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Lesson 7
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First Phase of Revolutionary Activities............................. 2

Backdrop .................................................................. 2
Approach of Revolutionaries ................................... 2
Revolutionary Activities in different parts of India
.............................................................................. 2
Revolutionary Wave in Bengal ................................. 2
Revolutionary Activities in Maharashtra.................. 6
Revolutionary Activities in Punjab ........................... 6
Revolutionary Activities Outside India ................. 7
Revolutionary Activities in Europe ........................... 7
Revolutionary Activities in North America ............... 7
Mutiny in Singapore ................................................. 9
Other Activities outside India.................................10
Decline of Revolutionary Trend ......................... 10
Quick Reference Table for Revision ................................. 0

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METHODOLOGY
FIRST PHASE OF  Their methodology involved individual heroic
actions, such as:
REVOLUTIONARY o Organising assassinations of unpopular
ACTIVITIES officials and of traitors and informers.
o Conducting swadeshi dacoities to raise
BACKDROP funds for revolutionary activities.
o Organising military conspiracies with
 By mid-1908, Swadeshi movement lost its expectation of help from the enemies of
momentum. Its main leaders either retired from Britain (during the First World War).
active politics or were arrested. o They inspired people by appealing to
 The Extremist leaders, although they called upon their patriotism, especially the idealistic
the youth to make sacrifices, failed to create an youth who would finally drive the British
effective organisation or find new forms of out.
political work to tap these revolutionary
energies. REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN
 With a lack of leadership and without a roadmap DIFFERENT PARTS OF INDIA
ahead for the freedom struggle, several young
nationalists resorted to revolutionary activities  The wave of revolutionary activities and the
to give expression to their patriotic energies. impact of their ideas and methods could be seen
 These activities in their first phase started as a in various parts of the country particularly in –
by-product of militant nationalism witnessed Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab.
during swadeshi movement.
REVOLUTIONARY WAVE IN BENGAL
 The Extremist leaders failed to ideologically
counter the revolutionaries as they did not  History of revolutionary activities in Bengal can
highlight the difference between a revolution be traced back to 1870s when several secret
based on activity of the masses and one based societies were being operated in Calcutta by the
on individual violent activity, thus allowing the student community.
individualistic violent activities to take root.  However, these societies were not very active.
 It was only at the dawn of 20th century that
APPROACH OF REVOLUTIONARIES
revolutionary organizations became active.
MASS PARTICIPATION Some prominent revolutionary activities during
 Revolutionaries did not find it practical at that this time can be understood as follows:
stage to implement, the options of creating a
ANUSHILAN SAMITI
violent mass revolution throughout the country
 Anushilan Samiti was founded by P. Mitra &
or of trying to subvert the loyalties of the Army.
Satish Chandra Basu, in Calcutta in 1902.
IDEOLOGY  There were 3 societies working under umbrella
 They opted to follow in the footsteps of Russian of Anushilan Samiti led by following respective
nihilists or the Irish nationalists. leaders:
 The idea was to strike terror in the hearts of the o Satish Chandra Basu and P. Mitra
rulers. o Sarla Devi
 They sought to arouse people and remove the o Jatindranath Banerjee and Aurobindo
fear of authority from their minds. Ghosh

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 Its prominent members included: YUGANTAR GROUP OF ANUSHILAN SAMITI

o Jatindranath Banerjee,  After severe police brutalities on participants of
o Barindra Kumar Ghosh the Barisal Conference (April 1906), the
o and others. Yugantar wrote: “The remedy lies with the
 Initially their activities were limited to giving people. The 30-crore people inhabiting India
physical and moral training to the members and must raise their 60 crore hands to stop this curse
remained insignificant till 1907-08. of oppression. Force must be stopped by force.”
 However, partition of Bengal stirred radical  Yugantar group of Anushilan Samiti was formed
nationalist sentiment and with that Anushilan by an inner circle of Anushilan Samiti with its
Samiti came to comprise of two independent headquarters in Calcutta.
arms:  It got its name from the journal ‘Yugantar’ which
o Dhaka Anushilan Samiti was founded by Barindra Kumar Ghosh. This
o Jugantar or Yugantar1 Group journal and acted as an important mouthpiece of
revolutionaries.
DHAKA ANUSHILAN SAMITI  Main leaders of Yugantar Anushilan Samiti were
 It was initially set up as a group of 80 under Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Jatindernath
leadership of Pulin Behari Das. Mukherjee popularly known as Bagha Jatin and
 It rapidly spread throughout East Bengal and other prominent members included
emerged as a highly organized secret society Bhupendranath Dutt & Rash Behari Bose.
with over 500 branches in Dhaka.  This group developed expertise in making
 This branch of Anushilan Samiti played an Bombs. Maniktala Bomb factory near Calcutta is
important role in Barrah Dacoity & Barisal a fine example of this.
Conspiracy.  They also took revolutionary ideas beyond
BARRAH DACOITY (1908) frontiers of Bengal:
 In 1908, Barrah dacoity was organised by Dacca o For example, Rashbehari Bose and
Anushilan under Pulin Das to raise funds for Sachin Sanyal had organised a secret
revolutionary activities. society covering far-flung areas of
Punjab, Delhi and United Provinces.
BARISAL CONSPIRACY CASE 1913 o Other leaders like Hemachandra
 It was a trial of 44 Bengalis accused of inciting Kanungo went abroad for military and
rebellion against British. political training.
 Police authorities reported that they had seized o Yugantar group also sent a few leaders
documents that carried a proposal of Anushilan like Surendra Mohan Bose and
Samiti which suggested incitement to Indian Tarkanath Das to North America where
troops to kill British in large numbers. they became extremely active and
 Under this case, five of the accused including provided nucleus for future Ghadar
Pulin Behari Das were transported to cellular Party.
jail in Andaman to serve long terms of
imprisonment and Anushilan Samiti was HEROIC ACTIONS UNDER YUGANTAR LEADERS
banned. ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT ON SIR FULLER
 After this, activities of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti
came to a temporary halt.

1
Yugantar was a journal founded by Barindra Kumar Ghosh Yugantar lent its name to Calcutta chapter of Anushilan
which was a major mouthpiece of Anushilan leaders. Samiti.

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 In 1907, an assasination attempt was made by MUZAFFARPUR CONSPIRACY (1908)

the Yugantar group on the life of a very  In 1908, Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose
unpopular British official, Sir Fuller (the first Lt. threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to be
Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal carrying a particularly sadistic white judge,
and Assam, although he had resigned from the Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur.
post on August 20, 1906).  Kingsford was not in the carriage and
unfortunately, two British ladies, instead, got
DERAILING SIR ANDREW FRASER killed.
 In December 1907, there were attempts to derail  Prafulla Chaki shot himself dead while
the train on which the lieutenant-governor, Sir Khudiram Bose was tried and hanged in what
Andrew Fraser, was travelling. came to be known as Muzaffarpur Conspiracy
Case.
ALIPORE CONSPIRACY CASE OR MANIKTALA
CONSPIRACY CASE (1908)
 The bomb used by Prafulla Chaki and Khudi Ram
Bose was developed at Maniktala bomb factory.
 Consequently, police were led to the Maniktala
factory which exposed the revolutionary plots
and several leaders of Yugantar group.
 As a result, whole Anushilan group was arrested
including the Ghosh brothers – Aurobindo and
Barindra, who were tried in the Alipore
conspiracy case, also called Manicktolla bomb
conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy.
 The Ghosh brothers were charged with
‘conspiracy’ or ‘waging war against the King’ –
the equivalent of high treason and punishable
with death by hanging.
 During the trial Aurobindo was defended by
Chittaranjan Das.
 Aurobindo was acquitted of all charges with the
judge condemning the flimsy nature of the
evidence against him.
 Barindra Ghosh, as the head of the secret society
of revolutionaries and Ullaskar Dutt, as the
maker of bombs, were given the death penalty
which was later commuted to life in prison.
 During the trial, Narendra Gosain (or Goswami),
who had turned approver and Crown witness,
was shot dead by two co-accused,
Satyendranath Bose and Kanailal Dutta in jail.
DELHI CONSPIRACY CASE (1912)

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 Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged a  The newspapers and journals advocating
spectacular bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge revolutionary activity included Sandhya and
while he was making his official entry into the Yugantar in Bengal, and Kal in Maharashtra.
new capital of Delhi in a procession through
Chandni Chowk in December 1912. (Hardinge
was injured, but not killed.)
 Investigations following the assassination
attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial.
 At the end of the trial, Basant Kumar Biswas,
Amir Chand and Avadh Behari were convicted
and executed for their roles in the conspiracy.
 Rashbehari Bose was known as the person
behind the plan but he evaded arrest.
INDO-GERMAN PLOT – ZIMMERMAN PLAN
 During the First World War, the Yugantar party
arranged to import German arms and
ammunition through sympathisers and
revolutionaries abroad.
 Their aim was to bring about an all-India
insurrection in what came to be called the
‘German Plot’ or the ‘Zimmerman Plan’.
 Yugantar party raised funds through a series of
dacoities which came to be known as taxicab
dacoities and boat dacoities, so as to work out
the Indo-German conspiracy.
 It was planned that a guerrilla force would be
organised to start an uprising in the country,
with a seizure of Fort William and a mutiny by
armed forces.
 Unfortunately for the revolutionaries, the plot
was leaked out by a traitor.
 Police came to know that Bagha Jatin was in
Balasore waiting for the delivery of German
arms.
 Jatin and his associates were located by the
police. There was a gunfight as a result of which
the revolutionaries were either killed or
arrested.
 The German plot thus failed. Jatin Mukherjee
was shot and died a hero’s death in Balasore in
September 1915.
NEWSPAPERS ADVOCATING REVOLUTIONARY
ACTIVITIES

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REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN by Anant Lakshman Kanhere, a member of

MAHARASHTRA Abhinav Bharat.
 It was found that the killing was part of a
Trends of revolutionary activities in Maharashtra conspiracy to overthrow the British government
dated back to even before the dawn of 20th century. in India by means of armed revolution.
Prominent among these were formation of Ramosi  Thirty-eight people were arrested.
Peasant force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879  Among these, it was found that Savarkar (with
and assassination of Rand by Chapekar brothers in his two brothers,) was the brain, leader, and
1897. moving spirit of the conspiracy.
RAMOSI PEASANT FORCE (1879)  At the trial, Savarkar as the soul, inspiration, and
 The first of the revolutionary activities in moving spirit of the conspiracy extending over a
Maharashtra was the organisation of the Ramosi number of years, was sentenced to
Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in transportation for life and forfeiture of all his
1879. property.
 It aimed to rid the country of the British by
instigating an armed revolt by disrupting REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN
PUNJAB
communication lines.
 It hoped to raise funds for its activities through DISCONTENT IN PUNJAB
dacoities. It was suppressed prematurely.  Revolutionary activities in Punjab were fuelled by
POONA CONSPIRACY CASE (1897)
issues like frequent famines coupled with rise in
 During the 1890s, Tilak propagated a spirit of land revenue and irrigation tax, practice of
militant nationalism, including use of violence, ‘begar’ by zamindars and by the events in
through Ganapati and Shivaji festivals and his Bengal.
journals Kesari and Maharatta. ACTIVE REVOLUTIONARIES
 Two of his disciples—the Chapekar brothers,  Among those active here were Lala Lajpat Rai
Damodar and Balkrishna—murdered the Plague and Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle).
Commissioner of Poona, Rand, and one Lt.  Ajit Singh organised the extremist organization
Ayerst in 1897. Bharat Mata Society also known as ‘Anjuman-i-
After the dawn of 20th century the following major Mohisban-i-Watan’ in Lahore with its journal,
revolutionary activities took place in Maharashtra. Bharat Mata.
MITRA MELA AND ABHINAV BHARAT (1904)
 Before Ajit Singh’s group turned to extremism, it
 Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother – was active in urging non-payment of revenue
Ganesh Damodar Savarkar organised Mitra and water rates among Chenab colonists and
Mela, a secret society, in 1899 which was later Bari Doab peasants.
renamed as Abhinav Bharat (after Mazzinni’s PHASING OUT OF REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES
‘Young Italy’) in 1904. IN PUNJAB
 Soon Nasik, Poona and Bombay emerged as  Extremism in the Punjab died down quickly after
centres of bomb manufacture. the government struck in May 1907 with a ban
on political meetings and the deportation of
NASIK CONSPIRACY CASE (1909)
Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh.
 In 1909, A.M.T. Jackson, the Collector of Nasik,
who was also a well-known indologist, was killed

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BERLIN COMMITTEE
REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES  After 1909 when Anglo-German relations
OUTSIDE INDIA deteriorated, Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
chose Berlin as his base.
WHY IN ABROAD?  Leaders like Virendranath Chattopadhyay,
 The need for shelter, immunizing revolutionary Bhupendranath Dutta and Lala Hardayal took
literature from the Press Acts and the quest for help of the German foreign office and laid the
arms persuaded Indian revolutionaries to take foundation of the ‘Berlin Committee for Indian
their activities abroad. Independence’ in 1915.
 Some major forms of revolutionary struggle that  This committee was a part of ‘Zimmerman Plan’
took place between 1905-1917 were as follows: and aimed to mobilise Indian settlers abroad to
send volunteers and arms to India to incite
REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN rebellion among Indian troops there.
EUROPE
 They also planned to organise an armed invasion
INDIA HOUSE BY SHYAMJI KRISHNAVERMA of British India to liberate the country.
 In 1905, Shyamji Krishnavarma started an Indian  This plan was to be executed with the help of
Home Rule Society known as ‘India House’. revolutionaries in Bengal, but failed, due to the
 It acted as a centre for Indian students and plot being leaked and the arrest of Bagha Jatin.
served as residence for them to promote
nationalist views. REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN
 He also started a scholarship scheme to bring NORTH AMERICA
radical youth from India, and a journal ‘The Indian revolutionaries were also active in North
Indian Sociologist’. America i.e. USA and Canada. The most notable
 Revolutionaries such as VD Savarkar, Hardayal revolutionary plot undertaken here was the
and Madanlal Dhingra became the members of formation of Ghadar Party and the Consequent
India House. Ghadar Movement.
ASSASSINATION OF CURZON WYLLIE
MAJOR ACTIVITIES BEFORE GHADAR
 Madanlal Dhingra (a member of India House) MOVEMENT
assassinated the India office bureaucrat Curzon-  In 1907, Circular-e-Azad (Circular of Liberty) was
Wyllie in 1909. published by Ramnath Puri, a political exile,
 Soon, London became too dangerous for the which extended support to Swadeshi Movement.
revolutionaries, particularly after Savarkar had  Leaders like Ramdas Puri, G.D. Kumar,
been extradited in 1910 and transported for life Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala
in the Nasik conspiracy case. Hardayal reached USA in 1911 and laid the
MADAM CAMA, AJIT SINGH AND VIRENDRA
ground work for revolutionary activities.
CHATTOPADHYAY  GD Kumar had set up a ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’
 New centres of revolutionary activities emerged at Vancouver and ‘United India House’ at Seattle
on the continent—Paris and Geneva—from (GD Kumar & Taraknath Das) on the lines of
where Madam Bhikaji Cama, and Ajit Singh India House in London.
Operated.  Taraknath Das started a paper known by the
 Madam Cama was a Parsi revolutionary who had name of ‘Free Hindustan’.
developed contacts with French socialists.  GD Kumar started a paper in Gurumukhi known
 She also brought out Bande Mataram. by the name of ‘Swadesh Sevak’.

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GHADAR MOVEMENT  The moving spirits behind the Ghadar Party were
 In May 1913, Indian Community in North Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh,
America was organized by Lala Hardyal into an Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai
organization known as Hindi Association. Parmanand.
 At first meeting of Hindi Assocaition, Sohan  The Ghadarites intended to bring about a revolt
Singh Bhakna was elected as first president and in India.
Lala Hardyal as the general secretary.  Their plans were encouraged by two events in
 Later in May 1913, name of ‘Hindi Association’ 1914—the Komagata Maru incident and the
was changed to ‘Hindustan Ghadar Party’. outbreak of the First World War.
 It was organised around a weekly newspaper
known by the same name i.e. ‘The Ghadar’. A. KOMAGATA MARU INCIDENT
 Its headquarters were located on western coast  The importance of this event lies in the fact that
of USA at San Francisco. it created an explosive situation in the Punjab.
 These revolutionaries included mainly ex-  Komagata Maru was the name of a Japanese
soldiers and peasants who had migrated from Ship which was carrying 376 passengers, mainly
the Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of Sikh and Punjabi Muslim travelling from
better employment opportunities. Singapore to Vancouver.
 They were based in the US and Canadian cities  It was chartered by Gudit Singh – an Indian
along the western (Pacific) coast. Contractor living in Singapore.
 They were turned back by Canadian authorities
ACTIVITIES OF GHADAR PARTY after two months of privation and uncertainty.
 The programmes of Ghadar party included  It was generally believed that the Canadian
o Organising assassinations of officials authorities were influenced by the British
o Publishing revolutionary and anti- government.
imperialist literature,  The ship turned back and was bound to Japan,
o Working among Indian troops stationed when the first World War broke out & British
abroad passed orders that no passenger be allowed to
o Procure arms disembark anywhere but only at Calcutta.
o Bring about a simultaneous revolt in all  The ship after turning back was anchored at
British colonies. Calcutta in September 1914 and all aboard were
forced to return to Punjab.
QUESTION 1
 The inmates refused to board the Punjab bound
Q. Where were the Ghaddar revolutionaries, who
train, thereby leading to a conflict at Budge
became active during the outbreak of the World
Budge.
War I based? [UPSC CSE 2005]
 This conflict led to death of 22 people.
(a) Central America
(b) North America IMPACT OF KOMAGATA MARU INCIDENT
(c) West America  Inflamed by Komagata Maru incident and with
(d) South America the outbreak of the First World War, the Ghadar
Answer: B leaders decided to launch a violent attack to
oust British rule in India.
 Kartar Singh Saraba and Raghubar Dayal Gupta
MAJOR REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES UNDER left for India.
GHADAR PARTY

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 Bengal revolutionaries were contacted and (a) revolutionary association of Indians with
consequently, Rashbehari Bose and Sachin headquarters at San Francisco.
Sanyal were asked to lead the movement. (b) nationalist organization operating from
 Political dacoities were committed to raise Singapore.
funds. (c) militant organization with headquarters at
 An explosive situation was created in Punjab. Berlin
(d) communist movement for India’s freedom
GHADAR CONSPIRACY
with headquarters at Tashkent.
 The Ghadarites fixed February 21, 1915 as the
Answer: A
date for an armed revolt in Ferozepur, Lahore
and Rawalpindi garrisons.
 The plan was foiled at the last moment due to CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF GHADAR MOVEMENT
treachery.  The achievement of the Ghadar movement lay in
 The authorities took immediate action, aided by the realm of ideology.
the Defence of India Rules, 1915.  It preached militant nationalism with a
 Rebellious regiments were disbanded, leaders completely secular approach.
arrested and deported and 45 of them hanged.  But politically and militarily, it failed to achieve
Rashbehari Bose 2 fled to Japan while Sachin much because it lacked an organised and
Sanyal was transported for life. sustained leadership.
 In the aftermath of failed Ghadar conspiracy,  It underestimated the extent of preparation
trials were held at Lahore by a special tribunal set required at every level—organisational,
up under Defence of India Act 1915. Thus, trial of ideological, financial and strategic.
Ghadar Conspiracy was also known as first  It is also believed that Lala Hardayal was
Lahore Conspiracy Case (1915). unsuited for the job of an organiser.
BRITISH REACTION QUESTION 3
 The British met the wartime threat with a Q. Who was the leader of the Ghaddar Party? [UPSC CSE
formidable battery of repressive measures— 1998]
the most intensive since 1857. (a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Lala Hardayal
 In March 1915, British government enacted
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Defence of India Act primarily to smash the (d) V.D. Savarkar
Ghadar movement. Answer: B
 There were large-scale detentions without
trial, special courts giving extremely severe
sentences, numerous court-martials of MUTINY IN SINGAPORE
armymen.
 Apart from the Bengal revolutionaries and  The period coinciding with the first world war
the Punjab Ghadarites, radical pan- also witnessed some scattered mutinies. The
Islamists—Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, most notable one was that in Singapore.
Hasrat Mohani—were also detained.  It outbroke on February 15, 1915 by 5th Light
Infantry of Punjabi Muslims and the 36th Sikh
QUESTION 2
Q. The Ghadar was a [UPSC CSE 2014]

2
Rash Behari Bose later played an instrumental role in setting
up of Indian National Army (INA)

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battalion under Jamadar Chisti Khan, Jamadar  After 1918 revolutionary activities came to a
Abdul Gani and Subedar Daud Khan. temporary halt due to following main reasons:
 It was crushed after a fierce battle in which  Stern government repression coupled with a
many were killed. series of draconian laws.
 Later, 37 persons were executed and 41  Lack of popular response
transported for life.  World War I ended and government released all
political prisoners arrested Defence of India Act.
OTHER ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE INDIA  Discussion began on new Constitutional reforms
i.e. Government of India Act 1919, and this
 The Indian revolutionaries in Europe also sent
generated an atmosphere of compromise.
missions to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey and Kabul.
 Gandhiji arrived on national scene and
 Their objective was to work among Indian
emphasised on non-violent means which also
troops and the Indian prisoners of war (POWs).
halted the pace of revolutionary activities.
 With their missions in these countries, they
 On account of the nature of revolutionary
aimed at inciting anti-British feelings among the
terrorism that demanded supreme sacrifice, it
people of these countries.
could be taken up by only a few individuals. The
 One mission under Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh,
masses on the other hand waited for a form of
Barkatullah and Obaidullah Sindhi went to
political struggle that could accommodate their
Kabul to organise a ‘provisional Indian
weaknesses while utilizing their strengths
government’ there with the help of the crown
simultaneously.
prince, Amanullah.
 Temporary halt was to be revived after the
withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement,
DECLINE OF REVOLUTIONARY
where after second phase of revolution began.
TREND

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QUICK REFERENCE TABLE FOR REVISION

Year Organization Founders/Leaders Region Main Activities
Anushilan Samiti (It soon
had two independent Arms, P. Mitra & Satish Bengal
1902 ---
which are mentioned in Chandra Basu (Calcutta)
coloumn below)
 Barrah Dacoity (1908)
--- Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Pulin Behari Das Dhaka
 Barisal Conspiracy Case (1913)
 Assassination attempt on Sir Fuller
(1907) by Madan Lal Dhingra & Prafulla
Chaki
 Derailing Sir Andrew Fraser (December
1907)
 Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case (1908) –
when Prafulla Chaki & Khudi Ram Bose
tried to bomb Kingsford’s Carriage.
Barindra Kumar Ghosh,
 Alipore Conspiracy Case (1908) – it
Jatindranath
--- Yugantar Anushilan Samiti Calcutta involved Maniktala Bomb factory. Sri
Mukherjee &
Aurobindo was charged with the crime
Bhupendranath Dutta
of “waging war against the
government”
 Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912) – Bomb
attack on Viceroy Hardinge.
 Zimmerman Plan (1914-15): attempt
for a pan India Rebellion which was
foiled by a traitor and ended with Bagh
Jatin’s death.
Vasudev Balwant
1879 Ramosi Peasant Force Maharashtra  Ramosi Uprising
Phadke
 Poona Conspiracy Case (1897) which
resulted in assassination of Plague
1897 --- --- Maharashtra
Commissioner of Poona by Chapekar
brothers
VD Savarkar
1899 Mitra Mela Maharashtra ---
GD Savarkar
 Nasik Conspiracy Case (1909) –
Mitra Mela was renamed as VD Savarkar Assassinatnio of AMT Jackson – the
1904 ‘Abhinav Bharat’ – inspired Maharashtra collector of Nasik by Anant Lakshman
from Mazzini’s Young Italy GD Savarkar Kanhere – a member of Anushilan
Samiti.

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