111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1

Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment

Department of Electrical Power Engineering

Electrical Protection 801

Power System Fault Analysis Assignment 1

Student Name:
Maduna Sandile

Student No:
22058185
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Methodology..............................................................................................................................5
Aims.......................................................................................................................................5
Introduction

Electrical AC power systems consist of three-phase generation systems, transmission and

distribution networks, and loads. The networks supply large three-phase industrial loads at
various distribution and transmission voltages as well as single-phase residential and
commercial loads[1]. The goal of an electric power system is to work in the normal balanced
steady-state operation. This normal operating condition of the power system can be disrupted
due to faults or incorrect. Fault is defined as any disturbance that interferes with the normal
power flow and affects the reliability, safety and quality of the power supplied. When fault
occurs, the currents exceed their ratings, and the voltages drop [2].
A 3-phase AC power system operating under normal condition has magnitude of both current
and voltage equally distributed across each phase. However, fault may occur to disrupt this
condition. This fault may be symmetrical (balanced) or unsymmetrical (unbalanced). A
symmetrical fault is that which involves all the phases while an unsymmetrical fault involves
only one or two phases [3]. For symmetrical faults, only one phase is analyzed since the
system is balanced that is, the characteristics of the system are the same across all three
phases. The solution of symmetrical fault analysis consists of: (1) deriving a single line
diagram representing one phase of the network, (2) choice of a common base KVA by which
all impedance and reactance are converted to per unit values, (3) deriving a single line
reactance diagram from the single line diagram and (4) finding the Thevenin resistance as
seen from the fault point. From this point, the fault current and fault KVA in per unit are
determined and then converted to their actual values [4].

A symmetrical three-phase fault condition is where either:

1. All three-phases of the system are short-circuited to each other or,
2. All three phases of the system are earthed.
Unsymmetrical faults are that which do not involve the three phases. Types of unsymmetrical
faults are:
1. Single line-to-ground (S-L-G) fault
2. Line to line fault (L-L)
3. Double line-to-ground (L-L-G) fault
Methodology

Aims
 To develop bus impedance using MATLAB/PowerWorld.
 To verify calculated values and simulated values.
 To perform load flow analysis on MATLAB/PowerWorld.

Part 1: Unsymmetrical fault calculation

The one-line diagram for a simple three-phase power system in Figure 1 was given with a
bolted fault occurring at bus 4.

Figure 1: Three-phase power system one-line diagram.

The parameters of the three-phase power system are given in Table 1, 2 and 3 below.

Table 1: Generators

Power Voltage X1 (pu) X2 (pu) X0 (pu)

(MVA) (kV)
G1 100 11 0.9 0.4 0.2
G2 100 11 0.9 0.4 0.2
G3 80 11 0.8 0.3 0.12
Table 2: Transformers

Power (MVA) Voltage (kV) X (pu)

T1 100 11 kV △/132 kV Y 0.12

T2 100 11 kV △/132 kV Y 0.12
T3 80 11 kV △/132 kV Y 0.1

Table 3: Transmission lines

Voltage (kV) X (Ω)

1–4 132 2 + j14

4–2 132 1 + j6
4–3 132 2 + j14

From the given parameters in Table 1, 2 and 3 above all the system parameters are referred to
a common base power and voltage of 100 MVA and 11 kV respectively using Equation 1.1
for generators and transformers and Equation 1.2 for transmission lines below [5].

212\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

313\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

After referring the three-phase system parameters to a common base, the Thevenin
impedance for positive, negative and zero sequence are determined for each case. A pre-fault
voltage of 130 kV at bus 4 is given and the sub-transient fault current in p.u and kA under L-
L and S-L-G fault cases. The equations below were utilized in determining the sub-transient
fault current.
1. Per-unit voltage.

414\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

2. Base current
 515\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

616\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

3. S-L-G sub-transient fault current.

717\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

4. L-L sub-transient fault current.

818\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

Part 2: Z-bus Algorithm technique.

The bus impedance using Z-bus Algorithm technique is calculated for the network in Figure 2
below.

Figure 2: Three-phase network.

The elements of the network in Figure 2 above are represented in a graph as in Figure 3
below with its parameters shown in Table 4 below.
 Figure 3: Graphical representation of the network.

Table 4: Network parameters.

Impedance

0–1 0.2
0–2 0.4
1–2 0.8
1–3 0.4
2-3 0.4
Results

Part 1: Unsymmetrical fault analysis results

1. MATLAB results.
The unsymmetrical fault analysis simulated results using MATLAB are shown in Figure 4
below.

Figure 4: Unsymmetrical fault simulation results.

 2. Calculated results.
The calculated results of the unsymmetrical fault analysis are shown in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Unsymmetrical fault analysis calculated results.

G3:
X1(new) 1 pu
X2(new) 0.375 pu
X0(new) 0.15 pu
T3:
X 0.125 pu
Transmission lines:
ZL(1-4) 0.0811∠81.87° pu
ZL(4-2) 0.0349∠80.54° pu
ZL(4-3) 0.0811∠81.87° pu
Thevenin impedances
j0.294 pu
Z0
Z1 j1.74 pu
Z2 j0.87 pu
Ea or Vpu 0.985 pu
IBase 437.39 A
IF (SLG fault) in pu 1.02 pu
IF (SLG fault) in kA 0.446 kA
IF (LL fault) in pu 0.652 pu
IF (LL fault) in kA 0.285 kA
Part 2: Z-bus Algorithm technique bus impedance results
1. MATLAB results.
The simulated results of the Z-bus Algorithm technique bus impedance using MATLAB are
shown in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5: Z-bus impedance simulated results.

2. Calculated results
The bus impedance matrix is shown below which is obtained from the calculation using the
Z-bus Algorithm technique.
Discussion
References

[1] N. Tleis, Power systems modelling and fault analysis: theory and practice. Elsevier,
2007.
[2] D. V. Tien and R. Gono, "Developing a tool for symmetrical and unsymmetrical
faults analysis in power system," in 2021 International Conference on System Science
and Engineering (ICSSE), 2021: IEEE, pp. 189-194.
[3] F. YALÇIN and Y. YILDIRIM, "A Study of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Short
Circuit Fault Analyses in Power Systems," Sakarya University Journal of Science,
vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 879-895, 2019.
[4] V. Ogar, D. Abara, and E. Akpama, "Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults analysis:
Using Nigeria 330-KV grid as case study," in 2017 IEEE 3rd International
Conference on Electro-Technology for National Development (NIGERCON), 2017:
IEEE, pp. 1-7.
[5] H. Saadat, Power system analysis. McGraw Hill, 1999.
Appendices
Appendix A: Unsymmetrical fault analysis MATLAB code
clc
clear
% Unbalanced three-phase fault power system data
Sbase=100; % MVA
Vbase = 11; % kV
Vbasel = 132; % kV
Zl1 = abs(2+14i); % impedance from Bus1 to Bus4 in ohms
Zl2 = abs(1+6i); % impedance from Bus4 to Bus2 in ohms
Zl3 = abs(2+14i); % impedance from Bus4 to Bus3 in ohms

% impedances for gen1 and gen2

X0 = 0.2; % pu
X1 = 0.9; % pu
X2 = 0.4; % pu

% impedances & power for gen3

S = 80; % MVA
Xo = 0.12; % pu
Xp = 0.8; % pu
Xn = 0.3; % pu

% impedance for transformers

Xt1 = 0.12; % pu
Xt2 = 0.12; % pu
Xt3 = 0.1; % pu

% 1.1. system impedances on a 100 MVA base

Xon = (Sbase/S)*(Xo);
Xpn = (Sbase/S)*(Xp);
Xnn = (Sbase/S)*(Xn);
Xt3n = (Sbase/S)*(Xt3);

Zl1n = (Sbase/((Vbasel)^2))*(Zl1);
Zl2n = (Sbase/((Vbasel)^2))*(Zl2);
Zl3n = (Sbase/((Vbasel)^2))*(Zl3);

% 1.2. a) positive sequence Thevenin impedance

Zthp = (((X1+Xt1+Zl1n)*(X1+Xt2+Zl2n))/(X1+Xt1+Zl1n+X1+Xt2+Zl2n)) + Xt3n+Zl3n+Xpn;
% pu

% 1.2. b) negative sequence Thevenin impedance

Zthn = (((X2+Xt1+Zl1n)*(X2+Xt2+Zl2n))/(X2+Xt1+Zl1n+X2+Xt2+Zl2n)) + Xt3n+Zl3n+Xnn;
% pu

% 1.2. c) zero sequence Thevenin impedance

Zth0 = (((Xt1+Zl1n)*(+Xt2+Zl2n))/(Xt1+Zl1n+Xt2+Zl2n)) + Xt3n+Zl3n;
% pu

% prefault voltage of 132 kV

vpf = 130; % kV
Ea = vpf/Vbasel; % pu
Ibase = 100*10^3/(132*sqrt(3));

% single line-to-ground fault subtransient current

I1 = Ea/(Zth0+Zthp+Zthn); % I0=I1=I2
If= 3*I1; % subtransient fault current in pu
Ifa = (If*Ibase)/1000; % actual subtransient fault current in kA

% line-to-line fault subtransient current

I1l = Ea/(Zthp+Zthn); % I1 = -I2

Ifl= I1l*sqrt(3); % subtransient fault current in pu
Ifla = (Ifl*Ibase)/1000; % actual subtransient fault current in kA
Appendix B: Z-bus Algorithm technique bus impedance MATLAB code

clc
clear
disp('-------Zbus matrix formation using algorithm------');
n = input('Enter number of node including reference node: ');
link= input(' Enter number of co-tree: ');
z = [zeros(n-1,n-1)];
del = [zeros(n-1,1)];

for i=1:1:n-1
a = input('With which node you want to add branch: ');
for j=1:1:n-1
if a==0
z(i,i)= input(strcat('Enter impedance Z',int2str(i),int2str(i),': '));
break
else
if i==j
z(i,j)=z(a,a)+input(strcat('Enter impedance
Z',int2str(a),int2str(i),': '));
else
z(i,j) = z(a,j);
z(j,i) = z(j,a);

end
end
end
end
Zold=z;
for k=1:1:link
disp('Enter node x & y where you want to add a co-tree: ');
x = input('x= ');
y = input('y= ');
Zxy = input(strcat('Enter impedance Z',int2str(x),int2str(y),': '));
z(n,n) = Zxy+z(x,x)+z(y,y)-2*z(x,y);
for j=1:1:n-1
z(n,j) = z(y,j)-z(x,j);
z(j,n) = z(j,y)-z(j,x);
del(j,1)=z(j,n);
end
m = (del*del')/z(n,n);
Znew =Zold-m;
Zold = Znew;
z= Znew;

end
disp('The Zbus is: ')
Znew