CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Unintentional falls are very common in elderly people which may

cause a severe injury. The design and execution will prevent elderly
people from accidental falls in accordance with the Design Thinking
approach. This methodology describes the problem further grants the
solution confer with the user point of view. An absolute number of deaths
of elderly people due to fall among the US citizens aged 75 and above
upsurges from 8613 in 2000 to 25189 in 2016. An innate mortality rate
has increased from 51.6 per 100,000 in 2000 to 122.2 per 100,000 people
in 2016. Although it’s implausible to prevent all falls but it can be
controlled by addressing the problem instantly after the action. In this
sense, the present work proposes a fall detection system based on a
wireless networking system to take immediate attention from the
caretaker.
The major cause of falling is emphasized and the solution is made
for the trouble. The wearable device is incorporated comfortably in the
wrist or body of the patient and it is continuously monitoring the tri axial
(x, y, z) movement of the patient with the help of an Accelerometer sensor
that enables to collect body acceleration in three directions. With the
acceleration analysis sensor detects the unusual values, send a fall alarm
message to the caretaker. In choice of recognition, if the alarm is not
turned off for 10 seconds, it confirms that the person has fallen. It is
spontaneously alert to the caretaker and it can help the person to get the
medical attention immediately.
The aging population is increasing worldwide, presenting new
challenges in providing effective care and support for elderly individuals.
One of the primary concerns for seniors is the risk of falls, which can lead
1
to severe injuries and a decline in overall health. To address this issue,
innovative technologies are being developed, such as Smart Tiles for Elder
Tracking and Fall Detection System shown in figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Elder Tracking and Fall Detection System

Smart Tiles are a cutting-edge solution that combines the power of
advanced sensors, wireless connectivity, and intelligent algorithms to
create a comprehensive tracking and fall detection system specifically
designed for the elderly. These tiles are placed strategically on the floor or
other surfaces within the living space of seniors, allowing unobtrusive
monitoring of their movements and activities.
In addition to fall detection, Smart Tiles offer several other features
to enhance the overall safety and well-being of seniors. They can provide
reminders for medication schedules, track daily activities, monitor sleep
patterns, and even detect emergencies such as prolonged periods of
immobility or unusual behavior. By continuously gathering data and
analyzing patterns, the system can generate valuable insights that can
assist caregivers in identifying potential health issues or changes in the
senior's routines.
Privacy and security are paramount considerations when
developing Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection Systems.
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These systems are designed to respect the privacy of the seniors while
ensuring the safety and peace of mind of both the elderly individuals and
their caregivers. The data collected is securely encrypted and stored,
adhering to strict privacy regulations and guidelines.
Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection Systems
represent a significant advancement in providing comprehensive care and
support for the elderly population. By leveraging advanced sensors,
wireless connectivity, and intelligent algorithms, these tiles enable real-
time tracking, fall detection, and various monitoring capabilities. With
their ability to enhance safety, privacy, and independence for seniors,
Smart Tiles offer a promising solution in the quest to improve the quality
of life for aging individuals.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Falling is an inexorable action results in aging and frequent
tendency of physically challenged people. Due to the recent lifestyle,
Elderly people have compelled to live at home alone in such cases seeking
for help nearby is very crucial. People with disabilities have an extreme
risk of injury from falling. Normal people are more likely to fall by
physical factors such as poor body balance, low blood pressure, impaired
walking patterns (Gait), visual impairment, and destitute lighting. Fall
causes physical trauma often by bone break, deep cut, and penetrating
wound. In some cases, the late medical rescue may worsen the situation.
To avoid this situation an immediate medical attention has been needed to
reduce the risk faced by the individual. The momentous danger after
falling is the inability to set back in position. In the report of the World
Health Organization (WHO) on 2007, 40% of the elderly population falls
repetitively and the survey conducted by the National Program for Health
Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) in 2025 elderly population will increase its
3
population by 12% in India almost 8%-10% stand in need for ultimate
care. In some cases, Falling may lead to death. So, to overcome the
challenges an enhanced fall detection system is proposed for an elderly
person that is based on a wearable body sensor.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The aim of the Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection
System is to provide a comprehensive solution for tracking the elderly and
detecting falls in order to enhance their safety and well-being.
The project aims to achieve the following objectives:
Integration of GSM Module: The objective is to integrate a GSM
module into the Smart Tiles system, enabling communication between the
tiles and caregivers' mobile phones. The GSM module will facilitate real-
time alerts and notifications, allowing caregivers to receive fall detection
alerts and track the location of the elderly individual.
Incorporation of GPS Module: The objective is to incorporate a
GPS module into the system to enable accurate location tracking of the
elderly person. This will provide caregivers with real-time information
about the individual's whereabouts, allowing for quick response in case of
emergencies or if they wander away from home.
Utilization of Accelerometer: The objective is to utilize the
accelerometer sensor to detect sudden changes in position, orientation, and
velocity, enabling the system to accurately detect falls. The accelerometer
will continuously monitor the elderly person's movements and trigger an
alert when a fall is detected.
Integration of Buzzer: The objective is to integrate a buzzer into the
Smart Tiles system to provide an audible alert when a fall is detected or
when assistance is requested by the elderly individual.
Communication with Mobile Phone: The objective is to establish
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seamless communication between the Smart Tiles system and caregivers'
mobile phones. This will allow caregivers to receive real-time alerts, track
the location of the elderly person, and interact with the system using a
dedicated mobile application.

1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

This project develops the fall detection system that exceeds the
current system. This device can measure the different positions of falls
and easy to detect the acceleration. It provides flexibility to move around
freely. Monitoring the movement of patients and it is an easy way to rescue
when the elderly people accidentally fall. Early medication and prevention
can also be done effectively. This application is useful for all
environments with its wearable feature. The installation process is not
complicated for the caretaker with highly developed. This device can
monitor the movements and send alerts in case of emergency with the help
of an accelerometer, GSM module.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

. A. Elaziz et al., (2018) provides a comprehensive survey of fall

detection technologies, including wearable and ambient sensors, machine
learning algorithms, and mobile devices. The authors review the state-of-
the-art approaches for fall detection, their limitations, and challenges in
this field. They also discuss the potential future directions for research in
fall detection technologies. The authors conclude that the development of
fall detection technologies is still in its early stages, and there is a need for
more robust and accurate algorithms for fall detection. They suggest that
a combination of different sensor types and machine learning algorithms
may provide better results for fall detection in real-world scenarios.
A. F. B. Coelho et al., (2015) provides a review of fall detection
systems for the elderly, including wearable and ambient sensors, computer
vision, and machine learning techniques. The authors discuss the
challenges in the development of fall detection systems, such as false
alarms, privacy concerns, and the need for continuous monitoring. They
also compare different approaches for fall detection and their
performance. The authors conclude that fall detection systems can
significantly improve the safety and quality of life for the elderly.
However, there is a need for more research to address the challenges in
the development of these systems, such as improving the accuracy and
reducing false alarms. They suggest that combining different sensor types
and machine learning algorithms may provide more robust and reliable
fall detection.
C. Yu et al., (2019) provides a survey of fall detection principles
and approaches, including wearable and ambient sensors, machine
learning algorithms, and mobile devices. The authors discuss the
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challenges in the development of fall detection systems, such as the trade-
off between accuracy and energy consumption, and the need for
continuous monitoring. They also compare different approaches for fall
detection and their performance. The authors conclude that fall detection
is a challenging problem due to the complex nature of human activities
and the limitations of current sensor technologies. They suggest that a
combination of different sensor types and machine learning algorithms
may provide more accurate and reliable fall detection. They also
emphasize the need for more research to address the challenges in the
development of fall detection systems.
T. Sazonov et al., (2013) presents a study of indoor fall detection
systems for the elderly, including wearable and ambient sensors, machine
learning algorithms, and computer vision techniques. The authors evaluate
the performance of different fall detection systems in a real-world setting,
and compare their accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The authors
conclude that indoor fall detection systems can be effective in detecting
falls among elderly people, and can significantly improve their safety and
quality of life. However, the performance of these systems is affected by
various factors, such as sensor placement and environmental conditions.
They suggest that a combination of different sensor types and machine
learning algorithms may provide better results for fall detection in real-
world scenarios.
M. J. Jahromi, M. Karimipour, and M. H. Abdekhodaee (2018)
presents a fall detection system based on a wireless sensor network (WSN)
and a smart mobile application. The system consists of a set of wearable
inertial sensors, a ZigBee wireless network, and a smart mobile
application that can receive and process the sensor data. The system is
evaluated with a group of older adults and shows promising results in

7
terms of fall detection accuracy and usability. The proposed fall detection
system based on a WSN and a smart mobile application is a feasible and
effective solution for detecting falls in older adults.
A. Fazel, M. R. Aghababa, and M. Ghavami (2019) proposes a
fall detection system based on a smartphone and a wearable
accelerometer. The system uses machine learning algorithms to analyze
the sensor data and detect falls. The proposed system is evaluated with a
group of older adults and shows promising results in terms of fall detection
accuracy and robustness. The proposed fall detection system based on a
smartphone and a wearable accelerometer is a feasible and accurate
solution for detecting falls in older adults.
M. N. Hasan, M. S. Rahman, and M. K. Hasan (2020) presents a
fall detection system based on a wireless sensor network and machine
learning algorithms. The system uses a set of wearable inertial sensors and
a ZigBee wireless network to transmit the sensor data to a remote server.
The server uses machine learning algorithms to analyze the data and detect
falls. The system is evaluated with a group of older adults and shows
promising results in terms of fall detection accuracy and usability. The
proposed fall detection system based on a wireless sensor network and
machine learning algorithms is a feasible and effective solution for
detecting falls in older adults.
Y. Zhang, J. Wang, and L. Xie (2020) proposes a fall detection
system based on a smart floor using pressure sensors. The system uses
machine learning algorithms to analyze the pressure data and detect falls.
The proposed system is evaluated with a group of older adults and shows
promising results in terms of fall detection accuracy and robustness. The
proposed fall detection system based on a smart floor using pressure

8
sensors is a feasible and accurate solution for detecting falls in older
adults.
M. Ghasemzadeh, A. Ebrahimzadeh, and A. Banerjee (2021)
presents a fall detection system based on a smartphone and a smart floor
using pressure sensors. The system uses machine learning algorithms to
analyze the sensor data and detect falls. The proposed system is evaluated
with a group of older adults and shows promising results in terms of fall
detection accuracy and robustness. The proposed fall detection system
based on a smartphone and a smart floor using pressure sensors is a
feasible and accurate solution for detecting falls in older adults.
Qingqing Wang et al., (2021) wearable devices, including
smartwatches and accelerometers, have been increasingly used for fall
detection among elderly people. This study aims to systematically review
and meta-analyze the literature on fall detection using wearable devices.
The review found that wearable devices show high sensitivity and
specificity for fall detection, and can be effective in preventing falls
among elderly people. The study concludes that wearable devices are a
promising tool for fall detection and prevention among elderly people, and
highlights the need for further research on their implementation and
usability.

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

The Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection System is a
sophisticated solution designed to enhance the safety and well-being of
the elderly population. It incorporates various components such as a GSM
module, GPS module, accelerometer, buzzer, mobile phone, and Arduino
ATmega328P microcontroller to provide a comprehensive monitoring and
alert system.
The system utilizes Smart Tiles, which are placed strategically on
the floor or other surfaces within the living space of the elderly individual.
These tiles are equipped with advanced sensors, including an
accelerometer, which continuously monitor the movements and activities
of the person. The accelerometer detects sudden changes in position,
orientation, and velocity, enabling the system to accurately detect falls.
When a fall is detected, the Smart Tiles system immediately triggers
an alert. This alert is communicated through the integrated GSM module,
which sends real-time notifications to the caregivers' mobile phones. The
GSM module ensures that caregivers are promptly notified of the fall,
allowing them to provide immediate assistance to the elderly individual.
Furthermore, the system incorporates a GPS module, which enables
accurate location tracking of the elderly person. Caregivers can track the
real-time location of the individual through a dedicated mobile application
or web-based interface, ensuring their safety and enabling quick response
in case of emergencies or if they wander away from home.
To provide additional assistance and alert capabilities, a buzzer is
integrated into the Smart Tiles system. The buzzer generates an audible
alert when a fall is detected or when assistance is requested by the elderly
person. This helps draw immediate attention to the situation and ensures
10
that caregivers can respond promptly.
The central control unit of the Smart Tiles system is an Arduino
ATmega328P microcontroller. It processes the sensor data from the
accelerometer, triggers appropriate actions based on predefined
algorithms, and facilitates communication between different components
of the system. The Arduino ensures seamless integration and efficient
operation of the system.
The Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection System
offers a comprehensive solution for tracking the elderly, detecting falls,
and providing timely assistance. By leveraging advanced technologies
such as GSM and GPS modules, an accelerometer, a buzzer, a mobile
phone, and an Arduino microcontroller, this system enhances the safety,
security, and peace of mind for both elderly individuals and their
caregivers.

3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The overall block diagram of the Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking
and Fall Detection System is shown in figure 3.1. The first step in the
methodology involves integrating the sensors into the Smart Tiles. This
includes connecting and configuring the GSM module, GPS module,
accelerometer, and buzzer with the Arduino ATmega328P
microcontroller.
Once the sensors are integrated, the next step is to calibrate them to ensure
accurate readings. Calibration involves setting appropriate thresholds and
sensitivity levels for the accelerometer to detect falls and movements
effectively. The Arduino microcontroller continuously collects data from
the sensors, including accelerometer readings for fall detection and GPS
coordinates for location tracking. The collected data is processed and
analyzed in real-time. The system implements a fall detection algorithm
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using the accelerometer data. The algorithm analyzes the acceleration
patterns and detects sudden changes indicative of a fall. If a fall is
detected, the system proceeds to trigger an alert. When a fall is detected,
the Smart Tiles system triggers an alert through the buzzer to draw
immediate attention to the situation. Simultaneously, the GSM module is
utilized to send real-time notifications to the caregivers' mobile phones,
providing them with timely information about the fall event.

Figure. 3.1 Block diagram of the Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking
and Fall Detection System
The GPS module continuously tracks the location of the elderly
individual. The GPS coordinates are sent to the Arduino microcontroller,
which processes the data and transmits it to the caregivers' mobile phones
via the GSM module. This enables real-time tracking of the person's

12
whereabouts. A dedicated mobile application is developed to facilitate
interaction with the Smart Tiles system. The application allows caregivers
to receive alerts, track the location of the elderly person, and access
additional features and functionalities. All the components, including the
sensors, microcontroller, GSM module, GPS module, and buzzer, are
integrated into a cohesive system. The system is thoroughly tested to
ensure proper functionality, accuracy in fall detection, and reliable
communication between the Smart Tiles and mobile phones.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Fig. 3.2 Circuit diagram of the Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and
Fall Detection System
The proposed system consists of an accelerometer sensor, a Global
Positioning System (GPS), a Global System for Mobiles (GSM), a Wi-Fi
module and a microcontroller. Figure 4.1 shows the architecture of the
system. The accelerometer sensor is used to detect the fall events. If a fall

13
is detected, the system sends alert messages to caretaker via SMS and
email with the location information which obtained by using a GPS
module. Moreover, the emergency messages are also uploaded to a
dedicated cloud server for caretaker to monitor or check the recorded fall
history through a web application. The recorded information includes
date, time and location with google map link. This system has an on-board
button that can serve as panic emergency button. Elderly can manually
activate the system to send alert messages by pressing this button if
necessary. The hardware is controlled by Arduino Uno which acts as a
central controller of the proposed system.
The accelerometer sensor measures the acceleration, most likely
due to the motion of the body in an accurate manner. In this project, a 3-
axis accelerometer sensor ADXL335 is used for detecting the fall. The
proposed system can be activated by pressing the on-board button after
wearing on the waist, this helps set a baseline reading of the 3-axis
accelerometer. There is a LED indicator to show that the system is in
active mode. Any radical acceleration force (g) shifts will cause the sensor
output reading |R| greater than the predefined threshold, 2g as in [16], the
proposed system takes the corresponding action such as send SMS, Email
alerts and toggle on the buzzer to attract attention from nearby people. The
|R| value is expressed in Equation (1).
|𝑅| = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 (1)
where x, y and z represent accelerometer outputs of axis- x, axis-y
and axis-z, respectively. The fall detection algorithm presented in [16] is
applied in this work.
The on-board button also serves as an emergency button when the
EFDLTS is activated. If fall event happens but alerts
action did not get the trigger, press the on-board button for one

14
second to toggle all the alerts actions manually. On the other hand, by
pressing the same button for five seconds to turn off the system.
GPS location will be gathered from the GPS Module every ten
minutes and stores in the main control unit. This is for tracking and
recording the user or elderly location. However, if a fall is detected, the
longitude and latitude information will be obtained through GPS Module
once again to ensure the location of the fall is the latest and will be
processed as google map link and sent to caretaker via SMS and Email.
The GPS module may not be able to obtain the latest location if a fall
happened inside the building such as home, shopping mall and bathroom.
In such case the latest recorded location information will be sent out to
caretaker.
The GSM module enables the proposed system to send alert
messages to caretaker’s mobile phone via Short Message Service (SMS)
with a google map link for location information through the cellular
network. Wi-Fi module sends alert messages through Email services such
as Gmail and update location, date and time to a cloud server. Caretaker
can check the exact location on google map by clicking on the provided
google map link (URL).
First, the user presses the on-board button to activate the system.
The main control unit will set the baseline of the 3- axis accelerometer
reading automatically and collect location coordinate from GPS module.
Then the proposed system falls into standby mode and collects location
coordinates in every ten minutes through GPS module. The collected
location longitude and latitude will be stored in the main control unit
memory.
Any radical acceleration force shifts which causes the
accelerometer reading beyond the threshold value will trigger the

15
EFDLTS alert mode. Alert mode can also be triggered manually by
pressing the on-board button. During alert mode, the system sends alert
emails and SMS together with google map link contains GPS location
information to caretaker. The caretaker contact number and email are set
in the cloud server. User can update their caretaker contact details by login
to the online cloud webpage. The system also triggers the on-board buzzer
to attract attention of nearby peoples. Press and hold the on-board button
for five seconds will turn off the EFDLTS. The overall circuit diagram of
the system is shown in figure 3.2.

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 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device
or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load
or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. Here in our
application we need a 5v DC power supply for all electronics involved in
the project. This requires step down transformer, rectifier, voltage
regulator, and filter circuit for generation of 5v DC power.

4.1.1 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one
circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors — the
transformer's coils or "windings". Except for air-core transformers, the
conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around
separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current in the first or
"primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores)
of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This
effect is called mutual induction. It is shown in fig. 4.3

Figure 4.1 Transformer

17
 A transformer in which the output (secondary) voltage is greater
than its input (primary) voltage is called a step-up transformer.
A transformer in which the output (secondary) voltage is lower than
its input (primary) voltage is called a step-down transformer.
The major difference between them is, step-up transformer raises
the output voltage where as step-down transformer reduces the output
voltage.
If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will
flow in the secondary winding of the transformer and transfer energy from
the primary circuit to the load connected in the secondary circuit.
The secondary induced voltage, of an ideal transformer, is scaled
from the primary voltage by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of
turns of wire in their respective winding.

4.1.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Figure 4.2 Bridge Rectifier

Rectifier is an electrical device which converts an alternating
current into a direct one by allowing a current to flow through it in one
direction only. It is shown in fig.4.2
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement
to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration,
both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component
bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

18
 The main advantage of a bridge rectifier is that it produces almost
double the output voltage of a full wave rectifier using the same secondary
voltage.

4.1.3 DIODE
A diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow
through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a
semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A diode
is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one
direction. It is shown in fig.4.5. A semiconductor diode, the most common
type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with
a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals.

Figure 4.3 Diode

A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a
heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor
electronic devices. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other
materials such as selenium and germanium are sometimes used.
Some ways in which the diode can be used are listed here.
 A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating
Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply device.
 Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio frequencies.
 Diodes can be used as an on/off switch that controls current.
Light emitting diodes are usually used in circuits. This type of diode
emits light when current flows through it in the forward direction.
(Forward biased). The LED is shown in fig.4.6
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 Figure 4.4 LED

4.1.4 REGULATOR (Im7805)

A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable DC
voltage independent of the load current, temperature and AC line voltage
variations. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or
may include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical
mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may
be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. The regulator is
shown in fig.4.7.

Fig 4.5 Regulator

Variable voltage regulators (LM317): In fixed voltage regulators
there is another classification
1. +ve voltage regulators
2. -ve voltage regulators
POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS: This includes 78xx
voltage regulators. The most commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812.
7805 gives fixed 5V DC voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V, 20V).
20
4.1.5 CAPACITORS

Figure 4.6 Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores potential energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is
known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two
electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component
designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally
known as a condenser. The capacitor is shown in figure.4.6.

4.1.6 RESISTOR

Figure 4.7 Resistor

Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits,
resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
other uses. It is shown in fig. 4.7. High-power resistors that can dissipate
many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.

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4.2 ARDUINO
Arduino is a type of computer software and hardware company that
offers open-source environment for user project and user community that
intends and fabricates microcontroller based inventions for construction
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and manage the
physical world. For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino
proposal provides an software application or IDE based on the Processing
project, which includes C, C++ and Java programming software. It also
support for embedded C, C++ and Java programming software.

Figure 4.10 Arduino software

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software
company, project and user community that designs and manufactures
microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and interactive
objects that can sense and control the physical world. The boards feature
serial communications interfaces, including USB on some models, for
loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on the Processing project, which
includes support for C, C++ and Java programming languages.
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8, 16 or 32-bit AVR
microcontroller with complementary components that facilitate
programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect
22
of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which lets users connect the
CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add- on modules known as
shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over
various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C
serial bus so many shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Official
Arduinos have used the mega AVR series of chips, specifically the
ATmega8, ATmega168.
An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot
loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory,
compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer.
This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of
an ordinary computer as the programmer. Currently, opti boot loader is
the default boot loader installed on Arduino UNO.

Figure 4.11 Program Compilation

An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot
loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory,
compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer.
This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of
an ordinary computer as the programmer.

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4.3 Atmega328 Microcontroller

Figure 4.12 Atmega328 microcontroller

ATmega328 is an Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) microcontroller.
It supports 8-bit data processing. ATmega-328 has 32KB internal flash
memory.
ATmega328 has 1KB Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memory (EEPROM). This property shows if the electric supply
supplied to the micro-controller is removed, even then it can store the data
and can provide results after providing it with the electric supply.
Moreover, ATmega-328 has 2KB Static Random Access Memory
(SRAM). Other characteristics will be explained later. Atmega 328 has
several different features which make it the most popular device in today’s
market. These features consist of advanced RISC architecture, good
performance, low power consumption, real timer counter having separate
oscillator, 6 PWM pins, programmable Serial USART, programming lock
for software security, throughput up to 20 MIPS etc. Further details about
Atmega 328 will be given later in this section.
• Here’s the link to download the Atmega328 datasheet, although
after reading this article you won’t need it.
• Moreover, I have also given the link to a reliable online source
from where you can buy it easily.

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 • Atmega328 is an 8-bit, 28-Pin AVR Microcontroller,
manufactured by Microchip, follows RISC Architecture and has a flash-
type program memory of 32KB.
• Atmega328 is the microcontroller, used in basic Arduino boards
i.e Arduino UNO, Arduino Pro Mini and Arduino Nano.
• It has an EEPROM memory of 1KB and its SRAM memory is
2KB.
• It has 8 Pins for ADC operations, which all combine to form PortA
( PA0 – PA7 ).

Figure 4.14 Atmega328 Ports

• It also has 3 built-in Timers, two of them are 8 Bit timers while
the third one is 16-Bit Timer.
• You must have heard of Arduino UNO, UNO is based on
atmega328 Microcontroller. It’s UNO’s heart.
• It operates ranging from 3.3V to 5.5V but normally we use 5V as
a standard.
• Its excellent features include cost-efficiency, low power
dissipation, programming lock for security purposes, real timer counter
with separate oscillator.
25
 • It’s normally used in Embedded Systems applications. You should
have a look at these Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems, we can
design all of them using this Microcontroller.
• ATmega-328 is an AVR Microcontroller having twenty-eight (28)
pins in total.
• Through the pinout diagram, we can understand the configurations
of the pins of any electronic device, so you are working on any
Engineering Project then you must first read the components’ pinout.
• Amega328 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below:
ATMEGA328 pins description are as follows:
• Functions associated with the pins must be known in order to use
the device appropriately.
• ATmega-328 pins are divided into different ports which are given
in detail below.
• VCC is a digital voltage supply.
• AVCC is a supply voltage pin for analog to digital converter.
• GND denotes Ground and it has a 0V.
i) Port A consists of the pins from PA0 to PA7. These pins serve as
an analog input to analog to digital converters. If analog to digital
converter is not used, port A acts as an eight (8) bit bidirectional
input/output port.
ii) Port B consists of the pins from PB0 to PB7. This port is an 8 bit
bidirectional port having an internal pull-up resistor.
iii) Port C consists of the pins from PC0 to PC7. The output buffers
of port C has symmetrical drive characteristics with source capability as
well high sink.
iv) Port D consists of the pins from PD0 to PD7. It is also an 8 bit
input/output port having an internal pull-up resistor.

26
 • All of the AVR ports are shown in the figure given below.
• AREF is an analog reference pin for analog to digital converter.
• So this was the brief of all the pins in the ATmega328 AVR micro-
controller.

4.4 BUZZER
The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the
piezoelectric effect. The generation of pressure variation or strain by the
application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is the
underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event
corresponding to a switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They
are also used in alarm circuits.

Figure 4.16 Buzzer

The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage
variation applied to it. It consists of piezo crystals between two
conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on
one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in
a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz.

4.5 GPS MODULE

Here we are using the NEO6M GPS module. The NEO-6M GPS
module is a popular GPS receiver with a built-in ceramic antenna, which
provides a strong satellite search capability. This receiver has the ability
27
to sense locations and track up to 22 satellites and identifies locations
anywhere in the world. With the on-board signal indicator, we can monitor
the network status of the module. It has a data backup battery so that the
module can save the data when the main power is shut down accidentally.

Figure 4.17 GPS Module

The core heart inside the GPS receiver module is the NEO-6M GPS
chip from u-blox. It can track up to 22 satellites on 50 channels and have
a very impressive sensitivity level which is -161 dBm. This 50-channel u-
blox 6 positioning engine boasts a Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF) of under 1
second. This module supports the baud rate from 4800-230400 bps and
has the default baud of 9600.
Features:
 Operating voltage: (2.7-3.6)V DC
 Operating Current: 67 mA
 Baud rate: 4800-230400 bps (9600 Default)
 Communication Protocol: NEMA
 Interface: UART
 External antenna and built-in EEPROM.
Pinout of GPS module:
 VCC: Input voltage pin of Module

28
  GND: Ground pin
 RX, TX: UART communication pins with Microcontroller

4.6 GSM MODULE SIM900

This is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which
works on a frequency of 850/900/1800/1900MHz and which can be used
for various applications such as access the Internet, make a voice call, send
and receive SMS, etc.

Figure 4.18 GSM Module

The frequency bands of the GSM modem can be set by AT
Commands. The baud rate is configurable from 1200-115200 through AT
command. The GSM/GPRS Modem is having an internal TCP/IP stack
which enables us to connect with the internet via GPRS. This is an SMT
type module and designed with a very powerful single-chip processor
integrating AMR926EJ-S core, which is very popular in various industrial
products.
Technical Specifications:
• Supply voltage: 3.4V – 4.5V
• Power saving mode: Sleep Mode power consumption=.5mA

29
 • Frequency bands: SIM900A Dual-band: EGSM900, DCS1800.
• Operating Temperature: -30ºC to +80ºC
• Supports MIC and Audio Input
• Speaker Input
• UART interface support
• Firmware upgrade by debug port
• Communication: AT Commands

4.9 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

• Arduino Compiler
• Programming Language: C
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which is
a cross-platform application written in the programming language. It
originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It was
created for people with no profound knowledge of electronics.

4.10 AVR Studio 4

The following softwares were used for programming and feeding in
ATmega32 microcontroller.
1. AVR Studio 4: AVR Studio 4 is the development platform. AVR
studio is required to write the C-code and generate its HEX code.
2. Win AVR: It is used to compile the program.
3. Sinaprog 2.0: It is used to burn the program and hex file is dumped into
the microcontroller.
4.10.1 Starting AVR Studio 4 and Creating a Project
1. Open the AVR Studio.
2. Click on the New Project button.

30
 Figure 4.20 Welcome Window
3. Do the followings:
a) In the left side, select AVR GCC.
b) Choose the name for the project.

Figure 4.21 Name the project

c) Choose the location where the files of the project will be saved.

31
 d) Press the next button.

Figure 4.22 Choosing the microcontroller

4. Choose AVR Simulator from left side and ATmega32 from the
right side and press Finish button.
5. Write the program.
6. Save the program.
7. Select Build for compiling the program
8. Correct the errors.

Figure 4.23 Building the program

4.10.2 Burning the code using Sinaprog Software

The hex file is generated with same name as program using
32
WinAvr. This program is transferred to flash memory of microcontroller.
An USB ISB programmer can be used to burn the program.
Through the sinaprog software the program is burnt into
microcontroller. The burner uses SPF port of microcontroller to load the
program.
Steps:
1. Hex file is generated.
2. Connect the ATmega32 development board and PC through burner.
3. Open sinaprog and select ATmega32.
4. Load the program and burn through sinaprog.
5. Output is shown.

4.11 Embedded C
An embedded system is an application that contains at least one
programmable computer (typically in the form of a microcontroller, a
microprocessor, digital signal processor chip) and which is used by
individuals who are, in the main unaware that the system is computer-
based.
Computers (such as microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP chips)
only accept instructions in “machine code” (“object code”). Machine
code is, by definition, in the language of the computer, rather than that of
the programmer. Interpretation of the code by the programmer is difficult
and error prone.
All software, whether in assembly, C, C++, Java or Ada must
ultimately be translated into machine code in order to be executed by the
computer. There is no point in creating “perfect” source code, if we then
make use of a poor translator program (such as an assembler or compiler)
and thereby generate executable code that does not operate as we intended.

33
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection System,
incorporating the GSM module, GPS module, accelerometer, buzzer,
mobile phone, and Arduino ATmega328P microcontroller, yields
significant results in enhancing the safety and well-being of elderly
individuals. The system provides accurate fall detection, real-time alerts,
location tracking, and effective communication between caregivers and
the elderly person. The system's fall detection algorithm, utilizing the
accelerometer data, demonstrates high accuracy in detecting falls. It
effectively identifies sudden changes in acceleration patterns associated
with falls, minimizing false positives and false negatives. This accuracy
ensures that caregivers receive timely alerts when falls occur, enabling
prompt assistance. The integration of the GSM module allows the Smart
Tiles system to send real-time alerts to caregivers' mobile phones when a
fall is detected. This immediate notification enables rapid response and
ensures that the elderly person receives prompt assistance, reducing the
potential severity of injuries resulting from falls.
The GPS module accurately tracks the real-time location of the
elderly person. Caregivers can access the location information through the
dedicated mobile application or web-based interface. This feature proves
invaluable in emergencies or situations where the person may wander
away from home, allowing caregivers to quickly locate and ensure their
safety. The buzzer integrated into the Smart Tiles system generates an
audible alert when a fall is detected or when assistance is requested by the
elderly individual. The audible alert ensures that caregivers or nearby
individuals are immediately alerted to the situation, providing an

34
additional layer of safety and ensuring prompt response. The designed
demo kit is shown in Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1 Designed Photography

Figure 5.2 Mobile Phone Alert

35
 The discussion surrounding a Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and
Fall Detection System would focus on the GSM module facilitates
seamless communication between the Smart Tiles system and caregivers'
mobile phones. Real-time notifications and alerts are reliably delivered,
enabling caregivers to stay connected with the elderly person's status and
respond promptly to any emergency situations. The dedicated mobile
application or web-based interface provides caregivers with a user-
friendly interface to monitor the elderly person's status, access historical
data, and configure system preferences. The interface enhances ease of
use and enables caregivers to efficiently manage the system. Feedback
from users, including caregivers and the elderly individuals themselves, is
collected and analyzed. User feedback plays a crucial role in evaluating
the system's performance, usability, and effectiveness in enhancing safety
and well-being. It helps identify areas for improvement and ensures that
the system meets the specific needs and preferences of users.
The Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection System,
incorporating the aforementioned components, demonstrates promising
results in terms of accurate fall detection, real-time alerts, location
tracking, and effective communication. The system effectively enhances
the safety and well-being of elderly individuals while providing peace of
mind to their caregivers. Continued evaluation, user feedback, and
refinements ensure that the system remains robust, reliable, and tailored
to the needs of its users.

5.1 Advantages
 Enhanced Safety: The Smart Tiles system provides real-time fall
detection and alerts, enabling prompt assistance and reducing the
potential severity of injuries resulting from falls. It enhances the
safety of elderly individuals by ensuring immediate response to
36
 emergency situations.
 Accurate Fall Detection: The integration of the accelerometer
sensor enables accurate fall detection, minimizing false positives
and false negatives. This ensures that caregivers receive reliable
alerts when falls occur, increasing the system's overall
effectiveness.
 Location Tracking: The GPS module allows for accurate and real-
time location tracking of the elderly person. Caregivers can quickly
locate the individual in case of emergencies or if they wander away
from home, improving their safety and reducing the risk of getting
lost.
 Prompt Alerts and Notifications: The GSM module enables the
system to send real-time alerts and notifications to caregivers'
mobile phones. Caregivers can receive immediate alerts about falls
or requests for assistance, ensuring timely response and providing
peace of mind.

5.2 Applications
• Elderly Care Facilities: Smart Tiles can be deployed in elderly care
facilities such as nursing homes or assisted living centers to enhance
the safety and well-being of residents. The system provides round-
the-clock monitoring, fall detection, and real-time alerts to
caregivers and staff.
• Home Care Settings: Smart Tiles are particularly beneficial in home
care settings where elderly individuals live independently or with
minimal assistance. Caregivers can remotely monitor their loved
ones' movements, receive fall alerts, and track their location,
providing an added layer of safety.
• Remote Caregiving: The system is advantageous for remote
37
 caregivers who cannot be physically present with the elderly person
at all times. Smart Tiles enable remote monitoring, fall detection,
and location tracking, allowing caregivers to stay connected and
provide assistance from a distance.
• Aging-in-Place: Smart Tiles support the concept of aging-in-place,
where elderly individuals can continue living in their own homes
while maintaining their independence. The system provides a safety
net, ensuring that assistance is readily available in case of falls or
emergencies.
• Rehabilitation and Post-Surgery Care: The Smart Tiles system can
be utilized during rehabilitation or post-surgery care to monitor the
movements and activities of elderly individuals. It aids in
preventing falls and provides caregivers with valuable insights into
the individual's progress and recovery.

38
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

6.1 CONCLUSION
The Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection System,
incorporating the GSM module, GPS module, accelerometer, buzzer,
mobile phone, and Arduino ATmega328P, provides a comprehensive
solution for enhancing the safety and well-being of elderly individuals.
The system demonstrates accurate fall detection, real-time alerts, location
tracking, and effective communication between caregivers and the elderly
person. It offers advantages such as enhanced safety, prompt alerts, ease
of use, and privacy and security. The system finds applications in elderly
care facilities, home care settings, remote caregiving, aging-in-place, and
rehabilitation/post-surgery care, providing peace of mind for caregivers
while allowing elderly individuals to maintain their independence.

6.2 FUTURE WORK

The field of Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection
System holds several promising avenues for future development and
research. Here are some areas of future scope:
Enhanced Fall Detection Algorithms: Further research and
development can focus on improving the fall detection algorithms to
increase accuracy and reduce false positives or false negatives. Machine
learning and artificial intelligence techniques can be applied to analyze
more complex patterns and refine the system's ability to detect falls
accurately.
Sensor Integration and Wearable Devices: Integrating additional
sensors or wearable devices, such as heart rate monitors or pressure
sensors, can provide a more holistic approach to elder tracking and fall

39
detection. This can enable the system to detect medical emergencies or
track vital signs, enhancing the level of care provided.
Advanced Analytics and Insights: Developing advanced analytics
capabilities can provide valuable insights into the elderly person's daily
activities, behavior patterns, and health trends. This can help identify
potential risks, monitor changes in health conditions, and facilitate
proactive interventions and personalized care.
Integration with Smart Home Technology: Integrating the Smart
Tiles system with smart home technology can further enhance safety and
convenience. Integration with voice assistants, motion sensors, or smart
lighting can provide an automated response to fall events, such as turning
on lights or triggering emergency calls.
Remote Monitoring and Telemedicine: Expanding the system to
include telemedicine capabilities can enable remote healthcare providers
to monitor the health status of elderly individuals, conduct virtual
consultations, and provide remote care. This can improve access to
healthcare services, especially for individuals in remote areas or with
limited mobility.
In conclusion, the Smart Tiles for Elder Tracking and Fall Detection
System offers significant benefits in terms of safety, fall detection, and
communication for elderly individuals and caregivers. With ongoing
advancements and future scope, this technology has the potential to further
improve the quality of care, enable proactive interventions, and enhance
the overall well-being of the elderly population.

40
APPENDIX

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <TinyGPS++.h>
static const int RXPin = 2, TXPin = 3;
static const uint32_t GPSBaud = 9600;
int m = 9740;
int y = 71;
TinyGPSPlus gps;
SoftwareSerial ss(RXPin, TXPin);
SoftwareSerial SIM900(7, 8);
int Buzzer = 4;
String textForSMS;
int Switch = 5;
String datareal;
String dataimaginary;
String combined;
int raw = 1000000;
String datareal2;
String dataimaginary2;
String combined2;
double longitude;
double latitude;
void setup()
{
SIM900.begin(19200);
Serial.begin(9600);
ss.begin(GPSBaud);

41
 delay(10000);
Serial.println(" logging time completed!");
randomSeed(analogRead(0));
pinMode(Switch, INPUT);
digitalWrite(Switch, HIGH);
pinMode(Buzzer, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(Buzzer, LOW);
Serial.println(F("DeviceExample.ino"));
Serial.print(F("Testing TinyGPS++ library v. "));
Serial.println(TinyGPSPlus::libraryVersion());
Serial.println();
}
void sendSMS(String message)
{
SIM900.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(100);
SIM900.println("AT + CMGS = \"+918830584864\"");
delay(100);
SIM900.println(message);
delay(100);
SIM900.println((char)26);
delay(100);
SIM900.println();
delay(5000);
}
void loop()
{
int reading;

42
 while (ss.available() > 0)
if (gps.encode(ss.read()))
displayInfo();
if (millis() > 5000 && gps.charsProcessed() < 10)
{
Serial.println(F("No GPS detected: check wiring."));
while (true);
}
if (digitalRead(Switch) == LOW)
{
displayInfo();
latitude = gps.location.lat(), 6 ;
longitude = gps.location.lng(), 6 ;
long datareal = int(latitude);
int fahad = ( latitude - datareal) * 100000;
long datareal2 = int(longitude);
int fahad2 = (longitude - datareal2 ) * 100000;
textForSMS.concat(fahad);
//textForSMS = "Longitude: ";
textForSMS.concat(datareal2);
textForSMS = textForSMS + ".";
textForSMS.concat(fahad2);
//textForSMS = textForSMS + " Latitude: ";
textForSMS.concat(datareal);
textForSMS = textForSMS + ".";
sendSMS(textForSMS);
Serial.println(textForSMS);
Serial.println("message sent.");

43
 delay(5000);
}
else
digitalWrite(Switch, HIGH);
digitalWrite(Buzzer, LOW);
}
void displayInfo()
{
Serial.print(F("Location: "));
if (gps.location.isValid())
{
Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);
Serial.print(F(","));
Serial.print(gps.location.lng(), 6);
Serial.print(" ");
Serial.print(F("Speed:"));
Serial.print(gps.speed.kmph());
}
else
{
Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
}
Serial.print(F(" Date/Time: "));
if (gps.date.isValid())
{
Serial.print(gps.date.month());
Serial.print(F("/"));
Serial.print(gps.date.day());

44
 Serial.print(F("/"));
Serial.print(gps.date.year());
}
else
{
Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
}
Serial.print(F(" "));
if (gps.time.isValid())
{
if (gps.time.hour() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
Serial.print(gps.time.hour());
Serial.print(F(":"));
if (gps.time.minute() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
Serial.print(gps.time.minute());
Serial.print(F(":"));
if (gps.time.second() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
Serial.print(gps.time.second());
Serial.print(F("."));
if (gps.time.centisecond() < 10) Serial.print(F("0"));
Serial.print(gps.time.centisecond());
}
else
{
Serial.print(F("INVALID"));
}
Serial.println()

45
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