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Indian Independence 3

This document summarizes the first phase of revolutionary activities in India from 1907-1917. It describes the rise in revolutionary sentiment following the Swadeshi movement and the split in the Indian National Congress. Revolutionary groups formed across India, most notably in Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab, advocating for independence through militant means inspired by Russian and Irish examples. Notable events include bomb attacks in Bengal and a mutiny in Singapore in 1915. However, revolutionary activity declined after World War 1 due to government repression and a shift towards political conciliation.

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Ashwin Ramesh
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26 views3 pages

Indian Independence 3

This document summarizes the first phase of revolutionary activities in India from 1907-1917. It describes the rise in revolutionary sentiment following the Swadeshi movement and the split in the Indian National Congress. Revolutionary groups formed across India, most notably in Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab, advocating for independence through militant means inspired by Russian and Irish examples. Notable events include bomb attacks in Bengal and a mutiny in Singapore in 1915. However, revolutionary activity declined after World War 1 due to government repression and a shift towards political conciliation.

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Ashwin Ramesh
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CHAPTER-13 First Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1907-1917)

Why the Surge of Revolutionary Activities

· first phase = activist form as a fallout of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement and continued till 1917. ( No
leadership EXT MOD both weakened)

· after surat split= protest ban=younger blood took the weapon againt gov.

· second phase started as a fallout of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The Revolutionary Programme

· 2 Opinions with revolutionaries; 1) logo k ander sarkar k prati ghrina jga do + army ke prati loyalty ; 2)
follow easy russian nihalist

· revolutionaries opted to follow in the footsteps of Russian nihilists or the Irish nationalists.This
methodology involved individual heroic actions.

A Survey of Revolutionary Activities@ different parts of IND

Bengal

· first revolutionary groups were organised in 1902 in Midnapore (under Jnanendranath Basu) and in
Calcutta (the Anushilan Samiti =earllier used to give moral+physical training)

· In April 1906, an inner circle within Anushilan ) started the weekly Yugantar advocating revoltnary act,
and conducted a few abortive ‘actions’.=bombing+ attempts to derailing leut. gov train;.”

· Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal went abroad for military and political training..

· In 1908, Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a bomb at a carriage

· In 1908, Barrah dacoity was organised by Dacca Anushilan under Pulin Das to raise funds for
revolutionary activities..

· newspapers and journals advocating revolutionary activity included Sandhya and Yugantar in Bengal, and
Kal in Maharashtra.

· bindra ghosh =death penality

· bomb attack plan @ viceroy hardinge by rashbehari and sachin sanyal

· at end less support ; govt repression ; lack of funds= shrinked activity

Maharashtra

· Ramosi Peasant Force - dsirupting communication sys

· In 1879 Tilak propagated a spirit of militant nationalism,. Two of his disciples——murdered the Plague
Commissioner of Poona,.

· Mitra Mela, a secret society, ‘Young Italy’) in 1904. Soon Nasik, Poona and Bombay emerged as centres
of bomb manufacture.

Punjab( reasons; famine land revenue; irrigation tax)

· Lala Lajpat Rai who brought out Punjabee (with its motto of self-help at any cost) and Ajit Singh (Bhagat
Singh’s uncle) who organised the extremist Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan in Lahore with its journal,
Bharat Mata.

Revolutionary Activities Abroad

· Shyamji Krishnavarma had started in London in 1905 an Indian Home Rule Society—‘India House’—as a
centre for Indian students, a scholarship scheme to bring radical youth from India, and a journal The
Indian Sociologist.

The Ghadr( AIMS; kill officials publish anti imperalistic lit)

· Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group organised around a weekly newspaper The Ghadr with its
headquarters at San Francisco and branches along the US coast and in the Far East.

· These revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and peasants who had migrated from the Punjab to
the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities.

· Their plans were encouraged by two events in 1914—the Komagata Maru incident and the outbreak of
the First World War.

· Komagata Maru Incident and the Ghadr Komagata Maru was the name of a ship which sikhs went canada
for jobs not allowed sent back to IND

· ship finally anchored at Calcutta in September 1914. The inmates refused to board the Punjab bound train.
In the ensuing conflict with the police at Budge Budge near Calcutta, 22 persons died.

· Ghadrites fixed February 21, 1915 as the date for an armed revolt in Ferozepur, Lahore and Rawalpindi
garrisons. The authorities took immediate action, aided by the Defence of India Rules, 1915.

· Evaluation of Ghadr The achievement of the Ghadr movement lay in the realm of ideology. It preached
militant nationalism with a completely secular approach.

Revolutionaries in Europe

· Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyay,
Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal and others with the help of the German foreign office under
‘Zimmerman Plan’.

· Indian revolutionaries in Europe sent missions to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey and Kabul to work among
Indian troops and the Indian prisoners of war (POWs) and to incite anti-British feelings among the
people of these countries.

Mutiny in Singapore

· most notable was in Singapore on February 15, 1915 by Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry and the 36th
Sikh battalion under Jamadar Chisti Khan, Jamadar Abdul Gani and Subedar Daud Khan.

· It was crushed after a fierce battle in which many were killed.

· Decline

· There was a temporary respite in revolutionary activity after the First World War because the release of
prisoners held under the Defence of India Rules cooled down passions a bit; there was an atmosphere of
conciliation after Montagu’s August 1917 statement.

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