Name:

Lindokuhl
e

Sur
name:
Ndl
ovu

St
udentnumber
:61648493

Uni
quenumber
s:171957

Modul
ecode:
PED3701assi
gnment2
Quest
ion1

1.1childrenmov eint
ot heformaloperati
onal stage, t
heyareablet oreasonaboutmor eabst
ract
i
deas.Muchl i
ket heconcreteoperat
ionalstage, theformaloper ati
onalstageget sitsname
fr
om t henewlyacquiredskillofr
epresenti
ngobj ectsorevents.Inclass,at eacherisnowableto
askhy potheti
calquesti
onswi thr
easonableexpect ati
ons.Student smustr eflecti
nternal
l
yon
variousideasandmani pulatemanyper specti
v esatonce.“ Whati fthewor l
dhadnev er
discoveredelectr
ici
ty?
”“ Whatift
heEur opeanset tl
ershadnev erleftf
ortheNewWor l
d?”
Abst r
actquestionssuchast heseforcestudent st ousehypothet i
calreasoningt ocomeupwi th
ananswer .

1.2Lar
gel ygroundedi nVy gotsky’
ssoci ocult
uraltheoriesofl earning,coll
aborati
v el
ear ni
ngcan
beapower f
ul str
ategyint heclassroom.Gr oupwor kcanhel pst udent suncoverandaddr ess
gapsandmi sconcept i
onsi nknowledge, f
urtherdev el
opingt heirconcept ualfr
amewor kswhi l
e
i
mpr ov
ingt heirpublicreasoningandt eam- basedski l
l
s( John- St
ei nerandMahn, 1996).Inthis
way,groupwor kfreesinstruct
orstochal l
engest udentst ohigheror dersofthi
nking,ratherthan
remedi
ation.Mor eski l
ledorknowl edgeablest udentscanal sopr ovidescaffol
dingfort heir
peersi
nt hissetti
ngt oadv ancelearning(Chaikli
n,2003) .

Whiletheeducationalbenefi
tsofgroupwor kar enumerous,soaret hechall
enges.Students
mayf eelr
esentmenti fagroupmemberdoesnotadequat el
ycont ri
butetoapar t
icul
ar
assignment,or,astudentwithi
nagr oupmaybecomeov erl
ydomi nantandpreventothersfrom
contri
buti
ngtodeci si
on-makingprocesses.Instruct
orsshouldconsiderbestpracti
cesaround
coll
aborat
ivelearni
ngt omiti
gatechallengesfrom thebegi
nning,encouragi
ngasmoot hergroup
process.

1.3Tri
archi
cTheory,whi
chexpli
catestherel
ati
onshipoftheint
ernalworldoftheindi
vi
dual
,the
exter
nalworldoft
heindiv
idual
,andtherol
eofexperience,hel
psadulteducatorst
ounderst
and
thedynamicandinter
rel
atedqual
it
iesofhumani nt
ell
igenceanditspotenti
albear
ingin
every
daylif
e.

1.
4

Socio-ecologi
calmodelsweredevelopedtofurt
hert
heunder standingoft hedynamic
i
nterrelat
ionsamongv ari
ouspersonalandenvir
onmentalfactors.Socioecologi
calmodelswere
i
ntroducedt ourbanstudi
esbysociologi
stsassoci
atedwit
ht heChi cagoSchool af
tertheFir
st
Wor l
dWarasar eacti
ontothenarrowscopeofmostr esearchconduct edbydev el
opment al
psychol
ogist
s.Thesemodel
sbr i
dgethegapbet
weenbehav
ior
alt
heor
iest
hatf
ocusonsmal
l
set
tingsandanthr
opol
ogi
caltheori
es.

Int
roducedasaconcept ualmodel int
he1970s, formalizedasat heoryinthe1980s, and
continuall
yrevisedbyBr onfenbr
enneruntilhi
sdeat hin2005, UrieBronfenbrenner'
sEcol ogi
cal
Framewor kf orHumanDev elopmentappliessocioecologicalmodel st
ohumandev elopment.I
n
hisinit
ialt
heor y,Bronfenbrennerpostulat
edthatinordert ounder st
andhumandev elopment,
theent i
reecological system i
nwhi chgrowthoccursneedst obet akenintoaccount .In
subsequentr evisions,Bronfenbrenneracknowledgedther el
evanceofbi ol
ogicalandgenet i
c
aspectsoft heper soni nhumandev el
opment.

Att hecoreofBronfenbr enner’

secologicalmodel isthechi ld’sbiologicalandpsy chological
makeup, basedoni ndi v
idualandgeneticdev elopmental history.Thismakeupcont inuest obe
affectedandmodi f
iedbyt hechil
d’simmedi atephy si
cal andsoci al envir
onment( mi cr
osy st
em)
aswel lasint
eract
ionsamongt hesystemswi t
hintheenv i
ronment( mesosy stems) .Other
broadersocial
,poli
tical andeconomiccondi ti
ons( exosystem)i nfl
uencet hest r
uctureand
availabi
li
tyofmicr
osy stemsandt hemanneri nwhicht heyaf fectthechi l
d.Finall
y,social,
politi
cal
,andeconomi cconditi
onsaret hemsel vesinf
luencedbyt hegener albeli
efsand
atti
tudes(macrosyst ems)shar edbymember soft hesoci ety.(Bukat ko&Daehl er,1998)

Initssi mplestterms, sy stemst heor yist hei deat hatonet hi ngaffect

sanot her.Thebasicidea
behi ndsy st
emst heor yist hatonet hingaf fect sanot herev entandexi stencedoesnotoccuri na
vacuum buti nrelationt ochangi ngci rcumst ancessy stemsar edynamicandpar adoxi
call
y
retaintheirowni nt egri
tywhi l
eadapt ingt ot hei nev i
tablechangesgoi ngonar oundthem.Our
i
ndi vidualandcol lecti
v ebehav iouri si nfluencedbyev eryt
hi ngf r
om ourgenest othepoli
ti
cal
env i
ronment .I
tisnotpossi bl
et of ull
yunder st andourdev elopmentandbehav i
ourwi t
hout
takingi nt
oaccountal l oftheseel ement s.Andi ndeed, t
hisi swhatsomesoci alworktheori
es
i
nsi stthatwedoi fweahi retomakeef fect i
v eintervent i
ons.Ly i
ngbehi ndt hesemodel sisthe
i
deat hatev ery
thingi sconnect ed, ever y
t hi
ngcanaf fectev er ythi
ngelse.Compl exsyst
emsar e
madeupofmanypar ts.Itisnotpossi blet ounder standt hewhol ewithoutr ecognizinghowt he
componentpar tsinteract, aff
ectandchangeeachot her.Ast hepartsinteract ,
theycreat
et he
char acterandf unct i
onoft hewhol e.

Quest
ion2
2.1AsMandel
agr
ewi
ntoadol
escence,
heobser
vedt
ri
bal
meet
ings,
wher
eanymembercoul
d
speakand

theregentwoul
dli
stenqui
etl
ybef
oresummi
ngupt
heconsensus.Thi
sst
yleofl
eader
shi
p
deeply

i
mpressedMandel
aandi
nfl
uencedhi
sowndemeanourasal
eaderi
nlat
ery
ear
s.Heal
so
wat
chedhis

guar
dianpr
esi
deov
ercounci
lmeet
ingst
owhi
chmi
norchi
efsbr
oughtdi
sput
est
obet
ri
ed.Hi
s

fasci
nat
ionwi
tht
hepr
esent
ati
onofcasesandt
hecr
oss-
exami
nat
ionofwi
tnessespl
ant
edt
he
seedsof

hi
sambi
ti
ont
obeal
awy
er.

WhenMandel
awas9,
hisf
atherdi
ed,
andhi
smot
hersenthi
mtol
i
veatt
het
ri
bal
head-
quar
ter
s
at

Mqhekezweni
.Theact
ingr
egent
,whoowedhi
sposi
ti
ont
oMandel
a’
sfat
her
,hadof
fer
edt
o
become

t
heboy
’sguar
dianandr
aisehi
m ashi
sownson.

2.2All
humanmot i
vati
onari
sesfr
om anint
rinsi
csour ce.Mor
eover,ext
ri
nsi
cmot iv
ation(a
meanst oanend)ari
sesfrom t
hepur
suitoftheintr
insical
l
yval
uedgoal i
tproducesthusiti
snot
aseparat
eanddisti
nctcategor
yofmotivat
ion”.Nel
sonMandel aledthepeoplewit
hhi si
ntr
insi
c
tr
ait
sandextri
nsicmot i
ves.

2.
3 1.Phy
siol
ogicalneeds-t
hesearebiol
ogi
cal
requi
rement
sforhumansur
viv
al,
e.g.ai
r,f
ood,
dr
ink,
shel
ter,
clothi
ng,warmt
h,sex,
sleep.

I
ftheseneedsarenotsat
isf
iedt
hehumanbodycannotfunct
ionopt
imal
l
y.Maslowconsi
der
ed
physi
ologi
cal
needsthemostimpor
tantasal
ltheot
herneedsbecomesecondar
yunt
ilt
hese
needsaremet.
2.Safetyneeds-onceani
ndi
vidual
’
sphysiol
ogi
calneedsaresatisfi
ed,theneedsforsecurit
y
andsafetybecomesali
ent
.Peoplewantt
oexperi
enceorder,predict
abil
ityandcontrolint
heir
l
ives.Theseneedscanbeful
fi
ll
edbythefamil
yandsociet
y(e.g.police,
schools,businessand
medicalcare).

Forexampl e,
emot i
onalsecur
it
y,f
inanci
alsecur
it
y( e.
g.empl
oyment,
socialwelf
are)
,lawand
order,f
reedom fr
om fear,
soci
alstabi
li
ty,
proper
ty,heal
thandwel
lbei
ng(e.g.saf
etyagai
nst
accidentsandinj
ury)
.

3.Loveandbel ongingnessneeds-afterphy si
ologicalandsafet
yneedshav ebeenfulfi
l
led,t
he
thi
rdlev
el ofhumanneedsi ssoci
alandinv olv
esf eeli
ngsofbelongi
ngness.Bel
ongingness,
ref
erstoahumanemot ionalneedfori
nterpersonal r
elati
onshi
ps,af
fi
li
ati
ng,connectedness,and
bei
ngpar tofagr oup.

Quest
ion3

3.1HIV,f
orone,i
savir
us,asmalli
nfecti
ousagentt
hatmult
ipl
i
esit
selfbytaki
ngcont
rolofcel
ls
i
nsideahost.AI
DS,ontheot
herhand,isasy ndr
ome,agr
oupofconnectedsymptomsthatare
usual
lycausedbyasi
ngledi
seaseorv i
rus.

3.2Engagei
ncl assroom act
ivi
ti
esthatall
owstudentstolear
nandpract
icer
eal-
li
feski
ll
ssuch
asrefusi
ngpressures,negot
iat
ingsaferchoi
cesorseekinghelpwhentr
oubl
ed.Andtakesteps
toincr
easeparent-
childcommunicati
ngaboutrelat
ionshi
psandsex.

I
ncreaseper
cepti
onsofri
sk.Hel
pstudentsdevel
opat t
it
udes,v
aluesandbel
ief
sthatsuppor
t
makingheal
thychoi
ces.Hel
pyouthcorr
ectmispercepti
onsofpeerbehav
ior
s

.
Creat
easaf
eschool
env
ironment

Sexualminori
tyyoutharemostatr
iskforHI
V.Theyareal
sofrequenttar
getsofbull
yi
ngand
harassment.Tragi
cal
ly,
manyschoolsdonottakeappr
opr
iat
est epstoprot
ectthesest
udent
s.
Notonl
ydoest
hispot
enti
all
yvi
olat
efeder
all
aw,i
tresul
tsi
nmor etruancybyLGBTQst
udent
s.I
f
st
udent
saremissi
ngcl
asses,t
hey’
renotr
ecei
vi
ngtheeducat
iontheyneedanddeser
ve.

Impl
ementpol
ici
esthatspecif
ical
lyment
ionpr
otect
ionsf
orsexual
minor
it
yyout
handcr
eat
ea
saf
eenvi
ronmentforal
lstudents.