“CSLIVE Group”

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES

Factors behind first phase of

Revolutionary Struggle
Decline of Swadeshi
Movement
Inability to create an effective
organisation.
Limitations of Extremist
Leaders
Inability to Highlight Difference
between Revolution of masses
& Individual Heroism
 REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES
Anushilan Samiti
▪ Anushilan Samiti was founded by P. Mitra & Satish Chandra Basu, in Calcutta in 1902.

▪ Partition of Bengal stirred radical nationalist sentiment and with that

Anushilan Samiti came to comprise of two independent arms:
o Dhaka Anushilan Samiti
o Jugantar or Yugantar Group
P. Mitra Satish Chandra Basu • Dhaka Anushilan Samiti • Jugantar Group
• Set up by Pulin Behari Das. • It got its name from the journal
• 1908 Barrah dacoity to gather funds ‘Yugantar’ which was founded by Barindra
• Barisal Conspiracy 1913 – 44 Bengalis Kumar Ghosh
accused of inciting rebellion – Pulin • Main Leaders: Barindra Kumar Ghosh
Behari Das Deported to Cellular Jail. Jatindernath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin)
• Bhupendranath Dutt Rash Behari Bose

Barindra Bhupendranath Dutta

Kumar Ghosh
 REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES

Major Activities By Jugantar Group

• 1907: Assassination attempt on Sir Bampfylde Fuller (Lt Governor of East Bengal) by Madan Lal Dhingra.
• Dec 1907: Attempt to derail train carrying Sir Andrew Fraser by Aurobindo Ghosh & Barindranath Ghosh
• 1908: Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case - Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a bomb at a carriage
carrying British Judge Kingsford.
• Maniktala Bomb Case: The bomb used by Prafulla and Khudiram was made in Maniktala Bomb
Factory.
• During Trial Aurobindo was defended by Chittaranjan Das
• Barindranath Ghosh and Ulaskar Dutt were given Death Penalty later commuted to life in prison
• Narendra Gossain turned traitor and was shot dead by Satyendranath Bose and Kanailal Dutt
 REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES

Delhi Conspiracy Case

• Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged a spectacular bomb attack on Viceroy
Hardinge in Dec 1912.
• On 12th December, 1911, at the historic Delhi Durbar, the George V, the Emperor of
the British Empire proclaimed the shifting of the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi.
Jatin Mukherjee
Zimmerplan Plan
▪ During the First World War, the Yugantar party arranged to import German arms and
ammunition through sympathisers and revolutionaries abroad.
▪ The plot failed Jatin Mukherjee was shot and died a hero’s death in Balasore in
September 1915.

▪ Important Newspapers: Sandhya and Yugantar in Bengal, and Kal in Maharashtra

 REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES IN MAHARASTHRA
Revolutionary Activity Important Facts to Know
/Association

Ramosi Peasant Force • Founded by by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879.

• Two of Tilak’s disciples—the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkrishna—

Poona Conspiracy Case 1897 murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona, Rand, and one official called Lt.
Ayerst in 1897.

• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother – Ganesh Damodar Savarkar organised
Mitra Mela, a secret society, in 1899
• It was later renamed to Abhinav Bharat (Mazzinni’s ‘Young Italy’) in 1904
Mitra Mela & Abhinav Bharat
• Nashik Conspiracy Case (1909):
• In 1909, A.M.T. Jackson, the Collector of Nasik was killed by Anant Lakshman
Kanhere, a member of Abhinav Bharat
 QUESTION

Q. Consider the following statements:

1. Mitra Mela was a home rule group organized by followers of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
2. Sandhya in Maharashtra and Kal in Bengal were newspapers that advocated revolutionary
nationalism.
3. Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary group active in Dacca.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 only
c) 2 only
d) 1 and 3 only
Answer: B
 QUESTION
Q. Consider the following pairs:

Revolutionary Conspiracies Leaders

1. Poona Conspiracy Prafulla Chaki

2. Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Rash Behari Bose

3. Alipore Conspiracy Barindra Kumar Ghosh

Which of the above given pairs are correctly matched?

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 1, 2 and 3 only
c) 3 only
d) None of the above
Answer: C
Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case (because attack took place in Muzaffarpur) is also known as
Maniktala Bomb Factory Case (because bomb made in Maniktala Factory) and Alipore
Conspiracy Case because the trial was held at Alipore Sessions.
 REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES

Important Facts
▪ Among those active here were Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle).
▪ Ajit Singh organised the extremist organization Bharat Mata Society also known as ‘Anjuman-i-
Mohisban-i-Watan’ in Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata.

Revolutionary Activities Abroad

▪ In 1905, Shyamji Krishnavarma started an Indian Home
Rule Society known as ‘India House’.
▪ It acted as a centre for Indian students and served as
India Home Rule Society 1905
residence for them to promote nationalist views.
▪ Shyamji Krishnavarma started a journal ‘The Indian
Sociologist

• Madanlal Dhingra (a member of India House)

Assasination of Curzo Wylie (1909) assassinated the India office bureaucrat Curzon-Wyllie in
1909.
 Revolutionary Activities Abroad

▪ New centres of revolutionary activities emerged in—Paris and Geneva—from where

Revolutionaries in France &
Madam Bhikaji Cama, and Ajit Singh Operated.
Geneva
▪ She also brought out a journal Bande Mataram.

▪ After 1909 when Anglo-German relations deteriorated, Virendranath Chattopadhyaya

chose Berlin as his base.
Berlin Committee
▪ Berlin Committee was founded by Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath
Dutta and Lala Hardayal in 1915 and it was part of Zimmerman Plan

▪ In 1907, Circular-e-Azad (Circular of Liberty) was published by Ramnath Puri

▪ GD Kumar had set up a ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver and ‘United India
Revolutionary Activities in
House’ at Seattle (GD Kumar & Taraknath Das)
North America
▪ Taraknath Das started a paper known by the name of ‘Free Hindustan’.
▪ GD Kumar started a paper in Gurumukhi known by the name of ‘Swadesh Sevak
 GHADAR MOVEMENT

HINDI ASSOCIATION
▪ In 1912-13, Indian Community in North America was organized by Lala
Hardyal into an organization known as Hindi Association or Pacific Coast
Hindustan Association.
▪ At first meeting of Hindi Assocaition, Sohan Singh Bhakna was elected as
first president and Lala Hardyal as the general secretary. Lala Hardayal Sohan Singh Bhakna

▪ May 1913: name of ‘Hindi Association’ was changed to ‘Hindustan Ghadar Party’.
▪ It was organised around a weekly newspaper known by the same name i.e. ‘The Ghadar’.
▪ Its headquarters were located on western coast of USA at San Francisco.
 GHADAR MOVEMENT

Komagatamaru Incident
▪ Komagata Maru was the name of a ship which was carrying 376
passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi Muslim travelling from Hongkong to
Vancouver.
▪ 352 were turned back by Canadian authorities after two months of
privation and uncertainty.
▪ It was generally believed that the Canadian authorities were influenced
by the British government.
▪ The ship turned back and was bound to Japan, when the first World War broke out & British passed orders
that no passenger be allowed to disembark anywhere but only at Calcutta.
▪ The ship after turning back was anchored at Calcutta in September 1914 and all aboard were forced to
return to Punjab.
▪ The inmates refused to board the Punjab bound train, thereby leading to a conflict at Budge Budge.
▪ This conflict led to death of 22 people
 GHADAR MOVEMENT

The Ghadar
▪ The Ghadarites fixed February 21, 1915 as the date for an armed revolt in Ferozepur, Lahore and
Rawalpindi garrisons.
▪ The plan was foiled at the last moment due to treachery.
▪ Rebellious regiments were disbanded, leaders arrested and deported and 45 of them hanged.
Rashbehari Bose fled to Japan while Sachin Sanyal was transported for life.
▪ Trial of Ghadar also known as First Lahore Conspiracy Case
 QUESTION

Q. Where were the Ghaddar revolutionaries, who became active during the outbreak of the
World War I based?
a) Central America
b) North America
c) West America
d) South America
Answer: B
 QUESTION

Q. The Ghadar was a

a) revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco
b) nationalist organization operating from Singapore
c) militant organization with headquarters at Berlin
d) communist movement for India’s freedom with headquarters at Tashkent
Answer: A
 QUESTION

Q. Who was the leader of the Ghaddar Party?

a) Bhagat Singh
b) Lala Hardayal
c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
d) V.D. Savarkar
Answer: B
 QUESTION

Q. Match the following:

Revolutionary
Founded by
Organization/Society
A. India House London 1. GD Kumar
B. Swadesh Sevak Home 2. VD Savarkar
C. Abhinav Bharat 3. Lala Hardyal
D. Hindi Association 4. Shyamji Krishna Verma

Select the correct answer using the following codes:

a) A-4; B-3; C-2; D-1
b) A-4; B-2; C-1; D-3
c) A-4; B-1; C-2; D-3
d) A-4; B-1; C-3; D-2
Answer: C
HOME RULE LEAGUE
 HOME RULE LEAGUE
Tilak’s League
▪ Tilak set up his Home Rule League in April 1916, at Belgaum.
▪ GS Khaparde was founding member of Tilak’s league.
▪ The league was divided into 6 branches and covered following areas, with headquarters in
Poona:
o Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city)
o Karnataka
o Central Provinces
o Berar

Annie Besant’s League

▪ Annie Besant announced set up of All India Home Rule League in September 1916 in
Madras.
▪ It had George Arundale as the Organising Secretary and Sir Subramania Iyer agreed to
serve as honorary President.
▪ It covered the rest of India
 HOME RULE LEAGUE
Annie Besant’s League
▪ Jamnadas Dwarkadas, Shankerlal Banker & Indulal Yagnik started a magazine in
Bombay known as ‘Young India’ and also set up All India Propaganda Fund to publish
pamphlets.
▪ Among new members to join the league, Jawaharlal Nehru was the one to join the
league from Allahabad.
▪ Members of Gokhale’s Servants of India Society though not permitted to become
members of the leagues, yet they extended their support

▪ In June 1917, Annie Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George Arundale,
were arrested.
▪ This invited nationwide protest. In a dramatic gesture, Sir S. Subramaniya Iyer
renounced his knighthood. Besant had to be released in Sep 1917.
 HOME RULE LEAGUE
Reconciliation with Moderates
▪ The idea and programme of the Home Rule Leagues began to
impress many moderate leaders who extended their support to
the movement.
▪ Doors for a truce between the Moderates and Extremists were
now opened that finally took place at the Lucknow Session of the
Congress in 1916. 19 February 1915 5 November 1915

▪ The 1916 Lucknow Session represented the unification of the moderates and extremists within the
Congress but also the closing of ranks between the Congress and the All India Muslim League.
Realisation of Deaths of Gokhale
Meaningless Old Efforts of Tilak &
limitations of & Pherozeshah
Controversies Annie Besant
divided Congress Mehta
 HOME RULE LEAGUE
Montague’s Statement
• By Secretary of State for India, Edwin Samuel Montagu on August 20, 1917 in the British House
of Commons.
• “The government policy is of an increasing participation of Indians in every branch of administration and
gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of
responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire”

Nationalist Resentment
▪ No specific time frame was given
▪ The government alone was to decide the nature and the timing of advance towards a
responsible government, and the Indians were resentful that the British would decide
what was good and what was bad for Indians.
 DISCONTENT AFTER 1ST WORLD WAR
UNSATISFACTORY POLITICAL CONCESSIONS AFTER WAR

We should
Reforms | July 1918 We are neither
support
Dyarchy, satisfied nor
British in its
Communal & Class happy.
time of Crisis
Electorates

Our Political
Demands might
be fulfilled after
War
Lord Chelmsford Lord Montague

World War 1 was over. At 11 a.m. on Nov. 11, 1918 — the eleventh hour of the
eleventh day of the eleventh month—the guns fell silent.

Modern Indian History by Chandan Sharma Sir

 DISCONTENT AFTER 1ST WORLD WAR
DISILLUSIONMENT WITH IMPERIALISM

Ha!
We promise an
Uncivilised Democracy- Shamocracy,
era of
Colonial now that we have won the
Democracy
Record war, let us divide colonies
after the War
Exposed of vanquished powers.

At the start of War During War After War War Russian Revolution Factor
October Revolution 1917

Modern Indian History by Chandan Sharma Sir

 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919

ANNOUNCEMENT OF MONT FORT REFORMS (July 1918)

▪ In line with the government policy contained in Montagu’s statement of August 20, 1917, the government announced
further constitutional reforms in July 1918, known as Montagu-Chelmsford or Montford Reforms.
▪ Based on these, the Government of India Act, 1919 was enacted which received Royal Assent on December 23, 1919.

Government of
India Act 1919

Reforms in Reforms in Reforms in Reforms in Reforms related

Problems in the
Provincial Provincial Central Central to Home
Act
Executive Legislature Executive Legislature Government

Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir

 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 | PROVINCIAL REFORMS
PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE
Subjects ▪ Dyarchy refers to the rule of two:
o executive councillors
o popular ministers
▪ The governor was to be the executive head in the
Reserved Transferred province.
▪ Ministers were to be responsible to the legislature and
had to resign if a no-confidence motion was passed
law and order, finance, land education, health, local government, against them.
revenue, etc industry, agriculture, excise, etc.

Ministers nominated from among the

Governor through his executive
elected members of the legislative
council of bureaucrats
council

PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE

▪ In case of failure of constitutional machinery in the province, the governor could take over the administration of
transferred subjects.
▪ Secretary of State for India and governor-general could interfere in reserved subjects.
Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 | PROVINCIAL REFORMS

PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE

▪ Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 per cent of the members were to be elected.
▪ The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated. Example, the communal electorate was
extended to Sikhs.
▪ Women were also given the right to vote.
▪ The legislative councils could initiate legislation but the governor’s assent was required.
▪ The governor could veto bills and issue ordinances.
▪ The legislative councils could reject the budget but the governor could restore it, if necessary.
▪ The legislators enjoyed freedom of speech

Expanded Council Communal Electorate Right to Vote

Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 | CENTRAL REFORMS

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

▪ No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level

Governor General - Central Authority

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE

▪ The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.

▪ There were to be two lists for administration—central and provincial.
▪ 3 out of 8 members in viceroy’s executive council were to be Indians.
▪ The governor-general retained full control over the reserved subjects in the provinces.
▪ The governor-general could restore cuts in grants, certify bills rejected by the central
legislature and issue ordinances.

Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir

 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 | CENTRAL REFORMS

Lower House
▪ The lower house or Central Legislative Upper House
Assembly would consist of 144 members
(41 nominated and 103 elected—51
General, 30 Muslims, 2 Sikhs, 20 Special). ▪ Upper house or Council of State would
▪ Method of indirect elections as prevalent have 60 members, of which 26 were to be
under the Act of 1909 was abolished and nominated and 34 elected—20 General,
for the first time, direct elections were 10 Muslims, 3 Europeans and 1 Sikh.
introduced. ▪ The Council of State had a tenure of 5
▪ Central Legislative Assembly had a tenure years.
of 3 years

REFORMS RELATED TO HOME GOVERNMENT

▪ The Secretary of State for India was henceforth to be paid out of the British
exchequer.
 NATIONALIST REACTION TO GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919

SPECIAL SESSION – AUGUST 1918 | BOMBAY

▪ The Congress met in a special session in August 1918 at Bombay under Hasan Imam’s
presidency.
▪ They declared the reforms to be “disappointing” and “unsatisfactory”. and demanded
effective self-government instead.
▪ Nationalist remarks on Montford Reforms:
▪ Tilak: “unworthy and disappointing—a sunless dawn”
▪ Annie Besant: “unworthy of England to offer and India to accept”.

Hasan Imam’s
Decline of Home Rule League
• In September 1918, Tilak went to England to pursue a libel case against Sir Ignatius Valentine
Chirol, British journalist and author of the book ‘Indian Unrest’. The book contained deprecatory
comments and had called Tilak the ‘Father of Indian Unrest.’ (Tilak lost the case).
• Tilak’s absence and Besant’s inability to lead the people led to the movement’s fizzing out.

Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir

 ROWLATT ACT
What was it?
▪ It was what was officially called the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, but popularly
known as the Rowlatt Act.
▪ It was based on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Commission (also known as sedition
committee), headed by the British judge, Sir Sidney Rowlatt

Provisions
▪ The act allowed political activists to be tried without juries or even imprisoned without trial.
▪ It allowed arrest of Indians without warrant on the mere suspicion of ‘treason’.
▪ Such suspects could be tried in secrecy without recourse to legal help.

The Act was described as “No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal”.

 SATYAGRAHA AGAINST ROWLATT ACT
Important Facts
• Gandhiji organised a Satyagraha Sabha and roped in younger members of Home Rule Leagues
and the Pan Islamists.
• Satyagraha was to be launched on April 6, 1919. (Nation Wide Hartaal – successful in Delhi; but
Punjab and few other places witnessed violence)

Situation in Punjab
• On April 9, 1919, two nationalist leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and
Dr Satyapal, were arrested
• They were taken to some unknown destination, thereby causing
resentment among the Indian protestors who came out in
thousands on April 10
• Alarmed by the huge gathering, the police resorted to firing
Marcella Sherwood
 JALLIANWALABAGH MASSACRE
Important Facts
▪ On Baisakhi day (April 13, 1919), a large crowd gathered in Jallianwala Bagh – a popular place to
celebrate Baisakhi.
▪ At the same time local leaders called for protest meeting.
▪ Huge gathering came– mostly had come to celebrate Baisakhi.
▪ Brigadier-General Dyer arrived on the scene with his men, surrounded the gatherings, blocked
the only exit point and opened fire on un-armed crowd (including women & children).

Nationalist Response
▪ Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest.
▪ Gandhiji gave up the title of Kaiser-i-Hind, bestowed by the British for his work during the Boer
War.
▪ Gandhiji was overwhelmed by the atmosphere of total violence and withdrew the movement
on April 18, 1919.
Udham Singh, who bore the name, Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, later assassinated Michael O’Dwyer, the
Lieutenant-Governor
 JALLIANWALABAGH MASSACRE

Hunter Committee
▪ On October 14, 1919, “Disorders Inquiry Committee” was set up.
▪ It came to be known as the Hunter Committee/Commission after the name of chairman, Lord
William Hunter
• Three Indians in Hunter Committee:
• Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad
• Pandit Jagat Narayan
• Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan
• Committee’s Report Stated Dyre’s Actions as “inhuman and un-British”
 MAHATAMA GANDHI
Important Facts
• In 1893, at age 24, Gandhiji was the first Indian barrister to have arrived in South Africa. He had gone
there on a year’s contract with Dada Abdulla and Co.
• Gandhiji’s first struggle in South Africa was launched against Disfranchisement Bill of Natal Government
(1894).
▪ Boers were South Africans of Dutch origin. They were fighting British.
▪ Though neither of the two parties had treated the Indians well, yet Gandhiji raised a group of stretcher-
bearers as the Natal Indian Ambulance Corps (1899).
▪ It is presumed that this was done to disapprove the British stereotype that Hindus were not fit for
‘manly’ work.
• In 1904, he and his associates shifted to a farm known as Phoenix Farm situated in Phoenix near Durban,
‘Indian Opinion (launched June 4, 1903)’ was also shifted to the farm, complete with press and office.
 MAHATAMA GANDHI

Three Books that inspired Mahatama Gandhi

• Leo Tolstoy's work, 'The Kingdom of God is within you', John Ruskin's work, 'Unto this last' and
Henry Thoreau's work, 'Civil Disobedience

Other Protests by Gandhiji in South Africa

• Gandhiji’s first use of Satyagraha & Civil Disobedience was against Asiatic Registration Bill
(1906)
• Gandhiji setup TOLSTOY FARM (1910) during his struggle against Asiatic Registration Bill
 MAHATAMA GANDHI
Mahatama Gandhi in India
▪ Attended the Calcutta Congress Session 1901 (presided by D.E. Wacha) that year – his first
contact with INC.
▪ His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University in
February 1916.

Champaran (1917) Ahemadabad Mill Strike Kheda Satyagraha (1918)

(1918)
• Against Tinkathia • Against Discontinuation • Against illegal
System of Plague Bonus and extraction of revenue
• First Civil Disobedience 50% wage Hike from farmers
• Called by Raj Kumar • First Fast unto Death
Shukla and Sant Raut. • Called by anusuya
sarabhai
Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir
QUESTION PYQ

Q. What was the first venture by Gandhiji in all India politics?

a) Non-Cooperation
b) Rowaltt Satyagraha
c) Champaran Movement
d) Dandi March
Answer: B

Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir

Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir
QUESTION PYQ

Q. At which one of the following places did Mahatma Gandhi first start his
satyagraha in India?
a) Ahmedabad
b) Bardoli
c) Champaran
d) Kheda
Answer: C

Modern History by Chandan Sharma Sir

 GANDHIAN ERA
CONTENT
 M.K. Gandhi– A Brief Intro Of ‘Mahatma’
 Major Activities In South Africa
 Books
 Role In India’s National Movement
 Satyagraha
 Jalianwalla Bagh Massacre
M.K. GANDHI– A BRIEF INTRO OF ‘MAHATMA’
 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar in the
princely state of Kathiawar in Gujarat.
 Mother-Putlibai, Father- Karamchand Gandhi, Wife-Kasturba, 4 Sons-Harilal, Manilal,
Ramdas, Devdas.
 UN Declared 2 October as International Non Voilence Day.
 Having studied law in England, he returned to India in 1891.
 He failed as a practicing lawyer both at Rajkot and in Bombay.
 In 1893, he proceeded to Natal, South Africa in relation with a case involving his client,
Dada Abdullah (Merchant).
 In South Africa, he witnessed apartheid (Racial discrimination) to which Asians who had
gone to South Africa as labourers were subjected.
 He decided to stay in South Africa to organise the Indian workers to enable them to fight
for their rights.
 He stayed there till 1914.
 Returned on 9 January 1915 (NRI Day/Pravasi Bharatiya Divas)
 Favourite Bhajan “Vaishni jan ko tenu Kahiye” by Narsingh Mehta
 Gandhiji met RN Tagore at Shanti Niketan,Gandhi got title of Mahatma from Tagore and
Tagore gave him title of Gurudev.
 Sabarmati Ashram, Ahemedabad situated near river Sabarmati.
 Asasinated on 30 Jan 1948 by Nathu Ram Godse.
MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA
 In South Africa, he set up Natal Indian Congress(1894) and started a paper weekly
‘Indian opinion’(1903)
 Established Phoenix Ashram (1904).
 Satyagraha against Registration Certificates (1906)
 Campaign against Restrictions on Indian Migration.
 Setting up of Tolstoy Farm(1910)
 Campaign against Invalidation of Indian Marriages
 Formed a volunteer Ambulance Corps for the British Army
 Helped run ambulances for wounded British soldiers in the Boer war (1899-1902).
 Title ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ by Lord Hardinge.
  Awarded a medal for the service.
BOOKS
 Hind Swaraj
 Navjeevan
 Harijan patrika
 Young india
 Autobiography-My Experiments with Truth.
ROLE IN INDIA’S NATIONAL MOVEMENT
 The third and final phase of the Nationalist Movement [1917-1947] is known as the
Gandhian era.
 During this period Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the National
Movement.
 His principles of non-violence and Satyagraha were employed against the British
Government.
 Gandhi made the nationalist movement a mass movement.
SATYAGRAHA
 ‘Satyagraha’ = passive resistance or civil disobedience
 "Insistence on truth” Or "Truth-force."
 Gandhi evolved the technique during his stay in South Africa, which was based on truth
and non-violence. Its basic tenets were —
 A Satyagrahi was not to submit to what he considered as wrong, but was to always
remain truthful, non-violent and fearless.
 A true Satyagrahi would never bow before the evil, whatever the consequence.
 He should be ready to accept suffering in his struggle against the evil doer.
 This suffering was to be a part of his love for truth.
 Even while carrying out his struggle against the evil doer, a true Satyagrahi would love
the evil-doer; hatred would be alien to his nature.
 Only the brave and strong could practise Satyagraha, which was not for the weak &
cowards, even violence was preferred to cowardice.
 In 1906 First satyagraha in Transval,jailed first time due to this satyagrah in 1908.
CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA (1917)
 First Civil Disobedience Movement (सविनम अिऻा)
 Raj Kumar Shukla asked Gandhi to look into the problems of the indigo planters
 The European planters had been forcing peasants to grow Indigo on 3/20 of the total
land (called tinkathia system).
 Towards the end of the 19th century, German synthetic dyes replaced indigo.
 European planters demanded high rents and illegal dues from the peasants.
 Besides, the peasants were forced to sell the produce at prices fixed by the European.
 When Gandhi reached Champaran to probe into the matter, the authorities ordered him
to leave the area at once.
  Gandhi defied the order and preferred to face the punishment.
 This passive resistance or civil disobedience of an unjust order was a novel method at
that time.
 Finally, the authorities relented and permitted Gandhi to make an enquiry.
 Government appointed a committee to look into the matter and nominated Gandhi as a
member.
 Gandhi was able to convince the authorities that the tinkathia system should be
abolished and the peasants should be compensated for the illegal dues extracted from
them.
 As a compromise with the planters, he agreed that only 25 % of the money taken should
be compensated.
 Within a decade, the planters left the area.
KHEDA SATYAGRAHA (1918)
 First Non-Cooperation Movement (असहमोग)
 Because of drought in 1918, crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat.
 According to Revenue Code, if the yield was less than 1/4th of the normal produce, the
farmers were entitled to remission.
 The authorities refused to grant remission.
 Gandhi supported the peasants cause and asked them to withhold revenue.
 During the Kheda Satyagraha, many young nationalists such as Sardar Patel and Indulal
Yagnik became Gandhi’s followers.
AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE (1918)
 First Hunger Strike
 Gandhi now intervened in a dispute between mill owners of Ahmedabad and the
workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus.
 Gandhi asked the workers to go on a strike and demand a 35 % increase in wages.
 The employers were willing to concede a 20 % bonus only.
 Gandhi advised the workers to remain non-violent while on strike.
 He undertook a fast unto death to strengthen the worker’s resolve.
 Mill owners finally agreed to give the workers a 35 % increase in wages.
SATYAGRAHA AGAINST ROWLATT ACT (FIRST MASS STRIKE)
ROWLATT ACT, 1919
 Passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on March 18, 1919.
 Extension of the Defence of India Act 1915.
 Also known as Black Act.
 Anarchial and Revolutionary crime act.
 Was mainly aimed to look into the militant Nationalist activities.
 Any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion.
 They gave enormous powers to the police to search a place and arrest any person they
disapproved of, without warrant.
 No appeal or petition could be filed against such arrests for up to 2 years.
  Swami Shardananad started working against it in delhi.(30 March 1919)
 Gandhi organised a Satyagraha Sabha and roped in younger members of Home Rule
Leagues and the Pan Islamists.
 The forms of protest finally chosen included observance of a nationwide hartal (strike)
(6 April 1919) accompanied by fasting and prayer, and civil disobedience against specific
laws, and courting arrest and imprisonment.
 Dr. Satyapal & Saifuddin Kichlew arrested in Punjab.
 There was a radical change in the national movement by now:
o The masses had found a direction; now they could “act’’ instead of just giving verbal
expression to their grievances.
o From now onwards, peasants, artisans and the urban poor were to play an
increasingly important part in the struggle.
o Orientation of the national movement turned to the masses permanently.
 A well known description of the bill at that time was:
o No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal /No pleas, No lawyer, no Appeal.
 Gandhi called for a nationwide protest against the draconian law in Feb 1919.
JALIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE APRIL 13, 1919
 In Punjab, there was an unprecedented support to the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
 Facing a violent situation and suspected insurrection, Government called in large
number of military troops.
 Military was led by Brig. General Dyer.
 General Dyer banned all public meetings and detained the political leaders.
 On Baisakhi day, a large, crowd of people mostly from neighbouring villages, unaware of
the prohibitory orders in the city.
 They had gathered in this small park to protest against the arrest of their leaders,
Dr.Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr.Satyapal.
 The Army surrounded the gathering under orders from General Dyer.
 They blocked the only exit point and opened fire on the unarmed crowd.
 This resulted in nationwide protest against this massacre.
 Even London newspapers criticised the Govt for the act.
 Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood as a protest.
 Gandhi was overwhelmed by atmosphere of violence and withdrew the Rowlatt
Satyagraha movement on April 18, 1919.
 The British government released figures stating 379 dead and 1,200 wounded.
 Other sources place the number of dead at well over 1,000.
 This "brutality stunned the entire nation“, resulting in a "wrenching loss of faith" of the
general public in the intentions of the UK.
 The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled
widespread anger.
 NOTE-The governor of Punjab at the time, Michael O'Dwyer, supported the massacre.
 He was shot dead by Udham singh, a revolutionary, in London in 1940.
 गाॊधी मग
ु
विषमिस्तु
 एभ.के. ग ॊधी- ’भह त्भ ’ क सॊक्षऺप्त ऩरयचम
 दक्षऺण अफ्रीक भें प्रभख
ु गततविधधम ॉ
 ऩस्
ु तकें
 ब यत के य ष्ट्रीम आॊदोरन भें बमू भक
 सत्म ग्रह
 जमरम ॊि र फ ग नयसॊह य

एभ.के. गाॊधी- ’भहात्भा’ का सॊक्षऺप्त ऩरयचम

 भोहनद स कयभचॊद ग ॊधी क जन्भ 2 अक्टूफय, 1869 को गज
ु य त के क ठिम ि ड़ रयम सत
स्स्थत ऩोयफॊदय भें हुआ थ ।
 उनकी भ त क न भ ऩुतरीफ ई थ । िहीॊ उनके वऩत - कयभचॊद ग ॊधी थे। भह त्भ ग ॊधी
की ऩत्नी क न भ कस्तूयफ थ । उनके च य ऩुत्र थे स्जनक न भ -हरयर र, भणणर र,
य भद स औय दे िद स थ ।
 सॊमुक्त य ष्ट्र द्ि य 2 अक्टूफय को अॊतय ाष्ट्रीम अठहॊस ठदिस के रूऩ भें घोवित ककम है ।
 सन ् 1891 भें इॊग्रैंड से क नून की ऩढ ई कयने के फ द भह त्भ ग ॊधी ि ऩस रौटे थे।
 उन्होनें य जकोट औय फॉम्फे भें िक रत की, स्जसभें िो विपर यहें थे।
 सन ् 1893 भें अऩने द द अब्दल्
ु र (व्म ऩ यी) से जड़
ु े एक भ भरे के मसरमसरे भें दक्षऺण
अफ्रीक के नट र भें गए थे।
 अऩनी दक्षऺणी अफ्रीकी म त्र के दौय न उन्होनें िह ॊ रोगों के फीच यॊ गबेद (नस्रीम
बेदब ि) को दे ख । उन्होनों एमिम के रोगों को िह ॊ भजदयू ों के रुऩ भें दे ख ।
 उन्होंने ब यतीम श्रमभकों को उनके अधधक य ठदर ने ि उनकों सऺभ कयने के मरए
भह त्भ ग ॊधी ने दक्षऺण अफ्रीक भें यहने क पैसर ककम ।
 िह सन ् 1914 तक िहीॊ यहे ।
 िह 9 जनियी 1915 को ब यत रौटे इसमरए इस ठदन को (एनआयआई ठदिस / प्रि सी
ब यतीम ठदिस) के रूऩ भें भन म ज त है ।
 भह त्भ ग ॊधी क ऩसॊदीद बजन नयमसॊह भेहत द्ि य ग म गम "िैष्ट्णि जन को तेने
कठहमे" थ ।
  ब यत आकय ग ॊधीजी ने ि ॊतत तनकेतन भें आय.एन टै गोय से भर
ु क त की। ग ॊधी को
भह त्भ की उऩ धध टे गौय से मभरी थी। िहीॊ, भह त्भ ने टे गौय को गरू
ु दे ि की उऩ धध दी
थी।
 उनक स फयभती आश्रभ, स फयभती नदी के ऩ स अहभद फ द भें स्स्थत है ।
 भहत्भ ग ॊधी की हत्म 30 जनियी 1948 को न थू य भ गोडसे ने गोरी भ यकय कय दी
थी।

दक्षऺण अफ्रीका भें प्रभख

ु गततविधधमाॉ
 दक्षऺण अफ्रीक भें , उन्होंने नटार इॊडिमन काॊग्रेस (1894) की स्थ ऩन की थी। इस दौय न
उन्होनें िह ॊ स प्त ठहक अखफ य ’इॊडिमन ओवऩतनमन’ (1903) बी िरू
ु ककम
 उन्होनें िह ॊ सन ् 1904 भें पीतनक्स आश्रभ की स्थ ऩन की।
 सन ् 1906 भें उन्होनें ऩॊजीकयण प्रभ णऩत्र के णखर प सत्म ग्रह की िुरूआत की।
 उन्होनें ब यतीम प्रि सन ऩय प्रततफॊध रग ने के णखर प अमबम न छे ड़ ।
 उन्होनें सन ् 1910 भें टॉल्स्टॉम प भा की स्थ ऩन की।
 इस दौय न उन्होनें ब यतीम विि हों के अभ न्मकयण के णखर प अमबम न चर म ।
 ब्रिठटि सेन के मरए एक स्िमॊसेिी एम्फुरेंस कोय क गिन ककम ।
 फोअय मुद्ध (1899-1902) भें घ मर ब्रिठटि सैतनकों के मरए एम्फुरेंस के सेि दे ने भें
भदद की
 भह त्भ ग ॊधी को रॉडा ह र्डिंग द्ि य 'कैसय-ए-ठहॊद' क िीिाक ठदम गम थ ।
 एम्फुरेंस सेि के मरए उन्हें ऩदक से बी सम्भ तनत ककम गम थ ।

ककताफें
 ठहॊद स्िय ज
 निजीिन
 हरयजन ऩब्रत्रक
 मुि ब यत
 आत्भकथ - सत्म के स थ भेये प्रमोग।

बायत के याष्ट्रीम आॊदोरन भें बूमभका

 य ष्ट्रि दी आॊदोरन के तीसये औय अॊततभ चयण [1917-1947] को ग ॊधीि दी मुग के रूऩ भें
ज न ज त है ।
  इस अिधध के दौय न भह त्भ ग ॊधी य ष्ट्रीम आॊदोरन के तनविाि द नेत फन गए।
 उनके मसद्ध त
ॊ अहहॊसा औय सत्माग्रह ब्रिठटि सयक य के णखर प क मायत थे।
 ग ॊधी ने य ष्ट्रि दी आॊदोरन को एक जन आॊदोरन फन ने भें भदद की थी।

सत्माग्रह
 सत्माग्रह '= तनष्क्ष्ट्िम प्रततयोध मा सविनम अिऻा
 "सत्म ऩय जोय" म "सत्म-फर।"के ककम ज ने ि र क भ।
 ग ॊधी ने अऩनी दक्षऺण अफ्रीकी म त्र के दौय न तकनीक विकमसत की, जोकक सत्म औय
अठहॊस ऩय आध रयत थी। इस तकनीक के भर
ू मसद्ध ॊत थे -
 एक सत्म ग्रही को िह प्रस्तुत नहीॊ कयन थ स्जसे िह गरत भ नत थ , रेककन हभेि
सत्मि दी, अठहॊसक औय तनडय यहन थ ।
 एक सच्च सत्म ग्रही फुय ई के स भने कबी नहीॊ झक
ु े ग , च हे ऩरयण भ कुछ बी हो।
 उसे फुय ई कयने ि रे के णखर प अऩने सॊघिा भें आने ि रे दख
ु को स्िीक य कयने के
मरए तैम य यहन च ठहए।
 मह दख
ु सच्च ई के मरए दस
ू ये व्मस्क्त के मरए प्म य क एक ठहस्स होन च ठहए।
 दष्ट्ु ट क भ के विरुद्ध अऩन सॊघिा कयते हुए बी, एक सच्च सत्म ग्रही दष्ट्ु ट-क भ से प्रेभ
कये ग ; घण ृ उसके स्िब ि भें नहीॊ होगी।
 केिर फह दयु औय भजफूत सत्म ग्रह क अभ्म स कय सकते थे, जो आॊदोरन कभजोय औय
क मयों रोगों के मरए नहीॊ थ । इस आॊदोरन भें ठहॊस को बी क मयत की श्रेणी भें यख
गम थ ।
 ग धी द्ि य सन ् 1906 भें ऩहर सत्म ग्रह र ॊसि र भें िहीॊ,सन ् 1908 भें इस सत्म ग्रह के
क यण ऩहरी फ य उनको जेर बेज गम थ ।
चॊऩायण सत्माग्रह (1917)
 ऩहरा सविनम अिऻा आॊदोरन (सविनम अिऻा) था।
 य ज कुभ य िक्
ु र ने ग ॊधी को नीर फगान भामरक की सभस्म ओॊ को दे खने के मरए
कह थ ।
 मयू ोऩीम द्ि य फ ग न ककस नों को कुर बमू भ के 3/20 (स्जसे ततनकहिमा प्रणारी कह
ज त है ) ऩय नीर की खेती कयने के मरए भजफयू ककम ज त थ ।
 19िीॊ ित ब्दी के अॊत भें , जभान मसॊथेठटक यॊ गों ने नीर को फदर ठदम थ ।
 मयू ोऩीम फग न भ मरको ने ककस नों से उच्च ककय ए औय अिैध फक म की भ ॊग की।
  इसके अर ि , ककस नों को मूयोऩीम द्ि य तनध रा यत कीभतों ऩय उऩज फेचने के मरए
भजफूय ककम गम थ ।
 जफ ग ॊधी इस भ भरे की ज ॊच कयने चॊऩ यण ऩहुॊचे, तो अधधक रयमों ने उन्हें एक आदे ि
ऩय ऺेत्र से फ हय ज ने क कह थ ।
 ग ॊधी ने आदे ि की अिहे रन की औय सज क स भन कयन ऩसॊद ककम ।
 मह तनस्ष्ट्िम प्रततयोध म एक अन्म मऩण
ू ा आदे ि की सविनम अिऻ उस सभम एक
ऩद्धतत थी।
 अॊत भें , अधधक रयमों ने बयोस ककम औय ग ॊधी को ज ॊच कयने की अनभ
ु तत दी।
 सयक य ने भ भरे को दे खने के मरए एक समभतत तनमक्
ु त की औय ग ॊधी को सदस्म के
रूऩ भें न मभत ककम ।
 ग ॊधी अधधक रयमों को मह सभझ ने भें सऺभ थे कक तीनकठिम प्रण री को सभ प्त कय
ठदम ज न च ठहए औय ककस नों को उनसे तनक रे गए अिैध फक मे क भआ
ु िज ठदम
ज न च ठहए।
 फ गि नों के स थ एक सभझौते के रूऩ भें , िह इस फ त ऩय सहभत हुए कक जो ऩैस
मरम गम है उसक केिर 25% भआ ु िज ठदम ज ए।
 इस आॊदोरन के फ द एक दिक के बीतय, फ ग भ मरकों ने इस ऺेत्र को छोड़ ठदम ।

खेडा सत्माग्रह (1918)

असहमोग आॊदोरन
 ऩहर असहमोग आॊदोरन
 सन ् 1918 भें सख
ू ऩड़ने के क यण, गज
ु य त के खेड़ स्जरे भें पसरें खय फ हो गईं थी।
 य जस्ि सॊठहत के अनस
ु य, मठद उऩज स भ न्म उऩज के 1/4 िें से कभ हो, तो ककस न
छूट के हकद य थे।
 रेककन अधधक रयमों ने मह छूट दे ने से इनक य कय ठदम ।
 ग ॊधी ने ककस नों क सभथान कयके सयक य के अऩन य जस्ि ि ऩस रेने को कह ।
 खेड़ सत्म ग्रह के दौय न, सयद य ऩटे र औय इॊदर
ु र म स्ग्नक जैसे कई मि
ु य ष्ट्रि दी
ग ॊधी के अनुम मी फन गए।
अहभदाफाद मभर हडतार (1918)
ऩहरी बख
ू हडतार
 ग ॊधी ने अफ प्रेग फोनस को फॊद ककए ज ने के वियोध भें अहभद फ द के मभर भ मरकों
औय श्रमभकों के फीच ऩनऩे विि द भें हस्तऺेऩ ककम ।
 ग ॊधी ने श्रमभकों को हड़त र ऩय ज ने औय उनकी भजदयू ी भें 35% िद्
ृ धध की भ ॊग की।
 जबकि भ मरक केिर 20% फोनस को स्िीक य कयने के मरए तैम य थे।
 ग ॊधी ने हड़त र के दौय न क माकत ाओॊ को अहहॊसक फने यहने की सर ह दी।
 उन्होंने क माकत ा के सॊकल्ऩ को भजफूत कयने के मरए आभयण अनशन ककम ।
 मभर भ मरकों ने आणखयक य श्रमभकों को भजदयू ी भें 35% की िद्
ृ धध दे ने के मरए सहभतत
व्मक्त की।

योरेट एक्ट के खखराप सत्माग्रह (ऩहरा फडी जन हडतार)

योरेट एक्ट, 1919
 18 भ चा, 1919 को ठदल्री भें इॊऩीरयमर रेस्जस्रेठटि क उॊ मसर ने योरेट एक्ट ऩ रयत
ककम ।
 उस दौरान ब यत यऺ अधधतनमभ 1915 क बी विस्त य हुआ।
 इस एक्ट को क रे क नून के न भ से बी ज न ज त है ।
 अय जक औय ि ॊततक यी अऩय ध अधधतनमभ र म गम ।
 भख्
ु म रूऩ से मह एक्ट आतॊकि दी के आमने भें य ष्ट्रि दी गततविधधमों को दे खने के मरए
रक्षऺत ककम गम थ ।
 इस एक्ट िे तहत किसी भी व्यक्ति िो सॊदेह के आध य ऩय धगयफ्त य ककम ज सकत थ ।
 इस एक्ट में ऩमु रस को ककसी बी जगह की तर िी रेने ककसी बी व्मस्क्त को धगयफ्त य
कयने के मरए क पी िस्क्तम ॊ दीॊ। पुकिस किसी भी वयक्ति िो ब्रफन ि यॊ ट के धगयफ्त य कय
चक
ु े थे।
 ऐसी धगयफ्त यी के णखर प 2 स र तक कोई अऩीर म म धचक द मय नहीॊ की ज
सकती थी।
 स्ि भी ि यद नॊद ने (30 भ चा 1919) को ठदल्री भें इसके एक्ट के णखर प क भ कयन
िरू
ु ककम ।
 इस दौरान ग ॊधी ने सत्म ग्रह सब क आमोजन ककम औय होभ रूर रीग्स औय ऩ न
इस्र मभमों के मि
ु सदस्मों ने बी इसभें ब ग मरम ।
  इस क नून के णखर प 6 अप्रैर 1919 भें सबी भहत्िऩूणा रोगों के स थ एक याष्ट्रव्माऩी
हडतार (6 अप्रैर 1919) आमोस्जत की गई। इस हड़त र भें ि मभर होने ि रे रोगों को
उऩिास औय प्राथथना कयने क ऩ रन कयन थ । इस विमिष्ट्ट क नूनों के णखर प सविनम
अिऻ औय धगयफ्त यी औय क य ि स की सज ि मभर थी।
 हड़ताि िे बाद ऩॊज फ भें सत्मऩ र औय सैपुद्दीन ककचरू को धगयफ्त य ककम गम ।
 अफ तक याष्ट्रीम आॊदोरन भें आभर
ू चर
ू ऩरयितथन हुआ था:
o जनत को एक ठदि मभर गई थी; अफ िे अऩनी मिक मतों को केिर भौणखक
अमबव्मस्क्त दे ने के फज म "क मा" कय सकते हैं।
o अफ से, ककस नों, क यीगयों औय िहयी गयीफों को सॊघिा भें एक भहत्िऩण
ू ा बमू भक
तनब नी थी।
o य ष्ट्रीम आॊदोरन क उन्भख
ु ीकयण स्थ मी रूऩ से जनत के मरए हो गम ।
• उस सभम ब्रफर क एक प्रमसद्ध विियण थ :
o कोई दरीर, कोई िकीर, कोई अऩीर नहीॊ
o ग ॊधी ने सन ् 1919 के पयियी भें दे िव्म ऩी क नून के णखर प दे िव्म ऩी वियोध क
आह्ि न ककम ।

जमरॊमािारा फाग हत्माकाॊि, 13 अप्रैर 1919

 ऩॊज फ भें , यौरट सत्म ग्रह को अबत
ू ऩूिा सभथान मभर ।
 ठहॊसक स्स्थतत औय सॊठदग्ध विद्रोह क स भन कयते हुए, सयक य ने फड़ी सॊख्म भें सैन्म
टुकर्ड़मों को फर
ु म।
 सेन क नेतत्ृ ि ब्रिगेर्डमय जनयर ड मय ने ककम थ ।
 जनयर िामय ने सबी स िाजतनक फैिकों ऩय प्रततफॊध रग कय सबी य जनीततक नेत ओॊ को
ठहय सत भें रे मरम थ ।
 हत्म क ॊड ि रे ठदन फैस खी थी। रोग फैस खी भन ने के मरए एक स्थ न ऩय एकत्र हुए
थे। उस जगह कईं ग िों के रोग बी ि मभर थे। तनहत्थे रोगों क प मद उि म ।
 िे रोगॊ अऩने नेत डॉ. सैपुद्दीन ककचरू औय डॉ.सत्मऩ र की धगयफ्त यी के वियोध भें इस
छोटे से ऩ का भें एकब्रत्रत हुए थे।
 इस दौय न जनयर ड मय के आदे ि के फ द सेन ने उन रोगों को घेय मरम ।
 ड मय ने ऩ का के एकभ त्र छोटे से तनक स गेट को फॊद कयकय तनहत्थें रोगों ऩय त फड़तोड़
गोमरम ॊ चर दी।
 इस हत्म क ड
ॊ क दे िव्म ऩी वियोध हुआ।
 मह ॊ तक कक रॊदन के अखफ यों ने बी इस अधधतनमभ के मरए सयक य की आरोचन की।
 यिीॊद्रन थ टै गोय ने इसके वियोध भें अऩने न इटहुड उऩ धध को बी त्म ग ठदम ।
 ग ॊधी ठहॊस के भ हौर से अमबबत
ू थे औय उन्होनें 18 अप्रैर, 1919 को यौरट सत्म ग्रह
आॊदोरन को ि ऩस रे मरम ।
 ब्रिठटि सयक य के अनुस य इस हत्म क ॊड भें 379 भत
ृ क औय 1,200 रोग घ मर हुए थे।
 अन्म स्रोतों से ऩत चरत है कक इस हत्म क ॊड भें भतृ कों की सॊख्मा 1,000 से अधधक
थी।
 इस िूयत ने ऩयू े दे ि को स्तब्ध कय ठदम , स्जसके ऩरयण भस्िरूऩ ब यतीम रोगों के फीच
ब्रिटे न की छवि धमू भर होती चरी गई।
 ह उस ऑप रॉर्डास द्ि य ड मय के मरए अप्रब िी ज ॊच औय प्र यॊ मबक प्रिॊस ने रोगों के
फीच व्म ऩक गस्
ु से को हि दी।
 नोट-उस सभम के ऩॊज फ के गिनाय, भ इकर ओ'ड मय ने नयसॊह य क सभथान ककम थ ।
 उसे सन ् 1940 भें रॊदन भें एक ि ॊततक यी, उधभ मसॊह ने गोरी भ य दी थी।
 HOME RULE LEAGUE
CONTENT
 Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909/GOI Act Of 1909/Indian Councils Act 1909
 Delhi Durbar
 Lord Hardinge II 1910-1916
 First World War & Nationalist Response
 Indians In WW1
 Home Rule League Movement
 Government Measures Against The Home Rule Movement
 The Lucknow Pact Of 1916
ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
 3 October 1906, in a meeting between Agha Khan and Lord Minto in shimla took the
initiative for Muslim League.
 On 30 December 1906 All India Muslim League founded by Nawab Salimullah Khan of
Dacca,Agha Khan and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
 President was Waqar-ul-mulk.
 In 1908, Amritsar Punjab session Muslim league president was Syed Imam Demanded
for separate electorate.
MINTO - MORLEY REFORMS OF 1909/ GOI ACT OF 1909/INDIAN COUNCILS ACT
1909
 Lord Morley : Secretary of State for India (in London)
 Lord Minto II: Viceroy of India (in Calcutta)
BACKGROUND
 Rising extremism – not good for British rule.
 Hence they wanted to give concession to Moderate demands while cracking down on
extremism.
 They also wanted to further the divide and rule policy via Separate electorate.
 Curzon’s imperialist approach and policies had left the Indians resentful.
 In 1906, a group of Muslim elites called the Shimla deputation, led by the Agha Khan
(Muslim League President), met Lord Minto & demanded separate electorates for the
Muslims.
 The Important provisions of this Act were
o The principle of election to the councils was legally recognized. But communal
representation was for the first time introduced in the interests of Muslims.
Separate electorates were provided for the Muslims
o The electorate was decided on the basis of CLASS AND COMMUNITY.
DELHI DURBAR 1911
 12 December1911, in honour of King George V & Queen Mary.
 Only Durbar where the British Monarch actually attended.
  Lord Hardinge II (Viceroy) made
announcements:
1. Annulement of Partition of Bengal
(but new divisions based on
language).
2. Shifting of capital from Calcutta to
Delhi (done on 12/12/1912).
(*Shimla was the summer capital
since 1863).
 In 1911, on Arundel committee
recommendation capital from Calcutta to
Delhi was shifted.
LORD HARDINGE II 1910-1916
 Important events during his term
 Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi
(1911).
 Coronation durbar of King George V held in Delhi (1911)
 Annulment of Bengal Partition.
 Establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha (1915) by Madan Mohan Malaviya and others
 In 1916, Lord Hardinge laid the foundation of the Banaras Hindu University.(Madan
Mohan Malaviya was the Founder-Chancellor of this university)
LORD HARDINGE BOMBING CASE
 23 Dec 1912 – Viceroy was entering the new capital of Delhi in a procession from
Chandni chowk to New Delhi.
 A bomb was thrown on his carriage bt it missed the mark – viceroy escaped unhurt.
 Sachindranath Sanyal and Ras Bihari Bose- escaped.
FIRST WORLD WAR & NATIONALIST RESPONSE
 In the First World War (1914-1919), Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy and
Japan against Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey.
 The nationalist response to British participation in the War was three-fold:
1. The Moderates supported the empire in the War as a matter of duty
2. The extremists, including Tilak (who was released in June 1914), supported the war
efforts in the mistaken belief that Britain would repay India’s loyalty with gratitude
in the form of self-government;
3. The revolutionaries decided to utilize the opportunity to wage a war and liberate the
country.
 In 1915 Annie Beasant was leading a group and the motive was Swarajya, she managed
All India national congress and Council of Muslims meeting so that they can help in
formation of Home Rule League.
 In Bombay Elections, 1915 between Moderates and Extremist,moderates got 8 out of 15
seats.
INDIANS IN WW1
 1.3 million Indian soldiers served under the British army in the Great War.
 ~50,000 laid down their lives for the British Empire.
 India gate, New Delhi- war memorial.
HOME RULE LEAGUE MOVEMENT
 The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War
 Annie Besant, the Irish theosophist, had decided of a movement for Home Rule on the
lines of the Irish Home Rule Leagues.
 Tilak was ready to assume leadership after his release in 1914, and reassured
Government of his loyalty and to the Moderates that he, like the Irish Home Rulers,
wanted a reform of the administration and not the overthrow of the British Government
in India.
 The home rule league mainly aimed at
o Getting self-government for India within the British Empire
o Formation of linguistic based states
o Education in the vernacular Languages
 Two Home Rule Leagues were established (not simultaneously) by -
1. B G Tilak at Poona in April 1916
2. Annie Besant at, London in June 1916 & Madras in September 1916
 Tilak’s Movement concentrated on Maharashtra ,Karnataka, Central Provinces and Berar
 B.G. Tilak’s Organization President was Joseph Baptista, secratory was N.C. Kelkar.
 Annie Besant’s Movement covered the rest of India.
 G.K. Gokhale’s organisation “Servants of Indian Society” did not have access to the
Home Rule League.
 Newspapers :
o Maratha and Kesari - BG Tilak
o New India and Commonweal - Annie Besant
 *Shyamji Krishna Verma,Bhikaji Cama set up an Indian Home rule Society in London in
1905
 *Lala Lajpat Rai started the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York in 1917
(Publication – Young India)
 The two Leagues cooperated with each other as well with the Congress and the Muslim
League in putting their demand for home rule.
 The Home Rule Movement had brought a new life in the national movement (Revival of
Swadeshi movement) with women joining in larger numbers.
 It worked round the year, unlike INC.
 Valentine Shirole wrote a book “Father of Indian unrest” on B.G. Tilak.
 *Who did not join this movement?
o Anglo-Indians
o Most of the Muslims (Jinnah was a core leader of the League though)
o Non-Brahmins from South
 o They all felt Home Rule would mean rule of the Hindu majority, mainly the
higher caste Hindus
GOVERNMENT MEASURES AGAINST THE HOME RULE MOVEMENT
 The Government came down with severe repression, especially in Madras where the
students were prohibited from attending political meetings.
 Tilak was barred from entering in Punjab & Delhi.
 In 1917, Annie Besant & her associates were arrested which invited nationwide protests
(G.Subramaniya Aiyar renounced his knighthood)
 Government decided to placate the nationalists by declaring its intention to grant self-
government to Indians, as contained in Montagu’s August 1917 declaration.
 Montagu promised the gradual development of self-governing institutions in India. (‘’A
responsible govt.’’)
 This August Declaration led to the end of the Home Rule Movement.
 Tilak’s and Besant’s efforts in the Moderate-Extremist reunion at Lucknow (1916)
revived the Congress as an effective instrument of Indian nationalism.
THE LUCKNOW PACT OF 1916
 INC factions united = Moderate + Extremist united
 INC President- Ambica Charan Mazumdar
 An understanding for joint action against the British was reached between the Congress
and Muslim League and it was called the Lucknow Pact.
 From Muslim League M.A. Jinnah was leading, Jinnah got the title of the Ambassador of
lucknow pact/Ambassador of muslim and congress unity by Sarojni Naidu.
 Marked an important step in the Hindu-Muslim unity.
 INC accepted separate electorates (1909) of Muslims for the first time.
 ⅓rd seats to the muslims.
 Legislative council for 5 years.
 Indian council annulled.
 होभ रूर रीग

विषमिस्तु
 1909 का मभॊटो-भॉरे सध
ु ाय 1909/ बायत सयकाय अधधननमभ 1909 / बायतीम ऩरयषद
अधधननमभ 1909
 ददल्री दयफाय
 रॉडड हार्डिंग II 1910-1916
 प्रथभ विश्ि मुद्ध औय याष्ट्रिादी प्रनतक्रिमा
 प्रथभ विश्ि मुद्ध भें बायतीम
 होभ रूर रीग आॊदोरन
 होभ रूर आॊदोरन के खिराप सयकायी उऩाम
 1916 का रिनऊ सभझौता

भुस्स्रभ रीग की स्थाऩना

 मिभरा भें आगा िान औय रॉडड मभॊटो के फीच 3 अक्टूफय 1906 को एक फैठक हुई थी।
इस फैठक के दौयान भस्ु लरभ रीग फनाने ऩय फातचीत की गई थी।
 ऑर इॊर्डमा भस्ु लरभ रीग की लथाऩना 30 ददसॊफय 1906 को दक्का के निाफ सरीभल्
ु राह
िान, आगा िान औय सय सैमद अहभद िान ने मभरकय की थी।
 मुस्लिम लीग के पहले अध्मऺ िकाय-उर-भल्
ु क थे।
 भस्ु लरभ रीग का 1908 भें अभत
ृ सय के ऩॊजाफ सत्र भें सैमद इभाभ ने भल
ु रभानों के मरए
अरग ननिाडचक भॊडर की भाॊग की थी।

1909 का मभिंटो-भॉरे सध
ु ाय 1909/ बायत सयकाय अधधननमभ 1909 / बायतीम
ऩरयषद अधधननमभ 1909
 रॉडड भॉरे: बायत के याज्म सधचि (रॊदन भें )
 रॉडड मभिंटो द्वितीम: बायत का िामसयाम (करकत्ता भें )

ऩष्ृ ठबूमभ
 फढ़ता उग्रिाद - ब्रिदटि िासन के मरए अच्छा नहीॊ था ।
  इसमरए िे उग्रिादी गनतविधधमों का कभ कयने के मरए उनकी सभान्म भाॊगों ऩय उनके
साथ िडे होना चाहते थे।
 िे अरग भतदाताओिं के भाध्मभ से विबाजन औय शासन नीनत को आगे फढ़ाना चाहते
थे।
 कजडन के साम्राज्मिादी दृस्ष्ट्टकोण औय नीनतमों ने बायतीमों को नायाज कय ददमा था।
 आगा िान (भस्ु लरभ रीग के अध्मऺ) के नेतत्ृ ि भें 1906 भें मिभरा प्रनतननमस्ु क्त
नाभक भस्ु लरभ कुरीनों के एक सभह
ू ने रॉडड मभॊटो से भर
ु ाकात की। स्जसके भस
ु रभानों
के मरए अरग ननिाडचक भॊडर की भाॊग यिी गई।
 इस अधधननमभ के भहत्िऩर्
ू ड प्रािधान थे
o ऩरयषदों के चन
ु ाि का मसद्धाॊत कानन
ू ी रूऩ से भान्मता प्राप्त था। रेक्रकन
सािंप्रदानमक प्रनतननधधत्ि ऩहरी फाय भस
ु रभानों के हहतों भें ऩेश ककमा गमा था।
भस
ु रभानों के मरए अरग ननिाडचक भॊडर प्रदान क्रकए गए थे।
o चुनाि का पैसरा िगड औय सभद
ु ाम के आधाय ऩय क्रकमा गमा था।

हदल्री दयफाय 1911

 12 ददसॊफय 1911 को क्रकॊग जाजड ऩॊचभ औय

क्िीन भैयी के सम्भान भें ददल्री दयफाय का
आमोजन क्रकमा गमा था।
 इस दयफाय भें केिर ब्रिदटि सम्राट ही
उऩस्लथत थे।
 इस दौरान रॉडड हार्डिंग II (िामसयाम) ने
घोषणाएॉ की :
 1. फॊगार विबाजन की घोषणा (रेक्रकन बाषा
के आधाय ऩय नए विबाजन को भॊजूयी )।
 2. करकत्ता से ददल्री याजधानी लथानाॊतयण (
जो 12/12/1912 को क्रकमा गमा)। (जफक्रक
1863 से मिभरा ग्रीष्ट्भकारीन सभम भें
उनकी याजधानी थी)।
 अरिं डेर समभनत 1911 की मसपारयि ऩय याजधानी को करकत्ता से ददल्री लथानाॊतरयत
कय ददमा गमा।
रॉडड हार्डिंग II 1910-1916
उनके कामडकार के दौयान भहत्िऩूणड घटनाएॉ
 करकत्ता से ददल्री (1911) याजधानी का लथानाॊतयण।
 क्रकॊग जॉजड ऩॊचभ का याज्मामबषेक (1911)दयफाय ददल्री भें आमोस्जत।
 फॊगार विबाजन की घोषणा।
 भदन भोहन भारिीम औय अन्म द्िाया दहॊद ू भहासबा (1915) की लथाऩना
 रॉडड हार्डिंग ने 1916 भें फनायस दहॊद ू विश्िविद्मारम की नीॊि यिी थी। (भदन भोहन
भारिीम इस विश्िविद्मारम के सॊलथाऩक-कुरऩनत थे)

रॉडड हार्डिंग ऩय फभ विस्पोट भाभरा

 चाॊदनी चौक से नई ददल्री तक एक जर
ु स
ू भें िामभर होने के दौयान 23 ददसॊफय 1912
को।
 उसकी गाडी ऩय एक फभ पेंका गमा था, स्जसभें िामसयाम चौदटर होकय िहाॊ से बाग
ननकरा।
 इस हभरें के फाद िहाॊ से सधचॊद्रनाथ सान्मार औय यास ब्रफहायी फोस बी फच ननकरे।

प्रथभ विश्ि मद्

ु ध औय याष्रिादी प्रनतकिमा
 प्रथभ विश्ि मद्
ु ध (1914-1919) भें , जभडनी, ऑस्लरमा, हॊ गयी औय तक
ु ी के खिराप ब्रिटे न ने
फ्ाॊस, रूस, अभेरयका, इटरी औय जाऩान के साथ गठफॊधन क्रकमा।
 मुद्ध भें ब्रिदटि बागीदायी के मरए याष्ट्रिादी प्रनतक्रिमा तीन दहलसों भें थी:
1. नयभऩॊधथमों ने मुद्ध भें कतडव्म के रूऩ भें अॊग्रेजों का सभथडन क्रकमा
2. नतरक सदहत अनतिाददमों (जो जन
ू 1914 भें रयहा हुए थे) उन्होंने मुद्ध के प्रमासों भें
बायतीमों को िामभर कयने का सभथडन क्रकमा। उनका सोचना गरत साब्रफत हुआ क्रक इस
मुद्ध के बायतीमों की वियता औय िपादायी दे िने के फाद ब्रिटे न बायत क लि-िासन
दे गा-
3. िािंनतकारयमों ने मुद्ध छे डने औय दे ि को आजाद कयाने के अिसय का उऩमोग कयने
का पैसरा क्रकमा।
 एनी फेसेंट 1915 भें एक सभह
ू का नेत्ति
ृ कय यही थी। इस दौयान उनका भकसद मसपड
लियाज ऩाना था। इस दौयान उन्होंने अखिर बायतीम याष्ट्रीम काॊग्रेस औय भस्ु लरभों की
ऩरयषद की फैठक कयने का प्रफॊधन क्रकमा। स्जससे िे होभ रूर रीग के गठन भें भदद
कय सकें।
  1915 भें हुए फॉम्फे चुनािों भें सभान्म औय िाॊनतकायी रोगों के फीच, साभान्म को 15 भें से
8 सीटें मभरीॊ।

प्रथभ विश्ि मद्

ु ध भें बायतीम
 इस मुद्ध भें ब्रिदटि सेना की तयप से 1.3 मभमरमन बायतीम सैननक िामभर हुए थे।
 िहीॊ, 50 हजाय बायतीम सैननकों ने ब्रिदटि साम्राज्म के मरए अऩने प्राण न्मोछािय कय
ददए।
 इन िहीदों को माद कयने के मरए इॊर्डमा गेट, नई ददल्री भें मुद्ध लभायक फनामा गमा
था।

होभ रूर रीग आिंदोरन

 प्रथभ विश्ि मद्
ु ध भें बायतीम गह
ृ आॊदोरन की क्मा प्रनतक्रिमा थी
 आमरयि दिडनिालत्री एनी फेसेंट ने आमरयि होभ रूर रीग की तजड ऩय होभ रूर के मरए
आॊदोरन कयने का ननणडम मरमा था।
 सन ् 1914 भें नतरक की ररहाई होने के बाद िे क्रपय से नेतत्ृ ि सॊबारने के मरए तैमाय थे। इस
दौरान उन्होनें अऩनी िपादायी के मरए सयकाय को आश्िलत क्रकमा। िहीॊ, नयभऩॊथी होभ रूर
की तयह, प्रिासन भें सध
ु ाय चाहते थे, रेक्रकन उनका भकसद बायत से ब्रिदटि सयकाय को
उिाड पेंकना नहीॊ था।
 भख्
ु म रूऩ से होभ रूर रीग के तीन ननमभ थे्
o ब्रिदटि साम्राज्म के बीतय बायत के मरए लि-िासन प्राप्त कयना
o बाषाई आधारयत याज्मों का गठन
o रोकबाषाओॊ भें मिऺा

 दो होभ रूर रीग स्थावऩत ककए गए ( दोनों एक साथ नहीॊ लथावऩत नहीॊ क्रकए गए थे) -
1. अप्रैर 1916 भें ऩूना भें फी.जी नतरक
2. जन
ू 1916 भें एनी फेसेंट, रॊदन औय मसतॊफय 1916 भें भद्रास
 भहायाष्ट्र, कनाडटक, भध्म प्राॊत औय फयाय ऩय नतरक का आॊदोरन केंदद्रत है
 फार नतरक के सॊगठन के अध्मऺ जोसेप फैस्प्टलटा थे, धभडननयऩेऺ एन.सी. केरकय थे।
 एनी फेसेंट के आॊदोरन ने िेष बायत को किय क्रकमा।
 जी.के. गोिरे के सॊगठन "इॊर्डमन सोसाइटी के सेिक" की होभ रूर रीग तक ऩहुॉच नहीॊ
थी।
  सभाचाय ऩत्र:
o भयाठा औय केसयी - फीजी नतरक
o न्मू इिंर्डमा औय कॉभनिेल्थ - एनी फेसेंट
 सन् 1905 भें श्माभजी कृष्ट्ण िभाड, बीकाजी काभा ने रॊदन भें एक बायतीम गह
ृ ननमभ
सोसामटी की लथाऩना की।
 सन् 1917 भें रारा राजऩत याम ने 1917 भें न्मम
ू ॉकड भें इॊर्डमन होभ रूर रीग ऑप
अभेरयका की िरु
ु आत की (प्रकािन - मॊग इॊर्डमा)
 दोनों रीगों ने एक-दस
ू ये के साथ-साथ काॊग्रेस औय भस्ु लरभ रीग के साथ मभरकय गह
ृ
िासन की भाॊग यिी।
 होभ रूर आॊदोरन ने फडी सॊख्मा भें भदहराओॊ के साथ याष्ट्रीम आॊदोरन (लिदे िी
आॊदोरन का ऩन
ु रुद्धाय) भें एक नमा जीिन रामा था।
 इसने आईएनसी के विऩयीत ऩयू े सार काभ क्रकमा।
 िेरेंटाइन िेयोर ने फी.जी. ऩय एक ऩल
ु तक "बायतीम अिाॊनत का जनक: नतरक'' मरिी।
 कौन इस आॊदोरन भें िामभर नहीॊ हुआ?
o एॊग्रो-इॊर्डमन
o अधधकाॊि भस
ु रभान (स्जन्ना हाराॊक्रक सॊघ के एक प्रभि
ु नेता थे)
o दक्षऺण से गैय-िाह्भण
o उन सबी ने भहसस ू क्रकमा क्रक होभ रूर का अथड होगा दहॊद ू फहुसख्
ॊ मक, भख्
ु म रूऩ
से उच्च जानत के दहॊद ू थे।

होभ रूर आिंदोरन के खिराप सयकायी उऩाम

 सयकाय गॊबीय दभन के साथ नीचे आई, िासकय भद्रास भें जहाॊ छात्रों को याजनीनतक
फैठकों भें बाग रेने से प्रनतफॊधधत क्रकमा गमा था।
 नतरक को ऩॊजाफ औय ददल्री भें प्रिेि कयने से योक ददमा गमा था।
 सन ् 1917 भें , एनी फेसट
ें औय उनके सहमोधगमों को धगयफ्ताय क्रकमा गमा था, स्जन्होंने
दे िव्माऩी आॊदोरन को छे डा था। (जी.सि
ु भण्म अय्मय ने अऩने ऩद को त्माग ददमा)
 सयकाय ने बायतीमों को लि-िासन दे ने के अऩने इयादे की घोषणा कयते हुए याष्ट्रिाददमों
को धगयाने का पैसरा क्रकमा, जैसा क्रक भािंटेग्मू 1917 की अगस्त घोषर्ा भें ननदहत था।
 भािंटेग्मू ने बायत भें स्ि-शासन सिंस्थानों के िमभक विकास का िादा क्रकमा। (‘एक
स्जम्भेदाय सयकाय’)
 इस अगलत घोषणा ने होभ रूर आॊदोरन की सभास्प्त की ओय अग्रसय क्रकमा।
  रिनऊ (1916) भें नयभऩॊथी अनतिादी सम्भेरन भें नतरक औय फेसेंट के प्रमासों ने काॊग्रेस
को बायतीम याष्ट्रिाद के एक प्रबािी साधन के रूऩ भें ऩुनजीवित क्रकमा।

1916 का रिनऊ सभझौता

• आईएनसी गट
ु एकजटु हुए = नयभऩॊथी + चयभऩॊथी एकजट
ु
• आईएनसी अध्मऺ- अॊब्रफका चयण भजभ
ू दाय
• अॊग्रेजों के खिराप सिंमुक्त कायड िाई के मरए एक सभझ कािंग्रेस औय भस्ु स्रभ रीग के फीच
ऩहुॊच गई थी औय इसे रिनऊ सभझौता कहा गमा।
• भस्ु लरभ रीग से एभ.ए स्जन्ना नेतत्ृ ि कय यहे थे, स्जन्ना को बाग्मिादी सॊधध के याजदत
ू /
भस्ु लरभ के याजदत
ू औय सयोजनी नामडू द्िाया काॊग्रेस की एकता का खिताफ मभरा था।
• दहॊद-ू भस्ु लरभ एकता भें एक भहत्िऩूणड कदभ धचस्ह्नत क्रकमा गमा।
• आईएनसी ने ऩहरी फाय भस
ु रभानों के अरग ननिाडचक भॊडर (1909) को लिीकाय क्रकमा।
• भस
ु रभानों के मरए सीटें ।
• 5 िषों के मरए विधान ऩरयषद।
• बायतीम ऩरयषद ने इस सभझौते को यद्द कय ददमा।
 MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD REFORMS OF 1919
CONTENT
 Introduction- Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms Of 1919
 Principal Provisions Of The Goi Act 1919
MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS OF 1919/GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF
1919/MONT FORD REFORMS
 Secretary of State for India - Edwin Montagu
 Governor General and Viceroy - Lord Chelmsford
 Montague-Chelmsford Report, which formed the basis of the Government of India Act
1919, was published on 8th July 1918.
 This act embodied the reforms recommended in the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
and covered a ten years period from 1919 to 1929.
 Edwin Montague was appointed the Secretary of State for India in 1917 and remained in
that office till 1922. He was critical of the manner in which India was governed.
 The Montagu declaration reads as:
 “Increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual
development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realization of
responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire“.
 The key phrase “ultimate self-government” was removed but, still another key phrase
“responsible government” in this statement gave the inference for the first time that
rulers are answerable to the public.
 The declaration made the moderates happy and they said “It is Magna Carta of India”.
However extremists expressed that it fell short for legitimate expectations of India.
After all, total independence was what they wanted.
 On 20th August 1917, Montague presented the historic Montague Declaration (August
Declaration) in the British Parliament. This declaration proposed the increased
participation of Indians in the administration and the development of self-governing
institutions in India.
 In 1917, Montague visited India and held talks with the various representatives of Indian
polity including Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 He, along with the Governor-General of India Lord Chelmsford, brought out a detailed
report titled Constitutional Reforms in India, also called the Montague-Chelmsford
Report. This report was published on 8th July 1918.
 This report became the basis for the Government of India Act 1919 (alternatively called
the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or Montford Reforms).
 The report was rejected by most Indian leaders. Annie Besant referred to it as
‘unworthy to be offered by England or to be accepted by India’.
PRINCIPAL PROVISIONS OF THE GOI ACT 1919
 Diarchy was introduced in the form of two classes of administrators namely, the
Executive Councillors and the Ministers.
 The governor was the executive head of the provincial government.
 The subjects were classified into two lists – reserved and transferred. The reserved list
was under the governor and the councillors and the transferred list was under the
ministers.
 The reserved list consisted of subjects like finance, law and order, irrigation, etc. and
the transferred list consisted of items like education, health, public works, religious
endowments etc.
 The ministers were nominated from the elected members of the Legislative Council.
They were responsible to the legislature whereas the councillors were not answerable
to the legislature.
 The size of the legislative assemblies was expanded with about 70% of the members
being elected.
 At the central government level, the Governor-General was the chief executive
authority.
 The governor had the veto power over the council. He could also issue ordinances.
 The communal representation was extended and Sikhs, Europeans and Anglo Indians
were included. The Franchise (Right of voting) was granted to the limited number of
only those who paid certain minimum “Tax” to the government. Even some women
could vote
 This report introduced the bicameral legislature with 2 houses – Legislative Assembly
(forerunner of the Lok Sabha) and the Council of State (forerunner of the Rajya Sabha).
 The viceroy’s executive council had 6 members out of which 3 were to be Indians.
 The viceroy could issue ordinances and also certify bills that were rejected by the
legislature.
 Even though elections were introduced, the franchise was partial in nature, not
universal. Only certain people who were propertied or had titles or held office could
vote.
 The act provided for the establishment of a public service commission for the first time.
 It also produced an office of the High Commissioner for India in London.
 The report was important in that for the first time, concrete steps were taken to include
more Indians in the administration of their own country.
 म ांटेग्य-ू चेम्सफोर्ड सध
ु र 1919

विषयिस्तु
 ऩरयचम- 1919 भें भ ांटेग्मू-चेम्सपोडड सध
ु य
 ब यत सयक य अधधननमभ 1919 के प्रभख
ु प्र वध न

म ांटेग्यू-चेम्सफोर्ड सध
ु र 1919/ भ रत सरक र अधधनियम 1919 मोंट फोर्ड सध
ु र
 ब यत के लरए य ज्म सधचव - एडववन भ ांटेग्मू
 गवनडय जनयर औय व इसय म - रॉडड चेम्सपोडड
 भोंटे ग्म-ू चेम्सपोडड रयऩोटड 8 जर
ु ई 1918 को प्रक लित की गई थी। इस रयऩोटड भें ब यत
सयक य अधधननमभ 1919 के क नूनों को ही आध य फन म गम थ ।
 इस अधधननमभ ने भोंटे ग्म-ू चेम्सपोडड सध
ु यों भें अनुिांलसत सध
ु यों को भत
ू ड रूऩ ददम । मह
अधधननमभ 1919-1929 तक म नन दस वर्षों की अवधध तक यख गम थ ।
 सन ् 1917 भें एडववन भोंटे ग को ब यत भें य ज्म सधचव ननमक्
ु त ककम गम थ । उनक
क मडक र सन ् 1922 तक यह थ । वह ि सन चर ने के ववधध के आरोचक थे।
 भोंट गु घोर्षण के रूऩ भें लरख गम ह्
 "प्रि सन की प्रत्मेक ि ख भें ब यतीमों की फढ़ती ब गीद यी औय ब्रिदटि स म्र ज्म के
अलबन्न अांग के रूऩ भें ब यत भें जजम्भेद य सयक य के प्रगनतिीर अहस स के लरए स्व-
ि सी सांस्थ नों क क्रलभक ववक स कयन ह।"
 इसभें भख्
ु म व क्म ांि "ऩयभ स्वि सन" को हट ददम गम थ , रेककन कपय बी इस कथन
भें एक औय भहत्वऩूणड व क्म ांि "जजम्भेद य सयक य" यख गम । इसी िब्द से ऩहरी फ य
इस फ त क अनुभ न रग म कक ि सक जनत के लरए जव फदे ह होत हैं।
 इस घोर्षण ने नयभऩांधथमों को खुि कय ददम औय उन्होंने कह "यह अधधनियम भ रत
क मैग्ि क ट ड म ि ज त ह"। वहीां, गयभऩांधथमों ने इसे ब यत की वध अऩेऺ ओां के
लरए कभ भ न थ । गयभऩांथी क भ नन थ मे वसी स्वतांत्रत नहीां ह जसी वे च हते हैं।
 भोंटे ग ने 20 अगस्त 1917 को ब्रिदटि सांसद भें ऐनतह लसक भोंटे ग घोर्षण (अगस्त
घोर्षण ) को प्रस्तुत ककम । इस घोर्षण ने प्रि सन भें ब यतीमों की फढ़ती ब गीद यी औय
ब यत भें स्व-ि सन सांस्थ नों के ववक स की घोर्षण की।
  भोंटे ग ने सन ् 1917 भें ब यत क दौय ककम । इस म त्र भें उसने भह त्भ ग ांधी औय
भह
ु म्भद अरी जजन्न सदहत ब यतीम य जनीनत के ववलबन्न प्रनतननधधमों के स थ फ तचीत
की।
 उसने ब यत के गवनडय-जनयर रॉडड चेम्सपोडड के स थ लभरकय ब यत भें सांवध ननक
सध
ु य न भक एक ववस्तत
ृ रयऩोटड प्रक लित की। जजसे भोंटे ग्मू-चेम्सपोडड रयऩोटड बी कह
ज त ह। मह रयऩोटड 8 जर
ु ई 1918 को प्रक लित हुई थी।
 इस रयऩोटड को ब यत सयक य अधधननमभ 1919 (वकजपऩक रूऩ से भोंटे ग-चेम्सपोडड सध
ु य
म भोंटपोडड सध
ु य के न भ से ज न ज त ह)
 इस रयऩोटड को ज्म द तय ब यतीम नेत ओां ने ख रयज कय ददम । एिी बेसेंट ने इसे इांग्रैंड
द्व य ऩेि ककए ज ने व र आमोग्म ब्रफर कहकय इस ऩय अऩनी अहभनत व्मक्त की।

भ रत सरक र अधधनियम 1919 के प्रमुख प्र िध ि

 द्वध ि सन को क मडक यी ऩ र्षडदों औय भांब्रत्रमों के रूऩ भें ऩेि ककम गम थ ।
 गवनडय प्र ांतीम सयक य क क मडक यी प्रभख
ु होत थ ।
 ववर्षमों को दो सधू चमों आयक्षऺत औय स्थ न ांतरयत भें वगीकृत ककम गम थ ।
 आयक्षऺत सच
ू ी य ज्मऩ र वहीां हस्त त
ां रयत सच
ू ी भांब्रत्रमों के अधीन थी।
 आरक्षऺत सच
ू ी भें ववत्त, क नून औय व्मवस्थ , लसांच ई इत्म दद जसे ववर्षम औय हस्त त
ां ररत
सच
ू ी भें लिऺ , स्व स््म, स वडजननक क मड, ध लभडक फांदोफस्त इत्म दद जसे ववर्षम ि लभर
थे।
 भांब्रत्रमों को ववध न ऩरयर्षद के ननव डधचत सदस्मों भें से चुन ज त थ । भांब्रत्रमों क अऩनी
ववध नमक के प्रनत उत्तयद नमत्व होत थ । रेककन ऩ र्षडदों क ववध नमक के प्रनत कोई
जव फदे ही नहीां थी।
 रगबग 70% सदस्मों के ननव डधचत होने के फ द ववध नसब ओां की रूऩये ख क ववस्त य
ककम गम ।
 केंद्र सयक य के स्तय ऩय, गवनडय-जनयर भख्
ु म क मडक यी अधधक यी थ ।
 गवनडय के ऩ स ऩरयर्षद के पसरों को योकने की वीटो िजक्त थी। वहीां, गवनडय अध्म दे ि
बी ज यी कय सकत थ ।
 इस अधिधियम में स ांप्रद नमक प्रनतननधधत्व को फढ़ कय लसख, मय
ू ोऩीम औय एांग्रो इांडडमन को
ि लभर ककम गम । सयक य को कुछ न्मन
ू तभ "कय" क बग
ु त न कयने व रे रोगों के
 ऩ स ही लसपड भत धधक य (भतद न क अधधक य) के इस्तेभ र कयने की िजक्त थी। उस
सभम कुछ भदहर एां ने बी भतद न ककम थ ।
 इस रयऩोटड ने 2 सदनों के स थ द्ववसदनीम ववध नमक की ऩेिकि की। मह द्ववसदनीम
ववध न सब (रोकसब क अग्रदत
ू ) औय य ज्म ऩरयर्षद (य ज्मसब क अग्रदत
ू )। थी।
 व मसय म की क मडक यी ऩरयर्षद भें 6 सदस्म थे जजनभें से 3 ब यतीमों को होन आवश्मक
थ।
 व इसय म के ऩ स ववध नमक द्व य अस्वीक य ककए गए ब्रफरों को बी प्रभ णणत व
अध्म दे ि ज यी कयने की िजक्त थी।
 चन
ु व होने के फ द बी भत धधक य प्रकृनत भें स वडबौलभक न होकय आांलिक थ केवर कुछ
रोग ही थे जजसके फ द अऩन क म डरम थ । ऐसे वविेर्ष रोगों के ऩ स ही केवर भतद न
कयने के छूट थी।
 इस अधधननमभ भें ऩहरी फ य रोक सेव आमोग की स्थ ऩन की फ त कहीां गई।
 इस अधिधियम के बाद रांदन भें ब यत के लरए उच्च मुक्त क क म डरम बी फन म गम ।
 मह रयऩोटड भहत्वऩूणड इसलरए बी थी क्मोंकक ऩहरी फ य इस रयऩोटड भें अऩने दे ि के
प्रि सन भें अधधक ब यतीमों को ि लभर कयने के लरए ठोस कदभ उठ ए गए थे।