A Project report

On
LIVE HUMAN DETECTION SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESCUE OPERATION

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for

the award of the Degree of

Bachelor Of Technology
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By

MURE TEJESWINI 19751A04A5

K RAKESH RAJU 19751A0480
M BHUVANESHWARI 19751A04A1
N GOUTHAM GOKUL 19751A04A8

Under the Guidance of

Mr. M PADMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
STUDIES
(Autonomous)
Affiliated to J.N.T.U.A Anantapuramu & NBA
Accredited CHITTOOR – 517127

i
(2019-2023)

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 SREENIVASA INTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
(Autonomous)
Affiliated to J.N.T.U.A, Anantapuramu & NBA Accredited
CHITTOOR-517127

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “LIVE HUMAN DETECTION SYSTEM
FOR EARTHQUAKE RESCUE OPERATION” that is being submitted by, Mr.
K Rakesh Raju (19751A0480), Ms.M Bhuvaneswari (19751A04AA1), Mr.N.Goutham
Gokul (19751A04A8), Ms. Mure Tejeswini (19751A04A5). In partial fulfilment for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Anantapuramu, Anantapramu is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance and
supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree.

Ms. M PADMA Dr. K. GOPI M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor Head of Department
Internal Guide Dept. of ECE

Submitted for University Examination (Viva -Voice) held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work was made possible with the help and
guidance received from various quarters. We would like to avail this opportunity to express
our sincere thanks and gratitude to all of them.

We would like to express the heartfelt gratitude to our Chairperson

Sri.K.RANGANATHAM GARU for providing excellent institutional support to complete
this project.

We would like to express the profound gratitude to our beloved principal

Dr.N.VENKATACHALAPATHI GARU for giving us the opportunity to embark upon this
topic and for their continued encouragement throughout the course of this project.

We pay our sincere note of felicitation to Dr.K.GOPI, M.Tech, Ph.D., Professor&

Head of the ECE Department for his inspiration and support at each and every stage of the
project.

We thank our project guide Ms.Padma, M.E., Assistant Professor of the ECE
Department for his valuable guidance, offering necessary material and willingly giving us
advice whenever needed.

Finally we thank all the teaching faculty and non-teaching staff of the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for giving their advices and their help during the
course of our project work as well as studies.

K RAKESH RAJU 19751A0480

M BHUVANESHWARI 19751A04A1
N GOUTHAM GOKUL 19751A04A8
MURE TEJESWINI 19751A04A5

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 Course Outcomes for project work

On completion of project work we will be able to,

CO1. Demonstrate in-depth knowledge on the project topic.
CO2. Identify, analyse and formulate complex problem chosen for project work to attain
substantiated conclusions.
CO3. Design solutions to the chosen project problem.
CO4. Undertake investigation of project problem to provide valid conclusions.
CO5. Use the appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering tools necessary for
project work.
CO6. Apply project results for sustainable development of the society.
CO7. Understand the impact of project results in the context of environmental sustainability.
CO8. Understand professional and ethical responsibilities while executing the project work.
CO9. Function effectively as individual and a member in the project team.
CO10. Develop communication skills, both oral and written for preparing and presenting
project report.

CO_PO MAPPING
COs P P P P P P P P P P P P
\ O O O O O O O O O O O O
POs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1
0 1 2

CO1 √

CO2 √

CO3 √

CO4 √

CO5 √

CO6 √

CO7 √

CO8 √

CO9 √

CO10 √

CO11 √

CO12 √

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 Evaluation Rubrics for Project work:
Rubric (CO) Excellent (Wt = 3) Good (Wt = 2) Fair (Wt = 1)

Select a latest topic through Select a topic through

Select a topic through partial
Selection of Topic (CO1) complete knowledge of facts improper knowledge
knowledge of facts and
and concepts. of facts and concepts.
concepts.

Analysis and Synthesis Thorough comprehension through Reasonable comprehension through Improper comprehension
(CO2) analysis/ synthesis. analysis/ synthesis. through analysis/ synthesis.

Thorough comprehension about Reasonable comprehension about Improper comprehension

Problem Solving (CO3) what is proposed in the what is proposed in the literature about what is proposed
literature papers. papers. in the literature.

Incomplete literature
Extensive literature survey with Considerable literature survey with
Literature Survey (CO4) survey with substandard
standard references. standard references.
references.

Identified and has

Clearly identified and has complete Identified and has sufficient
Usage of Techniques inadequate knowledge of
knowledge of techniques & tools knowledge of techniques &
& Tools (CO5) techniques & tools used in
used in the project work. tools used in the project work.
project work.

Conclusion of project work

Project work impact on Conclusion of project work has Conclusion of project work has
has feeble impact on
Society (CO6) strong impact on society. considerable impact on society.
society.

Conclusion of project work has Conclusion of project work

Project work impact on Conclusion of project work has
considerable impact on has feeble impact on
Environment (CO7) strong impact on Environment.
environment. environment.

Insufficient understanding
Clearly understands ethical and Moderate understanding of ethical
Ethical attitude (CO8) of ethical and social
social practices. and social practices.
practices.

Independent Learning Did literature survey and selected Did literature survey and selected Selected a topic as
(CO9) topic with a little guidance topic with considerable guidance suggested by the
supervisor

Presentation in logical sequence Presentation with

Oral Presentation Presentation with key points,
with key points, clear insufficient key points and
(CO10) conclusion and good
conclusion and excellent improper conclusion
language
language

Status report with clear and Status report with logical sequence
Status report not
Report Writing (CO10) logical sequence of chapters using of chapters using understandable
properly organized
excellent language language

Time and Cost Comprehensive time and cost Reasonable time and cost
Moderate time and cost analysis
Analysis (CO11) analysis analysis

Continuous learning Highly enthusiastic towards Inadequate interest

Interested in continuous learning
(CO12) continuous learning incontinuous
learning

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 ABSTRACT

Encountering the real time challenges in the “security” arena and enhancing the existing
The principal purpose of this embedded application is to design a remote controlled robot that
can hit upon stay humans and transmit the vicinity information wirelessly. It conflict fields and
places in which war or disaster has occurred. Detection is also required in risky sectors like
boilers, reactors . The stay body sensor in this venture is a special sort of sensor called Doppler
sensor. To make a rescue operation more safe and effective robot has been proposed which detect
alive human beings and wirelessly communicate with the rescue team. The robot senses the
human body temperature using Doppler sensor. Which gives the information about the presence
of alive human body and message is sent through RF Transceiver(HC 05 Bluetooth Module)
Using wireless mobile. The proposed an autonomous robotic vehicle that moves in the
earthquake prone area and helps in identifying the alive people and rescue operation was based
on Arduino Microcontroller and Bluetooth Module. The human detection condition is shown
through an LCD display. To perform this intelligent task, Arduino controller is loaded with an
intelligent program written in embedded “C” language.

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 CONTENT

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO

NO
ABSTRACT Ⅵ

LIST OF FIGURES Ⅸ

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS Ⅹ

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Embedded system 1

1.2 Application area 2

1.3 Over view of embedded system architecture 3

1.4 Embedded block diagram 4

1.4.1 Types of images 6

1.4.2 Image digitalization 8

1.5 Applications of embedded systems 9

1.5.1 Purpose of image processing 9

1.5.2 Types of image processing 9

1.5.3 Characteristics of image processing 10

1.6 Characteristics 10

1.6.1 Fundamental steps of DIP 11

1.6.2 Advantages of DIP 16

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 17

3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT AND PROPOSED

APPROACH

3.1 Scope of the project 22

3.2 Proposed approach 22

4. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

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 4.1 Hardware Componets 23

4.2 MATLAB 23

4.2.1 Development environment 26

5. IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Introduction 39

5.2 Methodology 39

5.2.1 Image acquisition 39

5.2.2 Pre-processing 40

5.2.3 Segmentation using graphical cut algorithm 40

5.3 Algorithm 41

6. RESULTS 46

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 50

REFERENCES 51

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 LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.

NO.
1.1 PIXEL ARRANGEMENT IN COLUMNS AND 4
ROWS
1.2 PIXEL VALUES IN IMAGE 5
1.3 TRUE COLOR IMAGE ASSEMBLED FROM 5
THREE GREYSCALE IMAGES
1.4 WORKING OF IMAGE PROCESSING 10
1.5 FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN DIP 11
4.1 BASIC WINDOW OF MATLAB 30
5.1 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM 40
5.2 OUTPUT SAMPLE 42
6.1 INPUT IMAGE 46
6.2 PRE-PROCESSING 46
6.3 FINDING THE TUMOR LOCATION 47
6.4 DIVIDING INTO TWO SEGMENTS 47
6.5 SCORE PLOT FOR VERTICAL DIRECTION 48
6.6 SCORE PLOT FOR HORIZONTAL DIRECTION 48
6.7 NEURAL NETWORK TRAINING PROCESS 49
6.8 CUSTOMIZATION OPTION FOR NEURAL 49
NETWORK
6.9 FINAL RESULT 49

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 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

WORD ABBREVATION

MATLAB MATRIX LABARATORY

X-RAY X-RADIATION

MRI MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

CT COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

CAD COMPUTER-AIDED DIAGNOSIS

LZW LEMPEL-ZIV-WELCH (COMPRESSION)

GIF GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT

JPEG JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERTS GROUP

TIFF TAGGED IMAGE FILE FORMAT

PS POSTSCRIPT

PSD PHOTOSHOP DOCUMENT

RGB RED, GREEN, BLUE COLORS

DIP DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

FAX FACSIMILE

TVL TELEVISION LINES

MM MILLIMETER

FCM FUZZY C-MEANS

ANN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

DWFT DISCRETE WAVELET FRAME TRANSFORM

SVM SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

QGA QUANTUM GENETIC ALGORITHM

CNN CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK

DCNN DEEP CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK

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LINPACK LINEAR EQUATION PACK

LAPACK LINEAR ALGEBRA PACK

API APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE

SQL STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

GUI GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES

2-D TWO SPACE DIMENSIONS

PDE PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

FEM FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

LAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK

WM WEIGHTED MEDIAN

ROI REGION OF INTEREST

LBP LOCAL BINARY PATTERNS

SIFT SCALE-INVARIANT FEATURE TRANSFORM

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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Disaster like earthquakes, bomb explosion, and floods often cause loss of
precious human lives. During such emergency situations, and especially in urban
disasters, in order to prevent loss of life and property, various essential services like
policemen, fire fighters and medical assistance etc, are deployed. According to the
field of urban search and rescue (USAR) the Probability of saving a victim is high
within the first 48 hour of the rescue operation, after that the probability becomes
nearly zero Generally rescue people(team) cannot enter into some part of the earth
quake affected areas. All this task are performed mostly by human and trained dogs
often in very dangerous and risky situation the rescuer may become a victim who
need to be rescued
Every year large number of people lose their lives in earthquakes,
tsunamis, bomb explosions etc. It is often seen that the people get stuck under the
debris and it is impossible for rescuers to find the person’s body as it is difficult for
the rescuers to reach that place. In the same case, it is very risky for rescuers to take
charge of their life in order to save life of others without even knowing whether the
human is alive or not. Similarly in war-field areas, sometimes accidently put their foot
over a landmine or when a bullet hits a soldier, they faint on the ground and it is very
risky for other soldiers to risk their life without confirming whether the injured soldier
is alive or dead. Any object with temperature is constantly radiating infrared rays to
the outside world (radiation energy conc. wavelength range in case of humans is
8~12μm). A PIR sensor can detect these infrared radiations and can be used as an
alarm. IR sensor can used to detect any obstacle in the way of the robot. Landmines,
generally are made up of metals. A metal detecting sensor can be used to give the
precisely accurate result in the detection of landmines. Oxygen concentration around
the human body determine the proportional time for the fainted body will remain
alive. Oxygen sensor can be of great use to us. Hence, it can act as an alarm for the
rescuers to initiate the rescue operation as fast as they can. Bluetooth module can be
used for wireless transmission of data and instructions between the HC – 05 Bluetooth
terminal and the robot. A camera module can be used to get a real time footage of the

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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

of the area around the robot. The robot is integrated and is implemented using
Embedded C in Arduino IDE.
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. An
earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
another. The surface where they slip iscalled the fault or fault plane. The location
below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the
location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter [1]. During
earthquake, degree of the damage caused is depends on the magnitude that indicates
the amount of energy released from Earth crust. The magnitude of earthquake which
is less than 5 is measured using local magnitude scale called as Richter magnitude
scale. It measures the magnitude of earthquake by observing the amplitude on a
seismogram. In recent years, a standard magnitude scale is used which represents
energy released at the time of earthquake more precisely including large magnitude
events. This technique makes use of devices like seismometer, geophone, and
accelerometer. Meanwhile before selecting any seismic sensor we need to know that
the seismic sensor should provide signals which are unaffected by the sensors inherent
characteristics and as closely as possible reflect the true soil response to the seismic
source wave traveling through it. In terms of frequency response of the receiver, its
output should be constant for all input frequencies. In addition, the phase of the input
frequency should be unaffected so that the wave’s shape does not change. In general
terms, it is desirable to have a seismic sensor with a fast response time and a small
settling time [2]. When it comes to the selection of a seismic sensor though
Geophones have larger peak time and settling time compared to accelerometer but the
accelerometer are selected for the seismic activities because of their low noise, fast
response times, and high bandwidths compared to geophones.

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An Embedded System can be portrayed as dealing with contraption that makes a
particular centered showing up concerning. Gadgets, for example, the ventilation
system, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, cell phone and whatnot are
occurrences of installed structures. Each of these machines will have a processor and
remarkable equipment to meet the particular fundamental of the application near to
the installed programming that is executed by the processor for meeting that particular

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need. The presented composing PC programs are in like way called "firm thing". The
desktop/flexible workstation phone a widely profitable PC.

Embedded Systems do a particular errand; they can't be acclimated to do

grouped things. Preoccupations, word managing, bookkeeping, programming
movement et cetera. In contains Embedded systems have unfathomably kept assets,
especially You can utilize it for an assortment of vocations, for example, playing
structures need to strife with two or three due dates. A particular occupation must be
done inside a particular time. In some installed systems, called relentless structures,
the due dates are stringent. Missing a due date may understand a calamity death toll or
harm to property. Implanted frameworks are obliged for control. A comparative
number of introduced systems work through a battery, the power utilize must be
astoundingly low. Some implanted frameworks need to work in outstanding organic
conditions, for example, high temperatures and Humidity.

1.2 APPLICATIONAREAS

Around 99 for each penny of the processors made breeze up in presented frameworks.
The presented framework publicize is a champion among the most amazing
progression zones as these structures are utilized as a bit of particularly grandstand
parcel purchaser hardware, office mechanization, current computerization, biomedical
building, remote correspondence, information correspondence, media trades,
transportation, military et cetera.

Consumer appliances:

At home we utilize distinctive installed structures which intertwine computerized

camera, impelled journal, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave stove, remote
controls for TV and air course and cooling system, VCO player, PC redirection
bolsters, video recorders and so forth. The present front line auto has around 20
installed structures for transmission control, motor start control, ventilating, course
and whatnot. Most likely, even wristwatches are straightforwardly persuading the
chance to be especially presented structures. The palmtops are capable installed
structures utilizing which we can do various broadly important attempts, for example,
playing beguilements and word preparing.

Office automation:

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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

The workplace mechanization items utilizing em installed frameworks are duplicating

machine, fax machine, key phone, modem, printer, scanner and so on.

Industrial automation:

Today a noteworthy measure of associations utilizes presented frameworks for

process control. These merge pharmaceutical, bond, sugar, oil examination, atomic
importance, control period and transmission. The implanted frameworks for
mechanical utilize are intended to complete particular attempts, for example, viewing
the temperature, weight, wetness, voltage, current and so on., and a while later make
genuine move in context of the checked levels to control unmistakable gadgets or to
send data to a solidified watching station. In hazardous current condition, where
human closeness must be kept away from, robots are utilized, which are modified to
do particular occupations. The robots are at the present time winding up being
convincing and complete various beguiling and perplexed assignments, for example,
outfit get together.

Medical electronics:

In every practical sense every helpful apparatus in the pro's office is an installed
structure. These arrangements join symptomatic assistants, for example, ECG, EEG,
circulatory strain measuring contraptions, X-column scanners; prepare utilized as a bit
of blood examination, radiation, colonoscopy, and endoscopy and so on. Changes in
remedial contraptions have cleared path for more correct examination of torments.
Computer networking:

PC sorting out things, for instance, ranges, switches, Integrated Services Digital
Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and diagram hand-off
switches are embedded structures which execute the basic data correspondence
traditions. For example, a switch interconnects two frameworks. The two frameworks
may run assorted tradition stacks. The change's ability is to get the data packages from
moving toward pores, look at the groups and send them towards the objective ensuing
to doing principal tradition change. Most frameworks organization sorts of apparatus,
other than the end structures (desktop PCs) we use to get to the frameworks, are
embedded frameworks.

Telecommunications:

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In the field of communicate interchanges, the embedded structures can be organized

as endorser terminals and framework outfit. The endorser terminals, for instance, key
telephones, ISDN phones, terminal connectors, web cameras are embedded structures.
The framework adapt fuses multiplexers, distinctive get to systems, Packet
Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems et cetera. IP phone, IP entryway,
IP protect et cetera are the latest introduced systems that give insignificant exertion
voice correspondence over the Internet.

Wireless technologies:

Moves in adaptable correspondences are clearing course for m way for some
entrancing applications using embedded structures. The phone is one of the miracles
of the latest decade of the 20thcentury. It is a powerful introduced structure that gives
voice correspondence while we are advancing. The Personal Digital Assistants and
the palmtops would now be able to be used to get the opportunity to sight and sound
organizations over the Internet. Compact correspondence structure, for instance, base
station controllers, adaptable trading centers are moreover exceptional Embedded
Systems.

Security:
Security of people and data has dependably been a noteworthy issue. We have to
secure our homes and workplaces; and furthermore, the data we transmit and store.
Creating inserted frameworks for security applications is a standout amongst the most
lucrative organizations these days. Security gadgets at homes, workplaces, airplane
terminals and so on for confirmation and check are installed frameworks. Encryption
gadgets are about 99 for each penny of the processors that are made wind up in
inserted frameworks. Installed frameworks discover applications in. each mechanical
section purchaser hardware, transportation, flight, biomedical building, fabricating,
process control and modern robotization, information correspondence, media
transmission, barrier, security and so forth. Used to encode the information/voice
being transmitted on correspondence connections, for example, phone lines.
Biometric frameworks utilizing unique finger impression and face acknowledgment
are currently being broadly utilized for client validation in saving money applications
and additionally for get to control in high security structures.

Finance:

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Budgetary overseeing through cash and checks are right now slowly clearing course
for trades using splendid cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, in like manner
reached out as Any Time Money) machines. Astute card, of the measure of a Visa,
has a little littler scale controller and memory; and it interfaces with the insightful
card peruse! ATM machine and goes about as an electronic wallet. Quick card
advancement has the limit of presenting a cashless society. It is no deception to
express that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or if nothing else feel, crafted by an
embedded System.

1.3 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central

Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the
software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the
‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a layered
architecture as shown in Figure.

Figure 1.01: Overview diagram of Embedded system

The working system keeps running over the equipment, and the application
programming keeps running over the working framework. A similar design is material
to any PC including a desktop PC. Be that as it may, there are huge contrasts. It is not
necessary to have a working framework in each installed framework. For little
machines, for example, remote control units, aeration and cooling systems, toys and
so forth. There is no requirement for a working framework and you can compose just

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the product particular to that application. For applications including complex

handling, it is fitting to have a working framework. In such a case, you have to
incorporate the application programming with the working System and after that
exchange the whole programming on to the memory chip.This may be seen as an
adjustment in the lifestyles of people.

The progression of a transportation structure has been the generative power for
individuals to have the most essential human headway above creatures in the earth.
Auto has a great noteworthiness in our step-by-step life. In the current circumstance,
owning distinctive vehicles is seen as a financial prosperity in the overall population
and accordingly the number of vehicles in the city has extended greatly in the earlier
decade. On one hand, this may be seen as an adjustment in the lifestyles of people,
along these lines, it can't be denied that there is a stark augmentation of road disasters,
air defilement caused by the vehicles and wrongdoings related to the vehicles like
theft et cetera.

We utilize it to go to our work place, remain in contact with our friends and
family, and pass on our stock. Regardless, it can moreover pass on disaster to us and
even can kill us through accidents. Speed is a champion among the most key and
basic peril factors in driving. It impacts the reality of a crash, and also fabricates peril
of being required in a crash. Regardless of various attempts taken by different
authoritative and non-managerial affiliations all around the world by various ventures
to careful against impulsive driving, yet disasters are happening every once in a while.
In any case, many lives could have been saved if the emergency organization could
get the crash information in time. Everything considered, capable customized incident
acknowledgment with a modified cautioning to the emergency advantage with the
setback zone is a prime need to save the profitable human life. It can moreover pass
on disaster to us and even can kill us through accidents.

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1.4 EMBEDDED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.02 Embedded Block diagram

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware around a central

processing unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the
software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the "firm
ware". The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software
runs above the operating system as shown in figure. The same architecture is
applicable to any computer including a desktop computer.

However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an

operating system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote-
control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and
you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications involving
complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system.

In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the
operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip.

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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

Figure 1.03: Interfacing Components in an Embedded system

As shown in above figure, the building blocks of an embedded system are:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory (RAM and ROM)
• Input devices
• Output devices

Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit may be a microcontroller, microprocessor or a Digital
Signal Processor. A microcontroller is a low-cost processor. On the microcontroller
chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, A/D converter etc. So, for small applications, a
microcontroller is the best choice as the number of external components required will
be very less. On the other hand,microprocessors are more powerful, but many external
components are needed for them. Digital Signal Processors are mainly used for
applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video
processing.

Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only
Memory (ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to
the chip, whereas ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the

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firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the
ROM.

Input Devices:
The input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There will be
no keyboard or a mouse, like in computers and hence interacting with the embedded
system is no easy task. Many embedded systems used in process control do not have
any input device for user interaction. They take inputs from sensors or transducers
that will produce electrical signals that are fed to other systems.

Output Devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few LEDs to indicate the health status of the system
modules, or for visual indication of alarms. LCDs may also be used to display some
important parameters.

1.5 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems have vast applications in number of fields. The embedded system
market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in
• Consumer electronics
• Office automation
• Bio-Medical engineering
• Wireless communication
• Data communication
• Military
• Automobiles
• Aerospace
• Household Appliances

1.6 CHARACTERISTICS
All Embedded Systems are task specific. They do the same task repeatedly
/continuously over their lifetime. An mp3 player will function only as an mp3 player.
Embedded systems are created to perform the task within a certain time frame. It must
therefore perform fast enough. A car’s brake system, if exceeds the time limit, may
cause accidents. They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A fully automatic
washing machine works on its own after the program is set and stops once the task is

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over. Some embedded systems are designed to react to external stimuli and react
accordingly. A thermometer, a GPS tracking device. Embedded systems are built to
achieve certain efficiency levels. They are small sized, can work with less power and
are not too expensive. Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by the
users. Hence, they must rank high on reliability and stability. They are expected to
function for long durations without the user experiencing any difficulties.

Microcontroller or microprocessors are used to design embedded systems.

Embedded systems need connected peripherals to attach input & output devices. The
hardware of an embedded-system is used for security and performance. The Software
is used for features.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

PAPER 1
Ying –Wen Bai , Li-Shi Shen , Zong –Han Li “ Design and implementation of
an embedded home surveillance system by use of multiple ultrasonic sensors” ,
Consumer Electronics , IEEE Transactions , pp 119- 124 ,29 March 2020.

Description
In this paper we design and implement a home surveillance system based on
an embedded system with multiple ultrasonic sensor modules to enhance the system’s
reliability. Each ultrasonic sensor module includes a transmitter and a receiver, and
the modules are placed in a line direction. Because the ultrasonic transmission will
spread at a beam angle, we use multiple ultrasonic receivers to receive the ultrasonic
transmission. If any intruder passes through the ultrasonic sensing area, the ultrasonic
transmission will be blocked by the human body. As the receivers will not receive any
transmission from the ultrasonic transmitter, the system will sense when someone is
passing through the surveillance area. We use a Majority Voting Mechanism (MVM)
for a group of sensors. If over half the sensors in a sensor group sense a signal
blocking, the majority voting program starts the Web camera. The mathematical
equation and the sensing experiment show that we improve the system’s reliabilities
Advantages:
 The camera module is used to provide the proper path to the robot.
 Introduced for the detection of humans in the regions
Disadvantages:
 Robots got out of control of the controller remote.
 The use of wheels made it difficult to move in the rough terrain.

PAPER 2
S.P. Vijayaragavan 1 , M. Krishna Kumar 2 and T. Thirumoorthi3 and R.
Abenash , “Iot based live human detecting robot for earthquake rescue operation”
Malaya Journal of Matematik, Vol. S, No. 2, 1837-1840, 2020.

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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

Description
Natural calamities do occur and they are unstoppable. But humans are
becoming increasingly aware in the concept of intelligent rescue operations in such
calamities so that precious life and material can be saved though calamities cannot be
stopped. Still there are lots of disasters that occur all of a sudden and Earthquake is
one such thing. Earthquakes produce a devastating effect and they see no difference
between human and material. Hence a lot of times humans are buried among the
debris and it become impossible to detect them. A timely rescue can only save the
people who are buried and wounded. Detection by rescue workers becomes time
consuming and due to the vast area that gets affected it becomes more difficult. So the
project proposes an autonomous robotic vehicle that moves in the earthquake prone
area and helps in identifying the alive people and rescue operations. In this iot based
live human detecting robot for earthquake rescue operation project, a new method for
detecting surviving humans in destructed environments using simulated autonomous
robot is proposed. The first level is a PIR sensor used with a temperature sensor that is
used as the primary sensor in order to detect the existence of living humans in a scene.
Wireless communication help to require the humans.
Advantages:
 Wheeled design
 Global positioning system to track the alive person’s position
Disadvantages:
 Design cost is high
 Performance is low

PAPER-3
Mr. Rajesh1 , Mr. Sumer Chand Prasad2 , Mr. Brijesh Kumar Dubey3 “Alive
Human Being Detector and Anti theft Robot” International Journal of Scientific
Development and Research (IJSDR) www.ijsdr.org

Description
Many areas of the world get affected by natural catastrophe. Disasters are
unescapable and leave behind a great loss of life. Tragedy like earthquake, floods, etc.
cause mass destruction and often lives get buried or trapped in debris. In such
situations detection by rescue persons becomes draggy and due to the big area that
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gets affected it becomes more complicated. Hence, we are giving a human detection
robot which can detect alive humans in disaster area so that timely help can be made
available to the victims. The robot is consists of a Passive infrared sensor to detect
live human, an obstacle detector to remove any obstacles in its way, a camera to send
images to control unit. Microcontroller is used to control the robot and is the core of
robot. The robot consists of a three wheel geared drive with DC motors attached to
perform forward and back word motion.

Advantages:
 Detection of the human body
 Sensors made the robot much more accurate
Disadvantages:
 More time
taken
 Coat is high
 Difficult to design

PAPER-4

Hemantha v1 , Karthik BP2 , Krishnaprasad3 , Sindhu G4 , Sudarshan5

published a paper on the topic “Live Human Detection Robot”, IJIRT- International
Journal for Innovative Research in Technology, Volume 12, Issue 8, November
[2022].

Description
In the current era, natural disasters like Earthquakes, Warfield’s, building
collapse or manmade disasters often occur and they cannot be controlled or stopped.
Where this disaster has occurred it's quite difficult for rescue teams to coverSince the
area is quite bigfor rescue workers to cover it. We are developing using aArduino uno
microcontroller and some set of sensors which is PIR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor. PIR
senses the temperature of its environment and checks for any changes that are present.
The Ultrasonic sensor are used for navigation of the robot vehicle in the disaster
affected area. This robot can be used for long and short distance hence we are using
GSM module for communication purpose and we are using DTMF dual tone
multifrequency for communication for robot control, this robot is more helpful for
rescuers to find and save live human being.

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Advantages:
 Improved accuracy in evaluation of result
 Improved Performance
 Location tacking available
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to design
 Cost is high
 Cant identify weather person is live or not

PAPER-5
Purnima G, Asst. Prof. Aravind S, published a paper on the topic “Alive
Human Body Detect System Using an Autonomous Pc Controlled Rescue Robot”,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 4,
Issue 12, December [2014]

Description
The main aim of this embedded application is to design a PC controlled Robot
which can detect live humans and transmit the location details wirelessly. It can also
be used in war fields and places where disaster has occurred. Human detection is also
required in hazardous sectors like boilers, reactors where only authorized person can
enter. The live body sensor in this project is a special type of sensor known as PIR
sensor. Any alive body with a temperature above absolute temperature emits
radiations which are invisible to the normal eye. It senses these passive infrared rays
to detect the live human. Human identity is carried out using a Human live detection
sensor. The PIR sensor is used to detect the motion in any kind and will inform to
micro controller. In this project we are using GSM based wireless system for the
efficient communication. If the micro controller unit receives the detected signal, it
will send a message through GSM modem. The GPS receiver receives the
Longitudinal and latitudinal value when the system detects the movement of the
human body it sends the location details to the stations using GSM modem
Advantages:
 utilizes PIR sensor to detect the alive human beings.
 Performance is improved
Disadvantages:
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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

 Lacks the camera modules

 Cant Guided properly
 Difficult to design

PAPER 6
Ujjwal Mishra1 , Sankalp Mishra2 , Ananya Shukla and issue a paper on the
topic “A Review of Alive Human Detection Robot During Calamity
andLandmine/Bomb/Human Detection in War Fields ", International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-
9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538 Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022-
Available at www.ijraset.com

Description
Many people lose their life when a natural disaster such as earthquake,
tsunamis, windstorms occur. Similarly, in war-fields soldiers lose their life when they
put their foot incidentallyon landmines. This paper focuses on investigating,
analyzing, and exploring the previous research papers on the alive human detection
robot. The further modifications that have been done in the past arecompared
extensively in this paper. A quantitative analysis of the various technologies used in
the past such as microcontrollers (Arduino UNO, Raspberry pi), sensors (PIR sensor
for detecting the motion in the body, IR sensor) and other wireless technologies for
data and instruction transmission (Bluetooth) is done in this paper. Further, methods
have been devised in order to make the robotmoreeffective.
Advantages:
 Autonomous Mobile Rescue Robot is used
 classify the body as alive or not.
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to design
 Cost is high

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PAPER-7

Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 published a paper on the topic “Alive Human

Detection Robot For War And Rescue Operation ”, IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
Vol-5 Issue-5 2019 [2014]

Description
The principal purpose of this embedded application is to design a remote
controlled robot that can hit upon stay humans and transmit the vicinity information
wirelessly. It conflict fields and places in which war or disaster has occurred.
Detection is also required in risky sectors like boilers, reactors wherein most effective
legal man or women can input. The stay body sensor in this venture is a special sort of
sensor called PIR sensor. Any alive frame with a temperature above absolute
temperature emits radiations which can be invisible to the regular eye. It senses those
rays to come across the live human and will inform to the controller.
The live body sensor is a special type of sensor. It senses the passive infrared
rays, which are always emitting from the live bodies that is human bodies. In this
project we are using ZigBee for the efficient wireless communication. The GPS
receiver receives the Longitudinal and latitudinal value when the system detects the
movement of the human. This data is sent to the remote PC using ZigBee transceiver.
The whole system is placed in a robotic car. The car is moved remotely using the C#
software running in PC through the ZigBee. According to the field of Urban Search
and Rescue (USAR), the probability of saving a victim is high within the first 48
hours of the rescue operation, after that, the probability becomes nearly zero. All of
these tasks are performed mostly by human and trained dogs, often in very dangerous
and risky situations. The rescuer may become a victim who needs to be rescued. This
is why since some years mobile robots have been proposed to help them and to
perform tasks that neither dogs nor existing tools can do. We will focus only on robots
which will work in a disaster environment of manmade

Advantages:
 Body sensor is used here to detect humans
 Performance is improved
Disadvantages:
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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

 Cost is high
 Difficult to design

PAPER-8
Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 S Lourdu Jame, Y Jeyashree,
S.Srikantan, P. Jais Duraimani, Mohamed Dhageer published a paper on the topic
“Detection of Human Under Earthquake Rubble”, International Journal of Recent
Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-2S11,
September 2019.

Description
Natural calamities like earthquake, flood ,volcanic eruptions , landslides
,avalanches ,etc are unavoidable circumstances .Occurrence of such natural ailments
is unpredictable causing huge damage to resources and structures which is
unavoidable .Measurement, eleventh hour detection, precautionary and rescue
methods are only possible options .A proper rescue can do milestones in saving life of
people under such circumstances. In mess in a region of Newyork death tolls were
5000 during earthquake, nearly half the population. In Utharkhand during 2013 a
landslide caused lots of people buried under earth. Newspaper report stated that if
people were detected earlier death tolls would have been quite low. In this paper we
design a rescue robotic platform which can act more quickly in detection location
mapping diagnosing status post earthquake, avalanches and landslides. The robot
platform designed is for disaster management system during avalanches ,earthquakes ,
and land slides for accurate and faster detection of human trapped inside without live
interaction and not causing damage due to increased load of rescuer on them while
detection using a robotic platform controlled remotely.
Advantages:
 Faster detection
 Performance is improved
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
 Difficult to design

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PAPER-9
Mohit Bais, Kanupriya Madan, Ankit Bharti, Prof. Prity Yadav published a
paper on the topic “Alive Human Detection Robot”, International Journal of Scientific
Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology © 2017
IJSRCSEIT | Volume 2 | Issue 1 | ISSN : 2456-3307

Description
In this paper, a new approach for detecting alive human beings in natural and
man-made disasters using a specific set of sensors, ATMEGA16 Microcontroller,
existing GSM technology and PLC systems. Many areas of world are getting affected
due to sudden natural calamities like earthquakes, floods, wild-fires, storms and
human induced disasters industrial and transportation accidents and one of the
threatening to humans that is terrorists‟ attacks. We observe that people die by getting
trapped in these drastic disasters on a large scale just because they don’t get help at
that instant of time, when they require to be rescued. So the proposed alive human
being detection system uses a specific set of sensors that includes PIR, temperature,
vibration, IR, Ultra sonic detector, etc. which gives the information about the presence
of an alive human body. GSM technology will give an alerting message to control
room of the affected sites‟ to give proper rescue to the affected victims through PLC
logical programming. Also we are using HMI system. Therein, a microcontroller
ATMEGA16 holds all of these sensors dealing with movable robot systems. By this
project, it will be a great help indeed to rescuers in detecting the m alive humans at
the disaster sites on required time. This is also user friendly, economical, semi-
autonomous and efficient device by software programming interfacing for detection.
Advantages:
 More detection applications is used
 Performance is improved
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
 More sensors is used so occupation area is more

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PAPER-10

A. Shobika1 , N. Thenkuzhali2 , S. Suganya3 , G.R. Nivedha4 , R.Hiemaja5

published a paper on the topic “Human Detection System Using Drone For
Earthquake Rescue Operation”, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering ISO 3297:2007 Certified Vol. 7, Issue 4,
April 2018
Description
Many areas of the world get affected by natural calamity. Disasters are
unstoppable and leave behind a great loss of life. Disasters like earthquake, floods,
etc. cause mass destruction and often lives get buried or trapped in debris. In such
situations detection by rescue workers becomes time consuming and due to the vast
area that gets affected it becomes more difficult. In this system, we are proposing a
human detection quad-copter which can detect alive humans in debris so that timely
help can be made available to the victims. The proposed alive human being detection
system contains Passive Infrared sensor (PIR) which gives the information about the
presence of alive human body. Radio Frequency Technology is used to control the
quad-copter. ATMEGA8A microcontroller will give an alerting message to the rescue
operator of the affected sites and they will give proper rescue to the affected victims.
In disaster sites, it will be a great help to rescuers in detection of more alive human
beings at the proper time. This system is also user friendly, economical, semi-
autonomous and efficient for detection.
Advantages:
 More detection applications is used
 RFID is used
Disadvantages:
 More economical
 Not efficient

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PAPER-11
Prof.Amar Pawde,khan Shaheen,khan Nazreen,khan Jameer, Patel Salman
published a paper on the topic “ALIVE HUMAN DETECTOR ROBOT FOR
RESCUE OPERATION”, International Journal of Technical Research and
Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com Special Issue 39 (KCCEMSR)
(March 2016), PP. 5-7

Description
Disaster like earthquakes, bomb explosion, and floods often cause loss of
precious human lives. During such emergency situations, and especially in urban
disasters, in order to prevent loss of life and property, various essential services like
policemen, fire fighters and medical assistance etc, are deployed. According to the
field of urban search and rescue (USAR) the Probability of saving a victim is high
within the first 48 hour of the rescue operation, after that the probability becomes
nearly zero Generally rescue people(team) cannot enter into some part of the earth
quake affected areas. All this task are performed mostly by human and trained dogs
often in very dangerous and risky situation the rescuer may become a victim who
need to be rescued. Hence to make a rescue operation more safe and effective robot
has been proposed which detect alive human beings and wirelessly communicate with
the rescue team. This work aims to developed and economical robot which works
using P89V51RD2BN Microcontroller, PIR Sensor etc. It can be used in areas where
rescue is needed. The robot senses the human body temperature using PIR sensor.
Which gives the information about the presence of alive human body and message is
sent through RF Transceiver(Head quarter 05) Using wireless mobile
Advantages:
 Performance is improved
 Simple to design
Disadvantages:
 More economical
 Not efficient for detection

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CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT AND PROPOSED APPROACH

3.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope for a live human detection system for earthquake rescue operations using
the Arduino, ESP32 Camera, Bluetooth module, Doppler sensor, LCD module, motor
driver, motors, and buzzer could be quite extensive. Some potential applications for
such a system could include:

1. Locating and rescuing survivors: In the aftermath of an earthquake, it can be

challenging to locate survivors, particularly in buildings that have been
severely damaged. A live human detection system that uses sensors and
cameras to detect and locate people could be invaluable in helping rescue
teams locate and rescue survivors quickly.

2. Assessing the structural integrity of buildings: During earthquake rescue

operations, it's important to assess the structural integrity of buildings to
determine if it's safe for rescue teams to enter. A live human detection system
could be used to scan the interior of buildings and identify areas where people
are located. This information could be used to assess which areas of the
building are most stable and where rescue efforts should be focused.

3. Monitoring rescue teams: In a chaotic and dangerous environment like an

earthquake site, it's important to keep track of rescue teams and ensure their
safety. A live human detection system could be used to monitor the
movements of rescue teams and alert them to any potential dangers, such as
unstable buildings or areas with high levels of toxic gases.

4. Providing real-time information to emergency services: A live human

detection system could be linked to a centralized database that provides real-
time information to emergency services. This information could include the
location of survivors, the status of rescue teams, and any potential hazards that
have been identified.

Overall, the scope for a live human detection system for earthquake rescue operations
using the Arduino, ESP32 Camera, Bluetooth module, Doppler sensor, LCD module,

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motor driver, motors, and buzzer is quite broad and could have a significant impact on
the effectiveness and efficiency of rescue operations.

3.2 PROPOSED APPROACH

This project proposes the development of a Live Human Detection System for
Earthquake Rescue Operations using various components such as Arduino, ESP32
Camera, Bluetooth module, Doppler sensor, LCD Module, Motor driver, motors,
and Buzzer. The system is designed to detect human presence in earthquake affected
areas and assist rescue operations by providing live feedback on the location and
movement of trapped victims. The Doppler sensor is used to detect human
movement, while the ESP32 Camera captures live footage of the affected area. The
data is then processed by the Arduino, which uses the Bluetooth module to send
real-time updates to the rescue team. The LCD module displays important
information such as the number of detected humans, their location, and distance. The
system also includes motors and a buzzer for alerting the rescue team of any
potential hazards or obstacles. Overall, this system aims to provide an efficient and
reliable solution for earthquake rescue operations.

Fig 3.01 Proposed Block Diagram

The proposed an autonomous robotic vehicle that moves in the earthquake prone area
and helps in identifying the alive people and rescue operation was based on Arduino
Microcontroller and Bluetooth Module. The proposed robotic system can be design to

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detect alive human body in an affected area which is useful for rescue operation.
This system uses Doppler sensor to detect alive human reliably. The human
detection condition is shown through an LCD display. To perform this intelligent task,
Arduino controller is loaded with an intelligent program written in embedded “C”
language The advent of new high speed technology and the growing computer
capacity provided realistic opportunity for new robot controls and realization of new
methods of control theory. This technical improvement together with the need for
high performance robots created faster, more accurate and more intelligent robots
using new robots control devices, new drivers and advanced control algorithm.

This project deals with live person detection robot is based on

Arduino Microcontroller. This robot follows which is drawn over the surface. Here
we are using Doppler Sensor for detect the human. This project is mainly used in the
earth quake rescue operation. These sensors are used to sense the live person. Once
the people are located it immediately gives audio alert visual alert to the authorities so
that help can reach the live person faster. All the above systems are controlled by the
microcontroller.

METHODOLOGY
Here's a suggested methodology for creating a live human detection system for
earthquake rescue operations using the listed components:

1. Define the scope and requirements of the system: Start by defining what you
want the system to do, its purpose, and the requirements of the system. For
instance, you might want the system to detect human movement within a
certain range and provide an alert to the rescue team.

2. Assemble the hardware components: Assemble the hardware components

required for the system, including Arduino, ESP32 Camera, Bluetooth
module, Doppler sensor, LCD module, motor driver, motors, and buzzer.

3. Configure the Arduino and ESP32 Camera: Configure the Arduino and ESP32
camera to work together, allowing the system to capture live images and send
them to the controller.

4. Configure the Bluetooth module: Configure the Bluetooth module to allow

communication between the system and the rescue team's devices.

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5. Configure the Doppler sensor: Configure the Doppler sensor to detect human
movement, and set the range of detection.

6. Configure the LCD module: Configure the LCD module to display real-time
data, such as the number of detected humans.

7. Configure the motor driver: Configure the motor driver to control the motors'
speed and direction, allowing the system to track human movement.

8. Configure the buzzer: Configure the buzzer to provide an audible alert to the
rescue team when humans are detected.

9. Test and calibrate the system: Test the system and calibrate it to ensure it's
working correctly. Adjust the sensitivity of the Doppler sensor and the motor
driver's speed to optimize the system's performance.

10. Deploy the system: Once you're satisfied that the system is working correctly,
deploy it in the field to assist in earthquake rescue operations.

11. Monitor and maintain the system: Monitor the system regularly to ensure it's
working correctly and maintain it as required.

In summary, the methodology for creating a live human detection system for
earthquake rescue operations involves assembling the required hardware components,
configuring each component to work together, testing and calibrating the system,
deploying it, and monitoring and maintaining it regularly.

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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

These are the following components we used to design our Project “LIVE HUMAN
DETECTION SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE RESCUE OPERATION”.

• Arduino UNO
• Power Supply
• LCD Display
• Bluetooth
• ESP32 Camera
• Doppler sensor
• Motor Driver
• DC Motors
• Buzzer
4.2 ARDUINO UNO

Overview:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board in context of the ATmega328. It has 14
electronic data/yield pins (of which 6 can be utilized as PWM yields), 6 clear data
sources, a 16 MHz stylish resonator, a USB association, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset get. It contains everything foreseen that would help the
microcontroller; just interface it to a PC with a USB association or power it with an
AC-to-DC connector or battery to begin.

The Uno contrasts from every last going before board in that it doesn't utilize
the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Or on the other hand perhaps, it consolidates the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to change R2) modified as a USB to-serial converter.
Revision3 of the board has the running with new parts:
 Pinout: included SDA and SCL pins that are close to the AREF stick and two
other new follows set close to the RESET stick, the IOREF that enable the
shields to adapt to the voltage gave from the board. In future, shields will be
extraordinary both with the board that utilization the AVR, which work with 5V
and with the Arduino Due that work with 3.3V. The second one is a not related
stick that is held for future purposes.

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 Atmega 16U2 supplant the 8U2.

 "Uno" recommends one in Italian and is named to stamp the best in class
arriving of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and modification 1.0 will be the reference
variants of Arduino, advancing. The Uno is the most recent in a development of
USB Arduino sheets, and the reference display for the Arduino sort out; for an
association with past modification.

Arduino board:
Arduino is a model stage (open-source) in light of an easy to-use hardware and
programming. It incorporates a circuit board, which can be modified (suggested as a
microcontroller) and a possible programming called Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), which is worn to casing and exchange the PC code to the
physical board. The key sections are: Arduino sheets can read fundamental or pushed
data signals from different sensors and change it into a yield, for instance, starting a
motor, turning LED on/off, join to the dull and diverse obvious exercises.

Figure4.01: Arduino Board

You can deal with your board obliges as far as expert vocation a procedure of
rules to the microcontroller on the board by methods for Arduino IDE (recommended
as exchanging programming). Not at all like most before programmable circuit sheets,
Arduino does not require an extra piece of hardware (called a thing diagram) with a
particular veritable objective to stack another code onto the board. You can basically
use a USB relate. Also, the Arduino IDE uses a streamlined difference in C++,
making it less requesting to appreciate how to program. Finally, Arduino gives a
traditional bundling factor that breaks the parts of the cut back scale controller into a
more open package.

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ATmega328P-PU with Arduino Boot loader

Figure 4.02: ATmega328P-PU

Description:
The name says everything on this one. An Atmega328 in DIP bundle, pre-stacked
with the Arduino (16MHz) Boot loader. This will engage you to utilize Arduino code
in your especially presented connects without using a genuine Arduino board.

To get this chip working with Arduino IDE, you will require an outside
16MHz significant stone or resonator, a 5V supply, and a serial association. On the
off chance that you are not content with doing this, we propose acquiring the Arduino
Duemilanove board that has these merged with the board.

Figure 4.03: Pin Description of Arduino

1. Power USB: Arduino board can be engaged by using the USB interface from
your PC. You should basically relate the USB interface with the USB union
(1).
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2. Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino sheets can be filled particularly from the AC
mains control supply by assistant it to the Barrel Jack (2).
3. Voltage Regulator: The most distant purpose of the voltage controller is to
control the voltage given to the Arduino board and parity the DC voltages
used by the processor and diverse areas.
4. Gem Oscillator: The gainful stone oscillator helps Arduino in overseeing
time issues. How does Arduino discover time? The most ideal reaction is, by
using the noteworthy stone oscillator. The number engraved over the Arduino
critical stone is 16.000H9H. It reveals to us that the repeat is 16,000,000 Hertz
or 16 MHz.
5. Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program
from the most reliable beginning stage. You can reset the UNO board in two
different ways. Regardless, by using the reset get (17) on the board. Second,
you would interface have the ability to an outside reset catch to the Arduino
stick named RESET (5).
6,7,8,9 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin) 3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 yield volt
 5V (7): Supply 5 yield volt
 Most of the parts used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3-volt5-volt
GND (8) (Ground): There are a few GND sticks on the Arduino, any of
which it tends to be used to ground your circuit. Vin (9): This stick in like
way can be used to control the Arduino board from an outside power
source, like AC mains control supply.
6. Direct sticks: The Arduino UNO board has five clear data pins A0 through
A5. These pins can read the flag from a reasonable sensor like the moisture
sensor or temperature sensor and change over it into an electronic regard that
can be broke down by the chip.
7. Primary Controller: Each Arduino board has its own specific
microcontroller (11). You can remember it as the cerebrum of your board. The
essential IC (joined circuit) on the Arduino is somewhat not definitely the
equivalent as board to board. The microcontrollers are generally of the
ATMEL Company. You ought to perceive what IC your ban has before
stacking another program from the Arduino IDE. This information is open on
the most astounding explanation behind the IC. For more bits of finding out

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about the IC movement and purposes of restriction, you can propose the data
sheet.
8. ICSP stick: For the most part, ICSP (12) is an AVR, an unassuming
programming header for the Arduino containing MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET,
VCC, and GND. It is as frequently as conceivable proposed as a SPI (Serial
Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "extension" of the
yield. If all else fails, you are slaving the yield contraption to the expert of the
SPI transport.
9. Power LED pointer: This LED ought to light up when you relate your
Arduino to a power source to demonstrate that your blockade is empowered
certainly. If this light does not turn on, by then there is a vital issue with the
affiliation.
10. TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two names: TX (transmit)
and RX (get). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board.
Regardless, at the robotized pins 0 and 1 display the pins accountable for
sequential correspondence. Second, the TX and RX drove (13). The TX drove
flashes with different speed while sending the sequential data. The speed of
shooting depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes in the midst
of the getting method.
11. Computerized I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 electronic I/O pins (15)
(of which 6 give PWM) (Pulse Width Modulation) yield. These pins can be
dealt with to fill in as data electronic pins to look at procedure for speculation
regards (0 or 1) or as forefront yield pins to drive particular modules like
LEDs, exchanges, et cetera. The pins stamped "~" can be used to make PWM.
12. AREF: Remain for Analog Reference. It is on occasion, used to set an
external reference voltage (in the region of 0 and 5 Volts) past what many
would consider attainable for the reasonable data stick.

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Pin diagram:

Figure 4.04: Pin diagram of Arduino

SpecializedSpecifications:
Microcontroller ATmega328
Working Voltage 5V
Information Voltage(recommended) 7-12V
Info Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Computerized I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 give PWM yield)
Simple Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Streak Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

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4.3 POWER SUPPLY

Figure 4.05: Power Supply

The information to the circuit is related from the arranged power supply. The AC
information i.e., 230v from the mains give is wind around the transformer to 12v and
is lively to a rectifier. The yield grabbed from the rectifier is a sore DC voltage.
Remembering the true objective to get an unmodified DC voltage, the yield voltage
from the rectifier is supported to a channel to leave any AC parts introduce widely
after refresh. Inevitably, this voltage is given to a voltage controller to get an
immaculate unfaltering dc voltage.

Figure 4.06 : Circuitdiagramof LPC2148

The Arduino Uno can be filled by techniques for the USB association or with
an outside power supply. The power source is picked consequently. Outside (non-
USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC connector (divider wart) or battery.
The connector can be connected by ending a 2.1mm focus positive interface with the
board's essentialness jack. Leads from a battery can be embedded in the Gnd and V in
stick headers of the POWER connector.

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The board can wear down an outer supply of 6 to 20 volts. In the event that
gave under 7V, regardless, the 5V stick may supply under five volts and the board
might be unsafe. In the event that utilizing more than 12V, the voltage controller may
overheat and hurt the board. The prescribed run is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as per the going with

 VIN: The information voltage to the Arduino board when it's utilizing an
outside power source (instead of 5 volts from the USB association or other
supervised control source). You can supply voltage through this stick, or, if
giving voltage by techniques for the power jack, get to it through this stick.

5V: The facilitated control supply used to control the microcontroller and
differing parts on the board. This can come either from VIN by techniques for
an on-board controller, or be given by USB or another planned 5V supply.

3.3V: A 3.3 volts supply conveyed by the on-board controller. Most ludicrous
current draw is 50 mA.

GND: Ground pins.

Transformer:
When in doubt, DC voltages are obliged to work diverse electronic apparatus and
these voltages are 5/9/12 Volts. In any case these voltages can't be gotten arrange.

Figure 4.07: Step-down Transformer

In this way the AC information open at the mains supply i.e., 230Volts is to be
cut down to the obliged voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Along these
lines, a wander down transformer is used to diminish the voltage to an obliged level.

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Rectifier:
The yield from the transformer is made sense of how to the rectifier. It changes over
AC. into throbbing DC. The rectifier might be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In
this broaden, a phase rectifier is used by brilliance of its purposes of intrigue like
awesome reliability and full wave change.

Figure 4.08: Full wave Bridge Rectifier

Filter:
Capacitive channel is used as a touch of this wander. It removes the swells from the
yield of rectifier and smoothens the Dc. Yield got from this channel is relentless until
the mains voltage and weight is kept up reliable. On the other hand, if both of the two
is changed, Dc. voltage got starting at the present moment changes. Along these lines
a controller is connected at the yield make.

Voltage Controller:

Figure 4.09: Voltage Regulator

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A voltage controller is an electrical controller planned to thusly keep up a persevering

voltage level. In this wind, control supply of 5v and 12v are required. Remembering
the true objective to get these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage controllers are to
be used.

Memory:

The Atmega328 has 32 KB of glimmer memory for securing code (of which 0,5 KB is
utilized for the boot loader); It has in like way 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of
EEPROM.

Communication:

The Arduino Uno has different workplaces for talking with a PC, another Arduino, or
diverse microcontrollers. The ATmega328 gives UART TTL (5V) serial
correspondence, which is available on electronic pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial correspondence over USB and appears
as a virtual com port to programming on the PC. The '16U2 firmware uses the
standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is required. Nevertheless, on
Windows, an .info record is required.

The Arduino programming consolidates a serial screen which empowers

fundamental printed data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX
LEDs on the board will streak when data is being transmitted through the USB-to-
serial chip and USB relationship with the PC (however not for serial correspondence
on pins 0 and 1).

A Software Serial library thinks about serial correspondence on any of the

Uno's propelled pins. The ATmega328 in like manner supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
correspondence. The Arduino programming fuses a Wire library to streamline use of
the I2C transport; see the documentation for purposes of intrigue. For SPI
correspondence, use the SPI library.

USB Over current Protection:

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfused that shields your PC's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Though most PCs give their own specific inside confirmation,
the breaker gives an extra layer of security. If more than 500 mA is associated with

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the USB port, the circuit will normally break the relationship until the point that the
short or over-load is removed.

Physical Characteristics:

The best length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches independently, with
the USB connector and power jack extending past the past estimation. Four screw
holes empower the board to be joined to a surface or case. Note that the partition
between electronic pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even unique of the 100-mil
scattering of exchange pins.

4.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

LCD stays for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding extensive utilize supplanting
LEDs (seven-piece LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the going with
reasons:
 The declining expenses of LCDs.
 The ability to indicate numbers, characters and plan. This is instead of LEDs,
which are obliged to numbers and a few characters.
 Consolidation of a fortifying controller into the LCD, in this way easing the
CPU of the task of resuscitating the LCD. Strikingly, the LED must be
restored by the CPU to keep demonstrating the data.
 Simplicity of programming for characters and outline. These are used for
arraigning specific messages on a little scale LCD.

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Figure 4.10: LCD Module

Pin Functions:

Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) VCC
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; Register
4
and data register when high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

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16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table : Pin functions of LCD

LCD Screen:

Figure 4.11:Liquid Crystal Display

LCD Basic Commands:

Passage mode set order

These gather sets cursor move bearing and show proceed onward/OFF. There
are 4 possible limit set commands;04, 05, 06, and 07. This request modifies the course
the cursor moves by setting the convey counter to expansion or decrement. This
request is basic. If you don't understand it you may not see anything or what you
extremely expected to see on LCD screen. I have made 4 vivified gifs to indicate what
the limit set charge is about.

Exactly when my partner HakanDereli expected to get some answers

concerning LC demonstrates I gave him a LC appear and the 4*4 support that I used
with my Z80 framework. The support relies upon a 74C922 chip and my circuit to
change over the 4-bit data yield of the 74C922 to 8-bit information. It moreover has 3
distinct gets on it. This makes it exceptional to investigate diverse roads in regards to
LCDs by entering charges/data physically. Hakan attempted each and every possible
bring by sending each one of the numbers in the region of 00h and FFh to the LCD to
check whether there is an undocumented part and see how all charges work. He didn't
find anything undocumented, yet he saw how LCD carries on after every limit set call.
The accompanying are the gifs to demonstrate those requests. To show the effect of

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every limit set charge it is normal that the LCDs underneath are 2*16 LC Displays
with DD RAM convey set to 8 and underline cursor ON. Observe that when the
convey counter is set to DECREMENT, strings sent to the LCD will be engraved in
reverse demand. A comparable thing applies to the CG RAM, moreover.
 Clear Display.
 Cursor Home. RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 0 1 * Returns
the cursor to the home position (Address 0). Returns show to its unique state on
the off chance that it was moved.
 Entry Mode Set.
 Display ON/OFF.
 Cursor and Display Shift.
 Function Set.
 Set CG RAM Address.
 Set DDRAM Address.
16×2 LCD Commands:

Code (Hex) Working of LCDCommands

1 Clear display screen

2 Return home

4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)

6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)

5 Shift display right

7 Shift display left

8 Display off, cursor off

A Display off, cursor on

C Display on, cursor off

E Display on, cursor blinking

F Display on, cursor blinking

10 Shift cursor position to left

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14 Shift cursor position to right

18 Shift the entire display to the left

1C Shift the entire display to the right

80 Force cursor to beginning to 1st line

C0 Force cursor to beginning to 2nd line

90 Force cursor to beginning to 3rd line

D0 Force cursor to beginning to 4th line

38 2 lines and 5×7 matrix (8-bit mode)

28 2 lines and 5×7 matrix (4-bit mode)

N Next line

T Tab

R Enter

Table 4.12: Commands of LCD

LCD Connection:

Figure 4.13: LCD Connections

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LCD Initialization
 To instate LCD to the microcontroller the accompanying guideline and
orders are to be insert into the capacities
 0×38 is utilized for 8-bit information instatement.
 0xFH for making LCD on and instating the cursor
 0x6H for augmenting the cursor which will show another character in the
LCD
 0x1H for clearing the LCD.
 Sending information to the LCD: E=1; empower stick ought to be high
 RS=1; Register select ought to be high to write the information
 Placing the information on the information registers
 R/W=0; Read/Write stick ought to be low to write the information.

4.5 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY

An electromechanical relay is a type of relay which function using a magnetic field

produced by an electromagnetic coil when a control signal is applied to it. It is called
as electromechanical since it has moving contacts in the output circuit which are
operated by applying an electrical signal.

Electromechanical Relay: Working Principle

An electromechanical relay transfers signals between its contacts through a
mechanical movement.It has three sections viz. input section, control
sectionand output section.

Figure4.14: Electromechanical Relay

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The input section consists of input terminals where a small control signal is to
be applied. The control section has an electromagnetic coil which gets energised
when control input signal is applied to the input terminals and the output
section consists of an movable armature and mechanical contacts – movable and
stationary, the movement of the armature makes or breaks the electrical circuit.

When an input control voltage is applied to the electromagnetic coil, it gets

magnetized and the armature is attracted by the magnetic field produced by the coil.
The movable mechanical contacts are attached to the armature, thus when the
armature moves towards the electromagnet, the contacts close, making the output
circuit switched on. When the control signal is removed, the armature comes back to
its original position by the force of spring, making output circuit off.

DOPPLER SENSOR
Doppler radar sends the energy in pules and listens for any returned signal. The phase
shift effect is similar to the "Doppler shift" observed with sound waves. With the
"Doppler shift", the sound pitch of an object moving toward your location is higher
due to compression (a change in the phase) of sound waves.

Figure4.15:Doppler Sensor

This little board is a Doppler radar microwave motion sensor module. It detects
motion in a 360-degree directional range and can serve as an alternative to a PIR
motion sensor. Use it to pick up any moving objects, animals, or people. It can be

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hooked up to an output to create a DIY security system, program to wake up a device

or create a wicked Halloween decoration (tutorial below!).
Features:

 Built-in microwave frequency transmitter/receiver/mixer

 Doppler Radar capabilities

 360-degree directional detection range

 Dimensions: 17.3 x 35.9 mm

Specifications:

 Operating Voltage: 4V - 28V, 5V - 12V (recommended)

 Operating Current: 2.8mA (typical); 3mA (max)

 Detection Distance: 5~9m

 Transmitting Power: 20mW (typical); 30mW (max)

 Output voltage: 3.2V~3.4V

 Operating Temperature: -20~80 ℃

 Storage Temperature: -40~100 ℃

Pin Definition:

 3V3: 3.3V power output, it can be used as a reference voltage or as a low

current (less than 100mA) 3.3V power supply.


 GND: Ground

 VIN: 4-28V Input voltage

 CDS: CDS photodetector output. NOTE: Photodetector is not installed on

the board, it can be added by the user for daytime/nighttime detection.

Adjustment Components:

 C-TM: Regulates the repeat trigger time, the default time is 2s. It will extend
the repeat trigger time if you add the capacitor value. Eg. Pin 3 of the IC emits
a frequency (f), and the trigger time in seconds is given by (1/f) * 32678

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 R-GN: The default detection range is 7m, it will became smaller with the
resistor. 1M resistor equal to 5m.

 R-CDS: Internal VCC and internal 1M Ohm resistor in parallel connection

to the CDS pin (RCWL-9196 pin 9). Connects with a photoresistor (not
installed on the board, can be added by the user).

How it works:
Doppler radar measures the Doppler effect, or an increase or decrease in the
frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward or
away from each other.

Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations that are sent by a transmitter. They get
reflected off of objects and based on the object's velocity, the frequency of the waves
will be altered. The receiver will then detect the reflected waves and calculate the
difference in the transmitted and received waves’ frequency. This difference is what is
used for the board to sense motion.

MOTOR DRIVER

Motor drivers acts as an interface between the motors and the control
circuits. Motor require high amount of current whereas the controller circuit works on
low current signals. So the function of motor drivers is to take a low-current control
signal and then turn it into a higher-current signal that can drive a motor. Future
Electronics has a full programmable motor driver selection from several chip
manufacturers that can be used for a motor driver IC(integrated circuit), bipolar
stepper motor driver, H bridge motor driver,servo motor driver, DC motor driver,
brushless motor driver or for anycircuit that may require a motor driver.Motor driver
is shown in Figure (iv)
Simply choose from the motor driver technical attributes below and your
search results will quickly be narrowed in order to match your specific motor driver
application needs. If you have a preferred brand, we deal with several semiconductor
manufacturers such as Free scale Semiconductor, ON Semiconductor , ROHM
Semiconductor or STMicroelectronics, among others. You can easily refine your
motor driver product search results by clicking your preferred motor driver brand
below from our list of manufacturers. Motor drivers can be found in a wide array of
applications including Relay and solenoid switching,

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 Stepping motor, LED and incandescent displays,

 Automotive applications, Audio-visual equipment, PC Peripherals

Figure 4.16: Motor driver

L293D is a basic motor driver integrated chip (IC) that enables us to drive a
DC motor in either direction and also control the speed of the motor. The L293D is a
16 pin IC, with 8 pins on each side, allowing us to control the motor. It means that we
can use a single L293D to run up to two DC motors. L293D consist of two H-
bridge circuit. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for changing polarity across the load
connected to it. There are 2 OUTPUT pins, 2 INPUT pins, and 1 ENABLE pin for
driving each motor. It is designed to drive inductive loads such as solenoids, relays,
DC motors, and bipolar stepper motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage
loads.
L293D Description
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to
drive on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC
motors simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC
motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC).
The l293d can drive small and quiet big motors as well, check the Voltage
Specification at the end of this page for more info. You can Buy L293D IC in any
electronic shop very easily and it costs around 70 Rupees (INR) or around 1 $ Dollar
(approx Cost) or even lesser cost. You can find the necessary pin diagram, working, a
circuit diagram, Logic description and Project as you read through.
Concept
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the
voltage to be flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its
direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction,

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Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor. In a single L293D chip there are
two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc motor independently. Due
its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors. Given
below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller. There are two Enable pins on
l293d. Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the motor, the pin 1 and 9 need to be
high. For driving the motor with left H-bridge you need to enable pin 1 to high. And
for right H-Bridge you need to make the pin 9 to high. If anyone of the either pin1 or
pin9 goes low then the motor in the corresponding section will suspend working. It’s
like a switch.
Circuit Diagram For l293d motor driver IC controller.

Figure 4.17
Voltage Specification
VCC is the voltage that it needs for its own internal operation 5v; L293D will
not use this voltage for driving the motor. For driving the motors it has a separate
provision to provide motor supply VSS (V supply). L293d will use this to drive the
motor. It means if you want to operate a motor at 9V then you need to provide a
Supply of 9V across VSS Motor supply.
The maximum voltage for VSS motor supply is 36V. It can supply a max
current of 600mA per channel. Since it can drive motors Up to 36v hence youcan
drive pretty big motors with this l293d.

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4.6 DC MOTOR

DC Motor in Fig. 4.2 converts DC electrical power into mechanical power. It

works on the principle of Lorentz Law. The DC motor can move in both clockwise
and anticlockwise directions depending on the sign of voltage applied between its
terminals. The DC motor operates at a range of 3 to 9V and runs at a speed of
3000RPM.

Fig. 4.18 DC Motor

Specifications
 Standard 130 Type DC motor.
 Operating Voltage: 4.5V to 9V.
 Recommended/Rated Voltage: 6V.
 Current at No load: 70mA (max)
 No-load Speed: 9000 rpm.
 Loaded current: 250mA (approx)
 Rated Load: 10g*cm.
 Motor Size: 27.5mm x 20mm x 15mm.

4.7 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Arduino 1.0.6 software tools used to program microcontroller. The working of

software tool is explained below in detail.

Programming Microcontroller

A compiler for an abnormal state dialect decreases generation time. To program the
Arduino UNO microcontroller the Arduino is utilized. The writing computer

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programs is done entirely in the installed C dialect. Arduino is a suite of executable,

open-source programming advancement devices for the microcontrollers facilitated on
the Windows stage.

Arduino is a device for appearing well and good and control a greater amount
of the physical world than your desktop PC. It's an open-source physical registering
stage in view of a straightforward microcontroller board, and an improvement domain
for composing programming for the board.

One of the challenges of programming microcontrollers is the restricted

measure of assets the developer needs to manage. In PCs assets, for example, RAM
and preparing speed are essentially boundless when contrasted with microcontrollers.
Conversely, the code on microcontrollers ought to be as low on assets as could
reasonably be expected

About Arduino Compiler

Get an Arduino board and USB cable:

You additionally require a standard USB link (An attachment to B plug): the kind you
would associate with a USB printer, for instance. (For the Arduino Nano, you'll
require an A to Mini-B link.)

Fig. 4.18 Aurdino Board

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Figure 4.19:USB Cable

Connect the board:

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano consequently draw
control from either the USB association with the PC or an outer power supply. In case
you're utilizing an Arduino Diecimila, you'll have to ensure that the board is
configured to draw control from the USB association.

The power source is chosen with a jumper, a little bit of plastic that fits onto
two of the three sticks between the USB and power jacks. Watch that it's on the two
sticks nearest to the USB port. Associate the Arduino board to your PC utilizing the
USB link. The green power LED (named PWR) ought to go on.

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Figure 4.20: Connect the board

Open the blink example

Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples >1.Basics> Blink.

Figure 4.21: Opening Blink Example

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Figure 4.22: Source Code Written in Arduino Compiler

Select your board:

You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your
Arduino.

Figure 4.23: Selecting an Arduino Uno

Writing Sketches:

Software written using Arduino are called sketches. These sketches are written in the
text editor. Sketches are saved with the file extension.ino. It has features for
cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback

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while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output
by the Arduino environment including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom right-hand corner of the window displays the current board
and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create,
open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

NB: Versions of the IDE prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the extension.pde. It
is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be prompted to save the
sketch with the.ino extension on save.

Check
Checks your code for mistakes.

Transfer

Assembles your code and transfers it to the Arduino I/O board. See
transferring beneath for subtle elements.

Note: If you are utilizing an outer software engineer, you can hold down
the "move" key on your PC when utilizing this symbol. The content will
change to "Transfer utilizing Programmer"

New
Makes another draw.

Open
Presents a menu of all the representations in your sketchbook. Clicking
one will open it inside the present window.

Note: because of a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; on the off chance
that you have to open a portray late in the rundown, utilize the File |
Sketchbook menu.

Spare
Recoveries your outline.

SerialMonitor
Opens the serial screen.

Table4.24: Writing Sketches

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Extra charges are found inside the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools,
Help. The menus are setting delicate which implies just those things applicable to the
work as of now being done are accessible.

Select your serial port:

Select the serial gadget of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This
is probably going to be COM3 or higher (COM1and COM2 are typically saved for
equipment serial ports). To discover, you can disengage your Arduino board and re-
open the menu; the section that vanishes ought to be the Arduino board. Reconnect
the board and select that serial port.

Upload the program:

Before transferring your portray, you have to choose the right things from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Serial Port menus. The sheets are depicted beneath. On the Mac,
the serial port is most likely something like/dev/tty.usbmodem241 On Windows, it's
presumably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher
(for a USB board) - to discover, you search for USB serial gadget in the ports segment
of the Windows Device Manager.

On Linux, it ought to be/dev/ttyUSB0,/dev/ttyUSB1 or comparable.

Once you've chosen the right serial port and board, press the transfer catch in
the toolbar or select the Upload thing from the File menu. Current Arduino sheets will
reset naturally and start the transfer. With more established sheets (pre-Diecimila) that
need auto-reset, you'll have to press the reset catch on the board just before beginning
the transfer. On most sheets, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs flicker as the portray is
transferred. The Arduino condition will show a message when the transfer is finished,
or demonstrate a blunder.

When you transfer a portray, you're utilizing the Arduino bootloader, a little
program that has been stacked on to the microcontroller on your board. It enables you
to transfer code without utilizing any extra equipment. The bootloader is dynamic for
a couple of moments when the board resets; at that point it begins whichever outline
was most as of late transferred to the microcontroller. The bootloader will squint the
on-board (stick 13) LED when it begins (i.e., at the point when the board resets).

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Presently, just tap the "Transfer" catch in the earth. Hold up a couple of
moments - you should see the RX and TX leds on the board blazing. In the event that
the transfer is fruitful, the message "Done transferring." will show up in the status bar.
(Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you'll have to physically
exhibit the reset catch on the board promptly before squeezing the transfer catch.)

Figure4.25: Compilation under Process

A couple of moments after the transfer completes, you should see the stick 13
(L) LED on the board begin to flicker (in orange). In the event that it does, congrats!
You've gotten Arduino up-and-running.

Ubi Dots:

The basics components of any Internet of Things application powered by Ubidots are:
Devices, Variables, Synthetic Variables Engine, Dashboards, and Events.

Within this article we will address each of these concepts as they relate to
Ubidots IoT Development and Deployment Platform and how you can better organize
your Ubidots Apps to best connect with the users.

Once your devices, variables, and general Application is assembled, give your
App some layers with Ubidots Device Management to learn more about Ubidots
internal architecture and how you can use Apps, Organizations, and Users to
efficiently connect your data with those who should be using it.

Table of Contents

1. Devices
2. Variables
3. Synthetic Variables Engine
4. Dashboard and Visualizations
5. Events.

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1. Devices

A Ubidots' device is a virtual representation of a data-source or simply, an asset

taking sensor data and transmitting said data through a connection protocol to
Ubidots' cloud.

For current firmware examples and tutorials for connecting your device to
Ubidots.

All devices are different, but the standard setup on any device entails:

 A library that should be installed in the device's IDE. (Not required)

 Filling parameters for authentication and connection such as a TOKEN (i.e.

the unique ID for each account or user), device and variable labels (i.e.
devices and variables unique identifiers in Ubidots), Wi-Fi SSID and
Password, depending on the device and the requirements.

 Making API request (i.e., a call from a device to the web server). Ubidots’
libraries spare the need to manually make these requests. However, if you’re
working with a device not currently in the list of supported hardware, you
can choose a connectivity protocol such as MQTT or HTTP and make a
request using the API accordingly.

Creating devices:There are three ways to create devices:

1. Devices are created automatically in Ubidots the first time a dot is received
to a user's private TOKEN or an Organizational TOKEN.

2. Clicking the "+" icon in the top right corner of any single device's screen.

3. Creating a Device Type which then creates a new device with pre-
determined device properties, appearance, and variables and automate the on-
boarding of thousands of devices.

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2. Variables

Once a device is created and receiving data from your hardware or another 3rd party
data-source, the data will be presented in its raw or calculated form as a variable.

Types of Variables:

Default - raw data coming from devices (people counted).

Synthetic - correspond to statistical or arithmetical operations of default

variables in a determined time-frame (e.g., average daily traffic this month).

Below you can read more about synthetic variable setups.

Creating variables: there are two ways to create variables.

1. Assigning a label as a variable within your hardware's code.

2. Clicking the "+" icon found in any single device screen and assign a name
which will also correspond to the variable's label. By default, Ubidots assigns
an additional unique identifier to the variable called Variable ID. To find both
the variable's ID and variable's label, select the "i" icon form the variables
card.

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3. Synthetic Variables Engine

Ubidots Synthetic Variables (SV) Engine is a simple and effective way to create
insights from the raw data stored in Ubidots' Cloud. Using Ubidots SV Engine, users
can create Synthetic Variables that calculate and enhance data to give data-driven
decision to user of an Ubidots powered application.

For example, to calculate Average (mean) Energy consumed this week, we

will need to create a synthetic variable called Energy to calculate the product of
Current and Voltage (P=C*V): the default variable Current is multiplied by Voltage.
Then average the product every week with built-in function mean().

Synthetic Variables Analytics

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Here is a complete list of available functions, such as cos(x) or ceil(x)

functions, and more!

Note that default variables are yellow, and Synthetic Variables are green.

4. Dashboards and Visualizations

Dashboards are the human-machine interfaces where data is easily visualized. Your
Ubidots account will let you create as many dashboards as needed, containing widgets
and data-visualizations to comprehend your data at a glance. For additional details on
your dashboard's construction, check out this tutorial.

5. Events

In Ubidots, Events are messages triggered and delivered through Email, SMS,
Telegrams, Slack, Voice Call or webhook messages based on a customized design
rule created in the application. If you wish to create alerts for your IoT application,
check out this tutorial for additional support.

Three Event types:

 When sensor readings reach a specific value:

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 Variable is inactive during a specific amount of time:

 When a device enters or exits a specific area (geofence):

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CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
A live human detection system for earthquake rescue operation can be
implemented using the following components:
1. Arduino: Arduino is a microcontroller that can be used to control the other
components in the system. It can read sensor data and control motors
and buzzers based on the input.
2. ESP32 Camera: An ESP32 camera module can be used to capture images and
send them to a remote location for further analysis. It can also be used to
detect human presence in the area.
3. Bluetooth Module: A Bluetooth module can be used to communicate with a
remote device, such as a smartphone or a computer. It can be used to send
alerts and status updates.
4. Doppler Sensor: A Doppler sensor can be used to detect movement in the
area. It can detect human presence and movement even if they are not
visible.
5. LCD Module: An LCD module can be used to display status updates and sensor
readings. It can also be used to display alerts and messages.
6. Motor Driver and Motors: A motor driver and motors can be used to move the
system to a different location. It can be controlled by the Arduino based on
the sensor readings.
7. Buzzer: A buzzer can be used to generate alerts and warning signals. It can be
controlled by the Arduino based on the sensor readings.
Here are the steps to implement the system:
1. Connect the ESP32 camera to the Arduino using the appropriate pins. Install the
necessary libraries for the camera and test it by capturing images and
displaying them on the LCD module.
2. Connect the Doppler sensor to the Arduino using the appropriate pins. Install
the necessary libraries for the sensor and test it by detecting movement in the
area and displaying the readings on the LCD module.

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3. Connect the motor driver and motors to the Arduino using the appropriate pins.
Install the necessary libraries for the motor driver and test it by controlling the
motors based on the sensor readings.
4. Connect the Bluetooth module to the Arduino using the appropriate pins. Install
the necessary libraries for the Bluetooth module and test it by sending status
updates and alerts to a remote device.
5. Connect the buzzer to the Arduino using the appropriate pins. Install the
necessary libraries for the buzzer and test it by generating warning signals
based on the sensor readings.
6. Write the code for the system in the Arduino IDE. The code should read sensor
data, control the motors and buzzer based on the input, and send status updates
and alerts using the Bluetooth module.
7. Test the system in a controlled environment to ensure that it is functioning
properly. Make any necessary adjustments to the code or the hardware
configuration.
8. Deploy the system in the field and monitor its performance. Make any
necessary adjustments based on the feedback from the field.

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CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMETNAL RESULTS

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the LIVE HUMAN DETECTION SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE

RESCUE OPERATION using Arduino, ESP32 Camera, Bluetooth module, Doppler
sensor, LCD Module, Motor driver, motors, and Buzzer is a useful tool for detecting
human presence in disaster-stricken areas. The system uses a combination of sensors
and communication modules to relay information to rescue teams and aid in search
and rescue operations.

The Arduino serves as the brain of the system, processing sensor data and controlling
the output devices. The ESP32 camera captures images of the surrounding area, which
are transmitted via the Bluetooth module to a mobile device for analysis. The Doppler
sensor is used to detect movement and is particularly useful for detecting the presence
of trapped individuals.

The LCD module provides a user-friendly interface for displaying information such as
the number of detected humans and system status. The motor driver and motors are
used to control the movement of the system and enable it to navigate through difficult
terrain. The buzzer can be used to signal alerts or warnings to rescuers.

Overall, this system has the potential to greatly improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of earthquake rescue operations, saving lives and reducing the time
required for search and rescue efforts.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

In future With advancements in sensor technology, the system's accuracy

and reliability can be enhanced by using more sophisticated sensors and signal
processing techniques. The system can be integrated with AI and machine learning
algorithms to improve its ability to detect and locate survivors more accurately and
quickly.

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REFERENCES

[1] Ying –Wen Bai , Li-Shi Shen , Zong –Han Li “ Design and implementation of an
embedded home surveillance system by use of multiple ultrasonic sensors” ,
Consumer Electronics , IEEE Transactions , pp 119- 124 ,29 March 2020.

[2] S.P. Vijayaragavan 1 , M. Krishna Kumar 2 and T. Thirumoorthi3 and R. Abenash

, “Iot based live human detecting robot for earthquake rescue operation” Malaya
Journal of Matematik, Vol. S, No. 2, 1837-1840, 2020
[3] Mr. Rajesh1 , Mr. Sumer Chand Prasad2 , Mr. Brijesh Kumar Dubey3 “Alive
Human Being Detector and Anti theft Robot” International Journal of Scientific
Development and Research (IJSDR) www.ijsdr.org
[4] Hemantha v1 , Karthik BP2 , Krishnaprasad3 , Sindhu G4 , Sudarshan5 published
a paper on the topic “Live Human Detection Robot”, IJIRT- International Journal for
Innovative Research in Technology, Volume 12, Issue 8, November [2022].
[5] Purnima G, Asst. Prof. Aravind S, published a paper on the topic “Alive Human
Body Detect System Using an Autonomous Pc Controlled Rescue Robot”,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 4,
Issue 12, December [2014]
[6] Ujjwal Mishra1 , Sankalp Mishra2 , Ananya Shukla and issue a paper on the topic
“A Review of Alive Human Detection Robot During Calamity
andLandmine/Bomb/Human Detection in War Fields ", International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-
9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538 Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022-
Available at www.ijraset.com
[7] Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 published a paper on the topic “Alive Human
Detection Robot For War And Rescue Operation ”, IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
Vol-5 Issue-5 2019 [2014]
[8] Kunal Swami1 , Prof.D.G.Agrawal2 S Lourdu Jame, Y Jeyashree, S.Srikantan, P.
Jais Duraimani, Mohamed Dhageer published a paper on the topic “Detection of
Human Under Earthquake Rubble”, International Journal of Recent Technology and
Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-2S11, September 2019
[9] Mohit Bais, Kanupriya Madan, Ankit Bharti, Prof. Prity Yadav published a paper
on the topic “Alive Human Detection Robot”, International Journal of Scientific

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 Live Human Detection system for earthquake rescue operation

Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology © 2017

IJSRCSEIT | Volume 2 | Issue 1 | ISSN : 2456-3307
[10] A. Shobika1 , N. Thenkuzhali2 , S. Suganya3 , G.R. Nivedha4 , R.Hiemaja5
published a paper on the topic “Human Detection System Using Drone For
Earthquake Rescue Operation”, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering ISO 3297:2007 Certified Vol. 7, Issue 4,
April 2018
[11] Prof.Amar Pawde,khan Shaheen,khan Nazreen,khan Jameer, Patel Salman
published a paper on the topic “ALIVE HUMAN DETECTOR ROBOT FOR
RESCUE OPERATION”, International Journal of Technical Research and
Applications e-ISSN:

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APPENDIX
EMBEDDED ‘C’ – PROGRAMMING CODE

This is an Embedded C Programming Code used in my project “Live Human Detection

System For Earthquake Rescue Operation For Food Processing”. This code dumped
into Arduino

Programming code:

#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

#define mot1p 5

#define mot1n 4

#define mot2p 7

#define mot2n 6

#define Sensor A3

#define buzzerP 8

#define buzzerN 9

int flg, sensor_value;

char input;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Live Human Detection");

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lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("and Rescue System");

pinMode(Sensor, INPUT);

pinMode(mot1p, OUTPUT);

pinMode(mot1n, OUTPUT);

pinMode(mot2p, OUTPUT);

pinMode(mot2n, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzerP, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzerN, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(mot1p, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot1n, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot2p, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot2n, LOW);

digitalWrite(buzzerP, LOW);

digitalWrite(buzzerN, LOW);

Serial.println(">>Metal Detector Robot<<");

Serial.println(">> START <<");

delay(500);

void loop()

if (sensor_value == 1)

int val = digitalRead(Sensor);

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if ((val > 0) && (flg == 0))

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Motion Detected");

digitalWrite(buzzerP, HIGH);

Serial.println("Motion Detected");

flg = 1;

if (val == 0)

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(" ");

digitalWrite(buzzerP, LOW);

flg = 0;

if (Serial.available() > 0)

input = Serial.read();

if (input == 'F')

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("FORWARD");

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Serial.println("Robot Moves forward");

digitalWrite(mot1p, HIGH);

digitalWrite(mot1n, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot2p, HIGH);

digitalWrite(mot2n, LOW);

delay(250);

else if (input == 'L')

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("LEFT");

Serial.println("Robot Moves LEFT");

digitalWrite(mot1p, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot1n, HIGH);

digitalWrite(mot2p, HIGH);

digitalWrite(mot2n, LOW);

delay(250);

else if (input == 'R')

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("RIGHT");

Serial.println("Robot Moves RIGHT");

digitalWrite(mot1p, HIGH);

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digitalWrite(mot1n, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot2p, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot2n,

HIGH); delay(250);

else if (input == 'B')

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("BACKWARD");

Serial.println("Robot Backward");

digitalWrite(mot1p, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot1n, HIGH);

digitalWrite(mot2p, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot2n, HIGH);

delay(250);

else if (input == 'S')

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("STOP");

Serial.println("Robot Stop");

digitalWrite(mot1p, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot1n, LOW);

digitalWrite(mot2p, LOW);

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digitalWrite(mot2n, LOW);

digitalWrite(buzzerP, LOW);

delay(250);

else if (input == 'X')

sensor_value = 1;

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Sensor ON");

Serial.println("Sensor Switched ON");

delay(250);

else if (input == 'Y')

sensor_value = 0;

lcd.begin();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Sensor OFF");

Serial.println("Sensor Swithched OFF");

digitalWrite(buzzerP, LOW);

delay(250);

input = '\n';

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