CChapted- Cell:The LUit.

o lie)
Fundanental Stuctuaal Unit
oCell osm the unit os baoic pcst som unich
StuchU6e oeveDy living OBCanierms.crsecocde up g
and hence t 16 caled eerdUCtUBal unit.

oCell is aloo knoLon a OnchOOd unt Co eve o

aooot maximun Chermical recicionOCCUSS ineic
Ae cell compadtroert..

Cell The03y
Jacob Mothioo Sdhleiden C1888) and Tneodos Schocnn
piopoeed cel heorsy. Rodol VischaLD ote eineda
it.The main pobtukthon Oj.cell tneosy Cte

O Al osaanioms Ose mode up c e l .

ell exist rom pse-ex1shnq ce

Cell Shape
I n shape it vasies qeaty etaghng spnetical to long
fbge like callo. Fo6 exanDple in humanO03 RR aze
Bicconck in arapRBC ade pheaicalornootn rmusce
Spcal
 Date...J

cells cae Spindle dhaped etc.

Even unicellula csganiesms lixe bactesio becse

e
mony hapes- eq-Cocci, Badili, Visbzio, spirol.
many

Bocilli
Vibsio Spisa
S-Muscle Cocc
RBC Fibs2
Ccelb
Bactes ial Cel
Human ce

ypes o Cell
O Debending on Cell No. types
meone one and cellulos m e a n s
(o Unicelulas-"Uni
cell,i-e it includes coanisme tna
becs Single cel. includes Kingdom
O Monesa Coll bchezio)8_poctheta.

L Molhcellulag-Mulh meons nany cellolas méans

cell, i.e Osganibrns beasing moe than
One celeq-Horman Loe haVe 10o
16llhan celle inCOs body.

Spirat
 Date.d

Debending on Stsuctuse2 types

G PaoKasyotic-Hese Pso meane old cs poimihve
eKaayolic denote
and the Locs
nuclee. hus al osgGniems which
1ack O Loen deined oucleuo & l othe
cell.cogane les aze cirooped hea
9-Moneso Ca bacBesia)

Eukasyotic Eu mecDS oue cnd Ko6pHc oeong

Ducieue,0 Oscaniem9 Loit. sLe
DUckue Oze cuped beoe.

Eg-Paoheta Füng, Panta Aninods.

Dilerence
PaoKasyotic EukaDyohc

O Cell size -1-10Am Cell Size -5-100Am

Cell oBconelleS abeent Prsesent

Nucies- ab6ent PaeSent

Ribosome- 15ee os
8 Rbosomes-Be and 70s C)
type. atached 80s
type

6ioble cell Loall noode up e Comple mace ub onginly

pephde glycon lcellose in pants.
Spiral
 Date..d

Pookasyohc Cell
Ihe proKosyohc ce hos a simpe body osçonieation
COmpated to euKcroyatic cel.

LFlogella
C e l l wAal
Pul Cilea
ploema Memlbsone
DNA nakecl in Centsal cirea-'Nucleoid
-> Riboeome

Cto plaem
The call is pöotected by wal mcde op o pephdoglyan
and eoR ipide. 6jolloLRd by plaerma membsone
All Aypee o ce O2ganele6 CT6e cbbernt

DNA pseoent in he centoal azea called nucleoidTr ie

Cioculc6 DNA

Ribooomes Ci6e Jree Smalleo in 6 2 It belp n

prsotein ynthe615.
They auee long Jjlamert Re Grsuctose6).caled jlaqellco
c o movenent. may e one tuOOcs nymesou in
no.

5omeatsuctuR ike pll onicn heips 4en io odneye

Spat
 Date

oThe U6Lily tepsodue

They by taraoy jieoon.os buddira
Exarnple5- Boctesia-Salrcoreia Cproid E.col
Ccocn) 3 Vibsio Crolesae Ccooleao) ekc

Eukayotic (ett
t b rnCe compexodvonce andshol proped
iviSIC diosK. Eversy ODualles beaze a unchOn.
lhe Stauchues Can be Sunmrolsed.c plcu

Plasma Membsane
HEC knOut ae
Licmerotsane plasmglemam 3
CyhopaSmic mernlsane T JSOna Ane Losoes os Nall
CHne el and alonlocoy roOvemert
moecues ct tites. hence, tt ocestcio
iS ol6o colled
pebrmeaule memsan. eelechvely

Dtsuctuge->ny mcdel Wete ppOeed regaidin

t e Struchuse
plcomo merobsane.
HOeves, ost Occepted lateet one 6
Fluid loscic odel aj Sna es á
Nicoleon Oa3
T omn0 Lom pokaohc &EOKOaNctic
o CCInbehon- 1e made up el
Lipdls (HO"I)
Prctn C53-A)
Capbchyd rote Ci-a1.
 Date.... exxessne

upids - Lbids ase made up.cl jaty autich In

tesim are cerbeyerate ccrstoxylic d Lalth Iog
hydrocar Lon Chan, Lipids can be o alouanS ypest

Phoepholbids Celashc g pscVide leibility)

Cholestesol Crigid & jasme e hructus
Glycolpids CCeil to cell reognihon)

Pxotien6-Made upol amino ocid.They arse dtypes-

Extoinsic /Pesipheral
IntineiclInteqsal
PExtoinaC pzchen cse Jound only in ong ede a ine
membrone whik inirinsic.are pnd diesehog bcih te
lipid bilayo6.
SCorbohydroBe
IrtrnoIC
Süpid Bilaye
spesiphesa

Fluid Moaaic Model

Functions
Cel-el intesachion
Protechve barcies
eTratepartchion

Speal
 Date...

ironepoztation
Ihree type qmavemment occurs via piaerg membrane-

Achve
SPabaive
BulK

Pctive
nthis ype oy rmovement ernesqy Lstd. EnetqY pump
Ot he eulbsBonCes even agcinet ito (oncenthratiop
gradienti,e rou od hig

E T o e Movet1enth

Possive
E pllCiw6 nosmal dillusion 1awsi.e, movemen jrom
h i g h l e CCncEnahcn No enesqy l recuirsed
lipid5gaises & wotes
Egmoy ement O
Hates cannot einply ci juSRd acros he pla6mg membra
-ne hede c62 it wO6a Carrie os helpes and this
ioteormed 0 acilated diUoiOr.The maemel o
Nches i aleo terme C CSTnoeie

Speral
 Date..

Cell in Dilesent olution

Thee are 3types o eolution -

O Hypetonic/ HypotonicI Teotonic

Dilute Balanced
Concenirced

In HypesoniC Soluion, Soches wil) be moxe in ceN Ahem in

Hne soluion and these\ore it will mowe out and cell will
shrink

wl be moVe outaide the

in Hypotonic coluhan, lCtes
cell ancd Aheejo8e t i l rove in & the cell will Snel.

In thid cell Nated is equa in both 6oluion & cel &

the6ejose no Such changes are ODbe6Ved ard it wil
Terncino6amme eize.

Bulk
Movement in large quanhihy lOs in larag bodies
a o he jolloing ypeei
Spiral
 Oute

BOK
EXOCYTO615 ENDOCYTO515

Movemech out Ivard ovemem

cell.Al6o
called Cel vomittnq
(PHAGOCYTOS15) CPINOCYTO66
CeUeahn9 1e Cel dzinking ie
engplmént O
olid
iquid

Dilosion
Ofaaeive
High
High
-Membrane
bocuajosin
cgchenay
- LO

ous
DlusiOn Jron High Faialitated (O6ttoel)
to lou ConC

Speal
 Date.Js

Achve
Psohen
Chonnei
low Conc
-Mernbrone
ATP
High -High con
Due to ATP it is possible to move ior6 rom Loo-High
Conc

Phagocytosis d inocytosia

Asolid pos ticl

guid
-Membrone

C-SFood acuole Cveeic1e

Exocytobl6-

Outuoard rrovient

Cytoblasrm
ot 5 the reqgion in ne cell located bti plasrna Mernbrgne
Ond nocleas envelop
Spinal
 Oate. .

It is bem-Jluid and. ocupies mqjos past Q Ahe

cell.

all the ochvities q ellos by Ho

t provides Bpace Jos
O6goneles. PPlO8mo Mernbrane

Nuceu6

SCytop06m

The Endomembrang byshem

Ebeass 8tpe o cell Stnuchuse -

ONudeus
Endoplaemic Rehculum
Ghalg epporchus
NUCLEUs

5tLdiecd by Roberst Brown in Oschid rocto n 33).

1 e absent in matue e e Ube R-B-C.

DNA pcSer inaide proved by aHammes ling in oo.alg

oA cellbearo one Oany Ucleus. Lotes it i desmed

08
as outfinckche os Coenoy s Condmon conmon cmc
Speral
Jung
 Octe

Chemical Conpoaihon o Nuces

DNA--121
Bosic foien 16l
RNA- 5a
Lipids-2lo
sà Neutsol Prohen-65
TROCe mine6ol6

Ultso etrUctuse o Nudeps-

ole Nu
Enveds

o14 6mainlsy coerprebbes Nockes poe

nucleaz Envelop.thot Jorms
pfotechue shield. Chromcho

Necleoploom- Semi-loid Neceob

6obetane iroide ine poem
nuclee.
+SNecleolu5
Chrornahn ibse- afrang
-enent o DNA oth prohen -SER
niotone protein e ne
caled
enehe mclesial

Noceoluo Centoa) dense post o ceub. e the ete

Lohete clboeormal RNH c6e present, uohich lotes agare
o t e s to Jos
ggotes riboboctes in.cyho plobro

Sanad
 Date d
FunchoD-T 6he brain the cel. Controls
alloj its
Cchvity aeit Contiins
Qenehc mcteial
Naclecol helpo in joxroahon O tibobome
SHCortrole coetaboliC achuitee and. ce)
Cycle
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Disovesed by Jhom poon and Postes. T Can be divicled
into park-lomiDl 8 exBralorninc
pastlepace.
SpCice noide ER 1 ummnal

Rest Cyoplcern-exha lorrimal

H i6 ol pes -Rough ER-Lhich.are Joond

th iboeomeo olorg
nooth a ER othout ribosores.

Funchon9-RER-protein oyntheois
SER-lipid yn thebla
GOLG BODES
Diecovered by amilo Giolq. Made up q eehesn ce
Hobulee veeicles a ycuole

The part toiard nucleus Jron.ohich oubetances entte

 Cio joe Date Js

-CStesi03e

-toboles

-Vesices
Tron Foce
FUnchonS- o Fosnchon o Qlucoprotc0% 4Gycoipids.
LycoSome psnot
Picame Hosmon SynBheSis
TYonspostGho0 o one mem brin to othes.

Othes el Oxgonelle5
MITOCHONDRIA
Oute6 Mernb
Double membrane bound Outers layes is
Smocth and Mose porou6. Tnne
Mern bcine

InnesMernbranE looko Crietoae

Shructu Bed ab it becs many
proteinCompleke Tt abo
SDNA
beors njeldings called crietae
T GlSo beara S aun DNA hence are eerni auBo roro
-

Osaaree rlaix 4 1nnEs mem.brane ployG a ery ima

rolein ts Jonchon. Spisal
 Date...dm

makea.
Funcho6-t ie powes bouse a cell a. it
adencaine
enesqy-PTP in the @l. ATP Gtands 06
6iprobphate e eneS CUSEny Qce.

oTouctuse Poesent in Plant(el

CEL WAL
It 19 ngid non-livinc jreely pedroeabk 1ayes
StxctDse- -Middle lomello

HemicelloloBe

Celolok Plcema Membrane

Pechn
Lcell wal Thin Jexible and ectensNe.

a celall-A thick layes 1e jOBmed inaide r e lcellwall

Loren cel i6 Jully groin t 16 ound only
in cestCun ell ike xylenn.

Middle lomnelaOute6most Iayes ndn in pechne. lt

ao cemenhng maBesiol ihat adhexes
ce l

Spenat
 Date.J.

HemKalulosc
Compoeahon- O Cellolose
Pechne

Funchon9-OPsotect
Makes cen tusqid
Mecnoncal 6treo
B e a r o plaemodeematorom wnich

eubstaDCes moves JroD cell-Cel

PLASTID5
Iheyate erepliCohDg Orgonelles 4
Ci6e
o Olooing
typeo
Plashds

Chromoplost Chiosoplae Leucoplcst

Becr Co03ed Beors Ch 8oplast No pigmene

reen igmént) Tt becire Jats

Pannenis eept
grekn Corbb profins
Outes Menbrcir
Chloxoplo6t
otrormg-

rand7 Innes
Membrane

SNA
Stroma
amelta
Thyokad Sporal
 Date..dus

arana are chackS o thylokeids beoring chloropla l-

Licnt reac occUsS in grana..
etromO-hornogenou mchriDohe6e enzymes
DNA,ribo6omes etc.ae precert 9
Site ol dork reac

Othe Celt Organelles6

VACUOLE
Tonoplast
onoplast
May Le uid, 6olid os qoe Jilled.
Cell eap
Single membroneonoplos
tmaipiains oSmojc pressuzestose products
provide fusqidity to ell.

lo6Qe an plans 8 inconSpicous iD oninals

LYOOS0MES
Imernbrarg
i n g e Mertbran
en2ymes
Suudial Bog a c
Bears enzyme6 JO6Qigeshon
o6med jromgolg& RER
Golei RER
vesice "en2ymes

Lypos omes Spira

 Date...de

ntracellulos diqeeshon o one o Ane coain uncio

CENTROSOME
SOny in anina6 Ba Micctubulk

Heip In cel Ciy

jcentr iok
b e a r s 2gronbes caled Centoold
NO rnermbrone
entriok ore hollou Gyindíicol 6tructuxe node up
OCproBein- rmichrolobulks

CeltCelt Division
MITOS15
Nosmal body lls

Ecuatosio dvision (ame Choobanes)

4phase6 -> Psopncse Meka phase Anaphase

Telopho6

KCtoKinensis
-

Koryokipens
O PöophB-NacRa6 menmbrane diaappeor

NUCeolus dis appeax

Conde0S3hon hronchn Splenl
 Date...dunun

Metabhose -ChromOBorneqgt artODged

Fspindle

LCentriole

Anabhase- Chrormoeames Lo) Btast moina toucad

dillesenm poles

lelophaee - Nuckao & Nuceolus o ) Gppea6,

ytokoeais
Cell Josenathon

Animal Plont

Spiral
 Date..d

MEIOS15
Meioais
M-U M-2
OPsophee- CDP-2
Metapnc oe-1 f M-2
Anapnok-1 A-
Telophase-1 T-2

M-
-CroesingExchange
Oves
g
9enehc Matezio
OPtophoase-I(longeet)
,Metaphase- s Anaphose- 18e
8
Telo pha6@-1

=Mtosis
M -

P M- T-2

Spoad