International Journal of Computational Intelligence Research

ISSN 0973-1873 Volume 13, Number 5 (2017), pp. 865-871

© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com

Review Article: E-Governance Strategies - An

Overview

Vinti Parmar
Department of CSA,
F.L.T.M.S.B.P GCW, Rewari(Hr.), India.

Amit Kumar
Department of CSA,
F.L.T.M.S.B.P GCW, Rewari(Hr.), India.

Reena
Department of CSA
F.L.T.M.S.B.PGCW, Rewari(Hr.), India.

Abstract
E-governance defined as a set of technology-mediated processes that are
changing both the delivery of public services and the broader interactions
between citizens and government. This paper proposes three ‘models’ of
e-governance that are currently operating – though we accept that national
e-governance efforts may combine elements from one or more model.
Keywords: e-governance, ICT, privacy, interoperability.

1. INTRODUCTION
Electronic governance or e-governance is the make use of of information and
communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services, interchange of
information, communication transactions, assimilation of various stand-alone systems
and services between government-to-customer (G2C), government-to-business (G2B),
866 Vinti Parmar, Amit Kumar and Reena

government-to-government (G2G) as well as back office processes and interactions

within the entire government framework.[1] Through e-governance, government
services will be accessible to citizens in suitable, efficient and transparent manner.
The three important end groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are
government, citizens and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance there are no
clear boundaries [2]. Generally four basic models are available –
government-to-citizen customer), government-to-employees,
government-to-government and government-to-business.

2. STEPS FOR E-GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

1. Build technical infrastructure.
Execution of E-governance in India will include developing technical Hardware and
Software infrastructure. However while building technical infrastructure, disabled
persons must also be considered. The technology implemented, shall incorporate the
disabled persons.
2. Build institutional Fcaulty
It contribute to training of Government employees, appointment of experts. Along
with the Government has also to create an Expert database for better utilization of
intellectual resources with it.
3. Build authorized infrastructure
For better implementation of e-governance, the Government will need to frame laws
which will fully incorporate the established as will as emerging technology. Changing
technology has changed many pre-established notions; similarly the technology is
growing and changing rapidly. It is important, that the Government makes laws which
incorporate the current technology and has enough space to incorporate the changing
future technology.
4. Build judicial infrastructure
Overall technological awareness in current Judges is very low. The judiciary as a
whole needs to be trained in new technology, its benefits and drawbacks and the
various usages. The judiciary may alternatively appoint new judges with new judges
and setup special Courts to deal with the matters relating to ICT. The Government can
also setup special tribunals to deal with matters relating with ICT.
5. Make all information available online
The Government has to publish all the information online through websites. This can
be facilitated through centralized storage of information, localization of content and
Review Article: E-Governance Strategies - An Overview 867

content management. The information of government is public information; therefore

the citizens are entitled to know every piece of information of the Government,
because the Government is of the People, by the People and for the People. [3]
6. Encourage E-governance
Literacy percentage in India is alarming. The whole world is moving towards
e-governance, but India still lacks in the literacy department. The people need to be
educated and made e-literate for e-governance to flourish. There are very few
e-literate people in India is very low. The Government needs to campaign for
e-governance, increase people’s awareness towards e-governance. Government can
only encourage people to go online if it can make people feel comfortable with
e-governance..
7. Centre-State Partnership
Indian setup is quasi-federal. Therefore Centre-State and inter-state cooperation is
necessary for smooth functioning of the democratic process. This cooperation is also
necessary for successful implementation of e-governance. This cooperation shall
extend to Centre-state, inter-state and inter-department relationships. For the same the
Government can setup a Central Hub like the current Government of India portal, for
accessing the information of all the organs of the central government and also all the
state government. The states can cooperate with the Centre to create a National
Citizen Database.[4]
8. To set standards
Finally it is important to set various standards to bring e-governance to the quality and
performance level of private corporate sector. The Government of India is currently
working on standards management and has various drafts prepared for the same.
These standards include following: Inter-operability standards, Security standards,
Technical standards, Quality standards. Government websites in India currently have
no uniform standard

3. STAGES OF E-GOVERNANCE
United Nations E-Readiness Survey contemplates the following stages of
E-governance as to the online presence of Governments worldwide:
1. Emerging Presence: The Stage I i.e. Emerging presence considers online
availability of limited and basic information. A basic online presence of an
e-government involves an official website and few WebPages. Links to ministries and
departments of Central Government, regional/local Government may or may not be
available. The website at this stage may also have some archived information such as
868 Vinti Parmar, Amit Kumar and Reena

the head of states’ messages or the constitution. However at this stage most of the
information remains static without there being any options for citizens.
2. Enhanced Presence: The Stage II contemplated by UN is Enhanced presence of the
Government online. At this stage the Government provides more public information
resources such as policies of the Government, laws, regulations, reports, newsletters.
This may also be downloadable at this stage. This stage may allow users to search the
information within the documents available online. A help and a sitemap feature may
also be provided on the website to make navigation of the website simpler. At this
stage though there are more number of documents available online, the navigation of
the website is still not sophisticated and is unidirectional. There are no interactivity at
this stage as the information is only flowing towards the citizens rather than also from
citizens to Government.
3. Interactive Presence: The Stage III of Interactive presence considers Governments
to initiate interactivity in their websites. It involves availability of online services of
the government to enhance convenience of the consumer. This will include
downloadable forms and applications for payment of bills, taxes and renewal of
licenses.
4. Transactional Presence: The Stage IV i.e. transactional presence allows two-way
interaction between the citizens and Government. It includes options such as paying
taxes, applying for ID cards, birth certificates, passports, license renewals and other
similar C2G interactions by allowing the citizen to submit forms and applications
online 24/7.
5. Networked Presence: The Stage V as contemplated by UN Survey is ‘Networked
Presence’ which represents the most sophisticated level in the online e-government
initiatives. It can be characterized by an integration of G2G, G2C and C2G
interactions. The government at this stage encourages citizen participation, online
participatory decision-making and is willing and able to involve the society in a
two-way open dialogue. [5]

4. OBJECTIVES OF E-GOVERNANCE
Following are the objectives/aims of E-Governance:
1. To build an informed society: An informed society is an empowered society. Only
informed people can make a Government responsible. So providing access to all, to
every piece of information of the Government and of public importance is one of the
basic objective of E-Governance.
Review Article: E-Governance Strategies - An Overview 869

2. To increase Government and Citizen Interaction: In the physical world, the

Government and Citizens hardly interact. The amount of feedback from and to the
citizens is very negligible. E-Governance aims at build a feedback framework, to get
feedback from the people and to make the Government aware of people's problems.
3. Enhancement in citizen participation: Real democracy needs participation of each
individual citizen. Increased population has led to representative democracy, which is
not democracy in the true sense. E-governance aims to restore democracy to its true
meaning by improving citizen participation in the Governing process, by improving
the feedback, access to information and overall participation of the citizens in the
decision making.
4. To bring transparency in the governing process: E-governance carries an objective
to make the Governing process transparent by making all the Government data and
information available to the people for access. It is to make people know the decisions,
and policies of the Government.
5. To make the Government accountable: Government is responsible and answerable
for every act decision taken by it. E-Governance aims and will help make the
Government more accountable than now by bringing transparency's and making the
citizens more informed.
6. To reduce the cost of Governance: E-Governance also aims to reduce cost of
governance by cutting down on expenditure on physical delivery of information and
services. It aims to do this by cutting down on stationary, which amounts to the most
of the government's expenditure.
7. To reduce the reaction time of the Government: Normally due to red-tapism and
other reasons, the Government takes long to reply to people's queries and problems.
E-Governance aims to reduce the reaction time of the Government to the people's
queries and problems, because’s problems are basically Government's problems as
Government is for the people.

5. BENEFITS OF E-GOVERNANCE
Following are the advantages of E-Governance
1. Speed: Technology enhances communication. Internet, Phones, Cell Phones have
reduced the time taken in normal communication.
2. Lower Price: Most of the Government expenses are towards the cost of stationary.
Paper-based communication needs numerous of stationary, printers, computers, etc.
which increase expenditure. Internet and Phones makes communication cheaper
saving valuable money for the Government.
870 Vinti Parmar, Amit Kumar and Reena

3. Clarity: Use of ICT makes governing profess clear. Information of the Government
would be made available on the internet. The citizens can see the information
whenever they want to see. But this is only possible when every piece of information
of the Government is uploaded on the internet and is available for the public to peruse.
Current governing process leaves many ways to conceal the information from all the
people. ICT helps make the information available online eliminating all the
possibilities of concealing of information.
4. Liability: The governing process is made accountable automatically if it is made
transparent. Liablity is answerability of the Government to the people. [6]

6. CONCLUSIONS
The early life of e-governance initiatives has already seen a shift in understanding,
from the view that increasing access to services by putting them on the web was all
that was needed, to a more sophisticated notion of a transformed public realm. ICTs of
course only enable this transformation, they do not create it and hence the social and
political norms in any areas will determine the outcome of the ‘e-governance’ systems.
We are now starting to see change in governmental institutions: a greater emphasis on
‘partnership working,’ both with citizens, businesses and third sector organizations;
decentralization and changes in working processes; more knowledge intensive and
personalized services and in some cases, greater openness and transparency of
political processes. All of these trends have a long way to go and many could be
stopped in their tracks, by issues of uneven access to technology or content which
alienates or patronizes users.
We need to develop far more sophisticated systems for capturing and measuring the
impact of e-governance, so that we can judge its success in other than just crude,
‘availability’ terms. And we need to be able to judge the real impact on citizens, not
just changes in production or distribution of public services. Above all, e-governance
needs to be seen as part of governance, not as an add-on. Decisions about technology
from use of open source to the treatment of personal data are more and more in the
political realm and this is to be welcomed. Because only when we can drop the ‘e’ and
return to talking about governance, can e-governance be said to have succeeded. [7]

REFERENCES
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Problems And Acceptability”, journal of theoretical and applied information
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Review Article: E-Governance Strategies - An Overview 871

[2] N. S. Kalsi, Ravi Kiran, and S. C. Vaidya (2009), “Effective e-Governance for
Good Governance in India”, International Review of Business Research
Papers, Vol.5 No. 1 January 2009 Pp. 212‐229.
[3] Kiran Yadav and Sanatan Tiwari, “E-Governance in India: Opportunities and
Challenges”, Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. ISSN
2231-1297, Volume 4, Number 6 (2014), pp. 675-680
[4] Dr. Pardeep Mittal, Amandeep Kaur, “E-Governance - A challenge for India” ,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &
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[5] Poonam Malik, Priyanka Dhillon , Poonam Verma, “Challenges and Future
Prospects for E-Governance in India” , International Journal of Science,
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2014,pp. 1964-1972.
[6] Kirti Marmat Anand More,“E- FIR using E-Governance” , IJIRST
–International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology,
Volume 3, Issue 02, July 2016, pp.4-9.
[7] Dr.S.Packialakshmi,D.Ramesh, “E-GOVERNANCE IN INDIA ”,
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