GENERAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT REPORT ON

A STUDY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS ADOPTION OF

ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS)
(Under University of Mumbai)

SUBMITTED BY
MAYANK BHARAT GORI
M2123119

Under the Guidance of

MR.ASHISH KUMAR
Asst.Professor

MMS BATCH-2021-23

THAKUR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES & RESEARCH

C-Block, Thakur Educational Campus, Shyamnarayan Thakur Marg, Thakur Village,
Kandivali (East), Mumbai 400101

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project title” " A Study On Consumer Perception Towards Adoption Of
Electric Vehicles In India” is successfully completed by Mr.Mayank B.Gori during the IV
semester in partial fulfillment for the award of Master’s in Management Studies recognized by
University of Mumbai for the academic year 2022-23 through Thakur Institute of Management
Studies and Research This project is original and not submitted earlier for the award of any
degree, diploma or associateship of any other University / Institution

Name of Guide:Mr.Ashish Kumar Dr. Pankaj Natu

Designation:Asst.Professor

Signature of Guide ( Director, TIMSR)

Date:

2
 DECLARATION

I, Mr.Mayank Gori declare that this Project Report submitted by me to the Thakur Institute of
Management Studies and Research is a bonafied work undertaken by me is not submitted to any
other University or Institution for the award of any degree diploma certificate or publish any
time before.

Name: Mayank Gori

Signature of Student
Roll No: M2123119

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is not possible to prepare a project report without the assistance and encouragement of other
people. This one is certainly no exception.

On the very outset of this report, I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation
towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavour. Without their active guidance,
help, cooperation and encouragement, I would not have made headway in the project.

I would like to thank our Director Dr. Pankaj Natu and Thakur Institute of Management Studies
and Research for giving me an opportunity to learn and understand about the Finance and
Research aspects.

Special thanks to Prof.Ashish Kumar for her valuable guidance in completing this project and
helping me to understand this project better and supporting me with her experience on the same
to make my project worth for my own benefit and also for the overall benefit of the objective of
the summer project.

My sincere and heartfelt thanks to all my teachers at the department of MMS, Thakur Institute of
Management Studies and Research for their valuable support and guidance.

4
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This project intends to map customer perceptions about e-vehicles. Every day, we come across a
variety of subjects and articles emphasizing the importance of electric vehicles and how
governments around the world are enacting policies to promote them in order to reduce reliance
on oil, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and improve air quality. Metropolitan cities produce a
significant amount of pollution; thus, residents of these places must understand and do their part
to limit the consumption of life-threatening gases and pollutants.
This was done to gather people's opinions, feelings, and perceptions about vehicle awareness and
willingness to acquire them in order to maintain environmental sustainability.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to reduce air pollution, carbon emissions, and India's
reliance on foreign energy. It's no surprise, however, that policymakers and environmentally
conscientious citizens have been progressively looking at expanding EV usage in recent years.
The government's regulations and sales targets for electric vehicles have aided their development
and adoption in India.
According to the Society of Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles (SMEV), 3,400 electric cars and
1.52 lakh electric two-wheelers were sold in India in financial year (FY) 19-20. 48,179 electronic
vehicles in FY20-21 The total sales grew by 20% compared to the previous financial year.
However, current EV penetration in India is increasing the government's measures.
Today’s EV owners are not deterred by the deficits of the current EV infrastructure and have
found ways around the limitations, but for mass adoption, it is critical to understand views of
buyers who are not considering buying an EV today . While electric vehicles (EVs) remain a
niche market application, research into consumer demand for EVs has been ongoing for the past
thirty years. Due to the occurrence of the 1970s oil shocks and growing awareness of air quality
issues in some of California's largest conurbations, research began in the early 1980s, generating
interest in the idea of transitioning away from ICE vehicles (Sperling and Eggert, 2014).
Initially, researchers used econometric methods to measure consumer demand, such as discrete
choice modelling based on random utility theory (Train, 2009), which allowed them to quantify
the impact of EVs' innovative functional features on consumer preferences (Mannering and
Train, 1985).
Over the past decade, interest in EVs has resurfaced (Rezvani et al. 2015), mostly due to the
importance placed on this technology in transitioning the transport sector onto a low carbon
trajectory (van Bree et al. 2010; Dijk et al. 2013; Geels, 2012; Stienhilber et al. 2013; Greene et
al. 2014). A significant quantity of forecasting studies have been conducted to assess potential
adoption pathways for EV demand (Karplus et al. 2010; Eggers and Eggers, 2011; Musti and
Kockleman, 2011; Anable et al. 2012; Shepherd et al. 2012). These forecasting studies have
tended to investigate the potential effect of different market developments, such as
improvements to battery technology and reductions in price premiums, alongside the influence of
government incentives. Whilst market forecasting at the system level allows for the effect of
different technical development scenarios and policy mixes to be considered, it provides little
insight regarding how EVs are being evaluated by individual consumers. In an effort to shed

5
light on this issue, research activity in consumer demand for EVs has progressed through the
application of psychometric models which draw on concepts originating in psychology and
sociology (Lane and Potter, 2007). This is an extension of the increasing application of socio-
psychological methods in order to evaluate the challenge of transitioning towards a sustainable
transport system (Gehlert et al., 2013), with the importance of attitudes (G‰rling et al., 1998)
alongside affective and symbolic motives (Steg et al., 2001; Steg, 2005) in explaining travel
behaviour now being well established (van Acker et al., 2010).

6
 INDEX

SR.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 9

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11

3 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY 13

3.1 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 13

3.2 EXPLORATORY STUDY 13

3.3 DATA COLLECTION 13

4 DATA INTERPRETATION AND 15

DISCUSSION
4.1 PRIMARY DATA 15

4.2 SECONDARY DATA 27

5 PROBLEM RECOGNATION 44

6 FINDING 45

7 CONCLUSION 47

8 RECOMMENDATION 48

9 BIBOGARPHY/REFERNCE 49

10 ANNEXURE 50

7
 LIST OF FIGURE

SR NO CONTENT PAGE NO

4.1 GENDER 15

4.2 AGE 16

4.3 MONTHLY INCOME 17

4.4 ELECTRIC CARS CAN PROTECT FROM 18

GLOBAL WARMING

4.5 ELECTRIC CARS CAN SAVE LOT OF 19

MONEY TO OWNER
4.6 MAINTENANCE INFRASTRUCTURE IS 20
WELL DEVELOPED

4.7 WHAT FACTORS ENCOURAGE YOU TO 21

CONSIDER BUYING ELECTRIC VEHICLE
4.8 WHAT FACTORS DISCOURAGE YOU TO 22
BUYING ELECTRIC VEHICLE
4.9 WHAT ARE THE SOURCE OF 23
INFORMATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE
4.10 REGRESSION 25

4.11 CHARGING AC AND DC 27

4.12 EV VEHICLES 39

8
 1. INTRODUCTION

The environmental effect of petroleum-based transportation infrastructure, along with the fear of
rising oil prices, has encouraged growing interest in electric transportation infrastructure over the
last few decades.
The auto sector has been one of India's and the world's fastest-growing industries, and in recent
years, the industry has been forced to undergo significant technological changes as it aims to
develop more environmentally friendly vehicles, such as battery vehicles, as well as generating
conventional combustion vehicles that emit less pollution. Communication, automatic
transportation, the rise of online, yearly car updates, and the launch of BS6 engine vehicles are
all phases where we should expect remarkable increase.
The goal of this study is to see how important certain factors are in explaining consumer
propensity to purchase a new vehicle. We discover the customers' attitudes toward modern
technologies when exploring this research. We might also see if the changes that have occurred
in the globe are flexible to the customers' preferences.
To discourage the purchase and use of more polluting cars, governments began adopting fiscal
policies such as vehicle tax. Green taxes are levied when re-registering a car after 15 years of use
in order to encourage people to switch from polluting automobiles to fuel-efficient and less
polluting vehicles.
Fuel taxes may serve as an encouragement for the development of efficient, less polluting
vehicles and alternative fuels. Consumers may be encouraged to buy lighter, smaller, more fuel-
efficient cars or to not drive because of high fuel taxes or cultural shifts. (Transport policy)
The FAME India Scheme is an incentive programme aimed at encouraging the use of electric
and hybrid vehicles in India. Its goal is to encourage electric mobility by providing financial
incentives for increased electric vehicle manufacturing and the development of electric
transportation infrastructure. FAME was created in 2015 by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and
Public Enterprises to encourage the manufacturing and promotion of environmentally friendly
vehicles, such as electric and hybrid vehicles. The scheme is intended to set up charging
infrastructure. 2018 (Jose)
According to India's 'National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), 2020,' which was
launched in 2013, the country intends to undertake a big shift to electric vehicles, focusing on
concerns such as national energy security, vehicle pollution, and local manufacturing sector
growth. One of the reasons for such a significant transformation in the vehicle sector is pollution
linked with Indian automobile manufacturing.
Since most Indian cities have among the highest levels of pollution and noise in the world.
According to the World Health Organisation's 2019 report on the most polluted cities, 14 of the
top 20 cities in the world are in India. In India, people are particularly concerned about their

9
health and their surroundings. Some people are well aware of such automobiles on the market,
while others are not. And that's where the auto sector must attempt to fill the gap. People in

India are mostly unaware about electric vehicles, so the government and the automobile industry
are working together to educate them. Governments must take the necessary steps to educate
people about such technology. Make sure they understand the benefits of owning an electric
vehicle. Which of these reasons has the capacity to modify people's minds about switching to an
electric vehicle? This is only possible if the government provides necessary facilities and
infrastructure.
As a result, I believe that we should begin to shift toward the use of electric vehicles. Even
though electric vehicles have been in production in India for a few years, the market for electric
vehicles has not taken off as quickly as expected. So, is it the technology or the purchasing habits
of Indian customers that we're dealing with here? This study will attempt to clarify what factors
people discuss and consider before purchasing an electric vehicle at home.

10
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Electric Vehicles: A Synthesis of the Current Literature with a Focus on Economic and
Environmental Viability: Marcello Contestabile, Dr Gregory Offer, Dr Robin North, A
research concludes that the longer-term uptake of EVs will depend heavily on progress in battery
technology, to bring down costs and increase energy density, and on the provision of a suitable
recharging infrastructure. (contestabile, 2012)
Potential Need for Electric Vehicles, Charging Station Infrastructure and its Challenges for
the Indian Market: by Praveen Kumar and Kalyan Dash, India should invest in small scale
reinforcements to manage the load issues locally rather than going for an enormous change.
Home charging should be encouraged. Proper planning of place, population, traffic density and
safety should be considered before implementing the massive scale charging infrastructure. The
integration of activities within the energy and transport fields is important. Development goals
through different innovative policies and programs, for instance, drivers of electric cars are
offered a financial consumer incentive, like tax credits, purchase subsidies, discounted tolls, free
parking, and access to restricted highway lanes will help the market to grow. (Praveen kumar ,
kalyan Dash, 2013)
Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: by Fanchao Liao, Eric Molin & Bert van Wee,
Widespread adoption of EVs may contribute to lessening of problems like environmental
pollution, global warming and oil dependency. However, this penetration of EV is comparatively
low in spite of governments implementing strong promotion policies. They presented a
comprehensive review of studies on consumer preferences for EV aiming to convey policy-
makers and give direction to further research. They compared the economic and psychological
approach towards consumer preference for Electric vehicles. The impact of financial and
technical attributes of EV on its utility is generally found to be significant, including its purchase
and operating cost, driving range, charging duration, vehicle performance and brand diversity on
the market. The density of charging stations also positively affects the utility and promotion of
EV. The impact of incentive policies, tax reduction is quite effective. (Fanchao Liao,Eric
Molin,Bert van Wee, 2017)
International Council on Clean Transportation: Lingzhi Jin, Peter Slowik, the early market
growth for electric vehicles continues, but a number of barriers prevent their widespread uptake.
These barriers include the additional cost of the new technology, relative inconvenience of
technology considering range and charge times, and consumer understanding about the
availability and viability of the technology. This last point, typically referred to as “consumer
awareness,” is crucial. (Lingzhi Jin, Peter Slowik, 2017)
Study on Electric Vehicles in India Opportunities and Challenges: by Mohamed M, G
Tamil Arasan, and G Sivakumar, the replacement of ICE with electric engines will reduce
pollution to a great extent and be profitable to consumers. Many countries have implemented this
technology and are contributing to the improvement of the environment. The researcher saw the

11
opportunities and challenges faced in India over implementing EVs. Opportunities like
Government Initiatives, Batteries, Industries, and Environment have been considered. With these
challenges like cost of EVs, efficiency of EVs in India and demand for EVs were taken into
consideration. The implementation of EVs in India aims primarily to scale back greenhouse
emissions and cut oil expenses. The govt. should make the foremost out of the opportunities
available and find suitable ways to tackle the challenges. (Mohamed M, G Tamil Arasan, G
Sivakumar, 2018)
The study "Commercial viability of electric vehicles in India" was conducted in India by
Ankit et al., (2018); Ahman (2006). This paper is aimed to examine the commercial viability of
the pilot project and identify the initial roadblocks and its rectifications in order to scale up on a
pan-India basis. In order to achieve this, the pilot project was studied in detail and interviews and
surveys were conducted among all the stakeholders in April-May 2018.The study also uniquely
identifies the charging pattern of the commercial electric vehicles at a particular charging station.
(Ahman, 2006)
The study "Comparative study of using different electric motors in the electric vehicles" by
Nasser Hashemnia, Behzad Asaei on 2008 18th International Conference on Electrical
Machines, 1-5, 2008. In this study, different electric motors are studied and compared to see the
benefits of each motor and the one that is more suitable to be used in the electric vehicle (EV)
applications. It is concluded that although the induction motors technology is more mature than
others, for the EV applications the brushless DC and permanent magnet motors are more suitable
than others. The use of these motors will result in less pollution, less fuel consumption and
higher power to volume ratio. (Naseer Hashemnia ,Behzad Asaei , 2008)
The study "Investigating the impact of demand side management on residential customers
"by Ning Zhang, Luis F Ochoa, Daniel S Kirschen in 2011 2nd IEEE PES International
Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, 1-6, 2011. This study
investigates the impact of a DSM scheme that shifts residential high-power appliances (loads) to
reduce the overall peak of households connected to the same LV feeder. Results are encouraging;
showing not only that the proposed DSM scheme has great potential for peak reduction, but,
more importantly, that the negative impact on the consumers is minimal. These findings could be
used to promote such schemes and increase public acceptance. (Ning Zhang, Luis F Ochoa,
Daniel S Kirschen, 2011)
The study "Demand side management of electric car charging: Benefits for consumer and
grid" by P Finn, C Fitzpatrick, David Connolly in Energy 42 (1), 358-363, 2012. This study
examines how optimising the charging cycles of an electric car using DSM (Demand Side
Management) based on a number of criteria could be used to achieve financial savings, increased
demand on renewable energy, reduce demand on thermal generation plants, and reduce peak load
demand. The results demonstrate that significant gains can be achieved using currently available
market data which highlights the point that DSM can be implemented without any further
technological advancements. (P Finn, C Fitzpatrick, David Connolly , 2012)

12
3. METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The survey method was used to collect data for this study, which used a descriptive and
exploratory research methodology to investigate the buying approach toward electric
automobiles in relation to individual variables under study. The primary data and secondary
information used in this study are both primary and secondary. The original data was gathered
from 70 respondents in India via a structured questionnaire in order to learn more about their
opinions on electric vehicles. E-journals, books, and reports provide secondary data. The survey
data was evaluated using appropriate statistical tools and procedures based on demographic
criteria such as gender, age, education, and respondents' income levels. Consumer attitude and
perception towards electric vehicles”.

3.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To find out if buyers are aware of the electric automobiles available on the market.
 To identify the factors that influence the adoption of electric vehicles in India, including
demographic, economic factors
 To understand the awareness and knowledge levels of Indian consumers regarding
electric vehicles
 To identify the sources of information that consumers rely on when making purchase
decisions.
 To examine the attitudes and opinions of Indian consumers towards electric vehicles,
including their willingness to adopt and pay for these vehicles.

3.3 HYPOTHESIS
 H0 : There is no relationship between adoption of electronic vehicles and gender,age and
monthly income.
 H1 : There is an relationship between adoption of electronic vehicles and gender,age and
monthly income
3.4 DATA COLLECTION
3.4.1. PRIMARY DATA
New information has been acquired to aid in the solution of the challenge at hand. In comparison
to secondary data, which is data that has already been obtained. A questionnaire, for example,
can collect data. Original information received from people and includes information gathered
via surveys, focus groups, independent 100 observations, and test findings. Qualitative or
quantitative data that is newly collected in the course of research. Data obtained by the
researcher during the research process. Secondary data, on the other hand, refers to information

13
gathered by someone other than the researcher and obtained directly from first-hand sources
through surveys, observation, or experimentation. The respondents' responses to a questionnaire
are used to obtain primary data.

3.4.2. SECONDARY DATA

Information that already exists, but was gathered for a different purpose. Census reports, trade
journals, and subscription services are some of the places where you might find information.
Data from another research project that has previously been collected and published (other than
the one at hand). Secondary data is divided into two categories: internal and external.
Information gathered internally or outside for reasons unrelated to the current investigation. Data
that has been collected for a different reason than the current study. Information that has
previously been published is being researched. It can be internal data, such as existing sales-
tracking statistics, or it can be research undertaken by someone else, such as a market research
firm or the US government, for purposes other than the current research effort. Data from also
before the sets of information, such as medical records, vital statistics, previous research studies,
and archival data, that has been published and is already available. Books and the internet are
employed as secondary data sources. My idea is to perform extensive secondary research in
order to fully comprehend the industry's influence and implications, as well as to analyse and
critique industry norms and reports, from which specific topics will be chosen, which I believe
remain unresolved.
3.5. DATA COLLECTION
The information was gathered through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaire method has
become the most popular and cost-effective form of data collection. The reliance on verbal
responses to questions, whether written or oral, is a common feature of all questionnaire
methods.
It was critical to me that the questionnaire was simple to read and understand for persons from
various walks of life in the sample. As a researcher, it was also crucial to respect the samples'
time and energy, therefore the questionnaire was created to take no more than 4-5 minutes to
complete. These questionnaires were handed out by hand. 22 People were asked to fill out
questionnaires in order to gather first-hand information. The primary data was gathered by
interacting with people first hand. Respondents were reached at retail stores, markets, and
locations near consumer durable product showrooms, among other places. The information was
gathered via communicating with 101 respondents who filled out surveys and provided me with
the information I needed. The required information was acquired through directly interacting
with the respondents, who included housewives, students, businessmen, and professionals.

14
4. DATA INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

4.1. PRIMARY DATA

1.GENDER

FIG 4.1

Based on the given gender percentage of consumers towards EV vehicles, it appears that a higher
percentage of males are interested in electric vehicles compared to females. This could be due to
a variety of factors such as marketing and advertising campaigns that target male consumers
more effectively, the perception that electric vehicles are more technologically advanced and
innovative, or a greater interest among males in eco-friendly and sustainable transportation.

However, it's important to note that gender is just one factor that can influence consumer
perception towards EV vehicles. Other factors such as age, income, education, and location can
also play a significant role in shaping consumer attitudes and behaviors towards electric vehicles.
It's also worth noting that consumer perception towards EV vehicles is constantly evolving as the
technology improves, charging infrastructure expands, and more EV models become available in
the market.

15
2.AGE

FIG 4.2

Based on the given age percentages of consumers towards adoption of electric vehicles in India,
it appears that a higher percentage of consumers in the age range of 26-40 are interested in
electric vehicles compared to other age groups. This could be due to several reasons such as
awareness, familiarity with new technology, income levels, and environmental concerns.

Consumers in the age group of 26-40 are generally more tech-savvy and open to adopting new
technology, which could be a factor in their higher interest in electric vehicles. Additionally,
consumers in this age group may also have higher incomes and be more willing to invest in eco-
friendly and sustainable transportation.

However, it's important to note that consumer perception towards EV vehicles can vary widely
depending on various factors such as education, income levels, location, and government
policies. Furthermore, as more EV models become available in the market and the charging
infrastructure improves, consumer perception towards EV vehicles may change, leading to
increased adoption among different age groups.

16
3.MONTHLY INCOME

FIG 4.3

Based on the given monthly income percentages of consumers towards adoption of electric
vehicles in India, it appears that consumers in the monthly income range of 30,000-40,000 have
the highest interest in electric vehicles compared to other income groups. This income group has
a higher likelihood of considering electric vehicles as an option for transportation due to the
availability of government incentives and subsidies, awareness of the environmental impact of
traditional gasoline vehicles, and the affordability of electric vehicles.

Consumers in the lower monthly income range of less than 20,000 may not consider electric
vehicles due to their higher initial cost, despite the availability of government incentives and
subsidies. Additionally, consumers in this income group may not be as aware of the
environmental impact of traditional gasoline vehicles or the benefits of electric vehicles.

Consumers in the higher monthly income range of more than 60,000 may have a lower interest in
electric vehicles due to the availability of higher-end gasoline vehicles or other luxury
transportation options.

It's important to note that consumer perception towards EV vehicles can vary widely depending
on various factors such as age, education, location, and government policies. Additionally, the

17
lack of charging infrastructure in many areas can also affect consumer perception and adoption
of electric vehicles.

4.ELECTRIC CARS CAN PROTECT FROM GLOBAL WARMING

FIG 4.4

Based on the given percentage distribution, it appears that a significant portion of consumers in
India are uncertain about the ability of electric cars to protect from global warming, as 32.7%
responded with "I don't know". However, a combined percentage of 30.7% (19.8% agree +
10.9% strongly agree) of consumers do perceive that electric cars can protect from global
warming.

On the other hand, a combined percentage of 36.6% (19.8% strongly disagree + 16.8% disagree)
of consumers appear to be skeptical about the ability of electric cars to protect from global
warming.

This suggests that there is a need for more education and awareness among consumers about the
environmental benefits of electric cars, particularly with regards to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and mitigating global warming. The automobile industry and government can work
towards this by promoting the use of electric cars through public campaigns, providing
incentives and subsidies, and investing in charging infrastructure to increase the adoption of
electric vehicles.

18
5. ELECTRIC CARS CAN SAVE LOT OF MONEY TO OWNER

FIG 4.5

Based on the given percentage distribution, it appears that a significant portion of consumers in
India are uncertain about the cost savings of owning an electric car, as 34.7% responded with "I
don't know". However, a combined percentage of 31.7% (19.8% agree + 11.9% strongly agree)
of consumers do perceive that electric cars can save a lot of money to the owner.

On the other hand, a combined percentage of 33.6% (17.8% strongly disagree + 15.8% disagree)
of consumers appear to be skeptical about the cost savings of owning an electric car.

This suggests that there is a need for more education and awareness among consumers about the
cost benefits of electric cars, particularly with regards to the lower operating and maintenance
costs compared to traditional gasoline-powered cars. The automobile industry and government
can work towards this by providing transparent information about the total cost of ownership of
electric vehicles, promoting the use of electric cars through public campaigns, providing
incentives and subsidies, and investing in charging infrastructure to increase the adoption of
electric vehicles.

19
6. MAINTENANCE INFRASTRUCTURE IS WELL DEVELOPED

FIG 4.6

Based on the given percentage distribution, it appears that a combined percentage of 46.6%
(24.8% strongly disagree + 21.8% disagree) of consumers in India do not perceive the
maintenance infrastructure for electric vehicles as well developed. Additionally, a significant
percentage of 44.6% (neutral + I don't know) of consumers appear to be uncertain about the state
of maintenance infrastructure for electric vehicles in the country.

However, it is noteworthy that a small percentage of 8.9% of consumers strongly agree that the
maintenance infrastructure for electric vehicles is well developed in India.

This suggests that there is a need for more investment in the development of maintenance
infrastructure for electric vehicles in India. The government can take initiatives to develop public
charging infrastructure, provide incentives to private companies to invest in charging stations,
and encourage the development of service centers for electric vehicles. This can increase

20
consumer confidence in electric vehicles and encourage more people to adopt them as their
primary mode of transportation.

7. WHAT FACTORS ENCOURAGE YOU TO CONSIDER BUYING ELECTRIC

VEHICLE

FIG 4.7

Based on the given data, we can interpret that Indian consumers consider several factors while
considering the purchase of an electric vehicle. The most significant factor seems to be the price,
with 19.8% of respondents indicating it as a primary consideration. This is likely due to the
perception that electric vehicles are more expensive than their conventional counterparts.

Another important factor is test drives, with 18.8% of respondents indicating that it plays a
significant role in their decision-making process. This suggests that consumers want to
experience the driving characteristics of electric vehicles before making a purchase.

Environmental effects also seem to be a factor, with 11.9% of respondents considering it as a

primary factor. This shows that there is an increasing awareness among Indian consumers about
the impact of transportation on the environment.

21
Other factors such as low noise levels (17.8%), brand reputation (12.9%), new trends (9.9%), and
technical enhancements (8.9%) also play a role in the decision-making process of Indian
consumers.

8. WHAT FACTORS DISCOURAGE YOU TO BUYING ELECTRIC VEHICLE

FIG 4.8

The factors that discourage consumers from buying electric vehicles in India include limited
range (19.80%), long recharge time (8.90%), lack of trust in technology (17.80%), lack of
consumer choice (22.80%), unwillingness to change lifestyle (17.80%), and lack of charging
stations (7.90%). Range, which could refer to the distance the vehicle can travel on a single
charge, was mentioned by only 5% of respondents. These results suggest that in order to increase
adoption of electric vehicles in India, there needs to be more investment in charging
infrastructure, a wider variety of electric vehicle models available for consumers to choose from,
and efforts to increase consumer trust in electric vehicle technology.

The factors that discourage consumers in India from buying electric vehicles are quite diverse.
The majority of respondents cited limited range and lack of consumer choice as the main factors.
This could suggest that consumers are not confident in the current technology available and are

22
wary of investing in electric vehicles. Additionally, the lack of charging stations also plays a role
in the decision not to purchase an EV.

Interestingly, a significant portion of respondents expressed an unwillingness to change their

lifestyle, indicating that they do not want to alter their driving habits or adapt to the unique
requirements of electric cars. This highlights the importance of educating consumers about the
benefits of electric vehicles and dispelling common misconceptions.

Long recharge time and lack of trust in technology were also noted as significant barriers to
adoption, indicating that manufacturers and policymakers need to work towards improving the
charging infrastructure and increasing consumer awareness of the reliability and safety of EVs.

9. WHAT ARE THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE

FIG 4.9

According to the survey, the most common source of information for electric vehicles in India is
internet sources, with 30.70% of respondents using it to gather information. Magazines and
newspapers were the next most popular sources at 19.80% each. Family and friends were also
cited as a source of information by 19.80% of respondents, while television was the least
common source, with only 10.90% of respondents using it. This suggests that digital media

23
platforms have a significant influence on consumer perceptions and decision-making regarding
electric vehicles in India.

Consumers in India rely on internet sources for information on electric vehicles. The internet
sources are the most preferred choice for information gathering, followed by magazines and
family/friends. Newspapers and television are the least preferred sources of information. This
highlights the importance of digital marketing and online presence for electric vehicle
manufacturers and sellers to reach out to potential customers in India.

24
4.1.1REGRESSION

Regression is a statistical technique used to analyse the relationship between one or more
independent variables and a dependent variable. The dependent variable is the variable being
predicted, while the independent variables are the predictors. Regression analysis can help to
identify and quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables, and can
be used to make predictions about future values of the dependent variable.

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.321539995
R Square 0.103387968
Adjusted R Square 0.075657699
Standard Error 1.870794247
Observations 101

ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F F
Regression 3 39.14617 13.04872 3.72834351 0.013842929
Residual 97 339.4875 3.499871
Total 100 378.6337

Standard Upper Lower Upper

Coefficients Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 2.515364426 0.836071 3.008553 0.00334417 0.855994559 4.174734 0.855995 4.174734
X Variable 1 0.147916351 0.436332 0.339 0.7353428 -0.7180817 1.013914 -0.71808 1.013914
X Variable 2 -0.156629781 0.187964 -0.8333 0.40672456 -0.52968625 0.216427 -0.52969 0.216427
X Variable 3 0.470078732 0.146608 3.206363 0.00182095 0.179102254 0.761055 0.179102 0.761055

Fig 4.10

INTERPRETATION

The regression analysis has been performed on a dataset of 101 observations. The multiple R
value of 0.32 suggests a weak positive correlation between the dependent variable and the
independent variables.

The R squared value of 0.10 indicates that only about 10% of the variation in the dependent
variable can be explained by the independent variables.

25
The ANOVA table shows that the regression model is significant, with an F-statistic of 3.73 and
a p-value of 0.014.

This indicates that at least one of the independent variables is contributing significantly to the
variation in the dependent variable.

The standard error of the regression is 1.87, indicating the variability of the observed data points
around the regression line.

The coefficients table shows the intercept and the coefficients of the three independent variables.
The intercept is 2.52, indicating the predicted value of the dependent variable when all
independent variables are zero.

The coefficients for the independent variables suggest that X variable 1 and X variable 2 are not
significant in predicting the dependent variable, as their p-values are greater than 0.05. However,
X variable 3 is significant, with a coefficient of 0.47 and a p-value of 0.002, indicating a positive
effect on the dependent variable.

The regression model suggests that X variable 3 has a significant positive impact on the
dependent variable, while X variable 1 and X variable 2 do not have a significant impact.
However, the model only explains a small proportion of the variation in the dependent variable,
and there may be other factors not included in the model that also contribute to the variation.

26
4.2. SECONDARY DATA

CHARGING

Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcharge.net.nz%2Fknowledge-
article%2Fev-charging-the-difference-between-ac-and-dc
%2F&psig=AOvVaw1gZ_g5W8m71h8aaZNb4XFx&ust=1682506185895000&source=images
&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCPiB3Y7uxP4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

Fig 4.11
Charging through AC
AC charging is commonly used for charging electric vehicles (EVs) at home or in public
charging stations. AC charging for EVs typically involves the use of a charging station or wall
box that is connected to an AC power source, such as a household electrical outlet or a
commercial AC charging station.
The AC power is converted into DC power by the onboard charger in the EV, which is then used
to charge the vehicle's battery. The charging time for an EV varies depending on the capacity of
the battery and the charging rate of the charging station or wall box.
The most common AC charging standard for EVs is the J1772 connector, which is used in North
America, Europe, and some other regions. The J1772 connector is compatible with most EV
models and can provide up to 7.2 kW of charging power.

27
In addition to AC charging, many EVs also support DC fast charging, which can provide much
faster charging times than AC charging. DC fast charging involves the use of a charging station
that is connected directly to a DC power source, such as a high-voltage electrical grid. DC fast
charging can provide charging speeds of up to 350 kW, allowing EVs to be charged in just a few
minutes.
Bharat EV Charging Standard AC001 is regulated under IS:17017. It has a 15-amp, 230-volt,
3.3-kilowatt power supply with an IEC 60309 connection. Electric vehicles may be charged
using a standard 220V – 15 A household outlet with a power output of 2.5 kW. For at-home EV
charging, no policy or standard has been established. To guarantee safety, Bharat EV standards
recommend installing a Residual Current Circuit Breaker and using an IEC 60309 Industrial
connector, while a three-pin 15-amp socket might also be utilized. [30] Type 2 connectors are
required for higher-power AC charging (up to 22 kW). [31] Type 2 connectors provide the
advantage of being able to charge with three phase AC power.
Charging with direct current
charging with direct current (DC) is commonly used for charging electric vehicles (EVs),
particularly in public fast-charging stations. DC charging allows for much faster charging times
than AC charging, as it can provide higher charging rates.
DC charging involves the use of a charging station that is connected directly to a DC power
source, such as a high-voltage electrical grid. The DC power is then used to charge the EV's
battery directly, without the need for an onboard charger to convert AC power to DC power.
There are several DC charging standards for EVs, including CHAdeMO, CCS (Combined
Charging System), and Tesla Supercharger. These charging standards differ in their connector
types and charging speeds.
CHAdeMO is a DC charging standard that is primarily used by Japanese automakers, such as
Nissan and Mitsubishi. The CHAdeMO connector can provide up to 62.5 kW of charging power.
CCS is a DC charging standard that is widely used in Europe and North America. The CCS
connector combines an AC charging plug and a DC charging plug in one connector, allowing for
both AC and DC charging. The CCS connector can provide up to 350 kW of charging power.
Tesla Supercharger is a proprietary DC charging standard that is used by Tesla EVs. The
Supercharger connector can provide up to 250 kW of charging power, allowing for fast charging
times for Tesla EVs.
DC 001 is the public DC Charging Standard. For EV-EVSE communication over CAN mode, it
employs a proprietary GB/T. It has a GB/T 20234 connector and draws 200 A at 15 kW. 100
VDC is the maximum DC O/P voltage. There are just a few automobiles on the market that meet
these requirements, such as the Mahindra e-Verito, Mahindra e20, and Tata Motors e-Tigor.
CCS-2 (Combined Charging System) and CHAdeMO protocols for high power fast charging are
recommended by BIS in IS:17017-1, which was issued in August 2018. CCS has an advantage
over CHAdeMO and GB/T in that it communicates between EVs using Power Line Carrier

28
Communications (PLCC), whereas CHAdeMO and GB/T use CAN. When compared to May,
PLC enables for safe communication via encrypted communications, and the link can support a
higher data rate.

Equipment for supplying electric vehicles (EVSE)

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) established the IS:17017 standard, which contains general
standards and safety norms for EVSEs.
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) is the equipment used to supply electricity to electric
vehicles (EVs) for charging their batteries. EVSE is an important component of the charging
infrastructure required to support the widespread adoption of EVs.
EVSE typically consists of three main components: the power supply, the control electronics,
and the connector. The power supply provides the electrical energy to the EVSE, which is then
transmitted to the EV's battery through the connector.
There are several types of EVSE available, ranging from Level 1 charging equipment that is
suitable for home use, to Level 2 and Level 3 charging equipment that is used in public charging
stations. Here are the different types of EVSE:

 Level 1 EVSE: This type of EVSE uses a standard household electrical outlet (120V AC)
to provide up to 1.4 kW of charging power. Level 1 EVSE is commonly used for home
charging and is suitable for vehicles with smaller battery capacities.
 Level 2 EVSE: This type of EVSE uses a 240V AC power supply to provide up to 7.2
kW of charging power. Level 2 EVSE is commonly used in public charging stations,
workplaces, and multi-unit dwellings.
 DC fast charging (Level 3 EVSE): This type of EVSE uses a high-voltage DC power
supply to provide up to 350 kW of charging power. DC fast charging is used in public
charging stations and can provide a significant amount of charge to an EV's battery in a
short amount of time.
There are several types of connectors used in EVSE, including the J1772 connector, the CCS
connector, the CHAdeMO connector, and the Tesla Supercharger connector. The choice of
connector depends on the type of charging equipment and the EV model.

29
System of Central Management (CMS)
A Central Management System (CMS) for electric vehicles (EVs) is a software platform that
enables the management of a network of EV charging stations. CMS is an important component
of the EV charging infrastructure that provides a range of features and functionalities for EV
charging operators and drivers.
CMS allows operators to manage and monitor their EV charging stations remotely, providing
real-time information about the status of charging stations, power usage, and billing information.
CMS also allows operators to perform remote diagnostics and maintenance on charging stations,
reducing the need for on-site visits.
For EV drivers, CMS provides a range of features and functionalities, including real-time
information about the location and availability of charging stations, the ability to reserve and pay
for charging sessions, and the ability to monitor the status of charging sessions.
Some of the key features of a CMS for EVs include:
 Network management: CMS allows operators to manage a network of EV charging
stations, including the ability to monitor power usage, set pricing, and manage billing.
 Station monitoring: CMS provides real-time information about the status of charging
stations, including the availability of charging ports, the status of charging sessions, and
any faults or errors.
 Driver management: CMS provides drivers with a range of features, including the ability
to search for and reserve charging stations, pay for charging sessions, and monitor the
status of charging sessions.
 Reporting and analytics: CMS provides operators with a range of reporting and analytics
tools, allowing them to monitor usage patterns, identify trends, and make data-driven
decisions about their charging network.
Over the internet, the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) 1.5 or higher is to be utilised. The
pros of electric vehicles
In terms of energy efficiency, electric vehicles are 3-5 times more efficient than internal
combustion vehicles. Even if electric vehicles use electricity generated from fossil fuels, their
overall efficiency is higher and pollution is lower because huge thermal power plants are
significantly more efficient than internal combustion engines, and power plant emissions are
easier to manage than vehicle emissions.
Regenerative braking helps electric vehicles conserve energy. Around 30% to 70% of the energy
consumed for propulsion can be recovered, with larger percentages appropriate to city driving.
According to air quality indices for India, the air in many Indian cities is no longer healthy. One
of the factors has been pollution caused by automobiles.

30
Concerns about global warming need a change to car alternatives that emit less or no greenhouse
gases. Electric vehicles that run on electricity generated from non-polluting sources of energy
such as hydro, solar, wind, tidal, and nuclear produce nearly no emissions.
The necessity to transition away from a fossil-fuel-based economy. In 2014-15, India imported
112 billion dollars’ worth of crude oil (approximately 7,00,000 crore rupees). In instance, the
Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme received 48,000 crore rupees in the 2017-18 budget.
India has the potential to become a global provider of inexpensive and scalable clean
transportation technologies and processes.
Through smart charging, electric vehicles can help to balance the balance-supply variations in
the electricity grid, and provide a buffer against electricity supply failures. Electric vehicles have
much fewer moving parts as compared to vehicles with IC engines. Thus, being simpler, they are
cheaper and easier to maintain. Electric motors can deliver high torque at low speeds. As a result,
electric vehicles deliver much better performance while starting off and on slopes than IC
engine-powered vehicles.

31
Challenges faced
 Lack of charging infrastructure
the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in India has not been fully developed yet. For
more details, see the section 'Charging Infrastructure' below.
 Cost
The cost of EVs is very high mainly due to the cost of Li-ion cells. The battery packs are
imported and cost a lot, about $275/KWh in India. This combined with the GST of 18% and the
lack of lithium in India, further increased the cost of batteries. In case of four wheelers, Most
EVs in India provide a range of 200 to 250 km and cost between Rs 14-20 lakhs which does not
give a cost advantage compared to higher range cars in the same price range.
 Lack of renewable energy and grid infrastructure
In India electricity is mainly produced by burning coal, which produces a great amount of
greenhouse emissions. With the introduction of EVs and charging infrastructure, the electricity
demand will go up a lot and the whole point of introducing EVs to reduce GHG emissions would
be ineffective, if all this electricity was produced by burning coal. Moreover, India’s Distribution
companies hold debts and are unable to adequately satisfy the energy requirement of the whole
country. If EVs were to enter this equation, the sudden increase in electricity requirement would
put extra load on these companies. Moreover, there are a lot of factors that would go into
deciding pricing of the electricity as well the demand on the grid.
 Charging infrastructure
The Government of India has declared public charging stations and EV charging businesses as a
de-licensed activity. The government has laid down that there should be at least one charging
station in a grid of 3 km x 3 km in cities and one station every 25 km on both sides of highways.
This coverage is to be achieved in cities with a population of more than 4 million and all existing
expressways and important highways connected to these mega cities by 2022. The second phase
(3 to 5 years) will cover big cities like state capitals and UT headquarters. There have been
initiatives to set up community charging stations, as in the case of Plugin India facilitated
charging stations. News reports have indicated plans to provide solar-powered charging points at
the existing fuel stations of the country. There are companies like Tata Power, Fortum and others
which are engaged in the business of electric vehicle charging. They have already installed all
varieties of chargers - rapid DC chargers and level 2 AC chargers for all kinds of applications -
public access, workplace charging, fleet charging, residential communities, malls, highways etc
and have large plans to scale up.
Charging infrastructure, mainly setting up of level 2 charging at public level shall be the toughest
challenge in terms of service integration for India. For normal charging, the charging time poses
a serious problem as it ranges from 6 to 8 hours whereas for fast DC charging; cost & high
renewable energy are the biggest factors which could pose a problem. It is also assumed that
10% of the charging infrastructure required in India shall be composed of fast charging stations

32
and the rest 90% shall come from level 2 public charging setups. On 22 May 2018 Ather Energy
launched its charging infrastructure service in Bangalore called Ather Grid, with each charging
station called 'Point'. The service is open to all electric vehicles but has been deployed where
Ather plans to launch its own electric scooter.
 Range anxiety
Many potential EV buyers are concerned about the limited driving range of EVs compared to
traditional gasoline vehicles. Although the range of EVs has been increasing in recent years, it
still remains a concern for some consumers.
 Battery technology
While battery technology has been improving, the cost and energy density of batteries still need
to improve to make EVs more competitive with traditional vehicles.
 Consumer education
Many consumers are still unfamiliar with EVs and may have misconceptions or lack information
about the technology. Educating consumers about the benefits and limitations of EVs is essential
to accelerate their adoption.
 Policy support
Government policies and incentives can play a key role in accelerating the adoption of EVs.
However, the level of policy support varies widely between countries and regions.

33
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
 Society of Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles (SMEV): SMEV is an industry association that
represents the interests of EV manufacturers and suppliers in India. The association promotes
the adoption of EVs in India and works to create a supportive policy environment for the
industry.

 Electric Mobility Forum (EMF): EMF is a platform for stakeholders in the EV industry in
India, including EV manufacturers, charging infrastructure providers, and other industry
players. The forum works to promote the adoption of EVs in India and provides networking
and educational opportunities for its members.

 India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA): IESA is an industry association that represents the
energy storage industry in India, including batteries and other components used in EVs. The
association works to promote the deployment of energy storage technologies in India,
including in the context of EVs.

 Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) - Electric Mobility Division: The CII is a leading
industry association in India that has an Electric Mobility Division focused on promoting
EVs and related technologies. The division works to create a supportive policy environment
for the industry and provides networking and educational opportunities for its members.

34
Electric vehicles in India

Fully electric cars

 Jaguar I-PACE: The Jaguar I-PACE is a fully electric SUV that was launched in India in
2021. It has a range of up to 470 km on a single charge and comes with features such as a
12.3-inch touchscreen infotainment system and a sunroof.
 Volvo XC40 Recharge: The Volvo XC40 Recharge is a fully electric SUV that was
launched in India in 2021. It has a range of up to 418 km on a single charge and comes
with features such as a 9-inch touchscreen infotainment system and a sunroof.
 BMW i3s: The BMW i3s is a fully electric hatchback that was launched in India in 2021.
It has a range of up to 260 km on a single charge and comes with features such as a
10.25-inch touchscreen infotainment system and a sunroof.
 Nissan Leaf: The Nissan Leaf is a fully electric hatchback that was launched in India in
2018.
 Hyundai Ioniq 5 (expected to launch soon)
 Tesla Model 3 (expected to launch soon)
 Kia EV6 (expected to launch soon)
 Skoda Enyaq iV (expected to launch soon)
Motor cycles
 TVS iQube Electric: The TVS iQube Electric is a fully electric scooter that was launched
in India in 2020. It has a range of up to 75 km on a single charge.
 Ather 450X: The Ather 450X is an electric scooter that was launched in India in 2020. It
has a range of up to 116 km on a single charge and can accelerate from 0 to 40 km/h in
just 3.3 seconds.
 Bajaj Chetak Electric: The Bajaj Chetak Electric is an electric scooter that was launched
in India in 2020. It has a range of up to 95 km on a single charge and can be charged in
just 5 hours.
 Hero Electric Optima: The Hero Electric Optima is an electric scooter that was launched
in India in 2019. It has a range of up to 50 km on a single charge and can be charged in
just 4 hours.
 BGauss B8: The BGauss B8 is an electric scooter that was launched in India in 2020. It
has a range of up to 70 km on a single charge and can be charged in just 3 hours.
 Gemopai Miso: The Gemopai Miso is an electric scooter that was launched in India in
2020. It has a range of up to 75 km on a single charge and can be charged in just 2 hours.
 EeVe Xeniaa: The EeVe Xeniaa is an electric scooter that was launched in India in 2020.

35
Scooters
PURE EV Epluto: The PURE EV Epluto is an electric scooter that was launched in India in
2020. It has a range of up to 100 km on a single charge and can be charged in just 2-3 hours.
Avan Motors Trend E: The Avan Motors Trend E is an electric scooter that was launched in
India in 2020. It has a range of up to 60 km on a single charge and can be charged in just 2-3
hours.
Hero Electric Nyx: The Hero Electric Nyx is an electric scooter that was launched in India in
2019. It has a range of up to 60 km on a single charge and can be charged in just 4 hours.
Evolet Polo: The Evolet Polo is an electric scooter that was launched in India in 2020. It has a
range of up to 100 km on a single charge and can be charged in just 3-4 hours.
Hero Electric Dash: The Hero Electric Dash is an electric scooter that was launched in India in
2019. It has a range of up to 60 km on a single charge and can be charged in just 4 hours.

SOURCE:https://in.images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrKFYRX_0lkoTIAFeC7Ax.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2V
jA3BpdnM?
p=ev+vehicle+INDIA&fr2=pivweb&type=E211IN885G0&fr=mcafee#id=72&iurl=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.spinny.com%2Flog%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2FElectric-car
charging1200x800.jpg&action=click
Fig 4.12

Global Warming: Ozone Layer

36
The process of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere, also known as global warming,
diminishes the Earth’s ozone layer, which is what occurs at this time. A factor that makes electric
vehicles clean is their ability to use half the number of parts a gasoline powered vehicle does,
including gasoline and oil.
The Electric Vehicle's Future
The future of electric vehicles (EVs) is promising, as many countries and automakers have set
ambitious goals to transition away from fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Here are some trends and
developments that could shape the future of EVs:

 Improved battery technology: Advances in battery technology are crucial for EVs to
achieve longer ranges and faster charging times. The industry is exploring new
chemistries, such as solid-state batteries, that could offer significant improvements over
current lithium-ion batteries.
 Expansion of charging infrastructure: The availability of charging infrastructure is a key
factor in the adoption of EVs. Governments and private companies are investing in
charging networks to make it more convenient for EV owners to charge their vehicles.
 More affordable EVs: The cost of EVs has been a barrier to adoption for many
consumers. As battery costs continue to decline and economies of scale are achieved,
EVs are becoming more affordable. Incentives and subsidies offered by governments are
also making EVs more attractive to buyers.
 Electrification of public transport: The electrification of buses and other forms of public
transport is already underway in many cities. This trend is expected to continue, as
electric buses are becoming more cost-competitive with diesel buses and offer
environmental benefits.
 Integration with renewable energy: EVs can serve as a way to store excess renewable
energy generated by wind and solar power. This can help balance the grid and reduce the
need for fossil fuel-powered backup generators.

Lithium-ion phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, which are becoming increasingly common in other
nations, will almost certainly be used in future electric vehicles. Electric bikes and scooters
employ LiFePO4 batteries, which are rechargeable and powerful. This technology will most
likely be adopted by electric cars in the future.
The expanding usage of supercapacitors and ultracapacitors for storing and delivering electrical
charge is another technology that is probable for future electric cars. Many of these batteries are
presently being utilised in hybrid car prototypes, therefore they are also expected to be employed
in future electric car markets.
If the developers of future electric cars can create vehicles with a range of 300 miles per charge,
a charging time of five to ten minutes, and safety in operating the vehicles, the market is wide
open for them. Researchers are working on improved battery technologies to increase driving

37
range and decrease recharging time, weight, and cost. These factors will ultimately determine the
future of EVs.
Purchase Decision Process:
It is necessary to gain a knowledge of the purchasing process in order to estimate the impact of
environmental consciousness in the car purchase decision. The choice to buy a product is a
multi-staged process for the consumer. According to Kotler (2006), the consumer will go
through five stages. Vehicle buying behaviour is quite complex, since it entails a significant
amount of social and/or psychological engagement.
The purchase decision process for electric vehicles (EVs) is similar to that of conventional
vehicles, but there are some unique considerations due to the specific characteristics of EVs.
Here are the steps involved in the purchase decision process for EVs:

 Awareness: The first step in the purchase decision process is becoming aware of EVs and
their benefits, such as lower operating costs, reduced emissions, and quieter operation.
This can be through advertising, media coverage, or word-of-mouth.
 Research: After becoming aware of EVs, consumers typically research the different
models available, their features, and prices. They may also consider the range of the
vehicle, the availability of charging infrastructure, and government incentives and
subsidies.
 Evaluation: Once consumers have identified a few EV models that meet their needs and
preferences, they will evaluate them based on factors such as range, battery life, charging
time, driving performance, safety features, and cost. They may also compare EVs with
traditional vehicles to determine the best option for their needs.
 Purchase: After evaluating the options and deciding on an EV model, consumers will
purchase the vehicle from a dealership or online. They may also lease the vehicle, which
is a popular option for EVs due to their rapid technological advancements and potential
for reduced costs.
 Post-purchase: After purchasing an EV, consumers may need to install a charging station
at their home or place of work. They will also need to learn how to operate the vehicle,
including how to charge it and manage its range. Consumers may also join online
communities or attend EV events to connect with other EV owners and learn more about
the technology.

38
ADVANTAGES OF EV VEHICLES
 Reduced emissions: EVs produce zero emissions from the tailpipe, helping to reduce air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.
 Lower fuel costs: EVs have lower operating costs than gasoline-powered vehicles, as
electricity is generally less expensive than gasoline. Additionally, electric motors are
more efficient than internal combustion engines, which means less energy is lost as heat
during operation.
 Lower maintenance costs: EVs have fewer moving parts than gasoline-powered vehicles,
which means they require less maintenance and have lower repair costs over their
lifetimes.
 Quieter operation: EVs are much quieter than gasoline-powered vehicles, making for a
more comfortable and peaceful driving experience.
 Improved energy security: Because electricity can be generated from a variety of sources
(including renewable sources like solar and wind), EVs can help to reduce dependence on
foreign oil and increase energy security.
 Enhanced performance: Electric motors deliver instant torque, providing a smooth and
responsive driving experience. Additionally, many EVs offer advanced features like
regenerative braking, which captures energy from braking and feeds it back into the
battery to improve efficiency.
 Government incentives: Many governments offer financial incentives (such as tax credits
and rebates) for EV purchases, making them more affordable for consumers.
Overall, EVs offer a number of advantages over gasoline-powered vehicles, including lower
emissions, lower fuel and maintenance costs, quieter operation, improved energy security,
enhanced performance, and government incentives.

DISADVANTAGES OF EV VEHICLES
Limited driving range: One of the biggest drawbacks of EVs is their limited driving range. Most
EVs can travel only 100-300 miles on a single charge, which can be a concern for drivers who
need to travel longer distances.
Long charging time: EVs can take several hours to fully charge, depending on the charging
method and the battery size. This can be an inconvenience for drivers who need to charge their
vehicles on the go.
Limited availability of charging infrastructure: While the number of charging stations is
increasing, there are still fewer charging stations than gas stations, particularly in some areas.
This can be a concern for drivers who need to travel long distances or in rural areas.
High initial cost: EVs are generally more expensive than gasoline-powered vehicles, largely due
to the high cost of batteries. However, the cost of EVs is expected to decrease as battery
technology improves and economies of scale are realized.

39
Battery degradation: EV batteries can degrade over time, which can lead to reduced driving
range and performance. However, battery technology is constantly improving, and newer EVs
are designed to minimize degradation.
Heavy weight: EVs are typically heavier than gasoline-powered vehicles due to the weight of the
battery pack. This can affect handling and performance.
Uncertainty about battery disposal: The disposal of EV batteries is a concern, as they contain
toxic materials that can harm the environment if not properly disposed of. However, there are
efforts underway to develop recycling programs for EV batteries.
Overall, while EVs offer many advantages, there are also some drawbacks to consider, including
limited driving range, long charging times, limited availability of charging infrastructure, high
initial cost, battery degradation, heavy weight, and uncertainty about battery disposal.

40
 SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS:

 Government support and incentives for the adoption of electric vehicles.

 Growing concern for the environment and air pollution in India.
 Increasing availability of electric vehicle models in the Indian market.
 Rising fuel prices and the potential for cost savings with electric vehicles.
 Potential for a reduction in India's dependence on oil imports.
 The ability to charge electric vehicles using renewable energy sources such as solar
power.

WEAKNESSES:

 Lack of charging infrastructure, particularly in rural areas.

 Limited range of electric vehicles compared to traditional vehicles.
 Higher upfront cost of electric vehicles compared to traditional vehicles.
 Limited public awareness and understanding of electric vehicles.
 Limited availability of skilled technicians for servicing and maintenance of electric
vehicles.

OPPORTUNITIES:

 Rapidly growing Indian automobile market with increasing demand for sustainable and
environmentally-friendly options.
 Potential for collaboration with global automakers and technology companies to bring
innovative electric vehicle technologies to India.
 Development of new business models and revenue streams for the electric vehicle
ecosystem, including charging stations and battery swapping.
 Potential for job creation in the electric vehicle manufacturing and service industries.
 Opportunities for research and development in the electric vehicle technology sector.

41
THREATS:

 Competition from established gasoline vehicle manufacturers.

 Uncertainty regarding government policies and incentives for electric vehicle adoption.
 Limited availability of critical materials for electric vehicle batteries.
 Potential for power grid disruptions and challenges with energy storage.
 Threats of cybersecurity breaches with connected electric vehicles.
 Potential for consumer resistance and reluctance to change from traditional vehicles to
electric vehicles.

42
 PESTEL ANALYSIS
POLITICAL FACTORS:

 Government support for electric vehicles with various incentives, tax rebates, and
subsidies.
 Policies to promote clean energy and reduce air pollution in cities.
 Import tariffs and regulations for foreign electric vehicle manufacturers.
ECONOMIC FACTORS:

 Rise in fuel prices, making electric vehicles more attractive to consumers.

 Potential for cost savings with electric vehicles in the long run.
 Investments in charging infrastructure and other supporting services.
 Economic impact on the traditional automobile industry and oil industry.
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS:

 Increasing awareness and concern for the environment and pollution in India.
 Cultural attitudes towards ownership and use of vehicles.
 Consumer preferences and perceptions towards electric vehicles.
 Acceptance of technology and willingness to adopt new trends.
TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS:

 Rapid advances in electric vehicle technology and battery storage.

 Development of charging infrastructure, including fast-charging stations and battery
swapping.
 Integration of digital technologies and connected car features.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:
 Air pollution in cities and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 Concerns about the impact of transportation on the environment.
 Potential for renewable energy sources, such as solar power, to power electric vehicles.
LEGAL FACTORS:

 Regulations for electric vehicles, including safety standards and emissions requirements.
 Potential for changes in laws and regulations to promote electric vehicle adoption.
 Intellectual property and patent issues related to electric vehicle technology.

43
 5.PROBLEM RECOGNITION

 Lack of awareness: The percentage of respondents who are unaware of the benefits of
electric vehicles or have limited knowledge about them is quite high, indicating a need
for greater awareness-building initiatives.

 Cost concerns: A significant percentage of respondents are either unsure or disagree that
electric vehicles can save money for the owner, indicating a need to address concerns
around the high initial cost of electric vehicles.

 Range anxiety: A high percentage of respondents are discouraged from buying electric
vehicles due to concerns around limited range and lack of charging infrastructure,
highlighting a need to improve charging infrastructure and address range anxiety.

 Lack of trust in technology: A significant percentage of respondents are discouraged from

buying electric vehicles due to a lack of trust in the technology, indicating a need to
address concerns around reliability and durability.

 Need for better marketing and information dissemination: While internet sources are the
most commonly cited source of information for electric vehicles, traditional sources like
newspapers and magazines still have a significant reach, highlighting a need for targeted
marketing and information dissemination efforts across multiple channels.

44
 6.FINDINGS

 The majority of consumers in India are not well-informed about electric vehicles, as seen
from the high percentage of "I don't know" responses in various questions related to
electric vehicles.

 Cost is a major factor that discourages consumers from buying electric vehicles, as seen
from the high percentage of "disagree" and "strongly disagree" responses in questions
related to cost savings.

 Limited range, lack of consumer choice, and unwillingness to change lifestyle are some
of the main factors that discourage consumers from buying electric vehicles, as seen from
the high percentage of negative responses in questions related to these factors.

 Internet sources are the most popular source of information for consumers when it comes
to electric vehicles, as seen from the high percentage of responses for this option.

 There is a need for more education and awareness about electric vehicles, as seen from
the high percentage of "I don't know" responses in various questions related to electric
vehicles. This presents an opportunity for Black Book to provide more educational
resources and support to consumers.
 Lack of awareness and information: The data shows that a significant proportion of
respondents are unsure about the benefits of electric cars for the environment, cost
savings, and impact on global warming. This indicates a lack of awareness and
information among the general public about electric vehicles and their benefits.

 Price and range anxiety: The data indicates that price is a major factor for consumers
when considering electric cars, with nearly 20% of respondents citing it as a factor that
discourages them from buying an EV. Additionally, limited range is a concern for nearly
20% of respondents. This highlights the need for affordable and reliable EVs with longer
ranges.

 Lack of charging infrastructure: The lack of charging infrastructure is a major factor

discouraging consumers from buying EVs, with nearly 8% of respondents citing it as a

45
 problem. This highlights the need for the government and private sector to invest in
charging infrastructure to facilitate the adoption of EVs.

 Need for better education and marketing: The data shows that the internet is the primary
source of information for consumers looking to buy EVs, followed by magazines and
family and friends. This highlights the need for better education and marketing efforts to
increase awareness and understanding of EVs among the general public.

 Opportunity for innovation: The data shows that consumers are interested in new trends
and technical enhancements when considering buying an EV, highlighting the potential
for innovation and differentiation in the EV market. This presents an opportunity for
automakers to develop new and innovative EVs that meet the needs and preferences of
consumers.

46
 7.CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that consumer perception towards adoption of electric vehicles in India is
still mixed. While a significant percentage of respondents believe that electric cars can help
protect the environment and are willing to consider purchasing an electric vehicle, there are still
concerns around the limited range, long recharge time, and lack of charging stations.

To encourage greater adoption of electric vehicles in India, manufacturers and policymakers

need to address these concerns and improve the infrastructure for electric vehicles. There also
needs to be greater education and awareness about the benefits of electric vehicles, particularly
in terms of environmental impact and cost savings over time.

Additionally, it is important to note that the internet is the most popular source of information for
consumers considering purchasing an electric vehicle. This highlights the importance of having
accurate and comprehensive information about electric vehicles available online, including
details on pricing, technical specifications, and charging infrastructure.

Overall, while the data suggests that there is potential for increased adoption of electric vehicles
in India, there are still significant barriers to overcome. With the right policies and investments,
however, it is possible to create an environment where electric vehicles are more widely adopted,
leading to a cleaner and more sustainable transportation system.

47
 8.RECOMMENDATIONS

 Increase awareness: The survey indicates that a significant proportion of respondents are
not aware of electric vehicles and their benefits. Hence, Black Book should focus on
creating awareness campaigns to educate the public about electric vehicles and their
advantages, especially in terms of cost savings and environmental impact.

 Address concerns about limited range and charging infrastructure: A significant

proportion of respondents expressed concerns about the limited range and lack of
charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. To encourage adoption, Black Book should
collaborate with automakers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to address these issues
and promote the development of a robust charging infrastructure network.

 Offer attractive financing options: The survey highlights that price is a major factor that
discourages consumers from buying electric vehicles. Therefore, Black Book could
partner with banks and financial institutions to provide attractive financing options for
electric vehicles, such as low-interest loans and extended repayment periods.

 Focus on digital marketing: The majority of respondents rely on the internet as a source
of information about electric vehicles. Hence, Black Book should focus on digital
marketing strategies to promote its products and services, including social media
marketing and search engine optimization.

 Provide personalized recommendations: Black Book could leverage its expertise and data
analytics capabilities to provide personalized recommendations to consumers based on
their driving habits, budget, and other preferences. This would help consumers make
informed decisions about buying electric vehicles and address concerns related to limited
consumer choice.

48
 9.BIBIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE

 Electric Vehicles: A Synthesis of the Current Literature with a Focus on Economic and
Environmental Viability: Marcello Contestabile, Dr Gregory Offer, Dr Robin North
(contestabile, 2012)
 Potential Need for Electric Vehicles, Charging Station Infrastructure and its Challenges
for the Indian Market: by Praveen Kumar and Kalyan Dash, India (Praveen kumar ,
kalyan Dash, 2013)
 Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: by Fanchao Liao, Eric Molin & Bert van Wee
(Fanchao Liao,Eric Molin,Bert van Wee, 2017)
 International Council on Clean Transportation: Lingzhi Jin, Peter Slowik (Lingzhi Jin,
Peter Slowik, 2017)
 Study on Electric Vehicles in India Opportunities and Challenges: by Mohamed M, G
Tamil Arasan, and G Sivakumar (Mohamed M, G Tamil Arasan, G Sivakumar, 2018)
 Commercial viability of electric vehicles in India" was conducted in India by Ankit et al.,
(2018); Ahman (2006) (Ahman, 2006)
 Comparative study of using different electric motors in the electric vehicles" by Nasser
Hashemnia, Behzad Asaei on 2008 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines,
1-5, 2008 (Naseer Hashemnia ,Behzad Asaei , 2008)
 Investigating the impact of demand side management on residential customers "by Ning
Zhang, Luis F Ochoa, Daniel S Kirschen in 2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference
and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, 1-6, 2011 (Ning Zhang, Luis F
Ochoa, Daniel S Kirschen, 2011)
 Demand side management of electric car charging: Benefits for consumer and grid" by P
Finn, C Fitzpatrick, David Connolly in Energy 42 (1), 358-363, 2012 (P Finn, C
Fitzpatrick, David Connolly , 2012)

WEBSITES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
https://www.youtube.com/

49
 10.ANNEXURE
A STUDY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS ADOPTION OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA
1.NAME

2. GENDER 
 MALE
 FEMALE
 OTHER
3. AGE

 < 25
 26-30
 31-40
 41-60
 60 and above
4. Monthly Income

 less than 20000

 20000-30000
 30000-40000
 40000-50000
 50000-60000
 more than 60000

5. Electric cars can protect from global warming

 Strongly disagree
 Disagree
 I don't know
 Agree
 Strongly agree

6. Electric cars can save lot of money to owner

 Strongly disagree
 Disagree
 I don't know
 Agree
 Strongly agree

50
7. Maintenance infrastructure is well developed

 Strongly disagree
 Disagree
 Neutral
 I don't know
 Strongly agree

8. what factors encourage you to consider buying electric vehicle

 Price
 New Trends
 Environmental Effects
 Test Drives
 Low Noise Levels
 Brand Reputation
 Technical Enhancement

9.what factors discourage you to  buying electric vehicle 

 Limited Range
 Long Recharge Time
 Lack of Trust in Technology
 Lack of consumer choice
 Unwillingness to change lifestyle
 Lack of charging station
 Range

10. what are the source of information for electric vehicle 

 Newspaper
 Magazines
 Internet sources
 Family and friends
 Television

51
PLAGARISM REPORT

52
53