INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Lecture Session 2 September 16, 2021

MATTER

CHEMISTRY
• Chemistry is the field of study concerned with
the characteristics, composition, and
transformations of matter
• Matter includes all things, both living and non-
living.
• To understand matter, we will look up on its
fundamental nature, which includes the
physical state, properties, and the changes it
undergoes.

Matter
1. Physical state
• Solid – characterized by a definite
shape and a definite volume
• Liquid – characterized by an
indefinite shape and a define
volume
• Gas – characterized by an
indefinite shape and an indefinite
volume
2. Property – distinguishing characteristic of a PURE SUBTANCES & MIXTURES
substance that is used in its identification
and description • Matter can also be classified in terms of its
• Physical property – characteristics chemical composition as a pure substance
that can be observed without changing or as a mixture
the basic identity of the substance (ex. • Pure substance – a single kind of matter that
Color, odor, physical state, cannot be separated into other kinds of matter
melting/boiling point, hardness) by any physical means (ex. Pure water, pure
• Chemical property – describes the sugar)
way the substance undergoes or • Mixture – physical combination of two or
resists change to form a new more pure substances in which each
substance substance retains its own chemical identity
3. Changes (ex. Mixture of rock salt and ordinary sand)
• Physical change – a substance • One characteristic of any mixture is that its
changes its physical appearance but components can be separated using physical
not is chemical composition (ex. means
Changes in physical state)
- Melting ice MIXTURES
- Boiling of water • Mixtures are subclassified as heterogenous or
• Chemical change – a substance homogenous
undergoes a change in chemical • Heterogenous mixture – a mixture that
composition. It always involve contains visible different phases (parts), each
conversion of the material under of which has different property
consideration into one or more new • Homogenous mixture – contains only one
substances visibly distinct phase (part), which has a
- Burning of paper (ash) uniform properties throughout (ex. Sugar-
water mixture)
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Lecture Session 2 September 16, 2021

ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS Eg Sodium – Na

• Element – pure substance that cannot be Potassium - K
broken down into simpler pure substances by
chemical means (ex. Gold, silver, copper,
hydrogen) ATOMS and MOLECULES
• Compound – pure substance that can broken • An atom is the smallest particle of an element
down into two or more simpler pure that can exist and still have the properties of
substances by chemical means (ex. Water the element
[H2O] can be broken down into the elements • A sample of any element is composed of
hydrogen and oxygen) atoms of a single type, those of that element.
In contrast, a compound must have two or
COMPOUNDS vs. MIXTURES more types of atoms present, because by
• Remember, substances can be combined definition at least two elements must be
either physically or chemically present
• Physical combination of substances produces • Free atoms are rarely encountered in nature
a mixture • Atoms are almost always found together in
• Chemical combination of substances aggregates or clusters
produces a compound, a substance in which • A molecule is a group of two or more atoms
combining entities are bound together that functions a unit because the atoms are
Ionic and Covalent bond tightly bound together
Covalent bond – stronger - sharing electrons • A diatomic molecule is a molecule that
Inorganic – Ionic contains two atoms, a triatomic molecule
Organic – Covalent contains three, and so on.
• No such binding occurs during physical • The atoms present may all be of the same
combination kind, or two or more kinds may be present
• A homoatomic molecule is a molecule in
which all atoms present are of the same kind.
Substances containing homoatomic
molecules are elements (ex. Hydrogen [H2],
oxygen [O2], nitrogen [N2], and chlorine [Cl2])
• A heteroatomic molecule is a molecule in
which two or more kinds of atoms are present.
Substances containing heteroatomic
molecules are compounds (ex. Water [H2O]

COMPOUNDS vs. MOLECULES

• Compounds – molecules made of atoms
from different elements
• Molecules – atoms connected by chemical
ELEMENTS bond
• The discovery and isolation of the 117 known • ALL COMPOUNDS ARE MOLECULES, BUT
elements, the building blocks for all matter, NOT ALL MOLECULES ARE COMPOUNDS
have taken place over a period of several • H2 is a molecule, but not a compound (only H
centuries. Most of the discoveries have is present)
occurred since 1700, the 1800s being the • H2O is both a molecule and a compound (H
most active period. and O are present)
• Each element has a unique name; some bear
geographical names (germanium, francium CHEMICAL FORMULA
and polonium), some are named for the • A chemical formula is a notation made up of
planets (mercury, uranium, neptunium), some the chemical symbols of the elements present
reflect specific properties of the element or of in a compound and numerical subscripts
the compounds containing it (located to the right of each chemical symbol)
• Chemical symbol - one- or two-letter that indicate the number of atoms of each
designation for an element derived from the element present in a molecule of the
element’s name; One or two letter symbol compound.
does not follows the first letter nor the second • The chemical formula for the compound
letter of the name of the element aspirin is C9H8O4. This chemical formula
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Lecture Session 2 September 16, 2021

conveys the information that an aspirin

molecule contains three different elements—
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)—
and 21 atoms—9 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen
atoms, and 4 oxygen atoms.

MEASUREMENTS
• Measurement – determination of the
dimensions, capacity, quantity, or extent of
something
• There are two systems of measurement that
is used commonly: The English system of
units and the metric system of units
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Examples of units in the English system are:
• Uncertainty is indicated by the number of
inch, foot, pound, quart, and gallon
significant figures recorded
• Examples of units in the metric system are:
• Significant figures are digits in a measurement
gram, meter, and liter
that are known with certainty plus one digit
that is estimated
METRIC SYTEM UNITS
• In the metric system, there is one base unit for
each type of measurement Number of significant figures = all certain
• Prefixes are then added to the base unit digits + one estimated digit
• The meter (m) is the base unit of length in the
metric system (1 m is equivalent to 1.09 • Guidelines for Determining Significant
yards) Figures
• The gram (g) is the base unit of mass in the 1. All nonzero digits are significant
metric system (28 g = 1 ounce, 454 g = 1 2. Zeros may or may not be
pound) significant
• The liter (L) is the base unit of volume in the • Zeros at the beginning of a
metric system (1 L is equivalent to 1.06 number are never
quarts) significant

Ex. 0.0141 has three significant figures

• Zeros between nonzero

digits are always significant

Ex. 3.063 has four significant figures

0.001004 has four significant figures

• Zeros at the end of a number are

SIGNIFICANT if a decimal point is
Uncertainty in Measurements PRESENT in the number
Measurements will always have a degree of
uncertainty or error Ex. 56.00 has four significant figures

0.05050 has four significant figures

• Zeros at the end of a number are NOT

SIGNIFICANT in the number LACKS an
explicitly shown decimal point

Ex. 59,000,000 has two significant figures

 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Lecture Session 2 September 16, 2021

6010 has three significant figures

Significant Figures and Mathematical

Operations

• 1. In multiplication and division, the

number of significant figures in the answer
is the same as the number of significant
figures in the measurement that contains
the fewest significant figures

Multiplication and Division of Scientific Notation

• The coefficients are combined in the usual

way (multiplied or divided)
• The rules for exponential terms are:
• 1. To multiply exponential terms, add the
exponents
• 2. In addition and subtraction, the answer • 2. To divide the exponential terms,
is given with as many significant figures as subtract the exponents
the measurement with the least number
of decimal places Ex. (2.33 x 103) x (1.55 x 104)

2.33 x 1.55 = 3.61

103 x 104 = 103+4 = 107

Final answer is 3.61 x 107

Multiplication and division with scientific notation

Scientific Notation

• Scientific notation is a numerical system

in which numbers are expressed in the
form A X 10n, where A is a number with a
single nonzero digit to the left of the
decimal place and n is a whole number
• To convert from decimal notation to
scientific notation:
• 1. The decimal point in the decimal
number is moved to the position behind Conversion Factors
the first nonzero digit
• 2. The exponent for the exponential term • A conversion factor is a ratio that
is equal to the number of places the specifies how one unit of measurement is
decimal point has been moved. (positive related to another unit of measurement
exponent = if the original digit is 10 or • It is derived from equalities that relate
greater, negative exponent = if the original units
digit is less than 1)
Ex. 1 minute = 60 seconds

• A pair of conversion factor can be derived

from this equality
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Lecture Session 2 September 16, 2021

1 minute 60 seconds Step 2: Use of conversion factor Equality: 1mg

and = 0.001g
60 seconds 1 minute

1 mg 0.001 g
or
0.001 g 1 mg

0.001 g
324 mg x =? g
1 mg

Step 3:

(324 0.001
1 )
= 0.324 g

DENSITY
• Density is the ratio of the mass of an
object to the volume occupied by that
object
mass
• Density=
Dimensional Analysis volume
• Dimensional analysis is a general • Generally expressed in grams per cubic
problem-solving method in which the units centimeter (g/cm3) for solids, grams per
associated with numbers are used as a milliliters (g/mL) for liquids
guide in setting up calculations

¿ ¿
5 x 5 = 52 cm x cm = cm2 cm x∈
cm

Steps to follow

TEMPERATURE SCALES
• Heat is a form of energy. Temperature is
an indicator of the tendency of heat
energy to be transferred. Heat energy
flows from objects of higher temperature
to objects of lower temperature.
• Both the Celsius and the Kelvin are part of
the metric system; Fahrenheit scale
belongs to the English system
• The Celsius scale is the most commonly
Sample Problem used in scientific work

A standard aspirin tablet contains 324 mg of

aspirin. How many grams of aspirin are in a
standard aspirin tablet?

Step 1:

324 mg = ? g
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Lecture Session 2 September 16, 2021

Conversion between Temperature Scales