ED Manual

EEE113 Engineering Drawing
Engineering Drawing
EEE-113
Lab Manual
Name
Registration Number
Class
Instructor’s Name
COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) , Islamabad Campus Page 1

Introduction
This Lab Manual is for EEE-113 Engineering Drawing.
During the labs students will work in groups (no more than three students per
group). Students are required to complete the ‘Pre-Lab’ section of the lab before
coming to the lab. Students will be graded for this and the ‘In-Lab’ tasks during the
in-lab performance. Students will complete the ‘Post-Lab’ section of each lab before
coming to the next week’s lab.
During lab timings the students are not allowed to wander in the lab or consult
other groups when performing experiments. Similarly the lab reports must contain
original efforts. CUI has a zero tolerance anti-plagiarism policy.

Revision History
Version
and Date Team Comments
of Issue
This is the first editable draft of EEE – 113

Version 1. Kiran Nadeem
lab manual.
Mar 2019
This is the second editable draft foe EEE-

Version 2 Muhammad Aziz Ul
113 lab manual.
Jan 2022 Haq

Safety Precautions
• Be calm and relaxed, while working in lab.
• First check your measuring equipment.
• When working with voltages over 40 V or current over 10 A , there must be at least two
people in the lab at all time.
• Keep the work area neat and clean.
• Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kit.
• No loose wires or metals pieces should be lying on the table or neat the circuit.
• Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or changing
leads.
• Be aware of bracelets, rings, and metal watch bands (if you are wearing any of them). Do
not wear them near an energized circuit.
• When working with energize circuit use only one hand while keeping rest of your body
away from conducting surfaces.
• Always check your circuit connections before power it ON.
• Always connect connection from load to power supply.
• Never use any faulty or damage equipment and tools.
• If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor.
o Do not touch the equipment, the cord, the person.
o Disconnect the power source from the circuit breaker and pull out the plug using
insulated material.

Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2
Revision History ......................................................................................................................... 3
Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................................ 4
Lab # 01 Basic Construction and Editing..................................................................................... 7
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 7
Pre Lab ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Critical Analysis / Conclusion ............................................................................................... 11
Lab # 2........................................................................................................................................ 49
Geometric Constructions ............................................................................................................ 49
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 49
Pre lab..................................................................................................................................... 49
Lab # 3........................................................................................................................................ 71
Layouts, Dimensioning and Texting .......................................................................................... 71
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 71
Pre lab..................................................................................................................................... 71
Lab # 4........................................................................................................................................ 84
Cascaded Filter Response........................................................................................................... 84
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 84
Prelab...................................................................................................................................... 84
Lab # 5....................................................................................................................................... 98
Pictorial Drawing Using AutoCAD ........................................................................................... 98
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 98
Prelab...................................................................................................................................... 98
Critical Analysis / Conclusion ............................................................................................. 105
Lab # 6...................................................................................................................................... 107
Wireframe Modeling ................................................................................................................ 107
Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 107
Prelab.................................................................................................................................... 107

Lab # 7...................................................................................................................................... 117
Solid modeling using Solid primitives and Boolean operations .............................................. 117
Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 117
Prelab.................................................................................................................................... 117
Lab # 9...................................................................................................................................... 124
Introduction to Instrument Drawing ......................................................................................... 124
Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 124
Prelab.................................................................................................................................... 124
Lab # 10.................................................................................................................................... 140
Drawing 2 ................................................................................................................................. 140
Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 140
Prelab.................................................................................................................................... 140
Lab # 11.................................................................................................................................... 162
Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 163
Prelab.................................................................................................................................... 163

Lab # 01 Basic Construction and Editing
Objectives
At the end of this lab you would be able to understand the use of
• Grid
• Snap
• Ortho
• Line
• Line types
• Polyline
• Circle
• Arc
• User coordinate system
Pre Lab
Introduction
AutoCAD is an outstanding tool for learning the basics of Engineering Drawing. Featuring Problem
solving, step by step tutorials it takes the user from one view engineering drawing to geometric
constructions, multi-view projections, 3D modeling and solid modeling. Each tutorial follows a
traditional engineering drawing techniques and methods while showing how to utilize the features
and benefits of AutoCAD to achieve professional results.
AutoCAD is the most widely used design and drafting software in the world. AutoCAD
2002 provides you with the capability to create complex andaccurate drawings. Its position
as the industry standard makes it an essential tool for anyone preparing for a career in
engineering, design, or technology. Because it is the industry standard, AutoCAD is the
ideal cornerstone for your design and drafting skill set. With knowledge of AutoCAD, you
will find it easy to add any number of a wide range ofapplications to create a complete
design environment suited to your needs.
AutoCAD 2002 interface is more design-centric and less command-centric, making the
software more transparent in design process.
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Starting AutoCAD
From the Start Menu choose Programs. Then choose AutoCAD2002 fromthe menu
OR
you can double click the icon available on the desktop

AutoCAD 2002.lnk
When you start AutoCAD the AutoCAD Today 2002 dialog box is displayed.The dialog
box provides you with two ways to start a drawing. You can
Open Drawings: It enables you to Open a Drawing from a list of four most recently
opened drawings. It also displays a Browse button to choose another file.
Create Drawings: Create Drawings Tab allows you to create your drawings in three ways
Start from the scratch: Opens a drawing based on the measurementsystem you choose
English – feet and inchesMetric – millimeters
Template: Opens a drawing based on a template you select from a list. The list displays
template files that exist in the drawing template file location as specified in the options
dialog box.
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Wizards: Opens a drawing that you set up using either the Quick Setup wizard or the
Advanced Setup Wizard.
STARTING DRAWINGS FROM THE SCRATCH

Starting a drawing from the scratch is a quick way to begin a new drawing. When you
select this drawing startup method, you can select one of the two measurement systems on
which to base the new drawing.
English: Creates a drawing based on Feet and Inches measurement system. The default
drawing boundary, called drawing limits is 12 x 9 inches.
Metric: Creates a drawing based on metric measurement system. Thedefault drawing
boundary is 429 x 297 millimeters.
To start a new drawing using Start from Scratch (New Drawing)
1. In the AutoCAD2002 Today dialog box select the Create Drawings Tab. In the ‘Select
how to Begin’ window chooses Start from Scratch.( If AutoCAD is already started, from
the File menu, choose New, thenselect Create Drawings Tab, in the window Select
How to Begin, choose Start from the Scratch)
2. Select English or Metric as required, the drawing opens based on the measurement
system selected
Command line: NEW
OPEN EXISTING DRAWINGS

To open an existing AutoCAD drawing, you can select Open Drawings tab in the
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AutoCAD2002 dialog box or, if AutoCAD is already started, choose Open from the File
Menu..
To open a drawing
1. In the AutoCAD2002 Today dialog box, choose Open Drawings. It displays four
recently used drawings or if you want to select a drawing other than these, choose
Browse.
2. In the Select file dialog box, select the required file and choose Open.
Command line: OPEN
UNDERSTANDING THE AUTOCAD WINDOW

When you start AutoCAD, the AutoCAD window opens. The window is the design space. It contains
elements that you use to create your designs and to receive information about them. The main parts
of the AutoCAD window are
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Menu Bar It contains the default AutoCAD menus. Menus are defined by
menu files that you can modify or design onyour own. The default
menu file is acad.mnu. Menu barcontains the Pull Down menus
such as File, Edit, View,Insert, Format etc.
Standard Toolbar It contains Microsoft Office standard buttons such as New, Open,
Save, Print etc and frequently used buttons such as Redraw, Undo,
Zoom etc. The lower right cornerof the buttons have flyouts which
displays the function ofeach button.
Object Properties It enables you to set the properties of the objects such as
Toolbar Color, Linetype and Line-Weight and also managesLayers.
Draw and Modify Provides access to common Draw and Modify
Toolbar . The Draw and Modify toolbars are displayedwhen you start AutoCAD.
These toolbars are docked on the left side of the window. They are also
called as Floating Toolbars as they can be easily moved and placed
anywhere on the screen. You can turn the toolbars ON or OFF. To turn On
or OFF any toolbar Right Click on any available toolbar, it displays a list of
toolbars, select (click on) the desired toolbar you want to display orclose.
Drawing Area It displays the drawing. The drawing area size varies, depending on the
size of the AutoCAD window and other elements such as toolbars and
dialog boxes that aredisplayed.
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Crosshairs Identifies pick and drawing points within the drawing area.
You can use the crosshairs, which are controlled by your
pointing device (such as mouse), to locate points and
select and draw objects. It also displays the current X, Y
and Z co-ordinate values as you move it.
User Coordinate It shows the orientation of the drawing. AutoCAD

drawings
System (UCS) are superimposed on an invisible grid, or coordinate

Icon system, based on X, Y and (for 3D) Z coordinates.
AutoCAD has a fixed world coordinate system (WCS) and
a movable user coordinate system (UCS).
Model / Layout It enables you to switch your drawing between model

Tabs (drawing) space and paper (layout) space. You create
your designs in the model space, and then create layouts
to plot or print your drawings in paper space.
Command Window Displays prompts and messages. In AutoCAD you can

give the command in one of the Three ways
Choose an item from the menu or a shortcut menu
Click a button on a toolbar

Enter the command on the Command Line
Whichever method you use to give the command, AutoCAD

displays command prompts and the command history in the
command window. It is a good practice to have an eye on the
command window as the prompts displayed will enable you to
know what exactly is required. It also displays error messages
which will enable you to rectify the error.
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Status Bar Displays the cursor coordinates in the lower left corner. The status bar
also contains buttons that can be used to turn on/off the common
drawing aids. These include Snap, Grid, Ortho, Polar, Osnap etc.
USING POINTING DEVICES

The Drawings can be controlled in AutoCAD using a pointing device such asa standard
mouse, an IntelliMouse or a digitizing tablet. The points can be specified either by clicking
the pointing device or by entering coordinates on the command line.
MOUSE
The options from menus and toolbars can be selected by clicking them with the mouse.
Mouse can also be used to draw or to select objects on the screen. With a two button mouse,
the left button is a pick button used to specify points on the screen. The right button either
displays a shortcut menu or is equivalent to pressing Enter. With a three button mouse, the
middle button either activates real-time panning or displays the Object Snap shortcut menu.
INTELLIMOUSE
The IntelliMouse is a two button mouse with a small wheel between the buttons. The left
and right button behaves in the same way as in a standard mouse. The wheel can be used to
zoom and pan in your drawing without using any AutoCAD command.
Using the IntelliMouse with AutoCAD
Zoom in or out Rotate the wheel forward to zoom in,

backward to zoom out.
Zoom to drawing extents Double-click the wheel button
Pan Press the wheel button and drag the mouse
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SAVING DRAWINGS
When you are working on a drawing, you should save it frequently to avoidloss of work.
To save a drawing.
1. From the file menu choose Save

If you have previously saved and named the drawing, AutoCAD savesany subsequent
changes in the same drawing.
Save Drawing As dialog box is displayed.
2. In the dialog box under File Name, enter the name of the drawing
3. Choose save Command Line : SAVE
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CLOSING DRAWINGS
The close command closes the active drawing (in case you are working withmultiple drawings).
1. Drawings can be Closed by clicking on the close button in the upper-right corner of the drawing or
2. From the File Menu choose Close
EXITING AUTOCAD
From the File menu choose Exit
Command Line: QUIT
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DRAWING AIDS
Introduction
Drawing with AutoCAD is just like drawing on a drawing board. Most new comers to Computer
Aided Design assume that they will need to learn howto draw all over again. In fact, many of
the drawing aids that AutoCAD provides are analogous to traditional drafting tools. Just as you
have a parallel motion and set squares to help you draw horizontal and vertical lineson a drawing
board, AutoCAD has similar drawing aids which can help youto draw horizontal and vertical
lines on a computer. This means that in manyrespects, the drawing techniques are very similar.
If you ever get stuck, thinkhow you would complete a task on a drawing board and then look for
a similar way to do it with AutoCAD.
The Drawing Grid

The Grid can be turned ON/OFF by pressing the button on the status bar.
The drawing grid is a regular pattern of dots displayed on the screen which acts as a visual aid,
it is the equivalent of having a sheet of graph paper behind your drawing on a drawing board.
You can control the grid spacing, so it can give you a general idea about the size of drawn objects.
It can also be used to define the extent of your drawing.
Grid Spacing set to 10 units Grid Spacing set to 5 units
15
Setting the Grid Spacing

1. From the Tools Menu select Drafting Settings… The DraftingSettings tool box is
displayed
2. Click on the "Snap and Grid" tab of the Drafting Settings dialog box.
3. Enter the value of the Grid X spacing in units
4. To use the same value for the Grid Y spacing, press Enter.Otherwise enter a new
value for Grid Y spacing.
5. Choose OK
Shortcut Menu
Grid settings can be changed by right-clicking the Gridbutton on the status

bar and selecting Settings… from the menu. Drafting Settings dialog box is
displayed , which enables you to change the value of the Grid. Enter the
value of the Grid spacing press OK.
Command Line : GRID
Specify grid spacing(X) or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <10.000>: (enter grid spacing)
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The Snap option allows you to automatically set the grid spacing to the current snap spacing.
You can also change the aspect ratio of the grid. By default, the X and Y spacing of the Grid
are the same, resulting in a regular square matrix of grid points. But if you need a grid with
different X and Y youcan use the "Aspect" option.
Snap Mode
Snap mode takes AutoCAD one step further than the drawing board. With Snap mode turned
on AutoCAD only allows you to pick points which lie on a regular grid. The Snap grid is
completely independent of the display grid. However, the Grid spacing and Snap spacing
are usually set to the same value to avoid confusion. When Snap mode is turned on and the
Grid is displayed, the Snap and Grid spacing are the same and the crosshairs will jump from
one grid point to another as you move across the screen. This makes it very easy to draw
objects which have a regular shape. The Snap command is used to set the snap spacing and
to toggle Snap mode.
The Snap can be turned ON/OFF by pressing the button on thestatus bar.
Setting the Snap Spacing

1. From the Tools Menu select drafting Settings… The DraftingSettings tool box is
displayed
2. Click on the "Snap and Grid" tab of the Drafting Settings dialog box.
3. Enter the value of the Snap X spacing in units
4. To use the same value for the Snap Y spacing, press Enter.Otherwise enter a new
value for Snap Y spacing.
5. Choose OK
Shortcut Menu
Snap settings can be changed by right-clicking the Snap button on the

status bar and selecting Settings… from the
17
menu. Drafting Settings dialog box is displayed, which enables you to change the value of the Snap.
Enter the value of the Snap spacing press OK.
Command Line: SNAP
Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type] <10.0000>:
(enter the required snap spacing in drawing units)
The "Aspect" option can be used to vary the horizontal and vertical snap spacing
independently. "Rotate" is used to set the snap grid to any angle.
You can also set the snap style to either Isometric or Standard (the default) using the
"Style" option. The Standard style is used for almost all drawing situations including detail
drawings in Orthographic Projection. The Isometricstyle is specifically to aid the creation
of drawings in Isometric Projection
Ortho Mode
Ortho is short for orthogonal, which means either vertical or horizontal. Like the other
options on the status bar, Ortho is not really a command; it is a drawing mode which can
either be turned on or off.
Click on the button on the status bar. The appearance of the button tells you whether Ortho
is currently turned on or turned off. When Ortho is turned on, the ORTHO button appears pressed
in. You can see how this appears by looking at the status bar illustration below. In the illustration,
Ortho is turned on but Grid and Snap are turned off.
Command Line : ORTHO
Enter mode [ON/OFF] <OFF>: (type ON or OFF)
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Setting Drawing Units

Every object that is drawn in AutoCAD is measured in units. You determine the value of
the units within AutoCAD before you draw. For example, in one drawing, a unit might equal
one millimeter, while in another drawing, a unit might equal an inch. In AutoCAD we can
set the Unit type and number of decimal places for object length and angle. Drawing
Unit settings controlhow AutoCAD interprets the coordinate and angle entries and displays
coordinates and units in the drawing.
To format Drawing Units
1. From the Format menu choose Units. The Drawing Units dialog box isdisplayed
2. Under Length, select a unit type and precision (number of decimalplaces)
3. Under Angle, select an angle type and precision
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4. To specify an angle direction, choose Direction, and then select the base angle in the
Direction Control dialog box
The angle direction controls the point from which AutoCAD measures angles and the
direction in which they are measured. The default is 0 degrees on the right side of the figure,
measured anticlockwise.
5. Choose OK to exit each dialog box
Command Line : UNITS
The dialog box is displayed and the units can be changed in the same way as described
above.
Setting Grid Limits

Drawing Limits is used to define the extent of the grid display and to toggle Limits mode which can
be used to define the extent of your drawing. The grid is displayed within a rectangle defined by two
pick points or co-ordinates.
To set Grid limits Command

Line : LIMITSReset Model space
limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>:
(pick point, enter co-ordinates or to accept the default value)
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Specify upper right corner <420.0000, 297.0000>:
(pick point, enter co-ordinates or to accept the default value)

The lower left corner corresponds to the lower left corner of the drawing areaand the upper
right corner of the limits corresponds to the upper right corner of the drawing area.
Drawing Limits can also be used to turn Limits mode on or off. Limits mode can be used to
control where objects can and cannot be drawn. Limits are turned off by default which
means that there is no restriction as to where points can be picked and objects drawn.
When Limits is on, AutoCAD willnot allow points to be picked or co-ordinates entered at
the command line which falls outside of the specified drawing limits. If you try to pick a
point outside the drawing limits when Limits mode is turned on, AutoCAD reports to the
command line:
**Outside limits
Limits mode is useful if you know the extent of your plotted drawing sheet and you want to
prevent objects being drawn outside of this area. However, Drawing Limits is most
commonly used simply to control the extent of the Grid.
To Change the Grid limits from the Format menu, choose Drawing Limits and the limits
can be changed in the same way as discussed above.
Note: After setting the grid limits, from the View menu, choose Zoom –All. The grid
shows the area defined by the limits.
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The Function Keys

Many of the modes described above can be controlled quickly using the keyboard function
keys. In most cases this is quicker than using a pull-down or the command line. The function
keys are arranged along the top of your keyboard. AutoCAD uses function keys F1 to F11.
The use function keys aredescribed below.
Function key Description
F1 AutoCAD Help
F2 Used to toggle (turn on and off) the AutoCAD text window
F3 Object Snaps ON/OFF
F4 Tablet mode ON/OFF
F5 cycles through the Isoplanes, this only has an effect if
"Isometric Snap/Grid" mode is on. The options are Left, Top
and Right
F6 Coordinate display ON/OFF
F7 Grid ON/OFF
F8 Ortho ON/OFF
F9 Snap ON/OFF
F10 Polar Tracking ON/OFF
F11 Object snap tracking ON/OFF
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Object Snap
The Object Snaps (Osnaps for short) are drawing aids which are used in conjunction with
other commands to help you draw accurately. Osnaps allowyou to snap onto a specific
object location when you are picking a point. For example, using Osnaps you can accurately
pick the end point of a line or thecenter of a circle.
Object Snap Toolbar Command snaps to

Line
Endpoint END Endpoint of the object
Midpoint MID Midpoint of the object
Intersection INT Intersection of objects
Apparent APP Apparent intersection of objects
Intersection
Extension EXT Object extension paths
Center CEN Center points of circles, arcs..
Quadrant QUA Closest quadrant of circles or arcs
Tangent TAN Point on a circle or arc, when
connected to last point , forms a line
tangent to the object
Perpendicular PER Object points forming perpendicular
alignment
Parallel PAR Point on an alignment path that is
parallel to the selected object
Insert INS Insertion point
Node NOD objects drawn with Point command
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To use Object Snaps
1. Running object snaps can be switched ON/OFF by clicking on the button on

the status bar.
2. To set the object snaps, right click on the button on the status
bar and select settings or Tools Drafting Settings…, select on the object snap tab and a
Drafting settings dialogue box is displayed. Select the object snaps required and choose OK
Object Snap Description

The object snap buttons are located on the objects snap flyout on thestandard toolbar.
Some of the important and most frequently used object snaps are described below:
1. Endpoint :
The Endpoint Osnap snaps to the end points oflines and arcs and to
polyline vertices.
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2. Midpoint :
The Midpoint Osnap snaps to the mid pionts of lines and arcs and to
the midpoint of polyline segments.
3. Intersection :
The Intersection Osnap snaps to the physical intersection of any two
drawing objects (i.e. where lines, arcs or circles etc. cross each other)
and to Polyline vertices.
4. Center :
The Center Osnap snaps to the centre of a circle, arc or polyline arc
segment. The cursor must pass over the circumference of the circle
or the arc so that the centre can be found.
5. Quadrant :
The Quadrant Osnap snaps to one of the four circle quadrant points
located at north, south, east and west or 90, 270, 0 and 180 degrees
respectively.
6. Tangent :
The Tangent Osnap snaps to a tangent point ona circle. This osnap
works in two ways. You caneither draw a line from a point to the
tangent point or you can draw a line from a tangent point or you can
draw a line which is tangent to two circles, arcs etc..
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7. Perpendicular :
The Perpendicular Osnap snaps to a point which forms a
perpendicular with the selected object. As with the Tangent Osnap,
Perpendicular can be used to draw a line to a perpendicular point
or from a perpendicular point.
8. Parallel :
The Parallel Osnap is used to draw a line parallel to any other line
in your drawing. To draw a parallel line, first start the Line
command, specify the first point when prompted and then start the
Parallel Osnap.
Hover the cursor over an existing line until you see the Parallel snap marker. Now, move
the cursor close to a parallel position and a dottedline will appear, indicating the parallel.
You can now pick the second point of your line.
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Introduction
A good understanding of how co-ordinates work in
AutoCAD is absolutely crucial if you are to make the
best use of the program. Co-ordinates fall into two
types, namely Cartesian and Polar. A basic understanding
of these coordinate typesWill help you to use AutoCAD to
construct drawings more easily. They can be further be
classified as either Absolute orRelative.
Cartesian Co-ordinates
The Cartesian co-ordinate system is the standard co-ordinate system. The position of a point
can be described by its distance from two axes, X and Y. This results in a simple point
description using two numbers separated by a comma e.g. 34,45
In the example given to the right pointdescribed

lines 34.897 drawing units to the right of the Y
axis and 45.473
drawing units above the X axis. The first value
(34.897) is known as the X co-ordinate because
it's value is
measured along the X axis. The second value
is known as the Y co-ordinate because it's
value is
measured along the Y axis. The X and
Y axes are two lines of infinite length which intersect at the origin point. The
29
co-ordinate value of the origin point is always 0,0. When viewed in plan theX and Y axes
are always perpendicular to one another with the X axis in a horizontal position and the Y
axis in a vertical position. Normally we work in the positive quadrant. Although this is not
essential for AutoCAD to operate, it does tend to make life easier because we don't need to
worry about negative numbers.
Polar Co-ordinates
Polar co-ordinates achieve the same result i.e. the description of the positionof a point. The
main difference is that polar co-ordinates use distance and angle to describe the position of
a point rather than the X and Y coordinates in the Cartesian system. The distance and angle
measurements are made relative to an origin. This results in a point description which looks
like this 24<30 where the first value is the distance (in drawing units) and the secondis the
angle. Notice that the separator in the case of polar co-ordinates is the "less than"
mathematical symbol.
AutoCAD angles start along the

positive portion of the X axis and increase in an anti-
clockwise direction.
You can specify negative angles if you need to define

an angle in a clockwise direction although this is not
really
necessary because angles are circular,hence an angular

value of -30
degrees will give the same result as an angular

value of 330 degrees as
there are 360 degrees in a full circle. The figure on the right illustrates anexample of a
line of length 35.8 drawn at an angle of 60 degrees.
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The UCS Icon

In the bottom left hand corner of the AutoCAD drawing window you will
see a symbol like the one shown on the left. This is called the UCS (User Co-
ordinate System) icon and it is there to remind you which is the X axis and
which is the Y axis. The empty box at the intersection of the X and Y axes
is there to remind you that you are using "World" coordinates and
that the UCS icon is not positioned over the true origin of the current
co-ordinate system, probably because it is off screen.
Absolute & Relative Co-ordinates

Both Cartesian and polar co-ordinates can be divided into two types, absolute and relative. The
distinction is quite simple, absolute co-ordinates relate to the Xand Y axes and the origin of the
current co-ordinate system, whilst relative coordinates relate to the current pick point. When you
are specifying co-ordinates you need to tell AutoCAD which type you want. In the case of the two
examples above a relative Cartesian co-ordinate looks like this @34.897,45.473 and a relative
polar co-ordinate looks like this @34.897<30.
For example if you want to draw a line from point 20,10 to 40,30
1. In Absolute Cartesian Coordinate system you specify it as
From point : 20,10
To point : 40,30
2. In Relative Coordinate system you need to specify it as

From point : 20,10
To point :@ 20,20 (relative to previous point)
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Direct Distance Entry
Introduction
Direct distance entry is one of those AutoCAD features that is often
overlooked. This is rather unfortunate because it can be extremely usefuland an amazing
time-saver. Basically, direct distance entry enables you to draw an object, such as a line, by
pointing in a particular direction with the cursor and entering a distance at the command
line.
To Draw a line using Direct Distance Entry
For example, let as assume that we want to draw a horizontal line witha length of 30
drawing units.
1. Start the Line command, Draw Line from the pull-down menu or from the Draw
toolbar.
2. When prompted, to specify the first point for the line, pick a point somewhere on the
left side of the drawing area
3. Move your cursor to the right (or in the direction you want the line) of the first pick point.
Hold your cursor in this position and simply enter 30 from the keyboard.
4. Press the Enter key, a line segment is drawn, 30 units long and in the direction you
were pointing.
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Drawing Objects
The Draw commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles. Most
AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply fromthese basic components. A good
understanding of the Draw commands is fundamental to the efficient use of AutoCAD.
This section covers the most frequently used Draw commands such as Line,Polyline, and
Circle etc. As a newcomer to AutoCAD, you may wish to skip the more advanced
commands in order to properly master the basics. You can always return back to these
commands in the future when you are more confident.
In common with most AutoCAD commands, the Draw commands can also be given in
THREE ways.
1. Command names or short-cuts can be entered at the KeyboardCommand line:
LINE or L
2. Commands can be started from the Draw Pull-Down Menu
3. From the Draw Toolbar.
Note: In a pull down menu a small arrow like " " next to a menu item means
that the item leads to a sub-menu that may contain other commands or
command options. An ellipsis, "…" after a menu item means that the item
displays a dialogue box.
35
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Lines
Lines are probably the most simple of AutoCAD objects. Using the Line command, a line
can be drawn between any two points picked within the drawing area. Lines are usually the
first objects you will want to draw when starting a new drawing because they can be used
as "construction lines" upon which the rest of your drawing will be based.
A line can be one segment or a series of segments, but each segment is a separate line object.
The line command can be used when you need to edit individual segments.
The Line Command

Toolbar
Pull-down menu Draw Line
Command: Line (or) L
To Draw a Line
By Picking points on the screen
With the Line command you can draw a simple line from onepoint to another.
When you pick the first point (P1) and movethe cross-hairs to the location
of the second point (P2) and pick the second point, the line is drawn from the
first point to the second point. Line objects have two ends (the first point and
the last point). You can continue picking points and AutoCAD will draw a
straight line between each
picked point and the previous point. Each line segment

drawn is a separate object and can be moved or erased as required. To endthis command,
just hit the key (enter key) on the keyboard.
36
Using Direct Distance Entry
1. Select the command from the Toolbar or Draw Line
Command Sequence
Command : Line
Specify first point : Specify value of a point press or pick a

point
Specify next point : 30, move the cursor in direction in which you
want the line
Specify next point : enter the length of the next line, move the cursor
in the direction of the desired line or press

enter to complete the line
Polylines
A polyline is a connected sequence of line or arc segments created as a single object.
Polyline command can be used when you need to edit all segments at once, set width of
individual segments, make segments taper
and close the polyline. In practice the Polyline command works in the same way as the Line
command allowing you to pick as many points as you like. Again, just hit to end. As
with the Line command, you also have the option to automatically close a polyline end to
end. To do this, type C to use the close option instead of hitting . The example above
shows a number of polylines to give you an idea of the flexibility of this type of line.
38
The Polyline Command

Toolbar
Pull-down menu Draw Polyline
Command: Pline (or) PL
To Draw a rectangle of 50 x 30
1. Select command from the toolbar (or) Draw Polyline
Command Sequence
Command : Pline
Specify start point: (pick P1)

Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 50, move cursor
towards right press
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 30, move cursor
upwards press
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 50, move
cursor towards left press
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 30, move
cursor downwards press
(or C to close)
39
40
Rectangle
The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle whose sides arevertical and
horizontal. The position and size of the rectangle are defined by picking two diagonal
corners. The rectangle isn't really an AutoCAD object at all. It is, in fact, just a closed
polyline which is automatically drawn for you. The Rectangle command also has a number
of options. Width works in the same way as for the Polyline command. The corners of the
rectangle can beChamfered and Filleted. The Elevation and Thickness commands are 3D
options.
The Rectangle Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Menu Draw Rectangle
Command Rectangle (or) REC
Command Sequence
Command: Rectangle
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pickP1)
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick P2)
41
The Polygon Command
The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3 sides up to 1024
sides. This command requires four inputs from the user,the number of sides, a pick point
for the center of the polygon, whether you want the polygon inscribed or circumscribed
and then a pick point which determines both the radius of this imaginary circle and the
orientation of the polygon. The polygon command creates a closed polyline in the shape of
the required polygon.
This command also allows you to define the polygon by entering the length of a side using
the Edge option. You can also control the size of the polygon by entering an exact radius
for the circle.
To Draw a Polygon
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Draw Polygon
Command Polygon (or) POL
Command Sequence
Command: Polygon
Enter number of sides <4>: 5

Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: pick P1 or type E to define byedge length
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>:
(to accept the inscribed default or type C for circumscribed)
Specify radius of circle: pick P2 or enter exact radius
42
Circle
Along with Line and Polyline, the Circle command is probably one of the most frequently used. In
common with the other commands in this section there are anumber of options that can help you
construct just the circle you need. Most of these options are self explanatory but in some cases it can
be quite confusing. The Circle command, for example, offers 6 ways to create a circle.
The Circle Command
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Draw Circle Center, Radius
Command Circle (or) C
Command Sequence
Command : Circle
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: (pick P1)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <50.0195>: 25 (or pick
P2) (this value is taken as radius of the circle)
Circle – Center, Diameter
Command: Circle
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: (pick P1)
43
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <50.0195>: type D

Diameter <50.0195>: 40 ( value of diameter)
Circle – 2P (Two Points)
2P which uses two points on the circumference to form a diameter

Command: Circle
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2P
Specify first end point of the circle’s diameter : pick P1 or specify valueof
point
Specify second end point of the circle’s diameter: pick P2 or specify value
of point
Circle – 3P (Three Points)
3P which uses any three points on the circumference to form a diameter to

draw the circle. The command can be used in the same way as described above.
Circle – Ttr (Tangent, Tangent, Radius)
To use this option you need to have two lines already drawn which can be
described as tangents to the circle to be drawn. Once the tangents are specified, it
will prompt you to enter the radius of the circle. A circle will be drawn with this
radius and the two lines as tangents.
44
Command: Circle
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: T
Specify point on object for first tangent of the circle : select L1 (line 1)Specify
point on object for second tangent of the circle : select L2 (line2)
Specify radius of the circle < 23.657> : 10 ( specify value of radius)
Circle – Tangent, Tangent, Tangent

To use this option you need to have three lines already drawn which can be
described as tangents to the circle to be drawn. Once the tangents are specified, a
circle will be drawn with these three lines as tangents.
The Arc Command

The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle. There are numerousways
to define an arc; the default method uses three pick points, a start point, a second
point and an end point. Using this method, the drawn arc willstart at the first pick
point, pass through the second point and
end at the third point.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Draw Arc 3 Points
Command Arc or A
45
Command Sequence
Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: (pick P1) Specify
second point of arc or [Center/End]: (pick P2)Specify
end point of arc: (pick P3)
You can either pick points or specify the actual value of the point in
terms of X, Y coordinates. The command allows you to draw an arc by
10 different methods. All the options work in the same way as
described above. The Continue option allows you to draw arcs
continuously with the last option used. It will automatically select the
end point of the previous arc as thestart point and will prompt you
to enter only the end point.
Tips:
1. In AutoCAD Default values are given in like <Default> or <34.878>

and Options are given in square brackets like [ 2P/3P/ Ttr]. Each
option is separated by a forward slash /.
2. To accept the default value/settings press Enter.
To use an Option which is not the default just type in the name of the option. You need not type the entire
name; just type the characters which are given in capital letters. For Example to use option close, there is no
need to type the complete name, typing CL is sufficient.
46
II. Lab Tasks

Part 1: Basic 2-D Construction
In this exercise basic construction and edit commands will be learned including: creating lines,
circles, arcs, and basic dimensioning to create the drawing shown below:
1. Start with a new AutoCAD drawing by selecting the Qnew command icon in the
Standard toolbar. The Select Template dialog box will appear.
2. In the Select Template manager, left-mouse-click on the triangular button to the right of the
Open button, and select Open with no Template – Imperial. This sets the default units to
inches.
47
3. Select the Line command icon in the Draw toolbar.
4. In the command prompt area near the bottom of the

screen, AutoCAD prompts you to identify the starting
point of the line.
Command: _line Specify the first point: 0,0 [ENTER]
(Type the coordinates 0,0 and press the [ENTER] key).
5. To create the bottom horizontal line, enter the absolute

coordinates of the second point.
Specify next point or [Undo]: 6.5,0 [ENTER]
6. To create the right vertical line, enter the absolute coordinates of the next point.
Specify next point or [Undo]: 6.5, 3.5 [ENTER]
7. To create the upper, right feature, use the relative coordinates by typing the symbol @
preceding the coordinates relative to the previous point.
Specify next point or [Undo]: @-1.5, 1 [ENTER]
8. For the next point, type the following relative coordinates.

Specify next point or [Undo]: @-4, 0 [ENTER]
9. To create the upper, left feature, use the relative polar coordinates using the @ symbol
for relative coordinates preceding the distance, and the < symbol preceding the angle.
Specify next point or [Undo]: @1<270 [ENTER]
Specify next point or [Undo]: @1<180 [ENTER]
10. Finish the outline of the drawing by typing the coordinates of the starting point.
2
Specify next point or [Undo]: 0, 0 [ENTER]
11. To zoom in on the drawing, select

the Zoom Window command icon
from the Standard Toolbar.
12. To create a window around the drawing,

left-mouse-click on one corner of the
window when prompted
Specify corner of window, enter a scale

factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale
/Window/Object] <real time>: _w
3
13. Left-mouse-click the opposite corner of the window when prompted.
14. To create the circle of diameter 2.0 select the Circle command icon in the Draw
toolbar.
15. Enter the absolute coordinates of the center of the circle.

Specify center for circle or [3P/2p/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3,1.5 [ENTER]
16. Enter the radius of the circle in the command prompt area.
Specify radius of circle: 1 [ENTER]
17. Inside the drawing area, right-mouse-click to

display the popup option menu.
18. Select Repeat Center with the left-mouse-button in

the popup menu to repeat the previous command.
19. Enter 3, 1.5 as the coordinates of the center of the

circle, and 1.0 as its diameter.
Next dimensions of features in the drawing will be added using AutoCAD‟s many
dimension commands.
20. Before adding dimensions, the default accuracy of dimensions has to be changed.
Other dimension settings such as text, arrows, and dimension line properties can also
be changed. In the pull-down menus, select:
4
5
21. The Dimension Style Manager dialog box appears on the screen.
22. Click on Modify to bring up the Modify Dimension Style dialog box.
23. Click on the Primary Units tab.
24. Select Precision 0.0 to set the

default accuracy of the
dimensions to be displayed to
one decimal place. All
dimensions added from this
point on will be displayed
with this accuracy.
25. Click on the OK button to

accept the settings and close
the dialog box.
26. Click on the CLOSE button

to close the Dimension Style
Manager dialog box.
27. Be sure the Dimension toolbar is displayed. If the Dimension toolbar is not displayed,
move the cursor to the Standard toolbar area and right-click an empty area in between
two icons to display a list of toolbar menu groups. Select Dimension with the left-
mouse button to display the Dimension toolbar. You can also display the Dimension
toolbar activating the Customize dialog box by selecting [View] => [Toolbars] in the
pull-down menus.
6
28. From the Dimension toolbar select Linear Dimension.
29. Pick the lower left corner of the drawing when prompted to specify the first extension
line origin.
30. Pick the lower right corner of the drawing when prompted to specify the second line
origin.
31. Pick a point that is about 1.0 inch below the bottom horizontal line to place the
dimension text.
32. Repeat the Linear Dimension command to add the remaining linear dimensions.
33. To add the diameter dimensions, from the Dimension toolbar select Diameter
Dimension. Dimension the three circles as shown in the figure on the first page of this
handout.
34. In the pull-down menus, select:

File => [Save As]
35. Save the drawing as a:lab1-1. The file will be saved as an AutoCAD drawing with a
default file extension of “.dwg”.
7
Part 2: Drafting Aids
In this exercise, drafting aids such as grid, snap, and object snaps will be used to create the
drawing shown below.
1. In the pull-down menus, select

File => [New]
2. Left-click on Open when the Select Template dialog box appears.
3. In the dialog box, select Open with no Template – Imperial to set the default units to inches.
4. Left click the GRID button in the Status Bar to turn ON the GRID option. This creates
a pattern of dots on the screen. The default spacing between grid points is 0.5 inches.
5. Left-click the SNAP button in the Status Bar to turn ON the GRID option. The SNAP
option controls the cursor movements to specified intervals. The default spacing
between snap points is 0.5 inches.
8
6. Create the two 5-inch squares using the RECTANGLE command

button in the Draw toolbar. Use the cursor to locate the opposite
corners of each rectangle while watchingthe coordinates display at
the bottom of the screen. Make the second rectangle about
1.5 inches to the right of the first one.
7. Right-click the OSNAP button in the Status Bar. Left-click on Settings to display
the
Drafting Settings dialog box.
8. Object Snap is a powerful construction tool that allows accurate

location of the cursor to points on objects such as endpoints,
midpoints, centers, and intersections. Check the following Object
Snap modes: Endpoint, Midpoint, Center, Intersection and Extension.
9. Turn on the Object Snap.

9
The Drafting Settings dialog box can also be used to change the
settings of the snapand grid parameters. Select the Snap and
Grid tabs in the dialog box to check the current settings of the
snap and grid parameters.
10. Left-click on OK to close the dialog box.
11. For the left object in the drawing,
a. Construct the rotated square using the LINE command. To

locate the vertices ofthis square, position the cursor near the
midpoint of each line. The Snap to Midpoint option of the
Object Snap will locate the exact midpoint of the lines.
b. Draw the lines from the corners of the big squares to the
corners of the small square. The Snap to Endpoint and the
Snap Midpoint options will locate exactpositions of points.
c. Draw the small square using the points found in Step (b).
d. In the Draw tool bar, select the Circle command.
e. In command prompt area, select Circle by 3 Points by typing 3p.

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3p [ENTER]
f. Click on the midpoints of the sides of the small square

as the points on thecircle. (You might need to turn the
SNAP option of by left-clicking on theSNAP button in
the Status Bar.
12. For the right object, locating the parallel lines is tricky. Use
concepts of geometricconstruction as described below to locate
their positions.
a. Draw a circle of radius 1.0 centered at the lower-left corner of the square.
b. Draw a line from the upper-right corner of the square,

tangent to the circledrawn in Step (a) above.
c. You may repeat the above procedure for the other line, or
simply construct aparallel line.
13. Add dimensions to the drawings.
14. Save the drawing.
10
POST Lab Task
Critical Analysis / Conclusion

(By Student about Learning from the Lab)
Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data Analysis /4 /10
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
Instructor Signature and Comments
11
Lab # 2
Geometric Constructions
Objectives
At the end of this lab you would be able to modify the object using
• Trim
• Offset
• Rotate
• Extend
• Mirror
Pre lab
Modifying Objects
Object Selection
Before you start using the AutoCAD Modify commands, you need to know something about
selecting objects. All of the Modify commands require that you make one or more object
selections. AutoCAD has a whole range of tools which are designed to help you select
just the objects you need. As with so many aspects of AutoCAD, developing a good
working knowledge of these options can drastically improve your drawing speed and
efficiency.
Selecting Objects by Picking

Perhaps the most obvious way to select an object in AutoCAD is simply to pick it. Those of
you who have used other graphics based utilities will be familiar with this concept.
Generally all you have to do is place your cursor over an object, click the mouse button and
the object will be selected. In this respect AutoCAD is no different from any other graphics
utility.
When you start a Modify command such as ERASE, two things happen. First, the cursor changes
from the usual crosshairs to the pick box and second, you will see the "Select objects"
49
prompt on the command line. Bothof these cues are to let you know that AutoCAD
is expecting you to selectone or more objects.
Select objects:
To select an object, place the pick box over a part of the object and left-click themouse. When the
object has been picked it is highlighted in a dashed line
Object selection by Pick Box the selected object highlighted
50
to show that it is part of the current selection and the command line reports "1 found". You
will now see the "Select objects" prompt on the command lineagain. At this point you can
continue adding more objects to the current selection by picking them or you can press or
the Space Bar to complete the selection.
Window Selection
Selecting objects by picking objects can become quite tedious if you want to select a large
number of objects. Just imagine having to pick a hundred or more objects in a large drawing!
Fortunately AutoCAD provides a number of selection options which can help you select
objects more efficiently. The Window option is invoked by typing W in response to the
"Select objects" prompt. Window allows you to define a rectangle using two points in
exactly the same way as the RECTANGLE command. Once the window is defined, all
objects which lie entirely within the window will be selected.
Select objects: W
Specify first corner: pick P1 (or any point away from the drawing tobe
selected)
Specify opposite corner: pick P2
Object Selection by Window only objects within the window selected
51
Crossing Window Selection

The Crossing Window option is invoked by typing C at the "Select objects" prompts and is
a variation of the Window command. The command sequence is exactly the same but
objects are selected which lie entirely within the window and those which cross the window
border.
Select objects: C
Specify first corner: pick P1 (or any point away from the drawing tobe selected)
Specify opposite corner: pick P2
Objects selected by Crossing Window Objects within and crossing the window
will be selected
The Undo Option

It often happens that you inadvertently add objects which you don't want to aselection set
during its compilation. When this occurs in the middle of a complicated selection it can be
pretty annoying. Fortunately AutoCAD allowsyou to undo the last selection made during
the compilation of a selection set.All you need do is entering U at the next "Select objects"
prompt to remove the objects previously added.
52
Selecting All objects

The All option is invoked by typing ALL at the "Select objects" prompt. You can
use this option to select all the objects in the current drawing, no picking is
required.
Select objects: ALL
Using a Previous selection

AutoCAD always remembers the last selection set you defined. This is very useful
because you may need to make a number of changes using different commands to
the same group of objects. In order to re-select the lastselection set you can use
the previous option. The previous option is invoked by typing P at the "Select
objects" prompt
Select objects: P
Tips:
1. Lines, polygons and windows drawn using the selection options do
not exist as drawing objects. Once the selection has been made they
disappear.
2. When you are picking objects in a complex drawing, use the ZOOM
command transparently to make object selection easier. You canZoom
In or Zoom Out using the wheel on a Scrolling Mouse. Zoom options
can also be selected from the toolbars and are automatically
transparent (it will work within your existing command without canceling
it.)
53
Modify Commands
AutoCAD drawings are rarely completed simply by drawing lines, circles etc.
Most likely you will need to modify these basic drawing objects in some way in
order to create the image you need. AutoCAD provides a whole range of modify
tools such as Move, Copy, Rotate and Mirror.
As is usual with AutoCAD, the Modify tools can also be accessed in oneof
three ways
1. Command names or shortcuts can be entered from the Keyboard
Command : Move (or) M
2. From the Modify Pull-down menu
The method you choose is entirely up to you. Ultimately you

will use the method that you feel most comfortable with or the
one you find most efficient. AutoCAD allows great flexibility
and there isn’t any right or wrong ways ofworking. That said,
it should be pointed out that the use of toolbars in AutoCAD
is almost always quicker than
any other method.
54
The Erase Command

The Erase command is one of the simplest AutoCAD commands and is one of the
most used. The command erases (deletes) any selected object(s) from the
drawing. Remember you can always get deleted objects back by
typing U to undo, or using from the Standard toolbar.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Erase
Command Erase (or) E
Command Sequence
Command : Erase
Select object : pick an object to erase (using any method described
above) Select object : (to end selection and erase the object)
The Copy Command

The Copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any drawing object or
objects which you have previously created. Copy is a very useful and time-saving command
because you can create very complex drawing elements and then simply copy them as many
times as you like.
The multiple options allows you to create additional copies of the selected object(s) by
picking as many new points as you like. To invoke the multiple option type M, at the prompt
and it will ask you to specify base point and second point, select the points as explained
below. To end a multiple copy, just hit the key.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Copy
Command Copy (or) CP

55
Command Sequence
Command: Copy
Select object: W (or pick an object to copy using any method
described above)
Specify first corner: pick P1
Specify other corner: pick P2
Select object: (to end selection or you can use any option to select
more objects)
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: pick P3
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>:pick P4
Note: The "Base point", P3 and the "Second point", P4 do not have to be picked on or near
the object. The two points are simply used to indicate the distance and direction of the copied
object from the original object
The Mirror Command

The Mirror command allows you to mirror (get reflection of) selected objects in your
drawing by picking them and then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line using
two points. This command is particularly very useful for drawing symmetric objects.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Mirror
Command Mirror
56
Command Sequence
Command: Mirror
Select object: W (or pick an object)
Specify first corner : pick P1
Specify other corner : pick P2
Select object: (to end selection) Specify

first point of mirror line: pick P3 Specify
second point of mirror line: pick P4 Delete
source objects? [Yes/No]<No>:
Object to be mirrored selected, the Mirror image (reflection) of

selection window and the imaginary mirror the object
line is shown dashed
The Offset Command

Offset is probably one of the most useful commands for constructing drawings. The Offset
command creates a new object parallel to or concentric with a selected object. The new
object is drawn at a user defined distance (the offset) from the original and in a direction
chosen by the user with a pick point. You can offset lines, arcs, circles, ellipses, 2D
polylines, xlines, rays and planar splines.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Offset
Command Offset
57
Command Sequence
Command: Offset
Specify offset distance or [Through] <1.0000>: specify offset distance
Select object to offset or <exit>: select an object (you can use only pick
box) Specify point on side to offset: pick P1 or select a point on side to
offset Select object to offset or <exit>: or select another object
In the illustration above, a line has been offset to the right by the "Offset distance"
specified and picking a point ‘P1’ to the right of the original line, toindicate the side to
offset. The result is a new line to the right of the original.
Objects can be offset inside or outside to create a new object which is concentric with the
original. In the illustration, a new object has been createdinside of the original by picking a
point inside the original object. The distance between the two objects is the offset distance.
The measures of thenew object are the difference of measures of the original object and the
offset distance. In reality, offset objects inherit their object properties from the original
object.
58
The Move Command

The Move command works in a similar way to Copy command except that no copy is made,
the selected object(s) is simply moved from one location toanother.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Move
Command Move (or) M
Command Sequence
Command: Move
Select object: W (or pick an object to move using any method described
above)
Specify first corner: pick point
Specify other corner: pick point
more objects)
Specify base point or displacement: pick P2
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>:pick P3
Object Selected to move during move after moving to new

location
59
The Rotate Command

The Rotate command allows an object or objects to be rotated about a point selected by the
user. AutoCAD prompts for a second rotation point or an angle which can be typed at the
keyboard.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Rotate
Command Rotate (or) RO
Command Sequence
Command: Rotate
Select object: W ( or pick an object to rotate using any method
described above)
Specify first corner: pick point P1
Specify other corner: pick point P2
more objects)
Specify base point: pick P3 (or any point along which rotation desired)
Enter rotation angle or [Reference] : Enter the value say 30
Objected selected for rotation objected after rotation
60
The Scale Command

The Scale command can be used to change the size of an object or group ofobjects. You are
prompted for a pick point about which the selection set will be scaled. Scaling can then be
completed by picking a second point or by entering a scale factor. For example a scale factor
of 2 wills double the size of the objects in the selection set and a factor of 0.5 will half them.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Scale
Command Scale
Command Sequence
Command: Scale
Select object: W (or pick an object to scale using any method described
above)
Specify first corner: pick point P1
Specify other corner: pick point P2
more objects)
Specify base point: pick P3
Specify scale factor or [Reference] : 2 (or specify a value)
Object selected, before Scaling Object after scaling by a factor 2
61
The Trim Command

The Trim command can be used to trim (cut) a part of an object. In order to trim an object
you must define the "cutting edge". Cutting edges can be lines, xlines, rays, polylines,
circles, arcs or ellipses. The Trim command, unlike most other modify commands requires
that two separate object selections are made. The cutting edges are selected first (there can
be one or more) and then the objects to be trimmed are selected.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Trim
Command Trim (or) TR
Command Sequence
Command: Trim
Select Cutting edges……
Select object: All
(or pick an object by using any method described above, but „ALL‟ is preferred
asyou can trim any object without bothering about multiple selection)
more objects)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: pick point
(point marked ‘X’ on the object to be trimmed)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: pick point
(point marked ‘X’ on the object to be trimmed)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (to

end) or (pick point marked ‘X’ on the object to be trimmed)
62
Object before trimming cutting edges selected using ALL option

with objects to trim shown by ‘X’
Object after trimming the edges marked ‘X’
Note: At each trimming step you are given the option to undo the previoustrim. This
can be very useful if you inadvertently pick the wrong object.
63
The Extend Command

This command extends a line, polyline or arc to meet another drawing object(known as the
boundary edge). In the illustration on the right, two lines are extended to meet another line
(inclined line) which forms the boundary edge.This command works in a similar way to the
Trim command, described above. Two selections are made, one for the boundary edge(s)
and one for the object(s) to extend.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Extend
Command Extend
Command Sequence
Command: Extend
Select boundary edges……
Select object: All
(Or pick an object by using any method described above, but „ALL‟ is preferred
asyou can trim any object without bothering about multiple selections)
more objects)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: pick P1
(point marked ‘ X’ on the object to be extended)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: pick P2
(point marked ‘X’ on the object to be extended)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (to
end) (point marked ‘X’ on the object to be extended)
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Line L1 and L2 before extending boundary edge selected, shown as dashed
Lines and other objects can be extended in one of

two directions. In the illustration shown on theright,
the line could be extended either to the right or to
the left. You can tell AutoCAD inwhich direction
to extend by picking a point to the right or left of
the midpoint respectively.
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The Break Command

The Break command enables you to break (remove part of) an object by defining two break
points. The Break command can be used with lines, polylines, circles, arcs ellipses, splines,
xlines and rays. When you break an object, you can either select the object using the first
break point or then pickthe second break point, or you can select the object and then pick
the two break points.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Break
Command Break
Command Sequence
Command : Break
Select object : select the object to break
Specify second break point or [First point]: F
Specify first break point : pick P1

Specify second break point : pick P2
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The Chamfer Command

The Chamfer command enables you to create a chamfer between any two non-parallel lines
as in the illustration below or any two adjacent polyline segments. Usually, the Chamfer
command is used first to set the chamfer distances before drawing the chamfer.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Chamfer
Command Chamfer
Command Sequence
Command: Chamfer
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 10.0000, Dist2 = 10.0000
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: D (to set distances)
Specify first chamfer distance <10.0000>: 20 (or enter required distance)
Specify second chamfer distance <20.0000>: to accept first distance value
or enter a different value

Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: (pick P1)
Select second line: (pick P2)
The Chamfer command has a number of options. The Polyline option can be used to chamfer all
vertexes of a polyline simultaneously. The Distance option
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allow you to specify the two chamfer distances. Angle allows the angle between the first line and
the chamfer to be specified. Trim is used to controlwhether the original lines are trimmed to the
chamfer or remain as they are. Finally, Method is used to toggle the command between Distance
and Anglemode.
The Fillet Command

The Fillet command is a very useful tool which allows you to draw an arc between two
intersecting lines or adjacent polyline segments. You first need to use the command to set
the required radius and then a second time to select the lines to fillet.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Modify Fillet
Command Fillet
Command Sequence
Command: Fillet
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 10.0000Select first
object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]: R (to set the radius)
Specify fillet radius <10.000>: 25
Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]: pickP1 Select
second object: pick P2
The Fillet command can also be used to fillet arcs and circles. The "Polyline"option also
allows you to fillet all vertices of a polyline with a single command. Trim is used to control
whether the original lines are trimmed to the fillet or remain as they are.
II. Lab Tasks

Part 1: Basic Editing Commands
In this exercise basic AutoCAD editing commands such as trim, extend, copy and mirror will
be introduced.
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1. Start with a new AutoCAD drawing. The units and exact scale of the drawing is not
important.
2. Using the left half of the drawing area,

create the objects shown. The actual scale of
the objects is not important.
Use the Line command icon in the Draw tool

bar to draw lines, and the Circle command
icon in the Draw tool bar to draw circles.
You can use the cursor with the SNAP and

GRID options on to locate positions of
points.
3. In the Modify tool bar, select Copy Object

command icon.
4. The prompt “Select objects:” will appear in the command prompt area.
In selecting objects to copy, we are going to create a window around the objects to be
copied rather than selecting each object one by one.
Left-mouse-click at an empty spot below and to the left of the bottom object to indicate
the position of the lower-left corner of the window that will be created to enclose all the
objects to be copied.
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5. At the prompt “Specify opposite corner:” left-mouse-click at an empty spot above and to
the right of the top object so that all objects are inside the window created.
6. Right-mouse-click to finish selection of objects to be copied.
7. At the prompt “Specify base point or displacement:” left-mouse-click on any point in the
drawing. This point will be used as the reference point in copying.
8. At the prompt “Specify second point of displacement:” left-mouse-click on the desired

position of the reference point for the copy to be made.
9. Right-mouse-click to finish the Copy command.
You should now have two copies of the each object. The Trim, Extend and Mirror
commands will now be used to modify the second copy of the objects.
10. For the top object, the copy will be modified as shown.
Before Trim After Trim
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a. In the Modify tool bar select the Trim command icon.
b. At the prompt “Select cutting edges” left-mouse-click

the horizontal line.
c. Right-mouse-click to finish selecting edges.
d. At the prompt “Select object to trim…” left-mouse-click on the part

of the vertical lines that will be trimmed (upper -half of the left
vertical line, lower-half of the middle line, and upper-half of
the right line.
e. Press [ENTER] to finish the Trim command.
11. For the second object, the copy will be modified as shown.
Before Extend After Extend
a. In the Modify tool bar select the Extend command icon.
b. At the prompt “Select boundary edges” left-mouse-click the two

vertical lines.
c. Right-mouse-click to finish selecting edges.
d. At the prompt “Select object to extend…” left-mouse-click the left

end of the horizontal line, and then the right end of the horizontal
line.
e. Press [ENTER] to finish the Extend command.
12. For the third object, the copy will be modified as shown. Use the Trim command with the
two horizontal lines as the cutting edges and the circles as objects to trim (make sure to
left-mouse-click the part of the circle that will be trimmed).
Before Trim After Trim
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13. For the last object, the copy will be modified as shown.
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Before Mirror After Mirror
a. In the Modify tool bar select the Mirror command icon.
b. At the prompt “Select objects:” create a window around the object

to be mirrored.
c. Press [ENTER] to finish selecting objects. At the prompt “Specify

first point of mirror line:” left-mouse-click on the right end of the
bottom horizontal line.
d. At the prompt “Specify second point of mirror line:” left-mouse-

click on the right end of the other horizontal line. Make sure that
the mirror line is vertical. (The ORTHO option might be useful.)
e. At the prompt “Delete source objects? [Yes/No]:” press ENTER

to select the default “No” answer.
14. Save the drawing as a:lab2-a.dwg.
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Part 2: Geometric Constructions
In this exercise, more AutoCAD construction and editing techniques will be used to create the
given figure. AutoCAD commands covered in this exercise include Object Snaps, Trim, Fillet,
Polyline, and Explode.
1. Start with a new AutoCAD drawing.
2. In the Select Template manager, left-mouse-click on the triangular button to the right
of the Open button, and select Open with no Template – Metric.
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[Format] => [Units]
The Drawing Units dialog box

will appear. This allows the
drawing units settings to be
modified.
4. In the Drawing Units

dialog box, set the Length
Type to Decimal, the
Precision to one decimal
place, and the Units to
Millimeters.
5. Pick OK to exit the dialog

box.

[Format] => [Drawing Limits]
7. In the command prompt area, enter the coordinates of the lower left corner.
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0,0.0>: 0,0 [ENTER]
8. In the command prompt area, enter the coordinates of (200,160) for the upper right corner.
Specify upper right corner <12.0, 9.0>: 200,160 [ENTER]
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9. Create a circle with center at coordinates (50, 50), and of radius 25.
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10. In the Zoom tool bar, select Zoom All to display the entire drawing limits.
11. Right-click any of the displayed toolbars to display the Tool bar popup menu. Activate
the Object Snap tool bar by selecting Object Snap.
12. Select the Line command icon in the Draw toolbar.
13. At the prompt for the starting point, “Specify the first point:”, select Snap to Center in the
Object Snap tool bar.
14. Left-click the circle to indicate that the starting point of the line is the center of this circle.
15. At the prompt for the starting point, “Specify next point [or Undo]:”, enter the relative
polar coordinates of the end point of the line by typing @100<30 [ENTER].
16. Create the circle of radius 11 centered at the upper end of the construction line.
Next, the Offset command will be used to copy the construction line twice at a distance
of 11 mm on both sides on the line.
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17. In the Modify tool bar, select the Offset command.
18. Enter an offset distance of 11 and press [ENTER].
19. Left-mouse-click on the line to select the object to offset.
20. Left-mouse-click on any location below the line to make

a copy of the line.
21. Repeat to make a copy of the line above the construction line.
22. Trim and erase lines so that the drawing is as shown:
Next, all the objects will be combined into a single compound object using the Polyline
command. A polyline is a two dimensional collection of line and arc segments.

[Modify] => [Object] => [Polyline]
24. At the prompt “Select polyline:” select any of the objects on the drawing.
25. At the prompt “Object selected is not a polyline. Do you want to turn it into one? <Y>:”
press [ENTER] to accept the Yes default response.
26. At the prompt “Enter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/

Ltypegen/Undo]:” type j (for join).
27. At the prompt “Select objects:” select all the other objects to join the polyline, and
then press [ENTER] to finish the command.
All the entities in the drawing are now joined together as a single polyline.
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28. In the Modify tool bar, select the Offset command.
29. Enter an offset distance of 5 and press [ENTER].
30. Click anywhere on the object to select the object to offset.
31. Click anywhere outside the polyline to specify the side to offset.
The drawing should now look like the following:
Next, we are going to use the Explode command to break an object into its components.
32. Select the Explode command icon in the Modify toolbar.
33. Pick the outer polyline when prompted to select objects.
34. Right-mouse-click inside the graphics window to end the command.
The objects in the outer shape are now separate entities.
35. Select the Fillet command icon in the Modify toolbar.
36. At the prompt “Select first object or

[Polylin/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]:” right-mouse-click inside the
graphics window to activate the option menu and select the Radius
option.
37. Enter 5 as the fillet radius and press [ENTER].
38. Left-mouse-click on the bottom straight line and the outer lower circle to select objects
to fillet, and press [ENTER] to finish the Fillet command
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39. Fillet the other side of the object (intersection of the top line and the outer circle).
40. Using the Polygon command icon in the Draw menu, create the pentagon with the same
center as the big circular arcs, and inscribed in a circle of radius 20.
41. (Optional) Add dimensions and labels to the drawing. Save the drawing as a:lab2-b.dwg.
Post Lab:
On your own, create the following drawing. Save it as a: lab2-c.dwg.
Note: The figure has two pairs of

parallel lines tangent to circular
arcs.
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III. Post- Lab Tasks

• Perform frequency response analysis for circuits in figure 1,2,3 and 4 using
PSpice/LTspice.
• Plot Bode plots for the data gathered in Tasks 1-4
• Comment on the differences observed in the results of active filters vs passive
filters

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5

Post Lab
Data /4
/4
Presentation
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Writing Style /4
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Lab # 3
Layouts, Dimensioning and Texting
Objectives
At the end of this lab you would be able to modify the object using
i. Layouts
ii. Dimensioning
iii. Texting
Pre lab
Adding Dimensions and Text
Dimensions
AutoCAD provides a whole range of dimensioning tools which can be used to quickly
dimension any drawing without the need for measurement. Dimensioning in AutoCAD is
automatic; lines, arrows and text are all taken care of by the dimension commands.
AutoCAD dimensions are specialblocks which can easily be edited or erased as necessary.
AutoCAD divides dimensions into four main categories:
Linear Radial Ordinate Angular
When working with dimensions it is very important that line origins are picked accurately so
that the resulting measurement and text are correct. Always use an Osnap topick dimension
line origins.
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Linear Dimensions
The Linear dimension commands are used to dimension along straight lines.There are five linear dimension
commands, namely: DIMLINEAR, DIMCONTINUE, DIMBASELINE, DIMALIGNED and
DIMROTATED.
The Linear Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Linear
Command DIMLINEAR
Command Sequence
Command : Dimlinear
Specify first extension line origin or <select object> : pick P1
Specify second extension line origin : pick P2
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]:
(pick a point to position the dimension line)
The Aligned Dimension Command

You can use this command to generate aligned dimensions. These are dimensions along
inclined lines which cannot be dimensioned with the DIMLINEAR dimension command
because that command will only give a measured dimension in either a horizontal or vertical
direction. However, as you can see from the command sequence below, this command
works in exactly the same way.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Aligned
Command DIMALIGNED
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Command Sequence
Command : Dimaligned
Specify first extension line origin or <select object> : pick P1
Specify second extension line origin : pick P2
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: (pick a point to position the
dimension line)
The Radius Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Radius
Command DIMRADIUS
Command Sequence
Command: Dimradius
Select arc or circle: pick P1
dimension line)
The Diameter Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Diameter
Command DIMDIAMETER
Command Sequence
Command: Dimdiameter
Select arc or circle: pick P1
dimension line)
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The Angular Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Angular
Command DIMANGULAR
Command Sequence
Command: Dimangular
Select arc, circle, line or <specify vertex> : pick P1Select second line: pick P2
dimension line)
The Baseline Dimension Command

You can use this command to generate a series of dimensions from a singlebase point. You must have
already created the first dimension in the sequence using a command such as DIMLINEAR.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Baseline
Command DIMBASELINE
Command Sequence
Command: Dimbaseline
Specify second extension line origin or[Undo/Select] <select> : pick P3Specify second extension line
origin or[Undo/Select] <select> : pick P4Specify second extension line origin or[Undo/Select]
<select> : (or pick point)
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In the example above, the "35" dimension was created using the DIMLINEAR command. The others
were created using DIMBASELINE and picking points P3 and P4.
The Continue Dimension Command

You can use the Continue command to add a string of dimensions. You must already have created the first
dimension in the sequence using a commandsuch as DIMLINEAR. There is no prompt for the first line origin,
AutoCAD automatically selects the second line origin of the previous dimension to be the first of the new
dimension. There is also no prompt for the dimension line position, AutoCAD automatically matches up with
the previous dimension.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Continue
Command DIMCONTINUE
Command Sequence
Command: Dimcontinue
Specify second extension line origin or[Undo/Select] <select> : pick P3
Specify second extension line origin or[Undo/Select] <select> : pick P4
Specify second extension line origin or[Undo/Select] <select> : (or
pick point)
Using the Continue command you can very quickly generate a string of
dimensions which align perfectly. In the example above, the "35" dimension was
drawn with the DIMLINEAR command; all the other dimensions were drawn
using the DIMCONTINUE command and simply picking the points P3 and P4,
one after the other. You can only continue a dimension in a single direction.
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The Leader Command

The Leader command can be used to annotate any point on a drawing.
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Leader
Command LEADER
Command Sequence
Command: Leader
Specify first leader point or [Settings] <settings> : pick
P1 Specify next point :
Specify next point:
Enter text width <0>: (or specify value of width) Enter
first line of annotation text <Mtext> : enter the text
Enter next line of annotation text : (or enter the text)
The Center Mark Command

You can use the Center Mark command to annotate a circle or an arc witha
cross at the center
Toolbar
Pull-down menu Dimensions Center Mark
Command DIMCENTER
Command Sequence
Command: Dimcenter
Select arc or circle: pick on the circumference of circle or arcA
cross is drawn at the center point.

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Adding Text
Text conveys important information in your drawing. You use text for title blocks,
to label parts of the drawing, to give specifications, or to make annotations.
AutoCAD provides two ways to create text.
Line Text – used for short simple entries
Mtext (Multi line text) – used for longer entries with formatting
Using Line Text
Pull-down menu Draw Text Single Line Text
Command: Text
Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 2.5000 Specify start
point of text or [Justify/Style]: pick a point Specify height
<2.5000>: (or specify value of text height) Specify rotation
angle of text <0>: (or specify angle) Enter Text: Welcome To
AutoCAD (enter the text required) Enter Text: (or enter the
second line of text)
Using Multiline Text (Mtext)

For Long complex entries, multiline text can be used. It consists of any number of text lines or
paragraphs that fit within the width specified (by defining a window). Unlike single-line text,
multilline text includes as part of the same mtext object all text lines or paragraphs created in a
multiline text editing session. You can move, rotate, erase, copy, mirror or scale mtext objects.
Multiline text has more editing options. Using multilane text editor you can underline, change
font, colour, text etc.
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Toolbar
Pull-down menu Draw Text Multiline Text…
Command MTEXT
Command Sequence
Command: Mtext
Specify first corner: pick a point (defines one end of text window)
Specify opposite corner: pick a point (define opposite end of the text window)
The text will fit in this window. Once the window is defined Multililne texteditor dialog box is displaced as
shown below
Using the Character tab of multiline text window you can enter the text, change the font, change the
size of the font, specify colour,insert symbols
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Using Properties tab you can change the style, specify justification ofthe text, change the width and specify the
rotation angle of the text.
Using the Line spacing Tab you can specify the spacing between thetext
After you enter the text and make the necessary editing choose OK toexit the command. The text will then be
entered in your drawing area.
Lab Tasks
Instructions:
Review the rules on dimensions and notes (Sections 9.1-9.4). For problem 1, you will create
template files you can use as a starting point when creating new drawings in subsequent labs,
one in inches and another in millimeters. For problem 2, you will dimension the orthographic
views you created in Lab #4 (previously saved as lab4-a.dwg), and in part 2 of Lab #4
(previously saved as lab4-b.dwg). For problem 3, the file dimensioning1.dwg may be
downloaded from the class website.
Problem 1: Creating Templates for title blocks
Templates are files that contain frequently used settings such as layers, colors, line types as
well as title blocks that can be used and reused for different drawings. In this part of the lab,
you will create two title bocks that you can use in subsequent exercises: one for drawings in
inches, and another for drawings in millimeters.
Title Block: English Units
Setting up layers
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1. Start by opening a new file.
2. In the Select Template manager, left-mouse-click on the triangular button to the

right of the Open button, and select Open with no Template – Imperial.
3. Set GRID and SNAP intervals to 0.5 for both X and Y.
4. In the Status Bar area, switch the SNAP, GRID, and MODEL on.
5. Create layers with the following settings:

Layer Color LineType LineWeight
Construction Gray (number 8) Continuous Default
Object Lines Blue Continuous 0.6 mm
Hidden Lines Cyan Hidden 0.3 mm
Center Lines Red Center Default
Section Lines White Continuous Default
Cutting Plane White Phantom 0.6 mm
Title Block White Continuous 0.6 mm
6. Click on the OK button to exit the dialog box.
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Creating the title blocks in a layout
1. Pick the Layout1 tab to switch to the layout mode.
2. In the Page Setup dialog box, select the appropriate plotter, and confirm that the
Paper Size is set to 8.5” by 11”, and the drawing orientation is Landscape. Then exit
the dialog box.
3. Select Title Block as the current layer.
4. Create the Title Block as shown.
5. Pick the Model tab to switch back to model space.
6. In the Object Properties toolbar area, select the Layer Control box, and set
Construction Lines as the current layer.
7. Save the drawing as a template file (.dwt) with Titleblock_A as the file name.
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Create another template file starting from a new file in millimeters, with
the overall size of229 by 178 for the title block. Save this file as a template
file (.dwt) with Titleblock_B as the file name.
The two template files can be used as a starting point for any new drawings you create.
Titleblock_A will be used for drawings in inches, and Titleblock_B for drawings in mm.
Problem 2: Adding Dimensions and Text
A. Open the drawing lab4-a.dwg you created in Lab#4.

Add dimensions to themultiviews following rules on
dimensions and text for drawings in inches. Save
drawing as lab8-a.dwg.
B. Open the drawing lab4-b.dwg you created in Lab#4.

Add dimensions to themultiviews following rules on
dimensions and text for drawings in inches. Save
drawing as lab8-b.dwg,
Problem 3: More Dimensions and Text
Download the files lab8-c.dwg and lab8-d.dwg from the class website, and add appropriate
dimensions to the given views.
Post- Lab Tasks

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Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
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Lab # 4
Cascaded Filter Response
Objectives
In this lab students will explore the following parameters of Op-Amp.
a. Study Pole zero synthesis

b. Observing Frequency response of cascaded design of first order filter
Prelab
Layers:
Layers allow you to group drawn geometry in distinct and separate categories according to similar features or a
common theme. This allows you to exercise control over your drawing by (among other things) applying
properties to those groups, such as assigning colors or making them visible or invisible for clarity. So, for
example, all the walls of a floor plan will exist on theWalls layer, all the doors on the Doors layer, windows on
the Windows layer, and so on. In AutoCAD, there can be any number of layers (often the problem is using too
many), with all of them holding their respective data and combining into the complete design.
Why Use Layers??

Layers give you control over your drawing. Each layer can be assigned certain properties, such as color or line
type, or it can be manipulated to make it visible or invisible, as well as locked or unlocked to prevent editing. If
all your geometry were lumped together on one layer,then whatever you do to one set of objects, you do to all;
certainly not what you want.
Layers Properties Manager

Type in layer or just la and press Enter, or alternatively click the icon on Ribbon Home – Layer,layers
properties manager will pop up.
➢
Creating and Deleting Layers
A new layer can be created by clicking on the icon on Layers Properties Manager or just by clicking on the layer
0 gray bands and then simply pressing Enter. Layer 1 will be created. Type in the layer name and press Enter.
Do not attempt to change the 0 layer’s name. It is thedefault layer and cannot be deleted or renamed. If you want
to delete a layer, simply highlight the layer, and click the red X. If the layer contains nothing it will be deleted.
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Let us create three layers:
A-Doors
A-Walls
A-Windows
Making a Layer Current
This is simply the active layer on which you can draw at any given moment. You are always onsome layer (even
if you are not immediately sure which one exactly). So, if you are about to draw a wall, you should be in the A-
Walls layer and so on. To make a layer current either click on the green check mark button or double-click the
layer name itself. Go ahead and make A- Walls current.
Assigning Layer Colors
Assigning colors to layers is very important and should be done as you create them.
A colorful drawing is more pleasant to look at on the screen. It is easier to interpret and work with colored
drawing. To assign color highlight by clicking once, the layer A-Walls, then follow the ribbon across until you
see a box with the word white under the Color column. Click on it and Select Color dialog box pops up. The
two large 24 x 5 stripes of colors you immediately seeat the top make up the AutoCAD Color Index (ACI), and
it contains 240 colors. There are two smaller color stripes below. The rainbow-like stripes 1 through 9 are the
ones in which we are most interested. They are the primary colors and the 240 colors above them are just
different shades of the primaries.
You should always use up those nine colors first-they are very distinct from each other-and onlythen move on
to the others. The colors from left to right are Red – Yellow –Green – Cyan – Blue
– Magenta – then white and two shades of gray, 8 and 9. The color stripe below that containsjust additional
shades of gray. Pick a color for the A-Walls layer like Green, click on it and press Enter. Yellow for A-Doors
and Red for A-Windows.
Layer Freeze/Thaw and On/Off
Freeze and Thaw are opposite of the same command, one that will make a layer disappear fromview. Pick a
layer, highlight it, follow the band across to the Freeze column and underneath you will find a yellow “sun”
icon. If you click on it, that layer “freezes” and the icon becomes a blue
“Snowflake”. Clicking again undoes the action. Freeze makes the layer (or rather all the objects on that layer)
disappear from view, but remember, they are not deleted, only become invisible. The On/Off feature
represented by the light bulb (yellow to blue and back) is essentially the same as Freeze/Thaw, with some
subtle (and minor) details, so we do not gointo them. You can use either method.
Layer Lock/Unlock
This layer command, represented by the padlock, does exactly that; it locks the layer so you cannot edit or erase
it. The layer remains visible but untouchable. The unlocked layer’s icon isblue and looks “unlocked”, while a
locked layer’s padlock turns yellow and changes to a “locked” position.
Line types are the different lines that come with AutoCAD. You will need a variety of lines to convey different
ideas in you design. The idea here is to load them all in the beginning then assign the line types to either a layer
of sometimes just a few items. You can also load them asneeded, but it is recommended getting this out of the
way so you have them at your fingertips.\
Step 1:
Type in linetype and press Enter or choose Format – Linetype… from the cascading menu. TheLinetype Manager
pops up.
Step 2:
Press Load… The Load or Reload Linetypes box comes up.
Step 3:
Position your mouse in the white empty space between the two columns (Linetype and Description) of the
Load/Reload Linetypes box and right-click. The SelectAll/Clear All menupops up.
Step 4:
Press Select All and every linetype in the left column turns blue (selected).
Step 5:
Press OK and the dialog box disappear. All the linetypes are loaded now, so pressOK again in the Linetype
Manager and that is it.
We now use the loaded linetypes and assign a linetype to a layer.

Step 1:
Go back to the Layers dialog box.
Step 2:
Create a new layer called Hidden and assign a linetype to it (the “hidden” linetype, naturally).
Step 3:
Make sure the Hidden layer is highlighted with the blue bar and move your mouse to the rightuntil it matches up
with the header category Linetype. It should say continuous right now.
Step 4:
Click on the word Continuous and the Select Linetype dialog box comes up with all the linetypespreloaded.
Step 5:
Scroll up and down the list to find the appropriate linetype, select it, and press OK. Introduction to Properties
Sometimes, you need to change objects from one layer to another. You may needto change the color, linetype,
or other properties of objects. AutoCAD has a collection of toolsto change the properties of objects, with three
most common methods being
The properties palette,

The Match Properties tool andThe Layer toolbar
Properties Palette
Keyboard: Type in ddchprop and press Enter Cascading menus: Modify – PropertiesToolbar icon: Standard
toolbar – Properties icon
Ribbon: Home tab – Properties – arrow

There are two other ways to bring up the Properties palette:
Double-click on any geometry object (line, arc, etc.) or Press Ctrl + 1. Once you do any of these,the Properties
box appears. There are a number of categories and a number of features that can be modified. To use this
palette first draw several lines on your screen, each of which is on a different layer. Then follow these steps:
Step 1:
First, make sure you have selected one or more items to change. They become dashed. If youselected two items, only
those properties common to both that can be changed are available.
Step 2
In the Properties box, find the category you want changed, color, for example.
Step 3
Click on the right-hand column directly across from that property.
Step 4
An arrow drops down. Click on it and view the choices within that category.
Step 5
Select the different property that you want the new objects to have, such as new color.
Step 6
Close the Properties box (The X in the upper corner) and press Esc once or twice; the objectshave that property.
Match Properties
This is really a great way to very quickly match up the properties of one object with theproperties of another.
1. Keyboard: Type in matchprop and press Enter.

2. Cascading menus: Modify – Match Properties
3. Toolbar icon: Standard toolbar – Match Properties icon
4. Ribbon: Home tab – Clipboard – Match Properties icon
The procedure is simple. Start the command, select the first object whose properties youlike, and then click on
another object that you want to have those properties. Match Properties matches almost anything: layers, colors,
linetypes, linetype scales, text sizes,hatch patterns, etc.
Layers Toolbar
To change layers using this toolbar, simply select whatever you would like to change to anotherlayer, then drop
down the Layer menu in the toolbar and pick the new layer on which you want the highlighted geometry to go,
and it changes. This toolbar is also useful for freezing, turning off, and locking layers. It is also a great visual
reference to determine what layer is current, which of course is the layer being shown.
LAB Task
This exercise will develop facility in visualizing three-dimensional objects, creating traditional
orthogonal views, creating multiple layers in a drawing and moving entities from one layer to another.
Review the rules for creating multi-view projections.
The front, top and right-side views of the given object will be created.

2. In the Select Template manager, left-mouse-click on the triangular button to the rightof the Open
button, and select Open with no Template – Imperial.
3. Set the default units to inches.

4. In the Object Properties toolbar pick

Layer Properties Manager.
5. Click on the NewLayer icon to create twonew layers by clicking on the :

Layer Color LineType
Construction White Continuous
Object Lines Blue Continuous
6. Set the Construction Layer as the current layer. Click on the OK button to close the
Layer Properties Manager.
7. Right-mouse-click on the SNAP button in the Status Bar, and left-mouse-click on Settings
to open the Drafting Settings dialog box.
8. Switch the SNAP and GRID options on.
9. Select the OBJECT SNAP tab.
10. Turn on the Running Object Snap by clicking on the Object Snap On box.
11. Modify the settings of the options as shown below
.
12. Click on the OK button to close the dialog box
13. Create the construction lines shown above by selecting the Construction Line command
in the Draw toolbar. You may use the Offset command in the Modify toolbar to create
copies of horizontal and vertical construction lines.
14. On the Object Properties

toolbar, choose the Layer
Control Box, and left-mouse-
click the “Object Lines”
Layer to select this as the
current layer. All entities
created will now be placed in
this layer.
15. To start creating object lines, select the Line command icon in the Draw toolbar. Create
the three rectangles for the outline of the top, right and front views using the
constructionlines as a guide.
16. Turn off the Construction layer by clicking on the “light bulb” icon of the
Construction layer in the Layer Control Box.
17. Create more lines in the

front view to obtain the L-
shaped figure as shown.
(You may use the Offset and
Trim commands.)
18. Turn on the OTRACK

option in the Status Bar.
The Object Snap Tracking
allows the cursor to track
along alignment paths based
on other object snap points.
19. Select the Line command.

Move the cursor near the
upper-right corner of the L-
shape in the front view so that
the symbol “Endpoint” is
displayed.
20. Move the cursor upward and notice the dashed line displayed by Object Tracking,
showing alignment to the point in the front view. Left-click when the Object Snap
shows“intersection.”
21. Use the same technique to locate the other end of the line.
22. Create the additional lines and the circle shown in the top view. The horizontal lines can
be created using the Offset command. The Snap From option in the Object Snaps
toolbarmay be combined with relative coordinates to locate points with respect to
existing entities in the drawing.
23. Use the Trim command to modify the top view, and create the two additional lines of 1.00
spacing near the left edge of the view so that the top view is as shown.
24. Turn on the Construction Layer by clicking on the Layer Control box. Select the
Construction Layer as the current layer.
25. Create a 45° miter line to be used in transferring measurements from the top view to
the side view.
26. Use the Construction line command in the Draw toolbar to create horizontal projection
lines (right-mouse-click and select Horizontal option) through all endpoints in the top
view.
27. Create the miter line at an angle of 45º as shown.
28. Create vertical CONSTRUCTION LINES passing through the intersection of the
horizontal construction lines with the miter line.
29. Make the Object Layer the current layer. Create the object lines in the right view as
shown. Also, complete the front view as shown.
30. In the Layer Properties Manager, add two new layers: one for Center Lines and another
for Hidden Lines. Be sure to Load the appropriate Linetypes for these layers.
31. Create all the hidden lines for each of the three views in the Hidden Lines layer.
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32. Create center lines of all arcs and circles for each of the views in the Center Line layer.
Post Lab:
Create the multiviews of the dial bracket shown in Figure 5.141 of the text. Be sure to create
entities in appropriate layers: construction lines, object lines, hidden lines and center lines. Do
not add dimensions. Save the drawing as a:lab4-b.dwg.
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Post Lab Task

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
•
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97
Lab # 5
Pictorial Drawing Using AutoCAD
Objectives
In this lab students will explore the ISOMETRIC views.
Prelab
Isometric, dimetric, trimetric, and oblique drawings are two-dimensional representations of three-
dimensional objects, whether created with AutoCAD or otherwise. Pictorial drawing was invented
before the existence of CAD and therefore was intended to simulate a 3D object on a 2D plane
(plane of the paper). In this exercise isometric drawings are drawn using AutoCAD.
AutoCAD provides the capability to construct isometric drawings. An isometric SNAP and an
isometric GRID are available, as well as a utility for creation of isometrically correct ellipses.
Isometric lines are created with the Line command. The isometric SNAP and GRID can be used
to force lines to an isometric orientation.
Using Ctrl+E toggles the cursor to one of three possible Isoplanes (the three faces of the isometric
pictorial). If ORTHO is ON, only isometric lines can be drawn; that is, you can only draw lines
aligned with the coordinate axes. Inclined and oblique lines can only be drawn whenORTHO is
OFF. Isometric ellipses can be drawn using the Isocircle option of the Ellipse command from the
draw menu.
LAB Tasks
Given the top and front views, create an isometric drawing.
98
99
2. In the Select Template manager, left-mouse-click on the triangular button to the right ofthe
Open button, and select Open with no Template – Imperial.
3. Set the default units to inches.
4. In the Pull Down menus, select

[Tools] => [Drafting Settings].
5. In the Drafting Settings dialog box, turn on the Snap and Grid, set the Snap Y spacing
and the Grid Y spacing to 0.25, and set the Snap Style to Isometric Style Snap.
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6. Click on the Polar Tracking tab. Turn on Polar Tracking, and change Increment Angle to
30.
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7. Click OK to close the dialog box. Notice the orientation of the grid points has changed to
isometric. The appearance of the cursor also has changed to make it easy to create entities in the
frontal, top, and profile planes.
8. With ORTHO tab on, create an isometric box using the Line command. Use the givenoverall
dimensions of the object. Use Crtl+E to set the appropriate isoplane. Relative polar coordinates
can be used to locate corners of the rectangular block.
9. Add the lines defining the lower surface. Define the needed edge of the upper surface asshown.
Watch the Coords display (in a relative polar format) to give the current lengths as you draw.
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10. Draw the inclined edges of the inclined surface with ORTHO off. Trim or Erase
unnecessary lines.
11. Draw the slot by constructing an Ellipse with the Isocircle option. Draw the two lines
connecting the circle to the right edge. Trim unwanted part of the ellipse.
12. Copy the lines and the arc of the ellipse down to the bottom surface. Add two vertical lines
at the end of the slot. Trim the lines along the right edge at the opening of the slot.
13. Add the two holes on the top plane with Ellipse, Isocircle option.
14. Add the notch at the left, bottom edge of the block.
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Post Lab Task

• Given the front and top views, create an AutoCAD isometric of the object.
104
Note that all dimensions are in mm.

Lab Assessment
105
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
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Lab # 6
Wireframe Modeling
Objectives
In this lab students will explore the wireframe modelling.
Prelab
LAB Tasks
This exercise will develop facility in visualizing three-dimensional objects, and creating three-
dimensional models using wireframes.
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Open button, and select Open with no Template – Imperial.
3. In the Status Bar area, reset the options and turn ON the GRID, POLAR, OSNAP, LWT and
MODEL options.
4. Create the rectangular base of the solid by selecting the Line icon in the Draw toolbar. In the
command prompt area, the message “Specify first point:” is displayed.
Command: _line Specify first point: 0,0 [ENTER]

(Type 0,0 in the command prompt area and press the [ENTER] key.)
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5. We will create a 4.5” × 3.5” rectangular by entering the absolute coordinates of the other
corners.
Specify next point or [Undo]: 4.5,0 [ENTER]

Specify next point or [Undo]: 4.5,3.5 [ENTER]
Specify next point or [Undo]: 0,3.5 [ENTER]
6. Close the rectangle by clicking on the starting point.
[View] => [3D Views] => [SE Isometric]
• Notice the orientation of the sketched 2D rectangle in relation to the displayed AutoCAD
user coordinate system. By default, the 2D sketch-plane is aligned to the XY plane of the world
coordinate system.
The next several steps will create a three-dimensional box that will serve as the boundary of the
wireframe model.
8. Click on the Copy Object icon in the Modify toolbar. Pick the edges of the rectangle as the
object to copy.
9. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click once to end the selection.
10. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify base point or displacement, or
[Multiple]:” is displayed. Pick any corner of the sketched rectangle as a base point to create the
copy.
11. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify second point of displacement or <use
first point as displacement>.” is displayed.
Enter: @0,0,2.7 [ENTER]
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12. Use the Line command to create the 3D box as

shown.
13. Select the Line icon in the Draw toolbar.
14. In the command prompt area, the message “line Specify first point:” is displayed. Select
Snap From in the Object Snap toolbar.
15.Select the top-back corner of the box as the reference point.
16. In the command prompt area, the message “line Specify first point:_from Base point
<Offset>:” is displayed.
Command: @1,0,0 [ENTER]
17. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify next point or [Undo] .”is displayed.
Command. Specify next point or [Undo]. @0,-3.5,0 [ENTER]
18. Using the Line command and the Snap From option in the Object Snap toolbar, create the
remaining lines in the top plane. Use the Trim command to trim away unwanted lines. (Use
the dimensions given on the first page of this handout.)
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19. Using the Line command, the Snap From option in the Object Snap toolbar, and the Circle
command, create the geometry shown in bottom plane. Use the Trim command to trim away
unwanted lines.
20. Click on the Copy Object icon in the Modify toolbar.
21. In the command prompt area, the message “Select objects” .“ is displayed. Pick the edges
of the bottom plane.
22. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click once to end the selection.
23. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify base point or displacement, or
[Multiple]:” is displayed. Pick any corner of the rectangle to be used as a base point to create the
copy.
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24. In the command prompt area,

the message “Specify second point of
displacement or <use first point as
displacement>:” is displayed.
Enter: @0,0,0.75 [ENTER]
25. Create the vertical lines connecting the corners of the bottom planes with those of the copy
made in the previous step. Add remaining lines needed, and trim or erase unwanted ones.
26. To facilitate the creation of entities in the left plane, we will change the position of the User
Coordinate System (UCS).
In the pull-down menus, select:
[Tools] => [New Ucs] => [3 Point]
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27. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify new origin point <0,0,0>:”, click on the
lower, left corner of the frontal plane.
28. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify point on positive portion of X-axis
<1.0000,0.0000,0.0000>:”, click on the lower, left corner of the back plane (coordinates
<0,3.5,0>).
29. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS
XY plane <0.0000,1.0000,0.0000>:”, click on the upper, left corner of the frontal plane
(coordinates <0,0,2.7>).
30. Notice the new position and orientation of the
UCS icon.
30. Create the geometry on the left plane as

shown. Be careful to take into account the new
position of the User Coordinate System in
specifying coordinates of points
31. Copy the geometric entities previously created in the left plane using the Copy icon in the
Modify toolbar. Use relative coordinates of @0,0,1 to indicate the position of the second
point of displacement.
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32. Complete the wireframe model

by creating connecting lines of
corresponding edges of the
entities in the left plane and the
copy made in the previous step.
Make sure to create connecting
lines between corresponding
Quadrants of the two circles.
33. Save this drawing files as

a:Lab16a.dwg.
Using the View Toolbar
1. Move the cursor on top of any icon and right-click on any icon of the Standard toolbar to
display a list of toolbar menu groups.
2. Select View, with the left-mouse-button, to display the View toolbar on the screen.
• The View toolbar contains two sections of icons that allow us to quickly switch to
standard 2D and 3D views.
3. On your own, examine the wireframe model by using the different icons in the View toolbar.
Dynamic Rotation — 3D orbit
1. Click on the 3D Orbit icon in the Standard toolbar.
.• The 3D-Orbit view displays an arcball, which is

a circle, divided into four quadrants by smaller
circles. 3D-Orbit enables us to manipulate the
view of 3D objects by clicking and dragging with
the left-mouse-button.
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2. Inside the arcball, press down the left-mouse-button and drag it up and down to rotate aboutthe screen Xaxis.
Dragging the mouse left and right will rotate about the screen Yaxis. Inspect the accuracy of your wireframe as you
slowly rotate the model.
3. Move the cursor to different locations on the screen, outside the arcball or on one of the foursmall circles, and
experiment with the real-time dynamic rotation feature of the 3D-ORBIT command.
Post Lab Task

Create a wireframe model of the solid whose front and top views are given below. Thedimensions are in mm. Save
this drawing as a:Lab16b.dwg.
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Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
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Lab # 7
Solid modeling using Solid primitives and Boolean operations
Objectives
In this lab we look at using solid primitives in particular we will use the box and cylinderprimitives to
create the part shown below.
Prelab
LAB Tasks
1. Start with a new AutoCAD drawing by selecting the Qnew command icon in the
Standard toolbar. The Select Template dialog box will appear.
Open button, and select Open with no Template – Metric. This sets the default units to inches.
3. Activate the ‘Solid’, ‘Solid Editing’ and ‘Shade’ toolbars as shown in figure 1.
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Figure 1
4. Set the view to SE isometric view.

Keep in mind that when we work with solids in AutoCAD we are going to be prompted
with 3 different dimensions. The dimensions that AutoCAD uses are Length, Width and
Height. When AutoCAD asks for the Length it is always along the x-axis direction given
by the current coordinate system, width is along the y- axis direction and height along the
z-axis direction. In addition to that Length, Width and Height can either be positive or
negative.
4. Now we will start by creating a box through the box command.

Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: [Enter]
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: L [Enter]
Specify length: 65 [Enter]
Specify width: 50 [Enter]
Specify height: 10 [Enter]
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Figure 2
5. Now create a cylinder to form the radius of this upper horizontal plate.
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: Select Midpointof the
edge as the center point of the cylinder as shown in Figure 3
Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: 25 [Enter]
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: 10 [Enter]
Figure 3 Figure 4
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6. At this point check ‘Gouraud Shading’ option from the ‘Shading toolbar’ to check
whether the diagram is correct. Check other options available in the Shade toolbar as well.
7. Switch back to ‘2D wire frame’ from the ‘Shade toolbar’.
8. Add another cylinder concentric with the 1st cylinder, this will be used to create a hole.
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: Select the
bottom center of the 1st cylinder.
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: 10 [Enter]
Figure 5
9. In the next phase we will add a box to our diagram which will act as a back side to our
model. Create a box with the dimensions.
Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: [Enter]

Specify height: -45 [Enter]
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Now we have a vertically oriented box which is just touching the horizontal box.
10. Now to create the holes at the back phase we will use the cylinder command but 1st
we need to re-orient the UCS. The direction of the height z-axis needs to be oriented to
what is now the x-axis orientation. Else we will have cylinders with the same orientation
as the first 2 cylinders we created.
i. SO to change the UCS type ‘UCSICON’ in the command line or from the UCStoolbar
select ‘UCS three point’ command.
ii. First choose the origin point, lower right corner of front face of the vertical box
(11, 0, -45)
iii. Second point is the point in the direction of the x-axis, lower right corner ofback
face of the vertical box (9, 0, -45)
iv. Third point is the point in the direction if the y-axis, upper right corner of frontface
of the vertical box.
The UCS Icon has been changed now.
v. Now we create a cylinder

Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: 10,30,0 [Enter]
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: -10 [Enter]
11. Use the Mirror command to mirror the cylinder. Select the mirror command.
Select objects: Select the cylinder
Specify 1st point of mirror line: select the front and bottom midpoint of the front
face of the vertical box. [Enter]
Delete Source Objects [Yes/No] <N>: [Enter]
12. Next we need to create the bracket feature. We will create a box and then camphor
one of the corners. Create a box with the dimensions.
Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: 20,5,0 [Enter]
Specify height: 30 [Enter]
13. Select ‘Camphor’ command from the modify toolbar

Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: Select the
base Edge of Right face of the bracket box.
Enter surface selection option [Next/ OK (current)] <OK>: [Enter]
Specify base surface champer distance: 20 [Enter]
Specify other surface champer distance <20.000>: 30 [Enter]
Select an Edge or [loop]: Select the base Edge of Right face of the bracket box.
[Enter]
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14. Guideline for combining solids is to Do union 1st and then subtract.
Select Union.
Select Objects: Choose the 2 boxes the 25 radius cylinder and the champord box.
Press enter
15. Select the Subtract command.

Select solids and regions to subtract from ..
Select Objects: Choose the union object and [Enter]
Select solids and regions to Subtract ..
Select Objects: Select the rest of the 3 cylinder [Enter]
16. Click on Gouraud Shading and select 3D orbit to Check your Solid.
Figure 6
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Post Lab Task

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
123
Lab # 9
Introduction to Instrument Drawing
Objectives
In this lab students will learn basic of drawing, instrument drawing and freehand drawing
Prelab
Drawing
A drawing is a graphic representation of an object, or a part of it, and is the result of creative thought by an
engineer or technician. When one person sketches a rough map in giving direction to another, this is graphic
communication. Graphic communication involves using visual materials to relate ideas. Drawings,
photographs, slides, transparencies, and sketches are all forms of graphic communication. Any medium that
uses a graphic image to aid in conveying a message, instructions, or an idea is involved in graphic
communication
One of the most widely used forms of graphic communication is the drawing.
Technically, it can be defined as “a graphic representation of an idea, a concept or an entity which actually
or potentially exists in life. Drawing is one of the oldest forms ofcommunicating, dating back even farther
than verbal communication. The drawing itself is a way of communicating all necessary information about
an abstract, such as an idea or concept or a graphic representation of some real entity, such as a machine
part, house or tools.
There are two basic types of drawings: Artistic and Technical drawings.
Artistic Drawings
Artistic Drawings range in scope from the simplest line drawing to the most famous paintings. Regardless
of their complexity, artistic drawings are used to express the feelings, beliefs, philosophies, and ideas of the
artist.
In order to understand an artistic drawing, it is sometimes necessary to first understand the artist. Artists
often take a subtle or abstract approach in communicating through their drawings, which in turn gives rise to
various interpretations. (see figure 1.1)
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Figure 1.1 Artistic drawings
(Source: Goetsch, Technical drawing 3rd ed. USA: DelmarPublisher Inc., 1994)
Technical Drawings
The technical drawing, on the other hand, is not subtle, or abstract. It does not require an understanding
of its creator, only an understanding of technical drawings.
A technical drawing is a means of clearly and concisely communicating all of the information necessary
to transform an idea or a concept in to reality. Therefore, a technical drawing often contains more than
just a graphic representation of its subject. It also contains dimensions, notes and specifications. (See
figure 1.2)
Figure 1.2 Technical Drawings
A. Types of Technical Drawings
Technical drawings are based on the fundamental principlesof projections. A projection is a drawing
or representation of an entity on an imaginary plane or planes. This projection planes serves the same
purpose in technical drawing as is served by the movie screen. A projection involves four components
1. The actual object that the drawing or projection represents
2. The eye of the viewer looking at the object

125
3. The imaginary projection plane

4. Imaginary lines of sight called Projectors
The two broad types of projections, both with several sub- classifications, are parallel projection and
perspective projection.
Parallel Projection
Parallel Projection is a type of projection where the line ofsight or projectors are parallel and are perpendicular to
the picture planes. It is subdivided in to the following three categories: Orthographic, Oblique and Axonometric
Projections.
 Orthographic projections: are drawn as multi view drawings, which show flat representations of principal views of the
subject.
 Oblique Projections: actually show the full size of one view.
 Axonometric Projections: are three-dimensional drawings, and are of three different varieties: Isometric, Dimetric and
Trimetric.
Figure 1.3 Orthographic multi view drawing
Figure 1.4 Oblique drawing
126
Figure 1.5 Axonometric drawing

Perspective Projection
Perspective projections are drawings which attempt to replicate what the human eye actually sees when it views an
object. There are three types of perspective projections: One- point, Two-point and Three-point Projections.
Figure 1.6 Perspective drawing
Purpose of Technical Drawings
To appreciate the need for technical drawings, one must understand the design process. The design
process is anorderly, systematic procedure used in accomplishing aneeded design.
Any product that is to be manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, built, or subjected to any
other types of conversion process must first be designed. For example, a house must be designed before
it can be built.
B. Application of Technical Drawing
Technical drawings are used in many different applications. They are needed in any setting, which
127
involves design, and in any subsequent forms of conversion process. The most common applications of
technical drawings can be found inthe fields of manufacturing, engineering and construction.
For instance, Surveyors, civil engineers, sanitarians use technical drawings to document such works as
the layout of a new subdivisions, or the marking of the boundaries for a piece of property. Contractors and
construction personnel use technical drawings as their blue prints in converting architectural and
engineering designs in to reality
Figure 1.7 Technical drawing (architectural)
DRAWINGEQUIPMENTS AND THEIR USE

Introduction
To record information on paper instruments and equipments are needed. Engineering drawing is
entirely a graphic language hence instruments are essentially needed. Drawing must be clear,
neat and legible in order to serve its purpose. Hence it is extremely important for engineers to
have good speed, accuracy, legibility and neatness in the drawing work.
Important Drawing Equipments

All drawings are made by means of various instruments. The quality of drawing depends to a large
extent on the quality, adjustment and care of the instruments.
i. Drawing Paper
Drawing paper is the paper, on which drawing is to be made. All engineering drawings are made
on sheets of paper ofstrictly defined sizes, which are set forth in the U.S.S.R standards. The use
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of standard size saves paper and ensures convenient storage of drawings. Now a day, A3 and
A4 are the most commonly used paper sizes. The U.S.S.R standardestablishes five
preferred sizes for drawings as tabulatedbellow:
Table 2.1 Description of the size of drawing paper

Size designation 11 12 22 24 44
Sheet dimensions 297x210 297x420 594x420 594x841 1,189x841
in mm
Corresponding
designation of A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
paper sheets
according to the
U.S.S.R Standard
(for references)
A4 A3
297mm
420mm
Figure 2.1 A4 and A3 standard papers
Title block is a rectangular frame that is located at the bottom of the sheet. It is recommended that space
should be provided in all title blocks for such information as description of title of the drawing, dates,
designer (drawer), and name of enterprise or educational institute, size (scale)
Boarder line
A3
Title block
Title block
Boarder line
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Sample for title block

TITLE
DR.BY GUTEMA KETEMA
CHECK.BY
ASSIGN. NO.
SCALE INSTIT. AU
DATE 02/02/2003
Figure 2.2 Sample Title block figure
ii. Triangles (setsquares)
They are used to construct the most common angles (i.e. 300, 450, 600) in technical drawings. The 450 x
450 and 300 x 600 triangles are the most commonly used for ordinary work. They are shown in the fig. 2.2
below.
300x600 triangle
0 0
45 x45 triangle
Figure 2.3 triangles or set squares
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iii. T- square
It is used primarily to draw horizontal lines and for guiding the triangles when drawing vertical and
inclined lines. It is manipulated by sliding the working edge (inner face) of the head along the left edge
of the board until the blade is in the required position.
T-square
Figure 2.4 T-square
iv. French curve
It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs. The shape varies according to the shape of irregular
curve.
Figure 2.5 French curves
v. Protractor
It is used for laying out and measuring angle.
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Figure 2.6 Protractor
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vi. Scale (ruler)
A number of kinds of scales are available for varied types of engineering design. Figure fig 2.7 Scales with
beveled edges graduated in mm are usually used.
vii. Pencil
The student and professional man should be equipped with a selection of good, well-sharpened pencil with
leads of various degrees of hardness such as: 9H, 8H, 7H, and 6H (hard); 5H& 4H (medium hard); 3H and 2H
(medium); and H& F (medium soft). The grade of pencil to be used for various purposes depends on the type
of line desired, the kind of paper employed, and the humidity, which affects the surface of the paper.
Standards for line quality usually will govern theselection. For instance,
 6H is used for light construction line.
 4H is used for re-penciling light finished lines(dimension lines, center lines, and invisible object lines)
 2H is used for visible object lines
 F and H are used for all lettering and freehand work.
Table 2.2. Grade of pencil (lead) and their application
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viii. Compass
It is used to draw circles and arcs both in pencil and ink. It consists of two legs pivoted at the top. One leg
is equipped with a steel needle attached with a screw, and other shorter leg is, provided with a socket for
detachable inserts.
ix. Divider
Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal parts. i.e. for dividing curved
and straight lines into any number of equal parts, and for transferring measurements.
Figure 2.8 Compass and divider
X. Template
A template is a thin, flat piece of plastic containing various cutout shapes. It is designed to speed the work of the
drafter and to make the finished drawing more accurate. Templates are available for drawing circles, ellipses,
plumbing’s, fixtures etc. Templates come in many sizes to fit the scale being used on the drawing. And it should be
used wherever possible to increase accuracy and speed.
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Drawing board is a board whose top surface is perfectly smooth and level on which the drawing paper is fastened.
Clinograph (Adjustable set square)-its two sides are fixed at 900 and the third side can be adjusted at any angle.
Rubber or eraser- extra lines or curves which are not required in the drawing are to be rubbed out or erased. Hence a
rubberor eraser are required in the drawing work. Erasers are available in many degrees of hardness, size and shape.
Eraser shield –it is an important device to protect lines near those being erased. It is made up of thin metal plate in
which gaps of different widths and lengths are cut.
Tracing paper – it is a thin transparent paper. Figures below it can be seen easily and traced out in pencil ink.
Drawing ink- it is used for making drawings in ink on tracing paper.
LAB Task
Task 1:
(Reproduce a straight horizontal line using T-square.) (CLO2)
• To draw a straight horizontal line using a T-square, hold firmly its stock with the left hand against the working edge of
the board, and draw the line from left to right.
Note: The pencil should be held slightly inclined in the direction of the line (i.e. to the right) while the pencil point
should be as close as possible to the working edge of the blade. Horizontal parallel lines are drawn by sliding the
stock to the desired position.
Task 2:
(Reproduce a line perpendicular to the horizontal line drawn in Exercise 1 from a given
point within it. (CLO2)
• Place the T-square a little below the given line.
• Arrange any on Set Square with one of the edges containing the right angle touching the working edge of the T-square,
and the other edge passing through the given point.
• Hold firmly the T-square and the set-square with the left hand in this position.
• With the right hand, draw the required line through the given point in the upward direction which is the required
vertical line.
Note: The pencil point should always be in contact with the edge of the set-square. Vertical parallel lines may be drawn by
sliding the set0square along the edge of the T-square to the required position.
Task 3:
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(Divide the given line segment AB into n-equal parts. (Here n=5 parts).
1. Draw a line segment AB.
2. From point A, draw a line segment at an angle to the given line, and about the same length. The exact length is not important.
3. Set the compass on A, and set its width to a bit less than one fifth of the length of the new line.
4. Step the compass along the line, marking off 5 arcs. Label the last one C.
5. With the compass width set to CB, draw an arc from A just below it.
6. With the compass width set to AC, draw an arc from B crossing the one drawn in step 4. This intersection is point D.
7. Draw a line from D to B.
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8. Using the same compass width as used to step along AC, step the compass from D along DB making 4 new arcs across the
line.
9. Draw lines between the corresponding points along AC and DB.
10. Done. The lines divide the given line segment AB in to 5 congruent parts.
Task 4:
(Divide a given right angle into three parts (trisect it).
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• Let ABC be the given right angle.

• With center B and any radius, draw an arc cutting AB at D and BC at E
• With centers D and E having the same radius as BE or BD, draw arcs cutting the arc DE at points P and Q.
• Draw lines joining B with P and Q.
• BP and BQ trisect the right angle ABC.
Thus, <ABP + <PBQ + <QBC = <ABC
Task 5:
Divide a line segment AB=15cm into 12 equal parts.

Post Lab Task
138

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
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Lab # 10
Drawing 2
Objectives
In this lab students will learn Isometric views.
Prelab
GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
Introduction
Strict interpretation of geometric construction allows use of only the compass and an instrument for
drawing straight lines, and with these, the geometer, following mathematical theory, accomplishes his
solutions. In technical drawing, the principles of geometry are employed constantly, but instruments are
not limited to the basic two as T-squares, triangles, scales, curves etc. are used to make constructions
with speed and accuracy. Since there is continual application of geometric principles, the methods given
in this chaptershould be mastered thoroughly. It is assumed that students using this book understand the
elements of plane geometry and will be able to apply their knowledge.
The constructions given here afford excellent practice in the use of instruments. Remember that the
results you obtain will be only as accurate as your skill makes them. Take care in measuring and drawing
so that your drawings will be accurate and professional in appearance.
GEOMETRIC NOMENICLATURE
A. POINTS IN SPACE
A point is an exact location in space or on a drawing surface. A point is actually represented on the
drawing by a crisscross at its exact location. The exact point in space is where the two lines of the
crisscross intersect. When a point is located on an existing line, a light, short dashed line or cross bar is
placed on the line at the location of the exact point. Never represent a point on a drawing by a dot; except
for sketching locations.
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B. LINE
Lines are straight elements that have no width, but are infinite in length (magnitude), and they can be
located by two points which are not on the same spot but fall along the line. Lines may be straight lines
or curved lines.A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. It can be drawn in any
direction. If a line is indefinite, and the ends are not fixed in length, the actual length is a matter of
convenience. If the end points of a line are important, they must be marked by meansof small,
mechanically drawn crossbars, as described by apint in space.
Straight lines and curved lines are considered parallel if the shortest distance between them remains
constant. The symbol used for parallel line is //. Lines, which are tangent and at 900 are considered
perpendicular. The symbol for perpendicular line is ⊥.
Figure 4.1 Points and lines
C. ANGLE
An angle is formed by the intersection of two lines. There are three major kinds of angles: right angels,
acute angles and obtuse angles. The right angle is an angle of 900, an acute angle is an angle less than
900, and an obtuse angle is an angle more than 900. A straight line is 1800. The symbol for an angle is <
(singular) and <’s (Plural). To draw an angle, use the drafting machine, a triangle, or a protractor.
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Figure 4.2 Angles
D. TRIANGLES
A triangle is a closed plane figure with three straight sides and their interior angles sum up exactly 1800.
The various kinds of triangles: a right triangle, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and an obtuse
angled triangle.
Figure 4.3 Triangles
QUADRIALTERAL
It is a plane figure bounded by four straight sides. When opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is
also considered to be a parallelogram.
Figure 4.4 Quadrilaterals
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E. POLYGON
A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more straight sides. The most important of these polygons
as they relate to drafting are probably the triangle with three sides, square with four sides, the hexagon
with six sides, and the octagon with eight sides.
Figure 4.5 Polygons

F. CIRCLE
A circle is a closed curve with all points on the circle at the same distance from the center point. The
major components of a circle are the diameter, the radius and circumference.
 The diameter of the circle is the straight distance from one outside curved surface through the center point to the opposite
outside curved surface.
 The radius of a circle is the distance from the centerpoint to the outside curved surface. The radius is half thediameter,
and is used to set the compass when drawinga diameter.
 A central angle: is an angle formed by two radial lines from the center of the circle.
 A sector: is the area of a circle lying between two radial lines and the circumference.
 A quadrant: is a sector with a central angle of 900 and usually with one of the radial lines oriented horizontally.
 A chord: is any straight line whose opposite ends terminate on the circumference of the circle.
 A segment: is the smaller portion of a circle separated bya chord.
 Concentric circles are two or more circles with a commoncenter point.
 Eccentric circles are two or more circles with out a common center point.
 A semi circle is half of the circle.
Figure 4.6 Circle
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G. SOLIDS
They are geometric figures bounded by plane surfaces. The surfaces are called faces, and if these are
equal regular polygons, the solids are regular polyhedra
Figure 4.7 Solids
4.1 Techniques of Geometricconstructions
To construct the above mentioned geometric figures, we haveto know some principles and procedures
of geometric construction. Thus, the remaining of this chapter is devoted to illustrate step-by-step
geometric construction procedures used by drafters and technicians to develop various geometric
forms.
A. How to Bisect a Line or an Arc
To bisect a line means to divide it in half or to find its center point. In the given process, a line will
also be constructed at the exact center point at exactly 900.
Given: Line A-B
Step 1: Set the compass approximately two-thirds of the length of line A-B and swing an arc from point A.
Step 2: Using the exact same compass setting, swing an arc from point B.
Step 3: At the two intersections of these arcs, locate points D and E
Step 4: Draw a straight-line connecting point D with point E. Where this line intersects line A-B, it bisects
line A-B.Line D-E is also perpendicular to line A-B at the exact center point.
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Figure 4.8 Example on how to bisect a line or arc
B. HOW TO DIVIDE A LINE IN TO Number of EQUALPARTS

Given: Line A-B
Step 1: Draw a construction line AC that starts at end A of given line AB. This new line is longer than
the given line and makes an angle of not more than 300 with it.
Step 2: Find a scale that will approximately divide the line AB in to the number of parts needed (11 in
the example below), and mark these divisions on the line AC. There are now ‘n’ equal divisions
from A to D that lie on the line AC (11 in this example).
Step 3: Set the adjustable triangle to draw a construction line from point D to point B. Then draw
construction lines through each of the remaining ‘n-1’ divisions parallel to the first line BD by
sliding the triangle along the straight edge. The original line AB will now be accurately
divided.
Figure 4.9 Example on how to divide a line in to a number of equal parts
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C. How to Bisect an Angle
To bisect an angle means to divide it in half or to cut it in to two equal angles.
Given: Angle BAC
Step 1: Set the compass at any convenient radius and swing an arc from point A
Step 2: Locate points E and F on the legs of the angle, and swing two arcs of the same identical length from
points E and F, respectively.
Step 3: Where these arcs intersect, locate point D. Draw astraight line from A to D. This line will bisect
angle BAC and establish two equal angles: CAD and BAD.
Figure 4.10 Example on how to bisect an angle
D. How to Draw an Arc or Circle (Radius) Through ThreeGiven Points

Given: Three points in space at random: A, Band C.
Step 1: With straight line, lightly connect points A to B, and B to C,
Step 2: Using the method outlined for bisecting a line, bisect lines A-B and B-C
Step 3: Locate point X where the two extended bisectors meet. Point X is the exact center of the arc or circle.
Step 4: Place the point of the compass on point X and adjust the lead to any of the points A, B, or C (they are
the same distance), and swing the circle. If all work is done correctly, the arc or circle should pass
through each point.
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Figure 4.11 Example on how to draw an arc or circle
E. How to Draw a Line Parallel to a Straight Line at aGiven Distance

Given: Line A-B, and a required distance to the parallel line.
Step 1: Set the compass at the required distance to the parallel line. Place the point of the compass at any location
on the given line, and swing a light arc whose radius is the required distance.
Step 2: Adjust the straight edge of either a drafting machine or an adjusted triangle so that it line sup with line
A-B, slide the straight edge up or down to the extreme high
point, which is the tangent point, of the arc, then drawthe parallel line.
Figure 4.12 Example on how to draw parallel line
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F. How to Draw a Line Parallel to a Line Curved Line at aGiven Distance
Given: Curved line A-B, and a required distance to theparallel line,
Step 1: Set the compass at the required distance to theparallel line. Starting from either end of the curved
148
line, place the point of the compass on the given line, and swing a series
of light arcs along the given line.
Step 2: using an irregular curve, draw a line along the extreme high points of the
arcs.
Figure 4.13 Example on how to draw parallel curved line
G. How to Draw a Perpendicular Lines to a Line at
a PointMethod 1
Given: Line A-B with point P on the same line.
Step 1: Using P as a center, make two arcs of equal radius or more continuous
arc (R1) to intercept line A-B on either side of point P, at points S and T.
Step 2: Swing larger but equal arcs (R2) from each of points S and T to cross
each other at point U.
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Step 3: A line from P to U is perpendicular to line A-B at point P
Figure 4.14 Example on how to draw a perpendicular line, to a point outside the line
H. How to Draw a Perpendicular to a Line at a Point
Method 2
Given: Line A-B with point P on the line.
Step 1: Swing an arc of any convenient radius whose center O is at any
convenient location NOT on line A-B, but positioned to make the
arc cross line A-B at points P and Q
Step 2: A line from point Q through center O intercepts the opposite side
of the arc at point R
Step 3: Line R-P is perpendicular to line A-B (A right anglehas been
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inscribed in asemi circle)

Figure 4.15 Example on how to draw a perpendicular line, to a point on the line
I. How to Draw a Perpendicular to a line from a Point Noton the Line
Given: Line A-B and point P
Step 1: Using P as a center, swing an arc (R1) to intercept line A-B

at points G and H.
Step 2: Swing larger, but equal length arcs (R2) from each ofthe points
G and H to intercept each other at point J.
Step 3: Line P-J is perpendicular to line A-B
Figure 4.16 Example on how to draw a perpendicular line, to a point

outside the line
J. How to Draw a Triangle

with Known Lengths of
Sides
Given: lengths 1, 2, and 3.
Step 1: Draw the longest length line, in this example length 3, with ends A and
B. Swing an arc (R1) from point A whose radius is either length 1 or
length 2; in this example length 1.
Step 2; using the radius length not used in step 1, swing an arc (R2) from point
B to intercept the arc swung from point A at point
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Step 3: Connect A to C and B to C to complete the triangle
Figure 4.17 Example on how to draw triangles with givensides
K. How to Draw a Square
Method-1
Given: The locations of the center and the required distance across the sides of
a square.
Step 1: Lightly draw a circle with a diameter equal to the distance around the
sides of the square. Set the compass at half the required diameter.
Step 2: Using triangles, lightly complete the square by constructing tangent lines
to the circle. Allow the light construction lines to project from the square,
with out erasing them.
Step 3: Check to see that there are four equal sides and, if so, darken in the actual
square using the correct linethickness.
Figure 4.18 Example on how to draw square with given side
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Method-2
Given one side AB. Through point A, draw a perpendicular. With A as
a center, and AB as radius; draw the arc to intersect the perpendicular at
C. With B and C as centers, and AB as radius, strike arcs to intersect at
D. Draw line CD and BD.
Figure 4.19 Example on how to draw square with given side
L. How to Draw A Pentagon (5 Sides)
Given: The locations of the pentagon center and the diameter that will
circumscribe the pentagon.
Step 1: Bisect radius OD at C.
Step 2: With C as center, and CA as radius, strike arc AE. With A as center,
and AE as radius, strike arc EB.
Step 3: Draw line AB, then set off distances AB around the circumference of the
circle, and draw the sides through these points.
Figure 4.20 Example on

how to draw
pentagon
with a given
side
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M. How to Draw A Hexagon (6 Sides)
Figure 4.21 Example on how to draw hexagon with a givenside
N. To Draw Any Sided Regular Polygon
To construct a regular polygon with a specific number of sides,

divide the given diameter using the parallel line method as shown
in fig below. In this example, let us assume seven- sided regular
polygon. Construct an equilateral triangle (0-7-8)with the diameter
(0-7) as one of its sides. Draw a line from the apex (point 8)
through the second point on the line (point 2). Extend line 8-2 until
it intersects the circle at point 9. Radius 0-9 will be the size of each
side of the figure. Using radius 0-9 step off the corners of the seven
sides polygon and connect the points.
Figure 4.22
Examp
le on
154
how to
draw
any
sided
regular
polygo
n
To Draw A Circle Tangent to a Line at a Given Point
Given: Given line AB and a point on the line. Step 1: At P erect a
perpendicular to the line.
Step 2: Set off the radius of the required circle on theperpendicular.
Step 3: Draw circle with radius CP.
Figure 4.23 Example on how to draw a tangent to a line
P. To Draw a Tangent to A Circle through a Point
Method-1
Given: Point P on the circle.
Move the T-square and triangle as a unit until one side of the triangle
passes through the point P and the center of the circle; then slide the
triangle until the other side passes through point P, and draw the required
tangent.
Method-2
Given: Point P outside the circle
Move the T-square and triangles as a unit until one side of the triangle
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passes through point P and, by inspection, is the tangent to the circle; and
then slide the triangle until the other side passes through the center of
the circle, and lightly mark
the point of tangency T. finally move the triangle back to its starting
position and draw the required tangent.
Figure 4.24 Example on how to draw a tangent to a circle
Q. To Draw Tangents to Two Circles
Move the T-square and triangles as a unit until one side of thetriangle is
tangent, by inspection, to the two circles; then slide the triangle until the
other side passes through the center of one circle, and lightly mark the
point of tangency. Then slide the triangle until the side passes through
the center of the other circle, and mark the point of tangency. Finally
slide the triangle back to the tangent position, and draw the tangent lines
between the two points of tangency. Draw the second tangent line in
similar manner.
Figure 4.25 Example on how to draw a tangent to two

circles
R. HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN ARC TANGENT TO an Angle
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Given: A right angle, lines A and B and a required radius.
Step 1: Set the compass at the required radius and, out of the way, swing a
radius from line A and one from line B.
Step 2: From the extreme high points of each radius, construct a light line
parallel to line A and anotherline parallel to line B.
Step 3: Where these lines intersect is the exact location of the required swing
point. Set the compass point on the swing point and lightly construct
the required radius. Allow the radius swing to extend past the
required area. It is important to locate all tangent points (T.P) before
darkening in.
Step 4: Check all work and darken in the radius using the correct line
thickness. Darken in connecting straight lines as required. Always
construct compass work first, followed by straight lines. Leave all
light construction lines.
Figure 4.26 Example on how to draw an arc tangent to an angle
S. How to Construct an Arc Tangent to Two Radii orDiameters
Given: Diameter A and arc B with center points located, and the required
radius.
Step 1: Set the compass at the required radius and, out of the way, swing a
radius of the required length from a point on the circumference of
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given diameter A. Out of the way, swing a required radius from a

point on the circumference of a given arc B.
Step 2: From the extreme high points of each radius, construct a light radius
out side of the given radii A and B.
Step 3: Where these arcs intersect is the exact location of the required swing
point. Set the compass point on the swing point and lightly construct
the required radius. Allow the radius swing to extend past the
required area.
Step 4: Check all work; darken in the radii using the correct line thickness.
Darken in the arcs or radii in consecutive order from left to right or
from right to left, thus constructing a smooth connecting line having
no apparent change in direction.
Figure 4.27 Example on

how to draw
an arc
tangent to
two radii or
diameter
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T. To Draw an Ellipse (By Four-Centered Method)
Join 1 and 3, layoff 3-5 equal to 01-03. This is done graphically as

indicated in the fig. Below by swinging 1 around to 5 with O as center
where now 03 from 05 is 3-5; therequired distance. With 3 as center,
an arc from 5 to the diagonal 1-3 locates 6. Bisect 1-6 by a perpendicular
crossing 0-1 at 9 and intersecting 0-4 produced (if necessary) at 10.
Make 0-9’ equal to 0-9, and 0-10’ equal to 0-10. Then 9, 9’,10, and
10’ will be centers for four tangent circle arcs forming a curve
approximating the shape of an ellipse.
Figure 4.28 Example on ellipse construction using four centered method

U. How to Draw an Ogee Curve
An ogee curve is used to join two parallel lines. It forms a gentle

curve that reverses itself in a neat symmetrical geometric form.
Given: Parallel lines A-B and C-D
Step 1: Draw a straight line connecting the space between the parallel
lines. In this example, from point B to point C.
Step 2: Make a perpendicular bisector to line B-C to establish point X.
Step 3: Draw a perpendicular from line A-B at point B to intersect the

perpendicular bisector of B-X, which locates the first required
swing center. Draw a perpendicular from line C-D at point C to
intersect the perpendicular bisector of CX, which locates the
second required swing center.
Step 4: Place the compass point and adjust the compass lead to point B,
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and swing an arc from B to X. Place the compass point on the

second swing point and swing an arc from X to C. This completes
the ogee curve.
Figure 4.29 Example on ogee curve construction
LAB Task
Draw the Object and its Views according to the First Angle of Projection.
All Lengths are in mm.
Note: you can do the scaling.
160
Post Lab Task
161

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
Lab # 11
162
First Angle of Projection
Objectives
In this lab students will learn First Angle of Projection
Prelab
PROJECTION
Introduction
All forms of engineering and technical work require that a two-
dimensional surface (paper) be used to communicate ideas and the
physical description of a variety of shapes. Here projections have been
divided in to two basic categories; pictorial and multi view. This simple
division separates single view projections (oblique, perspective and
isometric) from multi view projections (orthographic). Theoretically,
projections can be classified as convergent and parallel, or divided in to
three systems of projection: perspective, oblique, and orthographic.
Division of types based on whether the drawing is a one view or multi
view projection sufficiently separate projection types in to those used for
engineering working drawings (orthographic) and those used for display
(architectural rendering, technical illustrations etc)
In short, one of the best ways to communicate one's ideas is through

some form of picture or drawing. This is especially true for the
engineer. The purpose of this chapter is to give you the basics of
engineering sketching and drawing.
We will treat "sketching" and "drawing" as one. "Sketching" generally,

means freehand drawing. "Drawing" usually, means using drawing
instruments, from compasses to computers to bring precision to the
drawings.
163
Before we get started on any technical drawings, let's get a good look at
this strange block (figure 5.1) from several angles.
Figure 5.1 Machine block
5.1.1 Isometric Drawing

The representation of the object in figure 5.2 is called an isometric
drawing. This is one of a family of three-dimensional views called
pictorial drawings. In an isometric drawing, the object's vertical lines are
drawn vertically, and the horizontal lines in the width and depth planes
are shown at 30 degrees to the horizontal. When drawn under these
guidelines, the lines parallel to these three axes are at their true (scale)
lengths. Lines that are not parallel to these axes will not be of their true
length.
Figure 5.2 Isometric drawing
Any engineering drawing should show everything: a complete

understanding of the object should be possible from the drawing. If the
isometric drawing can show all details and all dimensions on one
drawing, it is ideal.
164
One can pack a great deal of information into an isometric drawing.

Look, for instance, at the instructions for a home woodworker in figure
5.2. Everything the designer needs to convey to the craftsperson is in this
one isometric drawing.
However, if the object in figure 5.2 had a hole on the back side, it would
not be visible using a single isometric drawing. In order to get a more
complete view of the object, an orthographic projection may be used.
Orthographic or Multi view Projection
Imagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside

a glass box, as in figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3 Orthographic projection
Then draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction.
Unfold the box (figure 5.4) and you have the three views. We call this an
"orthographic" or "multi view" drawing.
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Figure 5.4 the creation of

an orthographic multi
view drawing
Figure 5.5 shows how the three views appear on a piece of
paper after unfolding the box.
Figure 5.5 a multi view drawing and its explanation

Which views should one choose for a multi view drawing? The views
that reveal every detail about the object. Three views are not always
necessary; we need only as many views as are required to describe the
object fully. For example, some objects need only two views, while
others need four. The circular object in figure 5.6 requires only two
views.
Figure 5.6 an object needing only two orthogonal views
5.2 Theory of Multi view Projections
Multi view orthographic projection is the primary means of graphic

communication used in engineering work. Drawings are used to convey
ideas, dimensions, shapes, and procedures for the manufacture of the
object or construction of a system. Orthographic projection is the basis
of all descriptive geometry procedures. Multi view projection is a
procedure that can be used to completely describe an object’s shape and
166
dimensions using two or more views that are normally projected at 900
to each other, or at specified angles. In general, engineering work is
complete using this method of projection. The finished drawing is then
reproduced and sent to the shop or to the job site.
To design and communication every detail to manufacturing groups

(Engineers, technicians) descriptions must be prepared. This description
must show every aspect of the shape and size of each part and of the
complete structure. Because of this necessity graphics is the fundamental
method of communication only as a supplement, for notes and
specifications, is the word language used.
Shape is described by projection that is by the process of causing an

image to be formed by rays of sight taken in a particular direction from
an object to a picture plane. Methods of projection vary according to the
direction in which the rays of sight are taken to the plane. When the rays
areperpendicular to the plane, the projective method is Orthographic. If
the rays are at an angle to the plane, the projective method is called
oblique. Rays taken to a particular station point result in perspective
projection. By the methods of perspective, the object is represented as it
would appear to the eye.
Theory of projection is the basis of background information necessary to

shape representation in graphics. Two fundamental methods of shape
representation are used.
1. Orthographic view consists of a set of two or more separate views of an object taken
from different directions, generally at right angles to each other and
arranged relative to each other in a definite way. Each of the views shows
the shape of the object for a particular view direction and collectively the
views describe the object completely.
2. Pictorial view, in which the object is oriented behind and projected up on a single plane.
Either oblique on perspective projection is used.
5.2.1 Orthographic Projection
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A. Definition
Basically, Orthographic projection could be defined as any single

projection made by dropping perpendiculars to a plane. In short,
orthographic projection is the method of representing the exact shape of
an object by dropping perpendiculars from two or more sides of the
object to planes, generally at right angles to each other; collectively, the
views on these planes describe the object completely.
Descriptive geometry is basically the use of orthographic projection in

order to solve for advanced technical data involving the spatial relation
ship of points, lines, planes, and solid shapes. The most common means
of understanding these types of orthographic projection is The Glass
Box method.
The Glass Box method, used primarily for descriptive geometry

problems, requires that the user imagine that the object, points, lines,
planes etc are enclosed in a transparent “box”. Each view of the object
is established on its corresponding glass box surface by means of
perpendicular projectors originating at each point of the object and
extendingto the related box surface. The box is hinged so that it can be
unfolded on to one flat plane (the paper).
The lines of sight representing the direction from which the object is
viewed. In figure 5.7, the vertical lines of sight (A)and horizontal lines
of sight (B) are assumed to originate at infinity. The line of sight is
always perpendicular to the image plane, represented by the surfaces of
the glass box (top, front, and right side). Projection lines(c) connect the
same point on the image plane from view to view, always at right angle.
A point is projected up on the image plane where its projector, or line of

sight, pierces that image plane. In the figure 5.8, point 1, which
represents a corner of the given object, has been projected on to the three
primary image planes. Where it is intersects the horizontal plane (top
image plane), it is identified as 1H, when it intersects the frontal plane
(front image plane), it is identified as 1F, and where it intersects the
168
profile plane (right side image plane), it is labeled 1P.
Figure 5.7 Glass box methods
Figure 5.8 Orthographic projection of objects
B. Orthographic views
It is the picture or view or thought of as being found by extending
perpendiculars to the plane from all points of the object. This picture, or
169
projection on a frontal plane, shows the shape of the object when viewed
from the front but it does not tell the shape or distance from front to real.
Accordingly, more than one protection is required to describe the object.
If transparent plane is placed horizontally above the object, the

projection on this plane found by extending perpendiculars to it from the
object, will give the appearance of the object as if viewed from directly
above and will show the distance from frontal plane. Then the horizontal
plane is now rotated into coincidence with the frontal plane. Now again
a third plane, perpendicular to the first two called profile plane are used
to view an object from the side.
C. The Six Principal Views
Let us surround the object entirely by asset of six planes, each at fight
angles to each other. On these planes, views of the object can be obtained
as is seen from the top, front, and right side, left side, bottom and rear.
Think now of the six sides, or the plane of the paper. The front is already
in the plane of the paper, and the other sides are, as it were, hinged and
rotated in position as shown. The projection on the frontal plane is the
front view vertical projection, or front elevation, that on the horizontal
plane, the top view, horizontal projection, or plan, that on the side, profile
view, side view, profile projection, or side elevation. By reversing the
direction of sight, a bottom view is obtained instead of a top view, or a
rear view instead of a front view.
170
Figure 5.9 Principal Picture Planes

In actual work, there is rarely an occasion when all six principal views
are needed on one drawing. All these views are principal views. Each
of the six views shows two of the three dimensions of height, width and
depth.
In general, when the glass box is opened, its six sides are revolved
outward so that they lie in the plane of the paper. And each image
plane is perpendicular to its adjacent image plane and parallel to the
image plane across from it. Before it is revolved around its hinged fold
line (reference line). A fold line is the line of intersection between any
hinged (adjacent) image planes.
The left side, front, right side, and back are all elevation views. Each is
vertical. The top and bottom planes are in the horizontal plane. But in
most cases the top, front, and right sides are required.
D. COMBINATION OF VIEWS
The most usual combination selected from the six possible views
consists of the top, front, and right side views some times the left- side
view helps to describe an object more clearly then the light side view.
N.B: The side view of the front face of the object is adjacent to the front view
and the side view of a point will be at the same distance from the front
surface as its distance from the front surface on the top view.
171
The six principal views of an object or the glass box have previously
been presented in the type of orthographic projection known as Third
Angle Orthographic Projection. This form of projection is used
throughout this lecture note and is primary form of projection found in
all American Industry with the exception of some special cases in the
architectural and structural fields.
Figure 5.10 Third angle projections
The type of projection used in most foreign countries and on many American Structural
and architectural drawings is calledFirst Angle Orthographic Projections.
In this form of projection, the object is assumed to be in front of the

image plane. Each view is formed by projecting through the object and
on to the image plane.
Figure 5.11 First angle projections
5.2.2 Classification of surfaces and Lines inOrthographic Projections
Any object, depending upon its shape and space position may or may not
have some surfaces parallel or perpendicular to the planes of projection.
Surfaces are classified according to their space relation ship with the planes of
projection i.e. horizontal, frontal and profile surfaces. When a surface is inclined to
172
two of the planes of projection (but perpendicular to the third, the surface is said to be
auxiliary or inclined .It the surface is at angle to all three planes, the term oblique or
skew is used
Although uniform in appearance, the lines on a drawing may indicate

three different types of directional change on theobject. An edge view is
a line showing the edge of a projection. An intersection is a line formed
by the meeting of two surfaces where either one surface is parallel and
one at an angle or both are at an angle to the plane of projection. A
surface limit is a line that indicates the reversal of direction ofa curved
surface.
A. Horizontal, Frontal and Profile Surfaces
The edges (represented by lines) bounding a surface may be in a simple

position or inclined to the planes of projection depending up on the shape
or position, the surface takes is name from the plane of projection. Thus,
a horizontal line is a line in a horizontal plane; a frontal line is a line in a
frontal plane; and a profile line is a line in a profile plane. When a line is
parallel to two planes, the line takes the name of both planes as
horizontal frontal, horizontal- profile, or frontal – profile.
Figure 5.12 Examples of objects having parallel surfaces to the

principal planes
B. Inclined Surfaces
An edge appears in true length when it is parallel to the plane of
173
projection, as a point when it is perpendicular to the plane and shorter

than true length when it is inclined to the plane. Similarly, a surface
appears in trey shape when it is parallel to the planes of projection, as
alien when it is perpendicular to the plane, and fore shortened when it
inclined to the plane. An object with its face parallel to the plans of
projection as figure 5.12; a top, front, and right side surfaces are shown
in true shape and the object edges appear either in true length or as points.
The inclined surface of the object as figure 5.13 does not show true shape
in any of the views but appears as an edge in front view. The front and
rear edges of the inclined surface are in true length in the front view and
fore shortened in the top and side views. The top and bottom edges of
the inclined surface appear in true length in top and side views and as
points in the front view.
Figure 5.13 Examples of objects having inclined surfaces
C. Oblique Surfaces
A line that is not parallel to any plane of projection is called an oblique

skew line and it does not show in true shape in any of the views, but each
of the bounding edges shows interval length in one view and is fore
shortened in the other twoviews,
174
Figure 5.14 Examples of objects having oblique surfaces
D. Hidden Surfaces
To describe an object with complex internal features completely, a

drawing should contain lines representing all theedges, intersections, and
surface limits of the objects In any view there will be some parts of the
object that can not be seen from the position of the observer, as they will
be coveredby station of the object closer to the observer’s eye. Theedges,
intersections, and surface limits of these hidden parts are indicated by a
discontinuous line called a dashed line. In
figure 5.15, the drilled hole that is visible in the top-side viewis hidden
in the front and right side views, and there fore it is indicated in these
views by a dashed line showing the holeand the shape as left by the
drill.
175
Figure 5.15 Examples of objects having hidden surfaces
Particular attention should be paid to the execution of these dashed lines.

It carelessly drawn, they ruin the appearance of a drawing. Dashed lines
are drawn lighten full lines, of short dashes uniform in length with the
space between there very short, about ¼ of the length of the dash.
This view shows the shape of the object when viewed fromthe side
and the distance from bottom to top and front to rear. The horizontal and
profile planes are rotated in to the same plane as the frontal plane. Thus,
related in the same plane, they give correctly the three dimensional shape
of the object.
E. Curved Surfaces
To represent curved surfaces in orthographic projections, center lines are

commonly utilized. All the center lines, which are the axes of symmetry,
for all symmetrical views are a part of views.
1. Every part with an axis, such as a cylinder will have the axis drawn as center line before
the part is drawn.
2. Every circle will have its center at the intersection of two mutually perpendicular center
lines.
The standard symbol for center lines on finished drawings is a fine line
made up of alternate long and short dashes.
Figure 5.16 Examples of objects having curved surfaces
176
5.2.3 Precedence of lines
In any view there is likely to be a coincidence of lines. Hidden portions

of the object may project to coincide with visible portions Center lines
may occur where there is a visible or hidden out line of some part of the
object.
Since the physical features of the object must be represented full and
dashed lines take precedence over all other linessince visible out line
is more prominent by space position, full lines take precedence over
dashed lines. A full line could cover a dashed line, but a dashed line
could not cover a full line. It is evident that a dashed line could not occur
as one of the boundary lines of a view.
When a centerline and cutting- plane line coincide, the one that is more
important to the readability of the drawing takes precedent over the other.
Break lines should be placed so as not to coincide with otherlines of the

drawing.
The following line gives the order of precedence of lines.

1. Full line
2. Dashed line
3. Careful line or cutting – plane line
4. Break lines
5. Dimension and extension lines.
6. Crosshatch lines.
Pictorial Projections
By means of multi view drawing, it is possible to represent accurately
the most complex forms by showing a series of exterior views and
sections. This type of representation has, however, two limitations: its
execution requires a through understanding of the principles of multi
view projection, and it’s reading requires a definite exercise of the
constructive imagination.
Frequently it is necessary to prepare drawings that are accurate and

177
scientifically correct, and that can be easily understood by persons with

out technical training. Such drawings show several faces of an object
at once, approximately as they appear to the observer. This type of
drawing is called pictorial drawing. Since pictorial drawing shows only
the appearances of objects, it is not satisfactory for completely
describing complex or detailed forms.
As we have seen in the previous chapters, the four principal types of

projection are:
 Multi view projection
 Axonometric projection
 Oblique projection
 Perspective projection
All except the regular multi view projection are pictorial types since they
show several sides of the object in a single view. In all cases the view or
projections are formed by the piercing points in the plane of projection
of an infinite number of visual rays or projectors. In this chapter, we will
focus on the common types of pictorial projection i.e. isometric
projection.
Figure 5.17 types of projection
178
In both multi view projection and axonometric projection, the observer is

considered to be at infinity, and the visual rays are perpendicular to the plane of
projection. There fore, both are classified as Orthographic Projections.
In Oblique projection, the observer is considered to be at infinity, and

the visual rays are parallel to each other but oblique to the plane of
projection.
In Perspective, the observer is considered to be at a finite distance from

the object, and the visual rays extend from the observer’s eye, or the
station point (SP), to all points of the object to form a so-called “cone of
rays.”
The distinguishing feature of axonometric projection, as compared to

multi view projection, is the inclined position of the object with respect
to the plane of projection. Since the principal edges and surfaces of the
object are inclined to the plane of projection, the lengths of the lines, the
sizes of the angle, and the general proportions of the object vary with the
infinite number of possible positions in which the object may be placed
with respect to the plane of projection. Three of these are shown below.
In these cases the edges of the cube are inclined to the plane of
projection, and therefore foreshortened. The degree of foreshortening of
any line depends on its angle with the plane of projection; the greater the
angle the greater the foreshortening. If the degree of the foreshortening
is determined for each of the three edges of the cube which meet at
one corner, scales can be easily constructed for measuring along these
edges or any other edges parallel to them. It is customary to consider the
three edges of the cube which meet at the corner nearest to the observer
as the axonometric axes.
Axonometric projections are classified as

a) Isometric projection
b) Dimetric Projection
c) Trimetric Projection, depending up on the number ofscales of reduction required.
179
Figure 5.18 Axonometric projections
Since the most widely used method of axonometric projection is

Isometric, we will only see isometric projection in detail.
5.2.4 Isometric Projection
To produce an isometric projection (Isometric means “equal measure”),

it is necessary to place the object so that its principal edges or axes, make
equal angles with the plane of projection, and are therefore foreshortened
equally. In this position the edges of a cube would be projected equally
and would make equal angles with each other (1200).
Figure 5.19 Isometric Projection
In the figure above, the projections of the axes OX, OY and OZ make
angles of 1200 with each other, and are called the isometric axes. Any
line parallel to one of these is called an Isometric line; a line which is
180
not parallel is called a non- isometric line. It should be noted that the
angles in the isometric projection of the cube are either 1200 or 600 and
thatall projections of 900 angles. In an isometric projection of a cube, the
faces of the cube or any planes parallel to them are called Isometric
planes.
5.2.5 Isometric Drawing
When a drawing is prepared with an isometric scale or other wise as the

object is actually projected on a plane of projection, it is an isometric
projection. But when it is prepared with an ordinary scale, it is an
isometric drawing. The isometric drawing is 22.5% larger than the
isometric projection, but the pictorial value is obviously the same in
both.
Since the isometric projection is foreshortened and an isometric drawing

is full size, it is customary to make an isometric drawing rather than an
isometric projection, because it is so much easier to execute and, for all
practical purposes, is just as satisfactory as the isometric projection.
The steps in constructing an isometric drawing of an object composed

only of normal surfaces, as illustrated in figure 5.20
.Notice that all measurements are made parallel to the main edges of
enclosing box, that is, parallel to isometric axes. No measurement along
a diagonal (non-isometric line) on any surface or through the object can
be set off directly with the scale. The object may be drawn in the same
position by beginning at the corner Y or any other corner, instead of at
thecorner X.
The method of constructing an isometric drawing of an object composed

partly of inclined surface (and oblique edges) is shown in figure 5.20
.Notice that inclined surfaces are located by offset measurements
along isometric lines.
181
Figure 5.20 Isometric drawing of normal surfaces
For example, dimensions E and F are setoff to locate the inclined surface
M, and dimensions A and B are used to locate surface N.
Box Construction
Objects of rectangular shape may be more easily drawn by means of box

construction, which consists simply in imagining the object to be
enclosed in a rectangular box whose sides coincide with the main faces
of the object. For example, in fig below, the object shown in two views
is imagined to be enclosed in a construction box.
This box is then drawn lightly with construction lines, I, the irregular
features are then constructed, II, and finally, III, the required lines are
made heavy.
182
Figure 5.21 isometric box constructions
Lines in Isometric Drawing

 Hidden Lines
The use of hidden lines in isometric drawing is governed by the same rules as in all
other types of projection: Hidden lines are omitted unless they are needed to
make the drawingclear. If a projecting part cannot be clearly shown with out the use
of hidden lines, then hidden lines are needed.
 Center Lines
The use of center lines in isometric drawing is governed bythe same rules as in
multi view drawing: center lines are drawn if they are needed to indicate
symmetry, or if they are needed for dimensioning. In general, center lines should
be used sparingly, and omitted in cases of doubt. The use of too many center lines may
produce a confusion of lines, which diminishes the clearness of the drawing.
LAB Task
Draw the Objet and its Views according to the First Angle of Projection.
All Lengths are in mm.
Note: you can do the scaling.
183
Post Lab Task
184

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /1
In Lab /5
Data
Post Lab /4 /4
Presentation
Writing Style /4
185

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EEE113 Engineering Drawing

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) , Islamabad Campus Page 1

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) , Islamabad Campus Page 2

This is the first editable draft of EEE – 113

This is the second editable draft foe EEE-

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) , Islamabad Campus Page 3

• First check your measuring equipment.

people in the lab at all time.

• Keep the work area neat and clean.

not wear them near an energized circuit.

away from conducting surfaces.

• Always check your circuit connections before power it ON.

• Always connect connection from load to power supply.

• Never use any faulty or damage equipment and tools.

• If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor.

o Do not touch the equipment, the cord, the person.

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) , Islamabad Campus Page 4

Critical Analysis / Conclusion ............................................................................................. 116

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) , Islamabad Campus Page 6

Lab # 01 Basic Construction and Editing

you can double click the icon available on the desktop

English – feet and inchesMetric – millimeters

STARTING DRAWINGS FROM THE SCRATCH

OPEN EXISTING DRAWINGS

Command line: OPEN

UNDERSTANDING THE AUTOCAD WINDOW

Toolbar Color, Linetype and Line-Weight and also managesLayers.

Draw and Modify Provides access to common Draw and Modify

User Coordinate It shows the orientation of the drawing. AutoCAD

System (UCS) are superimposed on an invisible grid, or coordinate

Model / Layout It enables you to switch your drawing between model

Command Window Displays prompts and messages. In AutoCAD you can

Choose an item from the menu or a shortcut menu

Click a button on a toolbar

Whichever method you use to give the command, AutoCAD

USING POINTING DEVICES

Using the IntelliMouse with AutoCAD

Zoom in or out Rotate the wheel forward to zoom in,

Pan Press the wheel button and drag the mouse

1. From the file menu choose Save

Save Drawing As dialog box is displayed.

From the File menu choose Exit

Command Line: QUIT

The Drawing Grid

Grid Spacing set to 10 units Grid Spacing set to 5 units

Setting the Grid Spacing

Grid settings can be changed by right-clicking the Gridbutton on the status

Specify grid spacing(X) or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <10.000>: (enter grid spacing)

Setting the Snap Spacing

Snap settings can be changed by right-clicking the Snap button on the

Command Line: SNAP

Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type] <10.0000>:

(enter the required snap spacing in drawing units)

Command Line : ORTHO

Enter mode [ON/OFF] <OFF>: (type ON or OFF)

Setting Drawing Units

To format Drawing Units

3. Under Angle, select an angle type and precision

5. Choose OK to exit each dialog box