Physics PROJECT

Name:- Ananya Saha

Class:-XI Section:-A Roll.no:-05
House:-Greenaway Year:-2022-23

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 Introduction
Isaac Newton, an English physicist, and mathematician established three physical
laws that lay out the foundations for classical mechanics. These laws are known as
Newton’s Laws of Motion. They describe the relationship between an object or
body and the forces acting upon it. These laws first appeared in Philosophiæ

Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy).

Newton’s laws are only applicable in an inertial reference frame and they are the
law of inertia, the law of mass, acceleration, and force, and the law of
action-reaction.
Newton's laws of motion, which have been verified by numerous experiments over
the past 300 years, form the basis of the first branch of physics. This is now known
as classical mechanics, which is the study of the motion of massive objects, and
this is also the foundation upon which other branches of physics are built. Classical
mechanics also has important applications in other areas of science, including
astronomy, chemistry, geology, and engineering.
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings in a given time. Motion is always observed and measured with a
point of reference.
In this project that follows, we will be discussing the three laws of motion
proposed by sir Isaac Newton. Their statements, explanations, derivation of their
equations, and an experiment to verify and prove them all.
Newton's first law of Motion
Statement:-
Newton's first law of motion states that- "An object at rest remains at rest and an
object in motion remains in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless experienced upon by an unbalanced external force."

Explanation:-
Why do objects slow down?
Before Galileo and Newton, many people thought that an object in motion slows
down because it has a natural built-in tendency to do so. But those people weren't
taking into account the many forces—e.g., friction, gravity, and air resistance
present on Earth that cause the object to change its velocity. In deep interstellar
space, we would observe the natural tendencies of an object's motion, that if an
object had a velocity, it would continue moving with that velocity until there was
some force to cause a change in the motion. Similarly, if an object were at rest in
interstellar space, it would remain at rest until there was a force to cause it to
change its motion.
For example:- An object sliding
across a table or floor slows down due
to the net force of friction acting on
the object.
The idea that objects only change their
velocity due to a force is encapsulated
in Newton's first law.
What does the First law of
motion mean?
The first law of motion implies that objects cannot start, stop, or change direction
all by themselves, and it requires some force from the outside to cause such a
change.
For example, a ball lying on the table at rest will
remain at rest until an external force is applied to it.
This property of massive bodies to resist changes in their state of rest or motion is
called inertia. Thus, the first law of motion is also known as the ‘law of inertia’.

What do external force, and net force mean?

An external force is a force originating from outside an object rather than a force
internal to an object. For instance, the force of gravity that Earth exerts on the
moon is an external force on the moon.
The net force, written as ΣF, on an object is the total force on an object. If many
forces act on an object, then the net force is the sum of all the forces. But since
force F is a vector, to find the net force ΣF, the forces must be added using vector
addition.
Newton's first law says that if the net force on an object is zero (ΣF=0), then that
object will have zero acceleration. That doesn't necessarily mean the object is at
rest, but it means that the velocity is constant. In other words, constant zero
velocity means the body is at rest, while constant non-zero velocity means that
the body is moving with a constant velocity.

What do mass and inertia mean?

The property of a body to remain at rest or to remain in motion with constant
velocity is called inertia.
The inertia of an object is measured by its mass. Mass can be determined by
measuring how difficult an object is to accelerate. The more mass an object has,
the harder it is to accelerate.
Newton’s first law is often called the law of inertia. As we know from experience,
some objects have more inertia than others. It is obviously more difficult to change
the motion of a large boulder than that of a basketball.

Experiment - 1:-
Aim:- To demonstrate the concept of inertia through a penny on a card
experiment.
Apparatus:- a small plastic cup, a playing card, and a coin.
Procedure:
● Put a playing card on top of the plastic cup
● Placing a coin on top of the card
 ● With a sharp flick, hit the card out from under the coin! Or pull it really
quickly toward you.
● The coin will drop into the cup.

Explanation:
The coin has inertia, meaning it really wants to stay in one place. If you move the
card slowly, it isn’t fast enough to overcome that force. If you flick it quickly, the
coin stays in one place and then drops into the cup. An object at rest will remain at
rest.
Newton's Second Law of motion
Statement:-
This law states that “The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the applied force and this change takes place in the direction of
the applied force.”
Explanation:-
Newton's first law of motion gives us a qualitative definition of force whereas the
second law provides us with a quantitative definition of the same. Newton’s second
law of motion, also known as the "law of acceleration" means that the acceleration
produced in a body is directly proportional to the force applied to it and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
For example:- Pushing an empty shopping cart is easier than pushing a loaded shopping
cart. Since the mass has an inverse relationship with acceleration, the loaded cart tends to
move at a slower pace than the empty cart.
Acceleration:- It is referred to as the rate of change of velocity with time.
Acceleration = Δv/Δt

Equation:-
The equation given to us by the second law of motion is:-
(vector)F = ma(vector)
Derivation:-
For a body of mass ‘m’, whose velocity changes from u to v in time t, when force ‘F’
is applied.
Experiment:-
Aim:- To explore the relationship between the magnitudes of the external
force and the resulting acceleration when a trolley experiences an
external force applied to it.

Apparatus:- Trolley with smooth wheels, weights, pulley string, timer,

pulley pan, and a long table.

Principal
For the observation table:-
Force = mass X gravity.
Note:- here the masses are given as the weights used will be labeled.

Here mass means total mass i.e. mass of cart + added weight
Distance traveled(in meters)
Time measured(in seconds)
Acceleration = (2 X distance traveled)/(time period)
Ratio of Force used/acceleration

Procedure
● Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
● A suitable mass is hung on the weight hanger.
● Release the weight on the weight hanger.
● Start the timer to record the time of travel of the cart as it starts moving.
● Note the distance moved and the time taken by the cart.
To verify that force is proportional to acceleration.
● Calculate the force applied
● Calculate the distance traveled
● Calculate the time taken
● Calculate the acceleration produced
● Calculate the ratio of force to acceleration.
To verify that force is proportional to mass.
● Calculate the mass on the trolley
● Calculate the distance traveled
● Calculate the time taken
● Calculate the acceleration produced
● Calculate the product of mass and acceleration.

Observation
To verify that force is proportional to acceleration.
Vertical mass=M2(g),
Cart mass= M1(g),
Distance traveled by
cart = S(in m) time = t(in
s), Acceleration= 2S/t2

Mass = M2+M1
Note:- point 3 here
force is = 60 and not 40
This proves that force is proportional to acceleration.
To verify that force is proportional to mass.
Vertical mass=M2(g), Cart mass= M1(g), Distance traveled by cart = S(in m) time =
t(in s), Acceleration= 2S/t2

The product of mass and acceleration is found to be a constant.

Conclusion:-
Thus the above experiment proves to us the following two points:-
1. Force is proportional to acceleration
2. The product of the mass and acceleration is a constant
The small difference obtained in the product of the mass and acceleration happens
due to friction or some other manual error that might take place due to some
mistake in the calculation of time or distance traveled.
Hence from these two above observations, we can conclude that Newton's
Second Law of Motion States true.
 Newton’s third law Of Motion
Statement:-
This law states that “To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
Explanation:-
It means that if body ‘a’ exerts a force ‘f1’ on
body ‘b’ and body ‘b’ exerts a force ‘f2’ on the
body ‘a’, then both the forces acting will be
equal in magnitude, and in opposite direction
to each other i.e. against each other. i.e.:-
f1=f2
This law can be observed anywhere and everywhere in the surroundings.
For Example, when a swimmer pushes the water backward with her hands, and
in return, the water pushes the swimmer forward, thus enabling her to go forward
during the swim.
Equation:-
The equation provided to us by this third law of Sir Isac Newton is that:-
FAB = -FBA
Derivation:-
Derivation of Newton’s Third Law of Motion from the Second Law of motion:-
Consider an isolated system of two bodies A&B mutually interacting with each
other, provided there is no external force acting on the system.
Let FAB, be the force exerted on body B by body A and FBA be the force exerted by
body B on A.
Suppose that due to these forces FAB and FBA, dp1/dt and dp2/dt be the rate of the
change of momentum of these bodies respectively.
Then,
FBA = dp1/dt - - - - - - (i)
=> FAB = dp2/dt - - - - - - (ii)
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get:-
FBA + FAB = dp1/dt +dp2/dt
=> FBA + FAB = d(p1+p2)/dt
If no external force acts on the system, then;
d(p1+p2)/dt = 0
=> FBA + FAB = 0
=> FBA= - FAB - - - - - - - - (iii)
The above equation (iii) represents Newton’s third law of motion.

Experiment:-
Aim:- To prove the Third Law Of Motion with the help of the spring balances.
Apparatus:- Two spring balances of different ranges say one is 5N and
another is 10N.

Procedure
● Take two similar spring balances of different ranges, say A and B.
● Attach the ring of the spring balance A to a hook fixed on the iron stand and
the spring balance B is attached to the hook of the spring balance A.
● Hold the spring balances exactly horizontal to the table
● Pull the ring of spring balance B gently.
● Observe and note the reading of both the spring balances. Repeat the
experiment by applying different forces.
Precautions:-
● Spring balances of different ranges should be taken
● The spring balance should be brought in elastic mode before doing the
experiment.
● The second spring balance should not be pulled beyond its elastic limit.
● The reading of the spring balance should be taken away without any parallax
error.
Observation
No. of observations Reading of B(Second Reading of A (First Difference in the
spring balance) when spring balance) when reading of A and B(N)
a force applied(N) a force applied(N)

1. 2 2 0

2. 3 3 0

3. 4 4 0

4. 5 5 0

Conclusion:-
The reading on both the balances are the same in each case. Thus action and
reaction forces are equal and opposite and act on two different bodies.
 Conclusion
Newton’s Laws of Motion are still regarded as the three fundamental laws of
physics. The foundation of classical mechanics was built on these three laws. In a
nutshell, these laws are known as the Law of Inertia, the Law of Mass and Velocity,
and the Law of Equal and Opposite Reaction.
More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a
quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force
doesn’t exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly
three centuries, and can be summarized as follows:
First law: In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or
continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.
Second law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an
object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration an of the
object: F = ma. (It is assumed here that the mass m is constant)
Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body
simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the
first body.
 Acknowledgment
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to both our Physics teachers
Mr. P.P.Mondal and Mr. A.O jha as well as our Vice-Principal Mrs. S.Shekhar and our
Principal Mr. L.Chellapa who gave us this golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on “The Laws Of Motion”. This project has also not only led me to do a lot
of research and has also allowed me to gain a lot of knowledge about this vast vast
topic of the Laws of Motion.
I would also like to thank my parents as well as my teammates Piush Aggarwal and
Aishik Mondal who helped me in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

Bibliography
Book Sources used to complete this project are:-
● Nootan ISC Physics Class11 [Nageen Prakashan]
● S.L.Arora Isc Physics Class 11
● D.C.Pandey Understanding Physics
The online sources used for the completion of this project are:-
● www.britannica.com
● www.toppr.com
● www.seminarsonly.com