior. In the context of the study,

mental disorders include depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD).

Recidivism - refers to the tendency of PDLs to reoffend or commit

another crime after their release from prison.

Congestion - refers to the overcrowding of correctional facilities beyond

their intended capacity.

Policy enhancement - refers to the improvement or revision of policies,

rules, or regulations to better address the needs and concerns of

PDLs in correctional facilities.

Human rights - refers to the basic rights and freedoms that all individuals

are entitled to, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion, or

status. In the context of the study, the promotion of human rights involves

ensuring that PDLs have access to adequate mental health services and

are not subjected to inhumane or degrading treatment.

15
 Social justice - refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources,

opportunities, and privileges in society. In the context of the study, social

justice involves promoting the rights and welfare of PDLs, who are often

marginalized and disadvantaged in society.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

AND STUDIES

This chapter shows a retrospective presentation of previously written

material: research literature and conceptual that has relevance and significance

to the research under considered.

A. Related Literature

Foreign Literature

There is a concerning lack of visibility of strategic health information and

academic activity in the field of prison health. Information where available is

largely confined to rapid assessment of infectious diseases (HIV, TB), post

graduate theses, prison case studies and international human rights monitors.

For example, there are various African Commission on Human and Peoples’

Rights reports on conditions of detention in the sub-Saharan African region in the

16
past twenty years (for example Côte d’Ivoire , Gambia, Malawi, Namibia,

Uganda, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Cameroon, South Africa), Human Rights Watch

(Zambia), Penal Reform International (Uganda); and Amnesty international

(Chad).

In the consonance of the previous literature, they do not appear to warrant

attention in terms of their human or indeed occupational health rights within the

confines of the prison working environment. Understanding the social

determinants of health and cultures which shape prison and custodial staff

responsiveness to contagion, impact of environmental conditions, risk navigation,

health protection awareness, and work-related stress is vital to improve their

health and well-being, and their working conditions in sub-Saharan Africa

(Gadama, Thakwalakwa, Mula, Mhango, Banda, Kewley, Hillis and Van Hout,

2020; Mhlanga- Gunda, Kewley, Chivandikwa and Van Hout, 2020).

The Pademba Road Prison is a maximum-security prison located in the

center of Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone. This prison was originally

designed by the British colonial government for 324 detainees, but now holds

four times its capacity at 1,300 inmates (Al Jazeera Media Network, 2020).

Overcrowding is evident and results in degrading practices and poor personal

hygiene. This problem of inadequate food and poor sanitation raises serious

concerns (Human Rights Watch, 2019).e issue.

17
 The current study benefited from research carried out by Abbas et al.

(2018). In their research, Abbas et al. argued that sanitation and healthcare are

two of the most profound problems in prisons. In addition to the belief that

inmates in most parts of the world do not deserve a clean and proper place

because of the crime they committed, some prisons do not have proper and

com .These results were significantly different from those C. Johnson et al.

(2018)

presented in their research. Despite their both being developed nations, Canada

provides better food to its inmates than the United States (C. Johnson et al.,

2018).

Among studies related to prison reform, the work by Hurlburt (2018) is

prominent. In Norway, Hurlburt explained the different pillars that can be used in

promoting and practicing prison reform. These five pillars included (a) set and

adhere to goals that the punishment is to achieve, (b) view inmates as human

beings, (c) due process and equal treatment under the law, (d) principle that

society has a role to play in meeting the needs of the human being, and (e) the

principle of normalcy (Hurlburt, 2018). These five pillars aimed to change the

problems inside and outside the prisons. Also, these pillars addressed the

concerns of the inmates, prison administrators, 30 lawmakers, and policymakers.

The pillars discussed by Hurlburt (2018) were a strong justification of how studies

18
of prison reform aimed to create change that would protect inmates’ rights to the

basic necessities of life such as clean food and water and a healthy environment.

Another study by Topp et al. (2018) underscored the evaluation of

initiative of the Zambian prison system. The researchers argued that an

appropriate road map was necessary to ensure continuous development in the

health-care system in the Zambian prisons. The researchers provided a guideline

on how to use the health system to achieve the goal of health and sanitation in

the prison environment for all its stakeholders.

According to Campbell (2018), inmates in Zimbabwe who were infected by

HIV and TB suffered further due to improper medical treatment and lack of

support from penitentiary management. Campbell (2018) posited that food

shortages and poor sanitation, which led to poor healthcare in jail, was killing

inmates. Exploring the information provided by the National Health Service in the

United Kingdom, Campbell (2018) described the variety of healthcare problems

that occurred in prisons in the UK. These problems included the lack of mental

health nurses to assess the mental health of inmates, shortage of prison guards

to maintain the security and safety of inmates in attending their checkups outside

the penitentiary, lack of mental health awareness, the negative culture that

characterizes incarceration, and the existing healthcare issues that still have not

been addressed (Campbell, 2018).

19
 Due to the growing population of prisoners, it was difficult for governments

and nongovernmental institutions to provide for the food, sanitary, and healthcare

needs of inmates (S. R. Johnson, 2018). The lack of budget for this population

affected the support that should be given to them. The problem increased when

sick inmates were integrated into the community, where they tended to spread

diseases to others.

Young et al. (2018) asserted that 25% of prisoners in the United Kingdom

have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 57 This complex condition

requires extensive medical, clinical, and therapeutic services. The patients need

interventions that will alleviate the effects of ADHD, but prisons could not easily

meet the needs of ADHD patients. The result of this qualitative research

indicated that the criminal justice system “lacks adequate staff and offender

awareness of ADHD symptoms and treatments; trained mental health staff; use

of appropriate screening and diagnostic tools; appropriate multimodal

interventions; care management; supportive services; multiagency liaison; and

preparation for prison release” (Young et al., 2018, p. 281).

Biased providers and sex-segregated services made it more difficult for

these inmates to get the right support (White Hughto et al., 2018). Furthermore,

overcrowding is another challenge to good sanitation, and by logical extension, a

healthcare problem in many prisons around the world. From the issue of

overcrowding numerous factors arise to affect the health of inmates.

20
Overcrowding can make prisoners prone to diseases. According to Sturge

(2019), the prison population in Great Britain will continue to increase until 2020.

Local Literature

Person deprived of Liberty (PDL) cannot be released and to protect

corrections workers and officers, various national agencies and private

organizations have combined efforts to improve the health management in

corrections facilities. For one, since the government has started an expanded

testing program, it has also been working with appropriate authorities to

implement “targeted testing” in corrections facilities (Santos, 2020). This

response and others have primarily aimed to provide the Person deprived of

Liberty (PDL) access to medical care including access to preventive, curative,

and palliative services.

Specifically, the Bureau of Jail Management has intensified measures in

institutional corrections. For example, in one of the most critically infected

provincial jails, it has gathered swab samples from the Person deprived of Liberty

(PDL) and officers, established isolation centers, and strengthened contact

tracing (Gregorio, 2020). The accumulated number of tests administered in

corrections facilities is not recorded, but there has been a significant increase in

the daily national testing capacity which covers several corrections facilities.

Furthermore, the World Health Organization, International Committee of the Red

21
Cross, and the Department of Health have also been closely working to provide

technical expertise and establish quarantine facilities for the infected Person

deprived of Liberty (PDL) (See, 2020).

As with response for Person deprived of Liberty (PDL) in community

corrections, there have been few reports and mostly focused on the response for

Person deprived of Liberty (PDL) in drug treatment and rehabilitation centers.

The drug treatment and rehabilitation centers are an important component of the

Philippine Correctional System which ensures community corrections especially

for the Person deprived of Liberty (PDL) involved in illegal drugs. As a measure

of COVID-19 control after their reported closures in the previous months, the

Dangerous Drugs Board (2020) has implemented prevention protocols in the

admissions in drug treatment and rehabilitation facilities all over the country.

Such new restriction necessitated for engineering controls like isolation corners

and ventilation facilities. Essential environmental controls were also implemented

such as sanitation and disinfection of all areas.

The facilities have been urged to meet visitation guidelines, provide

personal protective equipment, and observe physical distance. Given that such a

response in institutional and community corrections facilities will be continuously

provided attention, the safety not only of the Person deprived of Liberty (PDL) but

also of the outside community will be secured. It should be noted that virus

infection in corrections facilities is also a menace to workers, officers, and

22
visitors, which can potentially lead to virus transmission to the outside

community. Thus, the management of the corrections facilities is a concern not

only of the penal system but also of the outside community.

Persons deprived of liberty, including prisoners and detainees, are a

vulnerable population with increased rates of mental health problems (WHO,

2019). In high-income countries, while there may be more resources available,

mental health services are still often inadequate, with long wait times for

appointments and limited access to specialized care (Meyer, 2018).

A range of interventions have been developed to address the mental

health needs of persons deprived of liberty. One such intervention is cognitive-

behavioral therapy (CBT), which has been shown to be effective in reducing

symptoms of depression and anxiety in prisoners (Aguirre et al., 2020). Another

intervention is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), which has been

found to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in incarcerated individuals

(Hoge et al., 2019). Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) has also been effective

in treating substance use disorders among prisoners, but access to these

treatments is often limited (Clark et al., 2019).

23
 There are many barriers to accessing mental health services among

persons deprived of liberty. One such barrier is stigma, both within the

correctional system and in society at large. This can prevent individuals from

seeking care and can also lead to inadequate treatment when care is sought

(Meyer, 2018). . Finally, the correctional setting itself can be a barrier, as

individuals may be reluctant to seek care for fear of retaliation or may be unable

to attend appointments due to restrictions on movement or scheduling conflicts

(Stewart et al., 2019).

B. Studies

C. Foreign Studies

Persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) such as prisoners, detainees, and

those in custody, are a vulnerable population with complex mental health needs.

They often experience various mental health problems, including depression,

anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use

disorders(SUDs) (Fazel & Seewald, 2021). Despite the high prevalence of mental

health problems among PDLs, they often face significant barriers to accessing

appropriate mental health services.

PDLs often face significant barriers in accessing mental health services

due to a variety of factors, including stigma, lack of resources, inadequate

staffing, and inadequate training of staff (Simpson & Penney, 2019).

Furthermore, many custodial settings lack the necessary infrastructure to provide

24
appropriate mental health care. For example, there may be inadequate facilities

for mental health treatment or insufficient access to mental health professionals.

However,research has shown that PDLs with mental health problems

often receive inadequate or inappropriate care (Fazel & Seewald, 2021). In some

cases, they may be prescribed medications without adequate monitoring or

follow-up. They may also receive inadequate counseling or therapy, which may

not address the underlying causes of their mental health problems.

The provision of mental health services to PDLs varies significantly

between jurisdictions and custodial settings. Some jurisdictions have well-

developed mental health care systems for PDLs, while others lack even the most

basic mental health services. In many cases, mental health services for PDLs are

provided by non-specialist staff, such as general practitioners or correctional

officers, who may lack the necessary training to provide appropriate care

(Simpson & Penney, 2019).

In addition to the challenges faced by PDLs in accessing mental health

services, there are also significant gaps in mental health care provision. For

example, there may be insufficient funding for mental health services, resulting in

limited access to treatment options. There may also be a lack of coordination

between mental health services and other support services, such as substance

abuse treatment programs, which can lead to a fragmented approach to care.

25
 Providing mental health services to PDLs is essential for several reasons.

Firstly, it is a basic human right to receive appropriate medical care, including

mental health care, regardless of one's legal status or situation. Secondly,

addressing the mental health needs of PDLs can help to reduce the risk of self-

harm and suicide, which are significant issues in custodial settings (Fazel &

Seewald, 2021). Finally, providing mental health services can help to reduce

recidivism rates, as untreated mental health problems are a significant risk factor

for reoffending (Simpson & Penney, 2019).

Improving mental health care in custodial settings can have several

potential benefits. Firstly, it can help to improve the mental health outcomes of

PDLs, reducing the risk of self-harm, suicide, and other mental health problems.

Secondly, it can help to improve the safety and security of custodial settings,

reducing the risk of violence and other incidents.

A study conducted by Wolff et al. (2018) revealed that PDL had a higher

prevalence of mental health disorders than the general population. The study

also found that PDL had limited access to mental health services, which resulted

in poor mental health outcomes.

Similarly, a study by Brooker et al. (2018) found that PDL with mental

health disorders faced numerous barriers to accessing mental health services,

including stigma, lack of resources, and inadequate training among healthcare

providers.

26
 Another study by Fazel et al. (2019) found that PDL with severe mental

illness had a higher risk of self-harm, suicide, and victimization. The study

highlighted the importance of providing mental health services that are tailored to

the unique needs of PDL.

According to the study of Yoo and Kim (2019) found that providing

comprehensive mental health services to PDL reduced their risk of reoffending

and improved their overall quality of life.

However, despite the importance of mental health services for PDL, a

study by Priebe et al. (2020) found that mental health services in prisons were

often inadequate and inconsistent. The study identified several factors that

contributed to this, including a lack of funding, limited resources, and a shortage

of trained mental health professionals. The study recommended that

governments should prioritize mental health services for PDL to improve their

overall health outcomes.

Local Studies

Persons deprived of liberty are at a higher risk of developing mental health

problems due to the stressful and traumatic environment of imprisonment. Mental

health services in correctional facilities are essential to ensuring the well-being of

inmates and reducing recidivism rates. According to a report by the Bureau of

Justice Statistics (BJS), in 2020, approximately 43% of state and federal

prisoners and 32% of jail inmates reported having a current or past diagnosis of a

27
mental health disorder. However, only about half of those with a reported mental

health problem received treatment while incarcerated (BJS, 2020).

The availability of mental health services varies widely among correctional

facilities. A survey by the Treatment Advocacy Center found that 40 states have

fewer inpatient psychiatric beds than state psychiatric hospitals, which puts a

strain on correctional facilities to provide adequate mental health care

(TreatmentAdvocacy Center, 2021).

Additionally, some facilities have limited resources and staff trained in

mental health, leading to inadequate treatment for those in need. The Prisoners

have a high incidence of mental illness, and the transition from prison to the

community is a difficult time to provide mental health services, with many

negative consequences confirmed during this time. The impact of programs on

return to prison should be evaluated further to establish the effect of interventions

on clinical outcomes and to clarify the role of interventions on reincarceration.G.

Hopkin,Et.Al ( 2018).

There are serious gaps and inconsistencies in the delivery of mental

health services in the Philippines. The Mental Health Act provides a platform for

the delivery of comprehensive and integrated mental health services.Despite

advances in the provision of accessible and affordable mental healthcare, there

are still many challenges to be overcome.John LallyEt.Al.,(2019). It is worthy also

to consider that the first mental health act legislation in Philippine history has

been officially signed into law and took effect as the Republic Act No. On June

21,
28
2018, 11036 was observed.It provides a rights based mental health law and a

comprehensive framework for implementing optimal mental health care in the

Philippines. Review the principles and regulations of the 2017 Mental Health Act

and their impact on mental health care in the Philippines.

Meanwhile, be it noted that insane people have limited ability to act or are

not legally competent to some extent. A Filipino court demands a complete

deprivation of intelligence and is declared crazy. However, recent academic

research on this subject and progress in international law and other jurisdictions

do not support this definition. Filipino law Mental illness, in particular, affects the

rights and responsibilities arising from criminal law, inheritance law, and worker

accident compensation insurance, so insane reforms are needed as we need to

be aware that they occur to a different extent. There must be a policy aimed at

removing the stigma associated with mental illness. Assessment of a person's

mental state in court proceedings must be interdisciplinary. The parens patria

approach and remedies for involuntary treatment need to be reconsidered in the

light of a more rights-based approach.Ruby Rossele L. Tugade (2017)

Despite the development of policies and programs, there are still

significant gaps in the provision of mental health services for individuals who are

deprived of their liberty. A study conducted by the World Health Organization

(WHO) found that mental health services in prisons are often inadequate, with

limited access to mental health professionals, inadequate screening for mental

health problems, and a lack of appropriate treatment options (World Health

Organization, 2021).

29
 In addition to the challenges in the provision of mental health services

within correctional facilities, there are also challenges in ensuring continuity of

care for individuals who are released from custody. The lack of coordination

between correctional facilities and community mental health services can result

in individuals falling through the gaps and not receiving the appropriate level of

care (Wakeman et al., 2020).

In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the need for

alternatives to traditional incarceration for individuals with mental health issues.

These alternatives may include community-based treatment programs or

specialized mental health courts. Research has shown that such programs can

be effective in reducing recidivism rates and improving outcomes for individuals

with mental health issues (Patterson, et al., 2019).

People in immigration detention centers often face unique challenges in

accessing appropriate mental health services, including language barriers and

limited access to specialist care. Research has shown that there is a significant

need for improved mental health services in these settings, including increased

staffing levels and improved training for healthcare professionals (Lalani, et al.,

2020).

However, significant challenges remain in ensuring that all individuals

receive appropriate assessment and treatment. Research has shown that there

are still significant gaps in the provision of mental health services in many

prisons, including inadequate staffing levels and limited access to specialist care

(Hartvig, et al., 2019)

30
 CHAPTER III

Methodology

The research methodology for this study used a quantitative approach to

assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing mental health services of

Persons Deprived of Liberty towards a proposed policy enhancement. The study

31
utilized a purposive sampling technique to select 50 PDLs who are currently

receiving mental health services in Quezon City Jail,10 Health Officers and 1 Unit

Welfare and Development Officer. Data were collected through a structured

questionnaire and was administered to the participants.

The study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for a

proposed policy enhancement to improve the mental health services provided to

Persons Deprived of Liberty in Quezon City Jail.

A. Research Design

The study used a quantitative research design with a purely descriptive

approach to assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing mental health

services of Persons Deprived of Liberty towards a proposed policy enhancement.

The population are the PDL in Quezon City Jail, and purposive sampling was

used to select a sample of 50 from the Persons Deprived of Liberty, 10 Health

Officer and 1 Unit Welfare and Development Officer in the Quezon City Jail.

The research collected data using a survey questionnaire that measured

thcess to mental health services. Data were analyzed using likert scale analysis

to in determining the access to mental health services. The study aimed to

identify potential policy enhancements that could improve the delivery of

integrated mental health services in Quezon City Jail and promote and protect

the rights of PDLs.

Sampling Techniques

32
 The research used purposive sampling technique, a non-probability

sampling method where participants are selected based on specific

characteristics or criteria that are relevant to the study. In this case, Persons

Deprived of Liberty who are currently incarcerated in Quezon City Jail and

currently receiving mental health services were selected as participants for the

study.

Research instrument to be used

For this study, a structured questionnaire was used as the data

instrument to collect quantitative data. The questionnaire included closed-ended

questions were used to gather demographic information and the access to

mental health services of Persons Deprived of Liberty in Quezon City Jail. The

questionnaire also includes Likert-scale questions that used to assess programs

and the effectiveness of mental health services provided in the jail. The

questionnaire was pretested to ensure its reliability and validity before it is

administered to the study participants.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data-gathering procedure for this study involved several steps. First,

permission and clearance was brought from the Quezon City Jail authorities to

conduct the study. Then, a purposive sampling technique was employed to select

a representative sample of Persons Deprived of Liberty. Once the sample was

selected, a survey questionnaire was administered to the participants to collect

and assess the access to mental health services. The survey questionnaire was

33
designed based on existing validated instruments used in previous studies

related to mental health and correctional facilities.

Data collection was conducted by the researchers and trained research

assistants who explained the purpose of the study and provide instructions on

how to answer the questionnaire. The participants were given adequate time to

complete the survey, and the researchers were available to answer any

questions or concerns that may arise during the process. All data gathered were

kept confidential and anonymous to ensure the privacy of the participants.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The gathered data were grouped, tabled and thoroughly organized.

Percentage, reflected in all tables.

The quantitative data obtained through the conduct of survey was analyzed and

evaluated using the following statistical treatment.

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution. The frequency was used to

distinguish the demographic profile of the respondents and the actual number of

response on each question. This was used to determine the data on the

demographic profile on each respondent based on its frequency distribution.

Formula:

% = F/N x 100

Where:

% = Percentage

F= number of responses under particular category

N= number of respondents

34
 100 = constant factor

2. Likert Scale – It is an evenly scale from which respondents choose the level

of agreement or disagreement. It can be used to measure the product or service

analysis whether the consumer is pleased or having issues with a particular

3. product or service. Since the survey gets the level of agreement in each

question, we use Likert scale as our statistical tool.

To compute for the Likert scale:

Step 1: For each question on the questionnaire, calculate the total number of

responses for each sentiment. Multiply the numerical value of each sentiment

level by the amount of respondents.

Step 2: Add the totals, and divide by the total number of respondents.

Step 3: Repeat Step 1 and Step 2.

Ethical Considerations

This ensures participants are not forced to participate in research if the

study is psychologically or physically harming them or causing a hindrance, or

simply they no longer wish to partake in the study. The right to withdraw is an

essential consideration that must be followed when conducting research.

Several methods are used to maintain participants' confidentiality. Personal

details should not be written on reports, participants will be referred to by an

assigned number rather than their name, and data will be stored and disposed of

securely.

An important aspect of the researcher's ethical duties is ensuring that

participants are not physically or psychologically harmed during an experiment.

35
To ensure this does not happen, researchers should have medical staff available

if potential physical harm may occur.

Furthermore, researchers should offer counselling during or after the study

to prevent long-lasting psychological harm. In Zimbardo's (1971) Stanford prison

experiment, the physical and psychological harm caused by the experiment was

so severe that it had to be stopped prematurely.

Deception and debriefing are more complex ethical issues to consider

because deceiving participants involves misinforming participants. Deception is

seen as necessary as some research cannot be done if the participants know

they are being studied as they will likely behave in a way that would not

represent reality, thus altering the results. For example, Asch (1951) required

participants to think that they were completing a vision test. If participants knew

that the true aim of the investigation was to measure conformity, participants may

have changed their behavior which would have reduced the validity of the results.

Ethical consideration is important in research because it ensures that the quality

of research is maintained and prevents people from being harmed and their

lawful rights from being taken away during and after research.

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

36
 This chapter presents the data and a discussion of the findings. A

quantitative, descriptive survey design was used to collect data from subjects

Data was analyzed through the computer program. Descriptive statistics in terms

of percentages were used. The research results are presented in the form of

percentages, pie diagrams, and frequency counts.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The demographic profile of the respondents provides a background on the

personal and professional profiles of persons deprived of liberty, jail health

officers, and unit welfare and development officers. The charts present the

demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, and

highest educational attainment.

As shown in the Charts, the majority of the PDL respondents are between

ages 26-30 years old (40 percent) while jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer are between ages 26-30 years old (65 percent).

It can be inferred that the majority of the PDL respondents are young

adults who have less experience in life during the pendency of their case while

most of our jail health officers and unit welfare and development officer are also

young adults which means that they have less experience being a member of the

Jail Bureau.

37
 AGE OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY
19-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

8%

18% 34%

40%

Age of Jail Health Offi cer and Unit Welfare

and Development Offi cer
19-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

18% 18%

64%

As to the gender of the respondents, most of the PDL are Male ( (96

percent) while the majority of the jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officers are also male (64 percent).

This implies that the PDL confined at Quezon City Jail are Male due to the

fact that the jail facility is a male dormitory.

38
 GENDER OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY
MALE FEMALE LGBT

4%

96%

GENDER OF Jail Health Offi cer and Unit

Welfare and Development Offi cer
MALE FEMALE LGBT

36%

64%

As to the civil status of the respondents, most of the PDL are Married (76

percent) while most of the jail health officers and unit welfare and development

officers are also married (73 percent).

It can be inferred that both of the respondents marital obligation for they

have already a family of their own.

39
 CIVIL STATUS OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF
LIBERTY
SINGLE MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOW

10%

14%

76%

CIVIL SATUS of Jail Health Offi cer and

Unit Welfare and Development Offi cer
SINGLE MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOW

27%

73%

As to the highest educational attainment, the majority of the PDL

respondents finished at least high school or secondary education (56 percent)

while all of the jail health officers and unit welfare and development officers

finished a college degree (100 percent).

It can also be inferred that the majority of the PDL respondents finished at

least high school or secondary education which means that they lack education

40
which may be the factor why they have committed an offense that cause them to

be incarcerated. Whereas all of the jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officers finished a college degree which means that all of them met

the minimum standards and qualifications set in the appointment of jail officer

position in the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.

EDUCATION OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF

LIBRETY
COLLEGE GRADUATE HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE ELEMENTARY GRADUATE

6%

38%

56%

EDUCATION OF Jail Health Offi cer and

Unit Welfare and Development Offi cer
COLLEGE GRADUATE HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE ELEMENTARY GRADUATE

100%

41
 Mental Health Services Given among Persons Deprived of Liberty in
Quezon City Jail

Table 1A presents the Mental Health Services given among persons

deprived of liberty in Quezon City Jail such as the availability of Mental health

professionals. The study showed that Item 1.1.2 (There is a Counselor or master-

level health care professional who is trained to evaluate a PDL’s mental health

and use therapeutic techniques based on specific training programs) and Item

1.1.3 (There is a social worker who is trained to evaluate a person’s mental

health and use therapeutic techniques, case management, and advocacy

services) got the highest weighted mean of 3.9, interpreted as “highly agree”

while other items with the same interpretation as “highly agree” as perceived by

the PDL respondents while a weighted mean of 4 interpreted as “highly agree” as

perceived by jail health officers and unit welfare and development officer.

The grand mean as perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.24

interpreted as “highly agree”, while a grand mean of 4 interpreted as “highly

agree” as perceived by jail health officers and unit welfare and development

officer.

This implies that PDL respondents appreciate the availability of mental

health professionals inside the jail while jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer also accepted that there were mental health professionals

who provide mental health services for PDL inside the jail.

42
 Table 1A
Availability of Mental Health Professionals

Persons Deprived of Jail Health Officer and Unit

Liberty Welfare and Development
1.1 Availability of Mental Health Officer
Professionals
Total Total
Descriptive Descriptive
Numerical Numerical
Rating Rating
Rate Rate

1.1.1 There is an assigned

Psychologist who is trained to
evaluate a PDL’s mental health
3.8 HA 4 HA
using clinical interviews,
psychological evaluations, and
testing.
1.1.2 There is a Counselor or
master-level health care
professional who is trained to
evaluate a PDL’s mental health 3.9 HA 4 HA
and use therapeutic techniques
based on specific training
programs.
1.1.3 There is a social worker who
is trained to evaluate a person’s
mental health and use therapeutic 3.9 HA 4 HA
techniques, case management
and advocacy services.
1.1.4 There is a Licensed
Psychiatrist that can diagnose
mental health conditions, 3.84 HA 4 HA
prescribe and monitor
medications and provide therapy.
1.1.5 There are Pastoral
counselors who can provide
3.88 HA 4 HA
assessment, therapy and
counseling.
TOTAL MEAN 3.24 HA 4 HA

Table 1B presents the Mental Health Services given among persons

deprived of liberty in Quezon City Jail such as the quality of mental health

services. The study showed that item 1.2.1 (The Mental health activities do not
43
violate the human rights of PDL) and Item 1.2.2 (The jail administration works in

collaboration with other mental health service providers to ensure PDL receives

quality and timely care) got the highest weighted mean of 4, interpreted as

“highly agree” while other items with the same interpretation as “highly agree” as

perceived by both respondents. The grand mean as perceived by the PDL

respondents was 3.7 interpreted as “highly agree” while the grand mean as

perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and development officer was

4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

This implies that both respondents believed that the jail administration

continuously works and find an avenue in collaboration with other mental health

service providers to ensure that PDL detained thereat receives quality and timely

care.

44
 Table 1B
Quality of Mental Health Services

1.2 Quality of Mental Health Persons Deprived of Jail Health Officer and
Services Liberty Unit Welfare and
Development Officer
Total Total
Descriptiv Descriptiv
Numerical Numerica
e Rating e Rating
Rate l Rate
1.2.1 The Mental health
activities do not violate the 4 HA 4 HA
human rights of PDL.
1.2.2 The Mental health
services are easily accessible to 3.16 HA 4 HA
all PDL inside the facility.
1.2.3 The jail administration
works in collaboration with other
mental health service providers 4 HA 4 HA
to ensure PDL receives quality
and timely care.
1.2.4 PDL have access to
supportive programs and
therapies to help work toward 3.8 HA 4 HA
release and successful reentry
into their community.
1.2.5 PDL with mental health
problems have access to
3.52 HA 4 HA
medications and programs that
support recovery.
TOTAL MEAN 3.7 HA 4 HA

Health intervention programs given by the Quezon City Jail among the
Persons Deprived of Liberty

Table 2A presents the Health intervention programs given by the Quezon

City Jail among the Persons Deprived of Liberty as the availability of healthcare

services. The study showed that item 2.1.3 (Mental health services rely not only

on the physical body of PDL but also on the psyche, brain, mind, and soul ) got

45
the highest weighted mean of 3.92 interpreted as “highly agree” as perceived by

the PDL respondents while a weighted mean of 4 interpreted as “highly agree” as

perceived by jail health officers and unit welfare and development officer. The

grand mean as perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.7 interpreted as “highly

agree” while the grand mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit

welfare and development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

This implies that both respondents accepted that mental health services

are effective in the sense that their services rely not only on the physical body of

PDL but also on the psyche, brain, mind, and soul.

46
 Table 2A
Availability of healthcare services (e.g., access to medical Professionals,
medications)

2.1 Availability of healthcare Persons Deprived of Jail Health Officer and

services (e.g., access to Liberty Unit Welfare and
medical Professionals, and Development Officer
medications) Total Total
Numerica Descriptiv Numerica Descriptiv
l e Rating l e Rating
Rate Rate
2.1.1 Mental health services are
available for PDL with particular 3.58 HA 4 HA
mental health needs.
2.1.2 Mental health services in jail
are organized with a focus on
3.8 HA 4 HA
caring for PDL in their own needs
as far as is safely possible.
2.1.3 Mental health services rely
not only on the physical body of
3.92 HA 4 HA
PDL but also on the psyche,
brain, mind, and soul.
2.1.4 PDL who are taking
medication for mental health
3.26 HA 4 HA
conditions continue to receive
their medication inside the jail.
2.1.5 The mental health services
in jail are often inadequate to
2.9 A 4 HA
meet the needs of PDL with a
mental illness.
TOTAL MEAN 3.49 HA 4 HA

Table 2B presents the Health intervention programs given by the Quezon

City Jail among the Persons Deprived of Liberty as to the frequency of medical

check-ups. The result showed that item 2.2.2 (Mental health check-ups in jail are

only available when there are duty practitioner/s) got the highest weighted mean

of 4 interpreted as “highly agree” and a weighted mean of 4 interpreted as “highly

agree” as perceived by both respondents. The grand mean as perceived by the

47
PDL respondents was 3.82 interpreted as “highly agree” while the grand mean as

perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and development officer was

4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

This implies that both respondents believed that mental health check-ups

in jail can only be availed by PDL with mental health problems depending on the

availability of duty mental health professionals.

Table 2B
Frequency of medical check-ups

2.2 Frequency of medical check- Persons Deprived of

Jail Health Officer
ups Liberty
Total Total Descripti
Descriptive
Numerical Numerical ve
Rating
Rate Rate Rating
2.2.1 Mental health check-ups in jail
3.86 HA 4 HA
are available for PDL daily.
2.2.2 Mental health check-ups in jail
are only available when there are 4 HA 4 HA
duty practitioner/s.
2.2.3 Psychiatrists regularly
identified PDL with high-risk mental
3.82 HA 4 HA
illness through mental health check-
ups.
2.2.4 There is a regular schedule of
medical check-ups for PDL on a 3.62 HA 4 HA
weekly basis.
2.2.5 The schedule of Mental health
check-ups is posted in the area 3.88 HA 4 HA
where it is accessible to all PDL.
TOTAL MEAN 3.84 HA 4 HA

Table 2C presents the health intervention programs given by the Quezon

City Jail among the Persons Deprived of Liberty as to the types of health

intervention programs offered. The result showed that items such as 2.3.1 (All

PDL undergo medical assessment upon admission), item 2.3.3 (Behavioral

48
Management/Modification Program offers to manage and modify behaviors of

PDL with the goal of positively changing their thinking and behavior through

structured group processes), item 2.3.4 (Interfaith Programs are given to PDL

with the opportunity to practice their faith while under custody without

discrimination, subject only to usual safety and security measures), item 2.3.5

(Cultural/Sports Program is offered to promote camaraderie among PDL,

encourage the development of self-confidence, and sharing of cultural talents as

a form of positive entertainment), and item 2.3.6 (Drug Counseling for PDL with

Substance Use Disorder in lieu to Katatagan, Kalusugan, at Damayan sa

Komunidad (KKDK) Program) obtained the highest weighted mean of 4

interpreted as “highly agree” as perceived by both respondents. The grand mean

as perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.95 interpreted as “highly agree”

while the grand mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

This means that both respondents believed that most of the health

intervention programs inside the jail faculity for those PDL with mental health

problems really offered and applied depending on what types of mental health

programs they need.

49
 Table 2C
Types of health intervention programs offered (e.g., health education,
Fitness programs, Therapeutic Community Modality Program)

2.3 Types of health intervention Persons Deprived of Jail Health Officer and
programs offered (e.g., health Liberty Unit Welfare and
education, Fitness programs, Development Officer
Therapeutic Community Modality Total Total
Program) Descriptive Descriptive
Numerical Numerical
Rating Rating
Rate Rate
2.3.1 All PDL undergo medical
4 HA 4 HA
assessment upon admission.
2.3.2 Conduct HIV awareness to PDL
to enlighten them on the risk factors of 3.86 HA 4 HA
being infected with the virus.
2.3.3 Behavioral
Management/Modification Program
offers to manage and modify
behaviors of PDL with the goal of 4 HA 4 HA
positively changing their thinking and
behavior through structured group
processes.
2.3.4 Interfaith Programs are given to
PDL with the opportunity to practice
their faith while under custody without 4 HA 4 HA
discrimination, subject only to usual
safety and security measures
2.3.5 Cultural/Sports Program is
offered to promote camaraderie
among PDL, encourage the
4 HA 4 HA
development of self-confidence, and
sharing of cultural talents as a form of
positive entertainment.
2.3.6 Drug Counseling for PDL with
Substance Use Disorder in lieu to
4 HA 4 HA
Katatagan, Kalusugan, at Damayan
sa Komunidad (KKDK) Program.
2.3.7 Mental Health awareness is
regularly conducted in jail to educate
3.82 HA 4 HA
PDL about the possible risk factors of
having a mental problem.

50
2.3.8 Anger Management symposium
is offered to PDL to provide an avenue
for them to know their anger feelings
and acquire new knowledge and 3.6 HA 4 HA
information on how to deal with their
feelings in different situations and
personalities.
TOTAL MEAN 3.91 HA 4 HA

Table 3A presents the challenges encountered in the health intervention

program given the three groups of respondents: Health Officer; Persons

Deprived of Liberty: and Unit Welfare and Development Officer. As to the

Availability of medications and medical equipment the result showed that items

such as 3.1.5 (Collaboration from the Non-government organization is taken into

account for funding essential medicines and supplies) got the highest weighted

mean of 3.94 interpreted as “highly agree”, while item 3.1.1 (Appropriate medical

devices are utilized and functional) got the lowest mean of 2.19 interpreted as

“Agree” as perceived by the PDL respondents and a weighted mean of 4

interpreted as “highly agree” for jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer.The grand mean as perceived by the PDL respondents was

3.51 interpreted as “highly agree” while the grand mean as perceived by the jail

health officers and unit welfare and development officer was 4 interpreted as

“highly agree”.

This means that majority of both respondents agreed that the jail

administration doing an efforts to collaborate from the Non-government

organization to acquire additional funding for the essential medicines and

supplies that can be use by PDL with mental health problems. While PDL

respondents believed that medical devices used for mental health care activities

51
 are not much appreciated by them.

Challenges encountered in the health intervention program given the three

groups of respondents: Health Officer; Persons Deprived of Liberty: and
Unit Welfare and Development Officer

Table 3A
Availability of medications and medical equipment

3.1 Availability of medications and Persons Deprived of Jail Health Officer and
medical equipment Liberty Unit Welfare and
Development Officer
Total Total
Descriptive Descriptive
Numerical Numerica
Rating Rating
Rate l Rate
3.1.1 Appropriate medical devices are
2.19 A 4 HA
utilized and functional.
3.1.2 Essential Medicines and
medical supplies are utilized for PDL 3.92 HA 4 HA
with mental health issues.
3.1.3 Health Facility inside the jail is
conducive and appropriate for mental 3.64 HA 4 HA
health intervention.
3.1.4 Procurement and distribution of
essential medicines and medical 3.84 HA 4 HA
supplies are taken into account.
3.1.5 Collaboration from the Non-
government organization is taken into
3.94 HA 4 HA
account for funding essential
medicines and supplies.
TOTAL MEAN 3.51 HA 4 HA

Table 3B presents the challenges encountered in the health intervention

program given the three groups of respondents: Health Officer; Persons

Deprived of Liberty: and Unit Welfare and Development Officer. As to the

accessibility of healthcare services the result showed that item 3.2.4 (The duty

physician in jail is always on call in case of emergency) got the highest weighted

52
 mean of 3.92 interpreted as “highly agree” for PDL respondents and a weighted

mean of 4 interpreted as “highly agree” for jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer.

The grand mean as perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.51

interpreted as “highly agree” while the grand mean as perceived by the jail health

officers and unit welfare and development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly

agree”.

This means that majority of both respondents agreed that the jail

administration doing an efforts to collaborate from the Non-government

organization to acquire additional funding for the essential medicines and

supplies that can be use by PDL with mental health problems. While PDL

respondents believed that medical devices used for mental health care activities

are not much appreciated by them.

Table 3B
Accessibility of healthcare services (e.g., scheduling appointments)

3.2 Accessibility of healthcare Persons Deprived of Jail Health Officer and

services (e.g., scheduling Liberty Unit Welfare and
appointments) Development Officer
Total Total
Descriptive
Numerical Numerical Descriptive
Rating
Rate Rate Rating
3.2.1 PDL have access to a
physician at any time, irrespective 3.36 HA 4 HA
of their detention regime.
3.2.2 The mental health care
service in jail is organized enabling
3.48 HA 4 HA
requests to consult a physician has
met without undue delay.
3.2.3 The mental health care 3.62 HA 4 HA
service is able to provide regular
consultations and emergency

53
treatment.
3.2.4 The duty physician in jail is
always on call in case of 3.92 HA 4 HA
emergency.
3.2.5 There is direct support of a
fully-equipped hospital service in
3.74 HA 4 HA
case of PDL check-ups and receive
treatment.
TOTAL MEAN 3.62 HA 4 HA

Table 4A presents the proposed enhancement plans in regard to the

health intervention program in the Quezon City Jail. As to the staffing changes

the result showed that all of the proposed enhancement plans intended for the

health intervention program got the highest weighted mean of 4 interpreted as

“highly agree” as perceived by both of the respondents.

The grand mean as perceived by the PDL respondents was 4 interpreted

as “highly recommended” while the grand mean as perceived by the jail health

officers and unit welfare and development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly

recommended”.

This implies that both of the respondents agreed to offer those proposed

enhancement plans as their recommendation to organize better those health

intervention programs being offered to PDL with mental health problems.

54
 The proposed enhancement plans in regard to the health intervention
program in the Quezon City Jail

Table 4A
Staffing changes

4.1 Staffing changes Persons Deprived of Jail Health Officer and

Liberty Unit Welfare and
Development Officer
Total Total
Descriptiv Descriptiv
Numerica Numerica
e Rating e Rating
l Rate l Rate
4.1.1 Mental health care professionals
inside the jail should design a program
that could focus on providing mental 4 HR 4 HR
health care to those PDL suffering from
mental problems.
4.1.2 There shall be a weekly interfaith
program that can provide spiritual
4 HR 4 HR
counseling to PDL with mental health
problems.
4.1.3 The Therapeutic Community
Modality Program (TCMP) should
4 HR 4 HR
implement especially for PDL with mental
health problems.
4.1.4 The KKDK program of the BJMP
should enhance and provide additional
training to the staff that can address the 4 HR 4 HR
problems of PDL who are drug
dependent.
4.1.5 Mental Health professionals inside
the jail should undergo more in-depth
training on the common problems and 4 HR 4 HR
factors affecting the mental health of PDL
while in jail.
TOTAL MEAN 4 HR 4 HR

55
 Table 4B presents the proposed enhancement plans in regard to the

health intervention program in the Quezon City Jail. As to the budget changes

the result showed that all of the proposed budget proposals intended for the

health intervention program got the highest weighted mean of 4 interpreted as

“highly recommended” as perceived by both of the respondents.

The grand mean as perceived by the PDL respondents was 4 interpreted

as “highly recommended” while the grand mean as perceived by the jail health

officers and unit welfare and development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly

recommended”.

This implies that both of the respondents agreed to have an increase in

government funding to better standardize and offers a high-quality and efficient

health intervention programs to PDL with mental health problems.

56
 Table 4B
Budget changes

Jail Health Officer and

4.2 Budget changes Persons Deprived of
Unit Welfare and
Liberty
Development Officer
Total Total
Descriptiv Descriptive
Numerical Numerical
e Rating Rating
Rate Rate
4.2.1. Government should allocate
extra funds for providing essential
medicines and facilities that can use 4 HR 4 HR
for PDL with mental illness and
problems.
4.2.2 Government should provide
extra funds for providing health
facilities inside the Quezon City Jail
4 HR 4 HR
that is conducive to rehabilitation and
treatment of PDL with mental health
problems.
4.2.3 Government should allocate
extra funds for a free healthcare
4 HR 4 HR
program for PDL suffering from
mental health problems.
4.2.4 Government should provide
Extra funds for the necessities of 4 HR 4 HR
PDL.
4.2.5 Government should provide
extra funds for the enhancement of
the safety and security of PDL with
4 HR 4 HR
mental health problems as well as
the training of mental health
professionals in jail.
TOAL MEAN 4 HR 4 HR

57
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of findings are in this chapter. This is derived from the

presented and interpreted date in the previous part. This manifests the

conclusions of the study which are formulated out of findings. In the last portion

of this study are recommendations which are initiated by the researchers from

conclusions.

Summary

The study aimed to assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing

mental health services of Persons Deprived of Liberty towards a proposed policy

enhancement. The study also aimed to provide evidence-based

recommendations for a proposed policy enhancement to improve the mental

health services provided to Persons Deprived of Liberty in Quezon City Jail.

A quantitative research design with a correlational approach was used in

this study to assess the capability of Quezon City Jail in addressing mental

health services of Persons Deprived of Liberty towards a proposed policy

enhancement. The population was the PDL in Quezon City Jail, and a purposive
58
sampling was used to select a sample of 50 from the Persons Deprived of

Liberty, 10 Health Officer, and 1 Unit Welfare and Development Officer in the

Quezon City Jail.

Results showed that the majority of the PDL respondents are between

ages 26-30 years old (40 percent) while jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer are between ages 26-30 years old (65 percent). As to the

gender of the respondents, most of the PDL are Male ( (96 percent) while the

majority of the jail health officers and unit welfare and development officers are

also male (64 percent). As to the highest educational attainment, the majority of

the PDL respondents finished at least high school or secondary education (56

percent) while all of the jail health officers and unit welfare and development

officers finished a college degree (100 percent).

As to the Mental Health Services Given among Persons Deprived of

Liberty in Quezon City Jail in terms of the availability of Mental health

professionals and the availability of health care services, both PDL respondents,

jail health officers, and unit welfare and development officer perceived “highly

agree”.

As to the Health intervention programs given by the Quezon City Jail

among the Persons Deprived of Liberty in terms of the availability of healthcare

services, frequency of medical check-ups, and the types of health intervention

programs offered, both PDL respondents, jail health officers, and unit welfare and

development officer perceived “highly agree”.

59
 As to the challenges encountered in the health intervention program given

the three groups of respondents: Health Officer; Persons Deprived of Liberty: and

Unit Welfare and Development Officer in terms of Availability of medications and

medical equipment and accessibility of healthcare services, both of the

respondents perceived “highly agree”.

As to the proposed enhancement plans in regard to the health intervention

program in the Quezon City Jail in terms of staffing changes and budget

changes, both of the respondents have recommended all of the proposed

enhancement plans as they both responded: “highly recommended”.

Problem Number 1.

What are the mental health services given among the Persons Deprived of

Liberty in Quezon City Jail in terms of the availability of mental health

professionals and quality of mental health services?

Finding.

As to the availability of mental health professionals, the grand mean as

perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.24 interpreted as “highly agree” while a

weighted mean of 4 interpreted as “highly agree” as perceived by jail health

officers and unit welfare and development officer.

As to the quality of mental health services, the grand mean as perceived

by the PDL respondents was 3.7 interpreted as “highly agree” while the grand

mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and development

officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

60
Conclusion.

This implies that PDL respondents appreciate the availability of mental

health professionals inside the jail while jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer also accepted that there were mental health professionals

who provide mental health services for PDL inside the jail. This is also implies

that both respondents believed that the jail administration continuously works and

find an avenue in collaboration with other mental health service providers to

ensure that PDL detained thereat receives quality and timely care.

Recommendation.

The PDL respondents appreciates the services and the availability of

mental health professionals inside the jail. However, it is recommended that the

jail administration should continuously works and collaborate with other Non-

governmental Organizations which helps and advocates on the mental health

most especially the PDL who is considered as one of the most vulnerable sectors

of our society.

Problem Number 2.

What are the health intervention programs given by the Quezon City Jail among

the Persons Deprived of Liberty in terms of availability of healthcare services,

frequency of medical check-ups and types of health intervention programs

offered?

Finding.

61
 As to the availability of healthcare services, the grand mean as perceived

by the PDL respondents was 3.7 interpreted as “highly agree” while the grand

mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and development

officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

As to the frequency of medical check-ups, the grand mean as perceived

by the PDL respondents was 3.82 interpreted as “highly agree” while the grand

mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and development

officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

As to the types of health intervention programs, the grand mean as

perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.95 interpreted as “highly agree” while

the grand mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

Conclusion.

It can be inferred that both respondents accepted that mental health

services are effective in the sense that their services rely not only on the physical

body of PDL but also on the psyche, brain, mind, and soul. Both respondents

believed that mental health check-ups in jail can only be availed by PDL with

mental health problems depending on the availability of duty mental health

professionals. Also, they believed that most of the health intervention programs

inside the jail facility for those PDL with mental health problems really offered and

applied depending on what types of mental health programs they need.

Recommendation.

62
 Based on the findings of the study, it was revealed that mental health

check-ups in jail can only be availed by PDL with mental health problems

depending on the availability of duty mental health professionals. It is therefore

recommended that the jail administration should appoint additional Jail Officers

with specialization in mental health care and prioritize them in the annual

recruitment quota so that the PDL with mental health problems can

accommodate in a regular basis.

Problem Number 3.

What are the challenges encountered in the health intervention program given

the three group of respondents: Health Officer; Persons Deprived of Liberty: and

Unit Welfare and Development Officer in terms availability of medications and

medical equipment and accessibility of healthcare services?

Finding.

As to the availability of medications and medical equipment, the grand

mean as perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.51 interpreted as “highly

agree” while the grand mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit

welfare and development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

As to the accessibility of healthcare services, the grand mean as

perceived by the PDL respondents was 3.51 interpreted as “highly agree” while

the grand mean as perceived by the jail health officers and unit welfare and

development officer was 4 interpreted as “highly agree”.

Conclusion.

63
 This means that majority of both respondents agreed that the jail

administration doing an efforts to collaborate from the Non-government

organization to acquire additional funding for the essential medicines and

supplies that can be use by PDL with mental health problems. While PDL

respondents believed that medical devices used for mental health care activities

are not much appreciated by them. Also, majority of both respondents agreed

that the jail administration doing an efforts to collaborate from the Non-

government organization to acquire additional funding for the essential medicines

and supplies that can be use by PDL with mental health problems. While PDL

respondents believed that medical devices used for mental health care activities

are not much appreciated by them.

Recommendation.

The study revealed that PDL respondents believed that medical devices

used for mental health care activities are not much appreciated by them. It is

recommended that the jail administration should provide additional support and

funding for the procurement of medical supplies and devices necessary to use for

mental health check-ups and other medical health services offered to the PDL

inside the jail facility.

Problem Number 4.

What will be the proposed enhancement plans in regard to the health

intervention program in the Quezon City Jail in terms of staffing changes and

budget changes?

64
Finding.

As to the staffing changes, the grand mean as perceived by both of the

respondents was 4 interpreted as “highly recommended”.

As to the budget changes, the grand mean as perceived by both of the

respondents was also 4 interpreted as “recommended”.

Conclusion.

This implies that both of the respondents agreed to offer those proposed

enhancement plans as their recommendation to organize better those health

intervention programs being offered to PDL with mental health problems. This is

also implies that both of the respondents agreed to have an increase of

government fundings to better standardized and offers a high quality and efficient

health intervention programs to PDL with mental health problems.

Recommendation.

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology should propose an

increase in the allocation of funds for Health services to PDL to be included in the

budget proposal of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)

subject to budget deliberation from the Congress.

65
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trap. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. 

Siu, P. (2020, June 13). Chinese inmates in Philippines fear the worst as

coronavirus deaths rise. South China Morning Post. 

The Manila Times. (2020, May 2). Prisoners need medical intervention, not

release. Author. 

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Tugade R, L (2017). Understanding Insanity: Making Sense out of Mental Illness

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Pg.33.

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responses in prisons. 

Van Hout, M.C., & Mhlanga-Gunda, R (2018). Contemporary female prisoners

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Van Hout, M.C., Mhlanga-Gunda, R. (2019b) Prison health situation and rights of

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74
APPENDIX A

75
Image 1. Request letter to conduct research in Quezon City Jail –

Male Dormitory

APPENDIX B

76
Image 2. Researcher Acknowledgement Form submitted to Bureau of Jail

Management and Penology – National Headquarters

APPENDIX C

77
Image 3. Approval letter from Bureau of Jail Management and Penology –

National Capital Region Signed by JCSUPT Efren A Nemeño, DPA, TLPE

78
 APPENDIX D

Survey questionnaire on the “The Mental Health Services Among Persons

Deprived Of Liberty In Quezon City Jail”

PERSONAL DATA INFORMATION

(Personal na datos impormasyon)

“The Mental Health Services Among Persons Deprived Of Liberty In

Quezon City Jail”
(Mga serbisyo sa kalusugan ng isip para sa mga Taong Pinagkaitan ng
Kalayaan sa panglungsod na piitan ng Lungsod Quezon)

PART I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS (BAHAGI I. PROPAYL NG MGA

RESPONDENTE)

Instructions (Panuto): Please fill up the blanks and put check mark (/) that best
describes you.
Panuto: Mangyaring punan ang mga patlang at lagyan ng tsek na naglalarawan
sa iyo.

NAME (pangalan):__________________________ (optional)

Type of Respondent (uri ng respondente): ( ) PDL

( ) Jail Personnel

Age (edad):

( ) 19-25 years old (taong gulang) ( ) 31-40 years old

( ) 26-30 years old ( ) 41 -50 years old
( ) 26-30 years old ( ) 51-60 years old and above

Gender (kasarian):

( ) Male (lalaki) ( ) LGBT

( ) Female (babae)

Civil Status (katayuang sibil):

( ) Single (Nag-iisa) ( ) Married (kasal)

( ) Separated (hiwalay) ( ) Widowed/er (Biyuda/Biyudo)

Highest Education Attainment (pinakamataas na natamo sa edukasyon):

79
 ( ) Elementary graduate (Nakapagtapos ng elementarya)
( ) High School Graduate (Nakapagtapos ng sekondarya)
( ) College Graduate (Nakapagtapos ng kolehiyo)
( ) Others (Iba pa

INTERVIEW-GUIDE QUESTIONNAIRE

Instructions (panuto): Please put [✓] inside the box which suits your desired
answer
(Pakilagay ang [✓] sa loob ng kahon na angkop sa iyong nais na sagot)

PART 2. Mental Health Services Given among Persons Deprived of Liberty

in Quezon City Jail
(Mga serbisyung pangkaisipan ng Quezon City Jail para sa mga
Taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan)

Direction (Gabay):

Weight Description
(Timbang) (paglalarawan)
4 Highly Agree HA
3 Agree A
2 Slightly Agree SA
1 Disagree DA

2.1 Availability of Mental Health Professionals

(Pagkakaroon ng mga Propesyunal sa larangan ng Pangkaisipang
Kalusugan)

INDICATORS
(MGA INDIKATOR) HA A SA DA

2.1 There is an assigned Psychologist who is trained to

evaluate a PDL’s mental health using clinical interviews,
psychological evaluations and testing.
(Mayroong nakatalaga na Sikolohista na sinanay upang
suriin ang pangkaisipang kalusugan ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng kalayan)
2.2 There is a Counselor or master-level health care
professional who is trained to evaluate a PDL’s mental health
and use therapeutic techniques based on specific training
programs.
(Mayroong Tagapayo o manggagawa sa kalusugan ng isip
na sinamay upang suriin ang pangkaisipang kalusugan ng
80
 mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan gamit ang
panterapeutika na mga pamamaraan na nakabatay sa tiyak
na pagsasanay.)
2.3 There is a social worker who is trained to evaluate a
person’s mental health and use therapeutic techniques, case
management and advocacy services.
(Mayroong manggagawang panlipunan na sinanay upang
suriin ang pangkaisipang kalusugan na gamit ang
panterapeutika na mga pamamaraan, pamamahala ng kaso
at mga serbisyong pang adbokasiya)
2.4 There is a Licensed Psychiatrist that can diagnose mental
health conditions, prescribe and monitor medications and
provide therapy.
(Mayroong Lisensyadong Sikayatri na kayang suriin ang
kundisyun, magbigay at magmonitor ng mga gamut at
maglaan ng gamotan)
2.5 There are Pastoral counselors who can provide
assessment, therapy and counseling.
(Mayroong Pastoral na tagapayo na kayang magbigay ng
pagtatasa, gamotan at pagpapayo)

2.2. Quality of Mental Health Services

(Kwalidad ng Serbisyung Kalusugang pangkaisipan)

INDICATORS
(MGA INDIKATOR) HA A SA DA

2.2.1 The Mental health activities do not violate the human

rights of PDL.
(Ang mga aktibidad sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan ay hindi
linalabag ang mga karapatang pantao ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng kalapayan)
2.2.2 The Mental health services are easily accessible to all
PDL inside the facility.
(Ang mga serbisyung tungkol sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan
ay ay madaling mapuntahan ng lahat ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan sa loob ng kulongan)
1.2.3 The jail administration works in collaboration with other
mental health service providers to ensure PDL receives
quality and timely care.
(Ang mga tagapamahala ng piitan ay nakikipagtulongan sa
ibang mga organisasyun sa nagbibigay din ng serbisyu sa
kalusugang pangkaisipan upang masiguro na ang mga taong
pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan ay nabibigyan ng maayos at
napapanahon na serbisyung medikal)
1.2.4 PDL have access to supportive programs and therapies

81
 to help work toward release and successful reentry into their
community.
(Binibigyan ng pagkakataon ang mga taong pinagkaitan ng
Kalayaan sa mga program at paggamot upang matulongan
ang kanilang mga sariling ihanda para sa kanilang
pagbabagong buhay at paglaya)
1.2.5 PDL with mental health problems have access to
medications and programs that support recovery.
(Ang mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na nakakaranas ng
sakit sa pagiisip ay binibigyan ngpagkakataon na maisailalim
sa paggamot at mga programa upang matulongan ang
kanilang mga sarili na gumaling)

Part 3. Health intervention programs given by the Quezon City Jail among
the Persons Deprived of Liberty
(Mga programang pang kalusugan na ibinibigay sa mga Taong Pinagkaitan ng
Kalayaan)

3.1 Availability of healthcare services (e.g., access to medical Professionals,

medications)
(Pagkakaroon ng serbisyo sa pangangalaga sa kalusugan)
INDICATORS
(MGA INDIKATOR) HA A SA DA

3.1 Mental health services are available for PDL with

particular mental health needs.
(Ang mga serbisyung tungkol sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan
ay ay nagagamit ng lahat ng mga taong pinagkaitan ng
Kalayaan para sa angkop na pangangailangang metal na
pangkalusugan)
3.2 Mental health services in jail are organized with a focus
on caring for PDL in their own needs as far as is safely
possible.
(Ang mga serbisyung tungkol sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan
sa loob ng piitan ay organisado at nakatoon sa pagaalaga ng
mga pangunahing pangangailangan ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng kalayaan ng habang isinasaalang alang ang
kanilang kaligtasan)
3.3 Mental health services rely not only on the physical body
of PDL but also on the psyche, brain, mind, and soul.
(Ang mga serbisyu sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan ay umaasa
hindi lang sa pisikal na katawan ng mga taong pinagkaitan
ng Kalayaan ngunit naka sentro din sa pangkaisipan at
kaluluwa nila)
3.4 PDL who are taking medication for mental health
conditions continue to receive their medication inside the jail.

82
 (Ang mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na umiinom ng
gamut para sa pangkaisipang kalusugan ay patuloy na
nakakatanggap ng mga gamotan sa loob ng piitan)
3.5 The mental health services in jail are often inadequate to
meet the needs of PDL with a mental illness.
(Ang mga serbisyu sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan sa loob ng
piitan ay madalas na hindi nagkakaroon ng sapat na
pangangailangan ng mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na
nakakaranas ng sakit sa isip)

3.2 Frequency of medical check-ups

(Dalas ng pagbibigay ng pagsusuring Medikal)

INDICATORS
(MGA INDIKATOR) HA A SA DA

3.2.1 Mental health check-ups in jail are available for PDL

daily.
(Ang mga check-up para sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan sa
loob ng piitan ay sapat at nakakamit ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng kalayaan)
3.2.2 Mental health check-ups in jail are only available when
there are duty practitioner/s.
(Ang mga check-up para sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan sa
loob ng piitan ay nariyan lamang kung may nakatalaga na
doktor)
3.2.3 Psychiatrists regularly identified PDL with high-risk
mental illness through mental health check-ups.
(Ang mga Sikolohista ay regular na nakikilala ang mga taong
pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan lalo na ang mga nakakaranas ng
sakit sa pagiisip sa pamamagitan ng regular check-ups)
3.2.4 There is a regular schedule of medical check-ups for
PDL on a weekly basis.
(Mayroong sapat at regular na iskedyul para sa pagsusuring
medical para sa mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan tuiwng
lingo)
3.2.5 The schedule of Mental health check-ups is posted in
the area where it is accessible to all PDL.
(Ang regular na iskedyul para sa pagsusuring medical ay
naka post sa lugar kung saan ito ay nakikita ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng kalayaan)

3.3 Types of health intervention programs offered (e.g., health education, Fitness programs,
Therapeutic Community Modality Program)
(Uri ng mga programang pangkalusugan na ibinabahagi)

INDICATORS
83
 (MGA INDIKATOR) HA A SA DA

3.3.1 All PDL undergo medical assessment upon admission.

(Lahat ng mga taong pinagkaitan ng lalayaan ay
sumasailalim sa pagtatasang medical bago tanggapin sa
piitan)
3.3.2 Conduct HIV awareness to PDL to enlighten them on
the risk factors of being infected with the virus.
(Sumasailalim sa kamalayan patungkol sa HIV ang mga
taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan upang mabigyan sila ng mga
sapat na kaalaman laban sa mga masasamang dulot ng sakit
na HIV)
3.3.3 Behavioral Management/Modification Program offers to
manage and modify behaviors of PDL with the goal of
positively changing their thinking and behavior through
structured group processes.
Ang Pamamahala ng pag-uugali ay ibinibigay sa mga taong
pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan upang mabago ang kanilang ugali
at magkaroon ng positibong pananaw sa buhay sa
pamamagitan ng pangkat o Samahan sa loob ng piitan)
3.3.4 Interfaith Programs are given to PDL with the
opportunity to practice their faith while under custody without
discrimination, subject only to usual safety and security
measures
(Ang mga programang pananampalataya ay ibinibigay sa
mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan at binibigyan ng
pagkakataon na isaawa ang kanilang pananampalataya na
walang diskriminasyon)
3.3.5 Cultural/Sports Program is offered to promote
camaraderie among PDL, encourage the development of
self-confidence, and sharing of cultural talents as a form of
positive entertainment.
(Ang pangkultura at programang pangkalusugan ay
ibinibigay upang isulong ang pagkakaisa sa mga taong
pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan, hinihikayat na ma debelop ang
kumpiyansa sa sarili, at ibahagi ang mga talent pang kultura
sa pamamagitan ng mga positibong programa)
3.3.6 Drug Counseling for PDL with Substance Use Disorder
in lieu to Katatagan, Kalusugan, at Damayan sa Komunidad
(KKDK) Program.
(Ang pagpapayo sa droga para sa mga taong pinagkaitan ng
Kalayaan na nalulong sa ipinagbabawal na gamot ay
ibinabahagi sa piitan)
3.3.7 Mental Health awareness is regularly conducted in jail
to educate PDL about the possible risk factors of having a
mental problem.

84
 (Ang mga kamalayan sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan ay
ibinabahagi sa piitan upang mabigyan ng kamalayan ang
mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan tungkol sa mga
masasamang epekto ng problema sa sakit sa isip)
3.3.8 Anger Management symposium is offered to PDL to
provide an avenue for them to know their anger feelings and
acquire new knowledge and information on how to deal with
their feelings in different situations and personalities.
(Ang programa sa pamamahala ng galit ay ibinibigay sa mga
taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan upang mabigyan ng linaw na
malaman ang mga sanhi ng kanilang galit at makapag bigay
ng kaalaman at impormasyun kung papaanu hawakan at
kontrolin ang galit sanhi ng mga ibat-ibang sitwasyon at mga
personalidad ng ibang tao)

Part 4. Challenges encountered in the health intervention program given the three groups
of respondents: Health Officer; Persons Deprived of Liberty: and Unit Welfare and
Development Officer
(Mga hamon an nakakatagpo ng piitan para pagbibigay ng programang medical sa mga
respondente)

4.1 Availability of medications and medical equipment

(Pagkakaroon ng mga gamot at mga gamit pangmedikal)

INDICATORS
(MGA INDIKATOR) HA A SA DA

4.1 Appropriate medical devices are utilized and functional.

(Angkop na gamit pangmedikal ay ginagamit at gumagana)
4.2 Essential Medicines and medical supplies are utilized for
PDL with mental health issues.
(Ang mga pangunahing gamot at mga gamit pangmedikal at
ginagamit para sa mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na
nakakaranas ng sakit sa isip)
4.3 Health Facility inside the jail is conducive and appropriate
for mental health intervention.
(Ang Pasilidad ng kalusugan sa loob ng piitan ay angkop at
kaaya aya para sa programang kalusugang pangkaisipan)
4.4 Procurement and distribution of essential medicines and
medical supplies are taken into account.
(Ang pagkuha at pagbibigay ng mga mahahalagang
medisina at mga gamit pangmedikal at napagtutuonan ng
pansin)
4.5 Collaboration from the Non-government organization is
taken into account for funding essential medicines and
supplies.
(Pakikipagtulungan sa mga organisasyong hindi pamahalaan

85
 ay napagtutuunan ng pansin para mabigyan ng sapat na
pondo para sa mga medisina at kagamitan)

4.2 Accessibility of healthcare services (e.g., scheduling appointments)

(Pagkakaroon ng mga serbisyung pangkalusugan)

INDICATORS
(MGA INDIKATOR) HA A SA DA

4.2.1 PDL have access to a physician at any time,

irrespective of their detention regime.
(Ang mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan ay nabibigyan ng
oportunidad na makita ang doctor kahit anung oras, kahit anu
mang klaseng pagkapiit)
4.2.2 The mental health care service in jail is organized
enabling requests to consult a physician has met without
undue delay.
(Ang mga serbisyung tungkol sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan
sa loob ng piitan ay organisado upang mabigyan ng
pagkakataon na ma konsulta ang doctor na walang
pagkaantala.)
4.2.3 The mental health care service is able to provide
regular consultations and emergency treatment.
(Ang mga serbisyung tungkol sa Kalusugang pangkaisipan
sa loob ng piitan ay organisado upang mabigyan ng
pagkakataon na ma konsulta ang doctor na walang
pagkaantala.)
4.2.4 The duty physician in jail is always on call in case of
emergency.
(Ang doctor na nakatalaga sa loob ng piitan ay lagging
nakatoon sa pansin lalo na sa mga pangyayaring hindi
sinasadya)
4.2.5 There is direct support of a fully-equipped hospital
service in case of PDL check-ups and receive treatment.
(Mayroong direkta na suporta sa mga ibang hospitan lalo na
sa paglalan ng check-up at gamotan ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng kalayaan)

5.1 The proposed enhancement plans in regard to the health intervention program in the Quezon
City Jail
(Mga mungkahi para sa pagpapahusay ng mga plano para sa programang medical ng Quezon
City Jail)

Direction (Gabay):

Weight Description
(Timbang) (paglalarawan)

86
 4 Highly Recommended HR
3 Recommended R
2 Less Recommended LR
1 Not Recommended NR

5.1 Staffing changes (Pagbabago sa mga kawani)

INDICATORS
(MGA INDIKATOR) HR R LR NR

5.1 Mental health care professionals inside the jail should

design a program that could focus on providing mental health
care to those PDL suffering from mental problems.
( Ang mga manggagawa sa kalusugan ng isip sa loob ng
piitan ay dapat maglaan ng program ana tototok sa
pagbibigay ng pangangalaga sa kalusugan ng isip para sa
mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na nakararanas ng
problema sa pagiisip)
5.2 There shall be a weekly interfaith program that can
provide spiritual counseling to PDL with mental health
problems.
(Dapat magkaroon ng linggohang program sa
pananampalataya na makapagbibigay ng pangkaluluwang
pagpapayo sa mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na
nakararanas ng problema sapag isip.)
5.3 The Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP)
should implement especially for PDL with mental health
problems.
(Ang Therapeutic Community Modality Program o (TCMP) ay
dapat isagawa lalo na sa mga taong pinagkaitan ng
Kalayaan na nakararanas ng problema sa pagiisip)
5.4 The KKDK program of the BJMP should enhance and
provide additional training to the staff that can address the
problems of PDL who are drug dependent.
(Ang programang KKDK ng BJMP ay dapat pagandahin at
makapaglaan ng mga ibat-ibang pagsasanay para sa mga
taohan nito na tototok sa mga problema ng mga taong
pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na nalolong sa droga)
5.5 Mental Health professionals inside the jail should undergo
more in-depth training on the common problems and factors
affecting the mental health of PDL while in jail.
(Ang mga propesyunal sa kalusugan sa isip sa loob ng piitan
ay dapat magsagawa ng malalimang pagsasanay lalo na sa
mga problema at mga sanhi na nakakaapekto sa kalusugan
ng isip ng mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan habang nasa

87
 loob ng piitan)

5.2 Budget changes (Paglalaan at pagsasaayos ng Pondo)

INDICATORS 4 3 2 1
(HR) (R) (LR) (NR)

5.2.1. Government should allocate extra funds for

providing essential medicines and facilities that
can use for PDL with mental illness and problems.
(Ang gobyerno ay dapat maglaan ng dagdag na
mga pondo para sa mga pangangailangan sa
gamot at mga kagamitan na magagamit ng mga
taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na nakararanas ng
problema sa pagiisip)

5.2.2 Government should provide extra funds for

providing health facilities inside the Quezon City
Jail that is conducive to rehabilitation and
treatment of PDL with mental health problems.
(Ang gobyerno ay dapat magbigay ng dagdag na
pondo para sa paggawa at pagtatayo ng mga
pasilidad sa loob ng Quezon City Jail na angkop
para sa rehabilitasyun at paggagamot sa mga
taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan na nakararanas ng
problema sa pagiisip)
5.2.3 Government should allocate extra funds for a
free healthcare program for PDL suffering from
mental health problems.
(Ang gobyerno ay dapat maglaan ng dagdag na
pondo para sa libreng programa para sa
pangangalaga sa isip ng mga taong pinagkaitan
ng Kalayaan na nakararanas ng problema sa
pagiisip)
5.2.4 Government should provide Extra funds for
the necessities of PDL.
(Ang gobyerno ay dapat maglaan ng dagdag na
pondo para sa mga pangunahing
pangangailangan ng mga taong pinagkaitan ng
Kalayaan)
5.2.5 Government should provide extra funds for
the enhancement of the safety and security of PDL
with mental health problems as well as the training

88
of mental health professionals in jail.
(Ang gobyerno ay dapat maglaan ng dagdag na
pondo para sa pagpapahusay ng seguridad at
kaligtasan ng mga taong pinagkaitan ng Kalayaan
na nakararanas ng problema sa pagiisip at dagdag
na pagsasanay para sa mga propesyunal sa
kalusugan sa isip sa loob ng piitan)

Nothing Follows!

89
 APPENDIX F

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: ATILANO, JLYNA M

COURSE: BS CRIMINOLOGY

RESIDENCE: 243 JP RIZAL ST. BRGY. SAN

ROQUE QC

CIVIL STATUS: SINGLE

CITIZENSHIP: FILIPINO

SEX: FEMALE

RELIGION: ROMAN CATHOLIC

EMAIL ADDRESS: JLYNAATILANO87@GMAIL.COM

MOBILE NO.09761712949

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: KABANKALAN NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

YEAR GRADUATED: 2013

COLLEGE: PHINMA REPUBLICAN COLLEGE

90
NAME: SAUR, MARIO M

COURSE: BSCRIMINOLOGY

RESIDENCE: 33I-P.BURGOS, ESCOPA 1,

PROJECT 4 QUEZON CITY

CIVIL STATUS: SINGLE

CITIZENSHIP: FILIPINO

SEX: MALE

RELIGION: ROMAN CATHOLIC

EMAIL ADDRESS: MAMA.SAUR.RC@PHINMAED.COM

MOBILE NO.09453300398

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES,

QUEZON CITY

YEAR GRADUATED: 2018

COLLEGE: PHINMA REPUBLICAN COLLEGE

91
NAME: KILESTE, JAE ANN

COURSE: BSCRIMINOLOGY

RESIDENCE: 15 4TH CAMARILLA MURPHY SAN

ROQUE QC

CIVIL STATUS: SINGLE

CITIZENSHIP: FILIPINO

SEX: FEMALE

RELIGION: ROMAN CATHOLIC

EMAIL ADDRESS: JASA.KILESTE.RC@PHINMAED.COM

MOBILE NO.09153339592

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

SECONDARY: CAMP GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO HIGH SCHOOL

YEAR GRADUATE: 2018

COLLEGE: PHINMA REPUBLICAN COLLEGE

92