Solved Anna University Problems

(NOV/DEC 2010 - NOV/DEC 2019)

EC8651 - Transmission Lines and RF Systems

UNIT 4 - Waveguides
 UNIT 4 - WAVEGUIDES
PROBLEMS
PARALLEL PLATE WAVEGUIDE:
1) For a frequency of 10GHz and plane separation of 5cm in air, find the cut off
frequency, cut off wavelength, phase velocity and group velocity of the wave.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2019) (13 Marks), (EC6503 - APR/MAY 2019) (13
Marks), (EC6503 - APR/MAY 2016) (16 Marks)
Solution:
Given: f=10x109 , a=5x10-2, no mode and wave is given so, take dominant
mode as TE10 or TM10, therefore m=1
1. The cut off frequency, fc is given by
2
1  mπ 
fc   
2π με  a 

1
for air medium,  c  3  108
με

2
c  mπ  mc 1  3  10 8
therefore, fc       3 GHz
2π  a  2a 2  5  10  2

2. The cutoff wavelength, c is given by

c 3  10 8
λc    0.1m
f c 3  10 9

3. The Phase velocity, vp is given by

ω ω 1
vp   
βm f 
2
f 
2

ω με 1   c  με 1   c 
f  f 
c 1
vp  ,  for air medium c
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 

3  108 3  108
vp    3.1449  108 m /sec
 3  109 
2 0.9539
1   
9 
 10  10 
vp=3.1449x108 m/sec
4. Group velocity, vg

vg 
c2


3  10 8 
2

 2.8618  10 8 m /sec
v p 3.1449  10 8

vg=2.8618x108 m/sec
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) A parallel perfectly conducting plates are separated by 7 cm in air and
carries a signal with frequency (f) of 6GHz in TEl mode. Find
(1) The cut-off frequency (fc),
(2) Phase constant,
(3) Attenuation constant and Phase constant for f = 0.8 fc and
(4) Cut off wavelength. (8) (EC2503 - APR/MAY 2013)(8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: a=7cm=0.07m, f=6GHz, m=1
1)The cut off frequency, fc is given by
2
1  mπ 
fc   
2π με  a 

1
for air medium,  c  3  108
με

2
c  mπ  mc 1  3  10 8
therefore, fc       2.143 GHz
2π  a  2a 2  7  10  2

fc=2.143GHz

2)The phase constant,  is given by

2
 mπ 
2
βmn  ω με   
 a 

ω  2πf  2  3.14  6  109  3.768  1010

ω2 14.198  1020

με 11.11  10 18
2
20 18  3.14 
 βmn  (14.198  10  11.11  10 ) 
 0.07 

βmn  15773 .78  2012.16

mn = 117.31 read/m
3)Attenuation constant and Phase constant for f = 0.8 fc,

f=0.8fc =0.8x2.143x109 =1.713x109

ω  2πf  2  3.14  1.713  109 1.0758  1010

ω 2 1.15727  1020
2 2
 mπ  2  π  20 18
γ mn     ω με     (1.15727  10  11.11  10 )
 a   0 .07 

γ mn  2012.16  1285.72  26.92

mn= 26.92

4) The Cut off wavelength c is given by,

c 3  10 8
λc    0.13999m (Or )14cm
f c 2.143  10 9

c = 14cm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) A wave is propagated in the dominant mode in a parallel plane waveguide.
The frequency is 6GHz and the plane separation is 4cm. Calculate the cutoff
wavelength and the wavelength in the waveguide. (EC2503 - APR/MAY
2014)(2 Marks) (EC2503 - APR/MAY 2016)(2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: a=4cm=0.04m, f=6GHz, mode = Dominant (TE1 or TM1, ) so, m=1
1) The cutoff wavelength, c is given by

c 3  10 8
λc    0.1m
f c 3  10 9

where, the cut off frequency, fc is given by

mc 3  10 8
fc    3.75 GHz
2a 2  0.04

c 3  10 8
therefore, λ c    0.8m
f c 3.75  10 9

2)The guide wavelength g is given by,

 λ
λg 
2
 λ 
1   
 λc 

c 3  10 8
where, λ    0.5m
f 6  10 9
0.5
λg   0.6405m
2
 0.5 
1  
 0.8 

g = 0.6405m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4) A wave is propagated in a parallel plane waveguide. The frequency is 6GHz
and the plane separation is 3cm. Determine the group and phase velocities for
the dominant mode. EC2305 NOV-DEC 2013 (2 Marks) EC2305 ND2010 (2)
EC2305 NOV/DEC 2010 (2)
Solution:
Given: f=6 GHz, a=3cm=0.03m, mode = Dominant (TE1 or TM1, ) so, m=1
1) The guide wavelength, g is given by
2π
λg 
βmn

where, mn is given as,

 mπ  2  nπ  2 
2
βmn  ω με      
 a   b  

ω  2πf  2  3.14  9  109  5.652  1010

ω2  31.945  1020

με 11.11  10 18

20 18
 3.14  2  0  2 
 βmn  (31.945  10  11.11  10 )      
 0.045   0.03  

βmn  35.4910  103  4868.94

βmn  174.99 rad / m

2π 2π
Therefore, λ g  β 
174.99
 0.0359m
mn

g = 0.0359 m
1) The Phase velocity, vp is given by
ω
vp 
βm

where, m is given as,

2
2 mπ 
β m  ω με   
 a 

ω  2πf  2  3.14  6  109  3.768  1010

ω 2 14.198  1020

με 11.11  10 18
2
 3.14 
 βmn  (14.198  10 20  11.11  10 18 )   
 0.03 

βmn  15.774  103 10955.11

m = 69.418 rad/m

ω 3.768  1010
therefore, v p    5.428  10 8 m / sec
βm 69.418

vp=5.428x108 m/sec

3) Group velocity, vg

vg 
c2


3  10 8 2

 1.658  10 8 m / sec
v p 5.428  10 8

vg=1.658x108 m/sec
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5) A TEM wave at 1MHz propagates in the region between conducting planes
which is filled with dielectric material of r=1 and r=2. Find the phase
constant and characteristic wave impedance. (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2010)
(4marks)
Solution:
Given: f=1GHz, r=1 and r=2
1) where, the phase constant, mn is given by

β mn  ω με
βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r

βmn  2  3.14  1  10 6 4  3.14  10 7  1  8.854  10 12  2

βmn  6.28  106  4.716  10 9

mn = 0.0296 rad/m

2) The characteristic impedance for TEM wave is given by,

μ μ0 μr 4  3.14  10 7  1
Z TEM  η     266 .32 ohms
ε ε 0 εr 8.854  10 12  2

ZTEM = 266.32 ohms

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
1) A TE10 wave at 10GHz propagates in a brass c=1.57x107(S/m) rectangular
waveguide with inner dimensions a=1.5cm and b=0.6cm, which is filled with
r=2.25, r=1, loss tangent=4x10-4. Determine:
1) the phase constant ,
2) the guide wavelength,
3) the phase velocity,
4) the wave impedance,
5) the attenuation constant due to loss in the dielectric and,
6) the attenuation constant due to loss in the guide walls.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2019) (15 Marks) (EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2018) (15
Marks)
Solution:
Given: mode = TE10, f=10GHz, c=1.57x107(S/m), a=1.5cm = 1.5x10-2 m and
b=0.6cm = 0.6x10-2 m, r=2.25, r=1, loss tangent, tan=4x10-4
1) The phase constant,  is given by
2
f 
βmn  ω με 1   c 
f 
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
where, fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2 εr  a  b
 2 2
3x10 8  1   0 
fc   2 
 2 
2 2.25  1.5 x10   0.6x10 

fc  6.6667 GHz
2
f 
therefore, βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r 1  c 
f 
2
 6.6667  109 
βmn  2  3.14  10  10 9
4  3.14  10 7
 1  8.854  10 12
 2.25 1   9

 10  10 

βmn  6.28  1010  5.0021  109  0.74535

mn = 234.139 rad/m

2) The guide wavelength g is given by,

2π 2  3.14
λg    0.02682 m
βmn 234.139

g = 0.02682m

3) The Phase velocity, vp is given by,

ω ω 1
vp   
βmn f 
2
f 
2

ω με 1   c  με 1   c 
f  f 
1 c 1
vp   ,   c , and μ r  1
f 
2
f 
2
μ0ε 0
μ0μrε 0 ε r 1   c  εr 1   c 
f  f 

3  108 3  108
vp    2.6834  108 m /sec
 6.667  109 
2 1.118
2.25 1   9

 10  10 
vp=2.6834x108 m/sec

4) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

ωμ
Z TE 
βmn
 2  π  f  μ 0 μ r 2  3.14  10  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1
Z TE  
βmn 234.139

ZTE = 336.88 ohms

5) The attenuation constant due to dielectric loss is given by,

σ dη μ
αd  , where η 
2 ε
f 
2 1  c 
f 

In this problem, d is not specified, but the loss tangent is given. The loss
tangent tan is
σd
tanδ 
ωε
i.e., d = tan = 2f0rtan

μ0μr
2πfε 0 ε r tan δ
σ dη ε 0ε r πf μ 0 ε 0 ε r tan δ
therefore, α d   
2 2 2
f  f  f 
2 1  c  2 1  c  1  c 
f  f  f 

1
substituting μ0ε 0 
c
πf tan δ
therefore, α d 
2
c f 
1  c 
εr f 

3.14  10  109  4  10 4
αd  ( tan δ  4x10  4 given)
2
3  108  6.6667  109 
1   9

2.25  10  10 

12.56  106
αd   0.0843 Np /m
149.07  106
d = 0.0843 Np/m

6) The attenuation constant c is given by,

c for the TE10 mode is,
  2b  fc  2 
R s     1
a f  
αc   Np / m
2
 fc 
bη 1   
f 

πfμ
where, R s 
σc

πfμ 3.14 10  10 9  4π  10 7

Rs  
σc 1.57  10 7

198.59
Rs   0.05012 ohms
3962.32

μ μ0 μr 4π  10 7  1
η    251 .0925 ohms
ε ε 0 εr 8.854  10 12  2.25

 2  0.6  10  2  6.6667  10 9  2 
0.05012 2

 10  10 9    1 
 1.5  10   
therefore, α c  Np / m
9 2
 6 .6667  10 
0.6  10  2  251.0925 1   9

 10  10 
c = 0.0605 Np/m
Total attenuation in the waveguide = c+d
= 0.0605 +0.0843 = 0.1448 Np/m or 1.258 dB/m
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Calculate the cut-off frequency of a rectangular waveguide whose inner
dimensions are a=2.5cm and b=1.5cm operating at TE10 mode. (EC6503 -
APR/MAY 2017) (2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: a=2.5cm = 2.5x10-2 m and b=1.5cm = 1.5x10-2 m, mode = TE10; m=1,
n=0
The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2 2 2
c m n 3  10 8  1   0 
fc        2 
 2 
2  a  b 2  2.5  10   1.5  10 
fc =6GHz
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) An air filled rectangular waveguide of inner dimensions 2.286 x 1.016 in
centimeters operates in the dominant TE10 modes. Calculate the cut-off
frequency and phase velocity of a wave in the guide at a frequency of 7GHz.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2016) (2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 2.286cm = 0.02286m, b=1.016cm=0.01016m. f=7GHz, mode=TE10,
The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   0 
fc   2 
 2 
2  2.286x10   1.016x10 
fc = 6.56GHz
The phase velocity is given by,
c 1
vp  ,  for air medium c
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 

3  108 3  108
vp    8.597  108 m /sec
 6.56  109 
2 0.3489
1   9


 7  10 
vp=8.597x108 m/sec
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4) A rectangular waveguide of cross section 5cm x 2cm is used to propagate
TM11 mode at 10 GHz. Determine the cut-off wavelength.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2015) (2marks) (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2014) (2marks)
Solution:
Given: a=5cm = 0.05m, b=2cm =0.02m, f=10GHz, mode - TM11, m=1, n=1
The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b
 2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.05   0.02 

fc  8.078 GHz

therefore, cut-off wavelength is given by,

c 3  10 8
λc    0.0371 m
fc 8.078  10 9

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5) A rectangular air-filled copper waveguide with dimension 0.9 inch x 0.4 inch
cross section and 12 inch length is operated at 9.2 GHz with a dominant mode.
Find cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase velocity, characteristics
impedance and the loss. (EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2015) (16 marks) (EC2305 -
NOV/DEC 2011) (16 marks)
Solution:
Given: a=0.9 inch=0.02286m, b=0.4inch=0.01016m, f=9.2GHz,
l=12inch=0.3048 (Note:1 inch=2.54cm), medium=air, dominant mode, TE10
1) The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   0 
fc   2 
 2 
2  2.286x10   1.016x10 
fc = 6.56GHz
2)The phase velocity is given by,
c 1
vp  ,  for air medium c
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 

3  108 3  108
vp    4.279  108 m /sec
 6.56  109 
2 0.7011
1   
9 
 9.2  10 
vp=4.279x108 m/sec

3) The guide wavelength g is

 2π
 λg 
βmn

where, the phase constant, mn is given by

2
f 
βmn  ω με 1   c 
f 
2
f 
βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r 1   c 
f 
2
 6.56  109 
βmn  2  3.14  9.2  10 9
4  3.14  10 7
 1  8.854  10 12
 1 1   
9 
 9.2  10 

βmn  5.7776  1010  3.335  109  0.7011

mn = 135.08 rad/m

therefore, the guide wavelength g is given by,
2π 2  3.14
λg    0.0465 m
βmn 135.08

g = 0.0465m

4) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

ωμ
Z TE 
βmn

2  π  f  μ0μr 2  3.14  9.2  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1

Z TE  
βmn 135.08

ZTE = 537.21 ohms

5)The loss due to imperfectly conducting guide walls is found using the
formula,
c for the TE10 mode is,

 2b  fc  2 
R s     1
a f  
αc   Np / m
2
 fc 
bη 1   
f 

πfμ
where, R s 
σc
 πfμ 3.14  9.2  10 9  4π  10 7
Rs  
σc 1.57  10 7

190.48
Rs   0.0480 ohms
3962.32

μ μ0 μr
η   377 ohms
ε ε 0 εr

 2  0.01016  6.56  10 9  2 
0.0480   
9 
 1
 0.02286  9.2  10  
therefore, α c  Np / m
9 2
 6.56  10 
0.01016  377 1   9 

 9.2  10 

 2  0.01016  6.56  10 9  2 
0.0480   
9 
 1
 0.02286  9.2  10   0.06969
αc   Np / m
 6.56  10 9 
2 2.6855
0.01016  377 1   9 

 9.2  10 
c = 0.025955 Np/m
therefore, the total loss taking place throughout the waveguide is,
c (12 inch) = 0.025955 x 0.3048 = 7.9097x10-3Np/m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6) An air filled rectangular waveguide of dimensions a=4.5cm and b=3cm
operates in the TM11 mode. Find the cutoff wavelength and characteristic wave
impedance at a frequency of 9 GHz. (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2016) (8marks)
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2013) (4marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 4.5cm = 0.045m, b=3cm=0.03m. f=9GHz, mode=TM11,
1) The cutoff wavelength, c is given by
c
λc 
fc

where, the cut-off frequency fc is given by,

2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b
 2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.045   0.03 
fc = 6.009GHz
Therefore the cutoff wavelength, c is

c 3  10 8
λc    0.049925 m
f c 6.009  10 9

2) The wave impedance ZTM is given by,

2
β  fc 
Z TM  mn (Or ) η 1   
ωε f 

2 2
 fc   6.009  10 9 
Z TM  η 1     377 1   9

f   9  10 

ZTM = 280.66 ohms

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7) An air filled rectangular waveguide of dimensions a=7cm and b=3.5cm

operates in the dominant mode. Find the guide wavelength and phase velocity
at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. (EC2305 - MAY/JUNE 2016) (4marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 7cm = 0.07m, b=3.5cm=0.035m. f=3.5GHz, mode=TE10,
1) The guide wavelength, g is given by
2π
λg 
βmn

where, mn is given as,

 mπ  2  nπ  2 
βmn  ω 2 με      
 a   b  

ω  2πf  2  3.14  3.5  109  2.198  1010

ω 2  4.8312  1020

με 11.11  10 18

 3.14  2  0  2 
 βmn  (4.8312  10 20  11.11  10 18 )      
 0.07   0.035  

βmn  5.36747  10 3  2012.16

βmn  57.925 rad / m

 2π 2π
Therefore, λ g  β 
57.925
 0.1084m
mn

g = 0.108 m

2)The phase velocity vp is given by,

ω 2.198  1010
vp    3.79456  10 8 m /sec
βm 57.925

vp = 3.7945 x 108 m/sec

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8) A rectangular wave guide with dimensions a = 2.5 cm, b= 1 cm is to operate
below 15 GHz. How many TE and TM modes can the waveguide transmit if the
guide is filled with a medium characterized by =0,  = 4 o, r=1? Calculate the
cutoff frequencies of the modes. (EC2305 - APR/MAY 2011) (16marks)
Solution:
Given: a = 2.5 cm = 0.025m, b= 1cm= 0.01m, f=15 GHz, =0,  = 4 o, r=1
The cut-off frequency is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2 εr  a  b

2 2
3  10 8 m n
fc     
2 4  a  b
2 2
 m   n 
f c  75  10 6    
 0.025   0.01 
Now, let us consider different values of m and n
For TE01 mode: m=0, n=1
2 2
 0   1 
f c 01  75  10 6      7.5 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE02 mode: m=0, n=2
2 2
6  0   2 
f c 02  75  10      15 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE03 mode: m=0, n=3
 2 2
6  0   3 
f c 03  75  10      22.5 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
Thus for TE03 mode, fc03 > f, i.e., fc03 > 15 GHz. Hence the modes with n>2
cannot propagate through guide.
For TE10 mode: m=1, n=0
2 2
 1   0 
f c10  75  10 6      3 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE20 mode: m=2, n=0
2 2
6  2   0 
f c 20  75  10      6 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE30 mode: m=3, n=0
2 2
6  3   0 
f c 30  75  10      9 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE40 mode: m=4, n=0
2 2
6  4   0 
f c 40  75  10      12 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE50 mode: m=5, n=0
2 2
6  5   0 
f c50  75  10      15GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE60 mode: m=6, n=0
2 2
 6   0 
f c 60  75  10 6      18 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
Thus for TE60 mode, fc60 > f, i.e., fc60 > 15 GHz. Hence the modes with m>5
cannot propagate through guide.
For TE11 , TM11 modes (Degenerate modes): m=1, n=1
2 2
6  1   1 
f c11  75  10      8.078 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE12 , TM12 modes (Degenerate modes): m=1, n=2
2 2
6  1   2 
f c12  75  10      15.3 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE21 , TM21 modes (Degenerate modes): m=2, n=1
 2 2
6  2   1 
f c 21  75  10      9.6 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE31 , TM31 modes (Degenerate modes): m=3, n=1
2 2
6  3   1 
f c 31  75  10      11.72 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE41 , TM41 modes (Degenerate modes): m=4, n=1
2 2
 4   1 
f c 41  75  10 6      14.14 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
For TE51 , TM51 modes (Degenerate modes): m=5, n=1
2 2
6  5   1 
f c51  75  10      16.77 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
Thus the modes whose cut-off frequency is less than or equal to 15 GHZ will
be propagated or transmitted. This in all total 11 TE modes and 4 AM modes
are transmitted by the rectangular guide.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9) An air filled rectangular waveguide of dimension a=6cm and b=4cm operates
in the TM11 mode. Find the cutoff frequency, guide wavelength and phase
velocity at a frequency of 3GHz. APR-MAY2014 (6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: a=6cm = 0.06m, b=4cm = 0.04m, mode-TM11, m=1, n=1, f=3GHz
The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.06   0.04 
fc = 4.5069 GHz

2) The guide wavelength g, is given by,

2π
λg 
β mn
  mπ  2  nπ  2 
βmn  ω 2 με      
 a   b  

ω  2πf  2  3.14  3  109 1.884  1010

ω 2  3.549  10 20

με 11.11  10 18

 3.14  2  3.14  2 
 β mn  (3.549  10 20  11.11  10 18 )      
 0.06   0.04  

β mn  3.943  10 3  8901.02

mn value is imaginary. So, no wave propagates and guide wavelength cannot
be calculated.

2)The phase velocity vp is given by,

ω
vp 
βm

The wave does not propagate.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10) An air filled rectangular waveguide has a=6cm and b=4cm. The signal
frequency is 3GHz. Determine the cutoff frequency for TM11 mode.
(EC2305 - APR/MAY 2016) (2 marks)
Solution:
Given: a=6cm = 0.06m, b=4cm = 0.04m, mode-TM11, m=1, n=1, f=3GHz
The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.06   0.04 
fc = 4.5069 GHz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11) A rectangular waveguide of cross section 5cm x 2cm is used to propagate
TM11 mode at 10GHz. Determine the cutoff wave length.
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2015) (2 marks), (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2011) (2 marks)
Solution:
Given: a=5cm = 0.05m, b=2cm = 0.02m, mode-TM11, m=1, n=1, f=10GHz
The cutoff wavelength, c is given by
c
λc 
fc

where, the cut-off frequency fc is given by,

2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.05   0.02 
fc = 8.078 GHz
Therefore the cutoff wavelength, c is

c 3  10 8
λc    0.0371 m
f c 8.078  10 9

c=0.0371 m
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12) A rectangular air-filled copper waveguide with a=2.28 am and b=1.01 am
cross section and l=30.45 cm is operated at 9.2 GHz with a dominant mode.
Find cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase velocity, and characteristics
impedance. (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2014) (16 marks)
Solution:
Given: a=2.28 cm = 0.0228 m, b=1.01inch=0.0101m, f= 9.2GHz,
l=30.45cm=0.3045m, medium=air, dominant mode, TE10
1) The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b
 2 2
3x10 8  1   0 
fc   2 
 2 
2  2.28 x10   1.01x10 
fc = 6.579GHz
2)The phase velocity is given by,
c 1
vp  ,  for air medium c
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 

3  10 8 3  10 8
vp    4.292  10 8 m /sec
 6.579  10 9 
2 0.699
1   9

 9.2  10 
vp=4.292x108 m/sec
3) The guide wavelength g is
2π
 λg 
βmn

where, the phase constant, mn is given by

2
f 
βmn  ω με 1   c 
f 
2
f 
βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r 1  c 
f 
2
 6.579  10 9 
βmn  2  3.14  9.2  10 9
4  3.14  10 7
 1  8.854  10 12
 1 1   9

 9.2  10 
βmn  5.7776  1010  3.335  10 9  0.699
mn = 134.69 rad/m
therefore, the guide wavelength g is given by,
2π 2  3.14
λg    0.0466 m
βmn 134.69

g = 0.0466m
4) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,
ωμ
Z TE 
βmn
2  π  f  μ0μr 2  3.14  9.2  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1
Z TE  
βmn 134.69
ZTE = 538.77 ohms
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13) A rectangular waveguide with a=7cm and b=3.5cm is used to propagate
TM10 at 3.5GHZ. Determine the guided wavelength.
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2013) (2marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 7cm = 0.07m, b=3.5cm=0.035m. f=3.5GHz, mode=TM10,
1) The guide wavelength, g is given by
2π
λg 
βmn

where, mn is given as,

 mπ  2  nπ  2 
2
βmn  ω με      
 a   b  

ω  2πf  2  3.14  3.5  109  2.198  1010

ω 2  4.8312  1020

με 11.11  10 18

20 18
 3.14  2  0  2 
 βmn  (4.8312  10  11.11  10 )      
 0.07   0.035  

βmn  5.36747  10 3  2012.16

βmn  57.925 rad / m

2π 2π
Therefore, λ g  β 
57.925
 0.1084m
mn

g = 0.108 m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14) A rectangular waveguide measuring a=4.5cm and b=3cm internally has a
9GHZ signal propagated in it. Calculate the guide wavelength, phase and
group velocities and characteristic impedance for the dominant mode.
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2010) (6marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 4.5cm = 0.045m, b=3cm=0.03m. f=9GHz, mode=TE10,
1) The guide wavelength, g is given by
2π
λg 
βmn

where, mn is given as,

  mπ  2  nπ  2 
βmn  ω 2 με      
 a   b  

ω  2πf  2  3.14  9  109  5.652  1010

ω2  31.945  1020

με 11.11  10 18

 3.14  2  0  2 
 βmn  (31.945  10 20  11.11  10 18 )      
 0.045   0.03  

βmn  35.4910  103  4868.94

βmn  174.99 rad / m

2π 2π
Therefore, λ g  β 
174.99
 0.0359m
mn

g = 0.0359 m

2) The Phase velocity, vp is given by

ω 5.652  1010
vp    3.23  10 8 m /sec
βm 174.99

vp=3.23x108 m/sec

3) Group velocity, vg

vg 
c2


3  10 8 
2

 2.786  10 8 m / sec
v p 3.23  10 8

vg=2.786x108 m/sec

4)The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

ωμ
Z TE 
βmn

2  π  f  μ0μr 2  3.14  9  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1

Z TE  
βmn 174.99

ZTE = 405.675 ohms

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE

1) A TE11 wave is propagating through a circular waveguide. The diameter of

the guide is 10cm and the guide is air-filled. Given X11 = 1.842.
(1) Find the cut-off frequency. (3)
(2) Find the wavelength in the guide for a frequency of 3 GHz. (2)
(3) Determine the wave impedance in the guide. (3)
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2016) (8 Marks) (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2018) (8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: diameter = 10cm, a=5cm = 0.05m, Mode - TE11, m=1, n=1
(1) The cut off frequency fc is given by,

fc 
ha mn 
ha mn c 
1
 c ; (for air medium)
2πa με 2πa με

fc 
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa

1.842  3  108
fc  1.7599 GHz; (ha )11  1.842 ; given value
2π  5  10  2
fc = 1.7599 GHz

(2) The wavelength in the guide for a frequency of 3 GHz is given by,
λ
λg 
2
f 
1  c 
f 

c 3  108
λ   0.1m
f 3  109
λ 0.1 0.1
λg     0.1234m
f 
2
 1.7599  109 
2 0.8099
1  c  1   
f   3  10 9


g = 0.1234 m

(c) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

 ωμ η
Z TE  (or ) Z TE 
βmn f 
2

1  c 
f 

η 377
Z TE  
2 2
f   1.7599  109 
1  c  1   
f   3  109 
377
Z TE   465.49 ohms;  η  120π or 377 ohms for air medium
0.8099
ZTE = 465.49 ohms
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) An air filled circular waveguide having an inner radius of 1cm is excited in
dominant mode at 10GHz. Find (a) the cut off frequency of the dominant mode
at 10GHz. (b) the guide wavelength and (c) wave impedance. Also find the
bandwidth for operation in the dominant mode only.
(EC6503 - APR/MAY 2018) (13 Marks) (EC2305 - APR/MAY 2019) (16
Marks) (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2011) (8 marks)
Solution:
Given: Dominant mode (TE11), inner radius, a= 1cm=1x10-2m, f=10GHz
(a) the cut off frequency fc is given by,

fc 
h mn

ha mn  ha mn c  hmn 
ha mn , 1
 c ; (for air medium)
2π με 2πa με 2πa a με

fc 
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa

1.841  3  10 8
fc   8.795 GHz; (ha )11  1.841
2π  1  10  2
fc = 8.795 GHz
(b) the guide wavelength g is given by,
λ
λg 
2
f 
1  c 
f 

c 3  10 8
λ   3  10  2 m
f 10  10 9

λ 3  10 2 3  10 2
λg     0.063m
f 
2
 8.795  109 
2 0.4759
1  c  1   
f   10  10 
9
g = 0.063 m

(c) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

ωμ η
Z TE  (or ) Z TE 
βmn f 
2

1  c 
f 

η 377
Z TE  
2 2
f   8.795  109 
1  c  1   
f   10  10 
9

377
Z TE   792.185 ohms;  η  120π or 377 ohms for air medium
0.4759
ZTE = 792.185 ohms

(d) The bandwidth is given by,

Bandwidth = cutoff frequency of TM01 - cutoff frequency of TE11

cutoff frequency of TM01 is fc 

ha mn c  ha 01 c
2πa 2πa

2.405  3  108
fc  11.4889 GHz; (ha )01  2.405
2π  1  10  2
fc = 11.4889 GHz
fc for TM01= 11.4889 GHz and fc for TE01= 8.795 GHz
Therefore Bandwidth = (11.4889 - 8.795 )GHz = 2.695 GHz
Bandwidth = 2.695 GHz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) When dominant mode is transmitted through a circular waveguide, the
wavelength measured is to be 13.33cm. The frequency of the microwave signal
is 3.75GHz. Calculate the cut-off frequency, inner radius of guide, phase
velocity, group velocity, phase constant, wave impedance, bandwidth for
operation in dominant mode only. (EC6503 - APR/MAY 2017) (2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Dominant mode (TE11), g=13.33cm = 13.33x10-2 m, f=3.75 GHz
1) The Cut-off frequency fc is given by

fc 
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa
Note: inner radius of the circular guide is not given. so, we cannot use the
above formula. To find fc, first we have to find c and then using c we have to
find fc.
1 1 1
W.K.T 2
 2  2
λ0 λc λg

c 3x10 8
where, λ 0    0.08m
f 3.75x10 9
1 1 1
2
 2 
(0.08) λ c (0.01333 )2

c=0.1m

c 3  10 8
Therefore, fc = fc    3 GHz
λc 0.1

fc = 3GHz

2) The inner radius can be found using the formula,

fc 
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa
ha 11 c 1.841  3  10 8
a   0.02932 m
2πfc 2  3.14  3  10 9

a=0.02932m

3) The Phase velocity, vp is given by

c 1
vp  ,  for air medium c
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 

3  10 8 3  10 8
vp    5.0  10 8 m /sec
 3  10 9 
2 0.6
1   
9 
 3.75  10 
vp=5.0x108 m/sec

Group velocity, vg

vg 

c 2 3  10 8


2

 2.8618  10 8 m / sec
8
vp 5  10

vg=1.8x108 m/sec
 2π
 λg 
βmn

2π 2  3.14
βmn    471.118 m
λ g 0.01333

(c) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

ωμ η
Z TE  (or ) Z TE 
βmn f 
2

1  c 
f 

η 377
Z TE  
2 2
f   3  109 
1  c  1   
9 
f   3.75  10 
377
Z TE   628.33 ohms;  η  120π or 377 ohms for air medium
0.6
ZTE = 628.33 ohms

(d) The bandwidth is given by,

Bandwidth = cutoff frequency of TM01 - cutoff frequency of TE11

cutoff frequency of TM01 is fc 

ha mn c  ha 01 c
2πa 2πa

2.405  3  10 8
fc   3.9184 GHz; (ha )01  2.405
2π  0.02932  10  2
fc = 3.9184 GHz
fc for TM01= 3.9184 GHz and fc for TE01= 3 GHz
Therefore Bandwidth = (3.9184 - 3 )GHz = 0.9184 GHz
Bandwidth = 0.9184 GHz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4) A 10 GHZ signal is to be transmitted inside a hollow circular conducting
pipe. Determine the inside diameter of the pipe such that its lowest cut off
frequency is 20% below this signal frequency. (6) [AU-MAY 2012]
Solution:
Given: f=10 GHz, fc = 20%f
The lowest cutoff frequency for the dominant mode is given by,

fc 
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa
ha 11 c 1.841  3  10 8 0.293c
fc   9

2πa 2  3.14  3  10 a
But the lowest cut-off frequency fc11 is 20% less than the operating frequency
of 10 GHz. Hence we can write,
fc11 = 10 GHz - (20% of 10 GHZ)
= 10x109 - 2x109
= 8 GHz

0.293c 0.293  3  10 8
therefore, a    1.098 cm
fc 8  10 9

a=1.095 am
Hence the inner diameter of the pipe is 2a = 2.197cm
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