Traffic PPT Abilla 1

TRANSPORTATION VS.
TRAFFIC
• Transportation is the movement or conveying of

persons and goods from one location to another.
• Traffic is the movement of persons, goods, or

vehicles, either powered by combustion system or
animal drawn from one place to another for the
purpose of safe travel.
ROADS AND VEHICLE
HISTORY
I. WHEELS
• Was invented probably in
Western Asia
• One of man’s greatest
intentions
• It began to appear in
Tigris-Euphrates Valley
WHEEL- INVENTED PROBABLY WESTERN
ASIA. ARCHEOLOGISTS FOUND THAT
WHEEL WAS INVENTED IN SOUTHWEST ASIA
AND MESOPOTAMIA. AS IT WAS
PERFECTED (CRUDE CARTS AND WAGONS)
BEGAN TO APPEAR IN TIGRI EUPHRATES
VALLEY ABOUT 3500 B.C. AND LATER IN
CRETE, EGYPT AND CHINA.
LJUBLANA MARSHES WOODEN WHEEL- IS

THE OLDEST WHEEL EVER FOUND IN
EUROPE OR ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.
THIS WAS DISCOVERED BY TWO SLOVENE
ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN APRIL 2002 IN THE
LJUBLJANA MARSHES IN SLOVENIA. IT IS
APPROXIMATELY 5,200 YEARS OLD.
COULD NOT USE THE
NARROW PATHS AND TRAILS
USED BY PACK ANIMALS.
II. WHEELED
VEHICLES
Early roads were soon
built.
CANALS – body of water used to be channel of sea
transportation
RAILWAYS – channel of transportation wherein parallel

lines of irons were used as roads
ETYMOLOGY OF
TRAFFIC
• ORIGINALLY MEANT “TRADE”

• Italian word “trafficare”-to
carry on trade
• ORIGINATES FROM GRECO-
ROMAN WORD “TRAFICO”
•WITH REFERENCE TO THE
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
• GREEK ORIGINALLY CALLED THE

SYSTEM AS “TRAFIGA”
TRAFFIC
• It refers to the movement of persons, goods or vehicles, either
powered by combustion system or animal drawn from one place to
another for the purpose of safe travel.
Traffic Management
• An executive function such as planning, organizing,
directing,supervising, coordinating, operating, recording, and
budgeting traffic affairs
• Refers to the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency

to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for
both providers and consumers of transportation services.
Roadway
• It refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor
vehicles pass.
Shoulder
• It refers to the either side of the roadway, especially along
highways.
Sidewalk
• It is an integral part of the roadway, the answer to the safety of
pedestrians.
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS
• FEEDER ROAD – intended to farm-to-market roads

• Collectors are major and minor roads that connect local roads and
streets with arterials.
• LOCAL COLLECTOR ROAD – intended to connect traffic from
feeder road to municipal road
• MAJOR COLLECTOR ROAD – intended as major arteries to
collect inter-locality traffic to provincial road
• MAJOR HIGHWAYS – Serves as main artery that caters on big
volumes of vehicular traffic on national roadways.
❑NATIONAL ROADS FORM PARTS OF THE MAIN TRUNK-LINE
(TRANSPORTATION) SYSTEM CONTINUOUS IN EXTENT; ROADS WHICH ARE
NOW DECLARED NATIONAL ROADS EXCEPT THOSE NOT FORMING PARTS
OF THE CONTINUOUS SYSTEM, SUCH AS ROADS LEADING TO NATIONAL
AIRPORTS, SEAPORTS AND PARKS, ETC.,
❑PROVINCIAL ROADS- THOSE CONNECTING ONE MUNICIPALITY TO

ANOTHER ; ARE THOSE CONNECTING CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES.
• CITY ROADS- THOSE ROADS/STREETS WITHIN URBAN AREA OF THE CITY TO BE
DESIGNATED BY SANGGUINIANG PANGLUNGSOD.
• MUNICIPAL ROADS- THOSE ROADS /STREETS WITHIN THE POBLACION AREA OF

MUNICIPALITY
• BARANGAY ROADS - ALL OTHER LOCAL ROADS WITHIN A BARANGAY, RURAL ROADS
WHICH ACT AS FEEDER ROAD OR FARM TO MARKET ROAD.
EXPRESSWAY – a through traffic for free-flow of vehicular
movement, Common English terms are ”freeway, motorway”
TUNNEL ROAD – passage of wide section cut through hill to

shorten circuitous roadway
SUBWAY/UNDERPASS
– an underground conduit running entirely under
the ground for fast travel route of commuters
SKYWAY – a modern urban system of roadway above street

level for free-flow traffic
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS
• ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION:

A. NATIONAL ROADS – the main road as a conduit system with a
right of way from 20 meters to 120 meters.
B. PROVINCIAL ROADS – the linkages between to municipalities with
the right of way from 15 meters to 60 meters
C. CITY ROADS – the inter-link between municipalities and within
city proper with right of way of 15 meters
D. MUNICIPAL ROADS – all roads within the town proper with the
right of way of not less than 10 meters
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING
TO TRAFFIC CONTROL
1. CONTROLLED INTERSECTION –CONTROLLED

BY ANY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES.
a. Yield-controlled intersection
b. Stop-controlled intersection
c. Traffic circle
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING
TO TRAFFIC CONTROL
2. UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION – IT HAS NO

TRAFFIC SIGNALS OR TRAFFIC SIGNS.
BOX JUNCTION – generally prohibits entry unless

the exit is clear.
CLOVERLEAF - a highway interchange at which two

highways, one crossing over the other, have a series
of entrance and exit ramps resembling the outline of
a four-leaf clover and enabling vehicles to proceed in
either direction on either highway.
MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION
1. Physical Inadequacy- characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossing, lack of
traffic facilities and etc.
2. Poor Control Measures- characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices inefficient traffic
officers and poor implementation of traffic laws rules and regulations.
3. Human Errors- many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits, pedestrian
mistakes officers errors, poor planning, poor legislation and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed
to human errors.
4. Poor Maintenance- oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired
diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting.
SPECIFIC TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
• 1. TRAFFIC BUILD-UP - gradual increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the

highway or traffic way.
• 2. TRAFFIC CONGESTION – characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and

increased vehicular queueing.
• 3. TRAFFIC JAMS (snarl-up) – movement of traffic users is very slow or stationary.
• 4. BOTTLENECKS – narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or

traffic jams usually occur or traffic may be held up.
• 5. GRIDLOCKS – severe road congestion arising when continuous queues of
vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets bringing traffic
in all directions to complete standstill.
• 6. ACCIDENTS – may cause unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs,

or death
• 7. COLLISIONS – incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person

striking violently against another
Traffic jam
usually refers to a complete

standstill of traffic, where
vehicles are unable to move
forward at all due to heavy
traffic volume, an accident, or
road closures.
Traffic congestion
a more general term that

describes the slow movement
of traffic due to high volume,
limited capacity, or other
factors that cause delays and
interruptions in the flow of
vehicles
Gridlocks
- state of severe road congestion

arising when continuous queues of
vehicles block an entire network of
intersecting streets, bringing traffic
blockages are usually caused
interlocking of intersecting grids
FIVE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT (5ES)
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Traffic Management?
It is the application of the processes and skills
in planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating and budgeting to traffic affairs.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
1. Engineering
2. Education
3. Enforcement
4. Ecology / environment
5. Economy
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
–It is the science of measuring traffic and travel.
–It is the study of the basic laws relative to
traffic law and regulations.
–It is the application of this knowledge to the
professional practice of planning, deciding
and operating traffic system to achieve safe
and efficient transportation of persons and
goods.
AGENCIES CONCERNED
DPWH - responsible for determining traffic law,
pattern, draw, origin, and destinations, studies of
persons and things, planning, approving, funding and
construction of national roads
1. Provincial Government
2. Municipal Government
3. Chartered Cities
Traffic Education
It is the process of giving
training and practice in the
actual application of traffic
safety knowledge.
37
Eric Sawati Catte

DRIVER’S EDUCATION
• In general, Driver instruction aims primarily to teach the

rudiments of driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
❑ To install awareness of one’s legal and moral

responsibilities in traffic
❑ To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a

driver’s license.
TRAFFIC
EDUCATION
• is the process of giving training and travel and practice in the

actual application of traffic safety knowledge
• Traffic Safety Education

• This can be carried out on the following levels:
• 1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety.
• 2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety.
• 3. Developing traffic safety morality.
TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR CHILDREN
• This is highly unsystematic and is usually

carried out in the home through parental
education and in kindergarten and nurseries.
This is now necessary to make it systematic to
lessen the number of children fatalities and
injuries.
RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC
EDUCATION
• a. Schools (Public/Private)
1. Elementary- Pupils are usually educated by stressing on traffic
safety and guides, classroom discussions of accidents,
incidents and other traffic safety rules.
2. Secondary- This level initiates driver education program

because students have reached the age to drive, hence,
proper driving should be stressed. It also includes school
safety organizations
3. Higher Education- Some universities and colleges offer and

conduct courses to private and public agencies regarding
traffic safety subjects.
RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC
EDUCATION
• a. Schools (Public/Private)
• 1. Elementary- focused on safety and guides stressing traffic
safety.
• 2. Secondary- Students are geared towards school
safety organizations.
• 3. Higher Education- Conduct courses regarding
traffic safety subjects.
• b. Public Information Programs- Information dissemination

• c. Citizens Support Groups
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
• is the science of measuring traffic and travel and the study of

the basic laws relative to the traffic flow and generation, and
the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, and the operating traffic systems to achieve safe and
efficient movement of persons and goods
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING
a. Department of Public Works and Highways
b. Provincial government
c. Municipal government
d. Chartered cities
TRAFFIC
ENFORCEMENT
• It deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement
of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
Three important goals of enforcement activities

• Increase safety level
• Increase traffic efficiency
• Insure harmonious and comfortable environment
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE
ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC
• A. Land Transportation Office (R.A.4136)
• 1. Vehicle registration
• 2. Vehicle Inspection
• 3. Driver’s licensing (examinations, suspensions and revocations)
• 4. Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles
• b. Legislative Bodies (National- Local)

•
• c. Police Traffic Enforcement- It is not limited to PNP-TMG. It also
includes:
• 1. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (for NCR)
• 2. Police Auxiliaries
• 3. LTO Law Enforcement Services
TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT/ECOLOGY
• is the study of dealing with potentially

disastrous population explosion, changes in
urban environment due to the scale and
density of a new urban concentration and
new activities carried out, air pollution,
water pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749
"PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999.
• SECTION 22. REGULATION OF ALL MOTOR VEHICLES AND ENGINES. - ANY
IMPORTED NEW OR LOCALLY-ASSEMBLED NEW MOTOR VEHICLE SHALL NOT BE
REGISTERED UNLESS IT COMPLIES WITH THE EMISSION STANDARDS SET PURSUANT
TO THIS ACT, AS EVIDENCED BY A CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMITY (COC) ISSUED BY
THE DEPARTMENT.
• NO MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION (MVR) SHALL BE ISSUED UNLESS SUCH MOTOR

VEHICLE PASSES THE EMISSION TESTING REQUIREMENT PROMULGATED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THIS ACT. SUCH TESTING SHALL BE CONDUCTED BY THE DOTC
OR ITS AUTHORIZED INSPECTION CENTERS WITHIN SIXTY (60) DAYS PRIOR TO DATE
OF REGISTRATION.
TRAFFIC ECONOMY
• It deals with the benefits and adverse
effects of traffic to our economy.
• People should also learn to develop schemes

that do not only lessen expenses but also
accident-free.
IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 4136
EXCEEDING REGISTERED CAPACITY

• Passengers, freight or cargo load of a
motor vehicle should not be more than
its registered carrying capacity.
• Conductors of public utility trucks or
buses are held liable for the
overloading of vehicles under their
charge.
• All passenger automobiles for hire are
required to have the registered
passenger capacity marked plainly and
conspicuously on the sides thereof in
letters and numerals not less than
5cms.
EXCEEDING REGISTERED CAPACITY
• Under Section 6 (Penalty for
Overloading) of RA 8794, “An
amount equivalent to 25% of
the MVUC [Motor Vehicle
User’s Charge] shall be
imposed on trucks and trailers
for loading beyond their
prescribed gross vehicle
weight: provided, that no
axle load shall exceed 13,500
kgs.”
CARGO CARRYING DEVICES
• The construction of devices for

carrying cargo at the rear or
sides of trucks may be allowed,
subject to the approval of the
Commissioner, but the total net
weight of the device, including
cargo, must not exceed 100
kilos.
RIDING ON RUNNING
BOARD
• It is strictly prohibited, except for
conductors collecting passenger fare.
RIDING ON TOP OF
THE MV
• Passengers shall not be allowed
to ride on top of MVs, but
baggage or freight may be
carried on top of the truck,
provided that the weight
thereof is not more than 20
kilos per square meter
distributed in such a way not to
endanger passengers or the
vehicle’s stability
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES
• (a) Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with

metallic tires shall be operated upon any public
highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be of
sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims
thereof from coming in direct contact with the
road.
• (b) Brakes. – Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be
provided with dual hydraulic brake system so that in case of hydraulic
line failure affecting the braking efficiency of any of the four wheels at
least either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal braking
capabilities.
• In the absence of such dual braking system every motor vehicle with four
or more wheels shall be provided with safety valve devices
• This requirement, however, does not apply to motor vehicles equipped

with pneumatic braking system.
• (b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or

signaling devise in good working order: Provided, however, That no
horn or signaling device emitting an exceptionally loud, startling,
or disagreeable sound shall be installed or used on any motor
vehicle.
• All authorized emergency vehicles, such as ambulance and police
cars and fire wagons used for emergency calls shall be equipped
with a bell, siren, or exhaust whistle of a type approved by the
Commissioner, and no such device shall be installed or used in any
other vehicle.
• No vehicle not classified as a motor vehicle under this Act shall be
equipped with a horn or signaling device similar to the horn
customarily used on motor vehicles.
• (c) Headlights. - Every motor vehicle
of more than one meter of
projected width, while in use on any
public highway shall bear two
headlights, one on each side, with
white or yellowish light visible from
the front, which, not later than one-
half hour after sunset and until at
least one-half four before sunrise and
whenever weather conditions so
require, shall both be lighted.
• Additional lamps and light may be carried, but no
red lights shall be visible forward or ahead of the
vehicle. Trucks, buses, trailers, and other similar
vehicles must carry, while in use on any public
highway during night-time, colored riding lights
on each of the four corners not more than ten
centimeters from the top.
• All motor vehicles shall be equipped with devices
for varying the intensity of light, and the driver
must dim the headlights or tilt the beams
downward whenever the vehicle is being operated
on well-lighted streets within the limits of cities,
municipalities, and thickly populated barrios or
districts, or whenever such vehicle meets another
vehicle on any public highway.
• (d) Taillights. - Every motor vehicle and trailer
shall, during the above-mentioned hours, also
bear on each side in the rear a lamp showing a
red light visible at least one hundred meters
from the rear of the vehicle and a lamp throwing
a white light upon the number plate issued for
such vehicle.
• (e) Stop lights. - Every motor vehicle shall be

equipped at the rear with at least one lamp
which shall throw a sustained bright red light
visible under all conditions, even under bright
sunlight, when the brakes are applied. Each bus,
truck, trailer or similar vehicle shall be
equipped, as its stop light at or near its rear
center, with a lamp at least twelve centimeters in
diameter with the word "stop" inscribed in the
center.
• (f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. - Every motor

vehicle of less than one meter of projected width shall be
subject to the preceding provisions of this section, except that
one headlight and one taillight shall be required. No signal
light shall be necessary.
• Additional lamps may be carried provided they comply with
the preceding provisions of this section.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 96
That it shall be unlawful for the owner or possessor of any

motor vehicle to use or attach to his vehicle any siren, bell,
horn, whistle, or other similar gadgets that produce
exceptionally loud or startling sound, including domelights,
blinkers and other similar signalling or flashing devices.
• (g) Lights when parked or disabled. -

Appropriate parking lights or flares visible
one hundred meters away shall be
displayed at a corner of the vehicle
whenever such vehicle is parked on
highways or in places that are not well-
lighted or is placed in such manner as to
endanger passing traffic.
• (h) Windshield wiper. - Every motor

vehicle shall be equipped with a
mechanically or electrically operated
device for wiping off raindrops or other
moisture from its front windshield.
• (i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load

of any vehicle extends more than one
meter beyond the bed or body thereof,
there shall be displayed at every
projecting end of such load a red flag
not less than thirty centimeters both in
length and width, there shall be
displayed, in lieu of the required red
flags, red lights visible at least fifty
meters away.
• (j) Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle
propelled by an internal combustion engine
shall be equipped with a muffler, and
whenever said motor vehicle passes through
a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler
shall not be cut out or disconnected.
• No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a

manner as to cause it to emit or make any
unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke or
noise.
HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE
• The following practices are prohibited:

a.Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any
vehicle
b.Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot or
otherwise
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride outside
of or ar the rear end of any
vehicle.
• 7. DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR OR

OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS (RA 10586)
• Driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA) refers to the

act of operating a motor vehicle while the driver’s BAC
level has, after being subjected to an ABA.
• A driver of a private motor vehicle with a gross vehicle

weight not exceeding 4500 kg. a BAC of 0.05% or higher
shall be conclusive proof that said driver is driving under
the influence of alcohol.
• For drivers of trucks, buses, motorcycles and public utility

vehicles, a BAC of more than 0.0% shall be conclusive
proof that said driver is driving under the influence of
alcohol.
• 8. OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC
• Obstruction of traffic by
operating a mv in such a manner
as to obstruct, block, or impede
the passage of another vehicle is
prohibited. This prohibition
applies even when discharging
or loading passengers
9. DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
In the event that any accident should occur as a result
of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway,
the driver shall observe the following:
a.Stop immediately
b.Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law
enforcer
c. Give his true name and address, including that of
the owner of the vehicle
d.Assist injured persons
e.Take measures to protect belongings of passengers.
f. Report the accident
10. When could a driver leave the area of accident without

being held liable for HIT-AND-RUN?
a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by other

person/s by reason of the accident
b. He surrenders to proper authority
c. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse to aid the
victim
LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC
SAFETY
• Licensing system
• - system of issuing license to any person who is
qualified to fulfill the responsibilities required
by the license
• - administered by the LTO
DRIVER’S LICENSES
• It is not a right but a privilege granted by the Philippine
Government through LTO based on R.A. 4136 (statutory
qualification). Further, it is a privilege which may be
suspended or revoked.
• Driver's License (DL) - an authority granted by the LTO to a qualified

person to operate motor vehicle stating therein the Driver's License
Code (DL Code) and conditions, among ot11ers .
Sec. 19 of R.A. 4136-Duty to Procure License
No person shall operate any motor vehicle without first
procuring a license to drive.
Sec.29 of R.A. 4136-Confiscation of Driver’s License

Driver’s license may be confiscated for violations of R.A. 4136,
the rules and regulations issued by the Commissioner and Local Traffic
rules and regulations.
When confiscated, traffic enforcer MUST issue a receipt (TOP)
which is good for 72 hrs. Failure to settle within 15 days will cause
suspension or revocation of license.
STUDENT PERMIT
• This kind of issued to person who desires to

learn how to drive
• A student driver cannot operate a vehicle
UNLESS accompanied by an instructor who
may either be a license prof. or non-prof
driver (sec. 30, RA 4136)
QUALIFICATIONS: WHO CAN APPLY FOR A
STUDENT PERMIT?
• You must be a Filipino citizen, 16 years old and above.
• If a foreigner, you must be at least 18 years old, have been staying in the
Philippines for at least 1 month, and has proof of stay for at least 6 months.
• You must be able to read and write in English, Filipino, or any applicable
local dialect.
• You must be physically and mentally fit to drive a motor vehicle.
• You must have no unsettled traffic violation.
• You must have attended at least 15 hours of theoretical driving lessons from
any LTO-accredited driving school.
* Starting August 3, 2020, applicants who want to acquire a student permit
should have already undergone this 15-hour theoretical driving course. This
new mandatory course, introduced through the Memorandum Circular No.
2019-2176
• If you’re a holder of a driver’s license that has been
expired for 10 years or more, you are no longer allowed
to drive and are required by the LTO to apply for a
student permit again.
VALIDITY OF STUDENT-DRIVER'S PERMIT (SP)
1. The SP shall be valid for one (1) year from the date of its issuance. After
one (1) year, it cannot be used for purposes of the practical driving
course. However, it can be used to apply for NPDL if the practical driving
course has been completed within the one (1) year validity period.
2.After two (2) years from the date of issuance of SP, the holder shall be
required to acquire a new SP bearing the same SP number and undergo the
required apprenticeship period reckoned from the date of issuance of the
new SP . All records of training courses shall be retained.
3.SP may be renewed on or before the expiry date if the holder is not ready
to apply for the DL. Except for settlement of penalties due to traffic
violations, only the basic fee shall be collected for the renewal of SP after
the expiry date.
NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S
LICENSE
• This kind of license is issued to owners of private-owned vehicles

or those not for hire or paid for driving
QUALIFICATIONS: WHO CAN APPLY FOR A
NON-
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE?
• Must be at least seventeen (17) years old. For foreigners, at least eighteen
(18) years old.
• Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or English
• Must be a holder of Student-Driver’s Permit valid for at least one (1) month
from issuance
• Must have attended and passed the Practical Driving Course (PDC) from LTO
accredited licensed driver, LTO Driver's Education Center (DEC) or LTO
accredited Driving School / LTO accredited TESDA Training Center
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle
• Must not have unsettled traffic violation
• Must have passed the Automated Theoretical Examination and Practical
Driving Test
• If you’re a holder of an expired foreign driver’s license or a
Non-Professional driver’s license that has been expired for
more than 2 years, you’re not qualified to renew anymore and
must apply for a new one.
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S
LICENSE
• This license is issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or

operating a motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to the
public
CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION (NPDL-PDL)
• QUALIFICATIONS:
• Must be at least eighteen (18) years old.
1. Must not have unsetteled traffic violations
2.For applicants with the following demerit points, the period of
prohibition for change classification shall apply from the date of
settlement of fines and penalties:
1-2 demerit points - 3 months
3-4 demerit points - 6 months
5 or more demerit points - 1 year
• 5.1. For valid NPDL, must have passed the Automated Theoretical
Examination
5.2. For expired NPDL, must have passed the Automated
Theoretical Examination and Practical Driving Test
1.For RC 1 / DL Codes A and A1, must be a holder of a valid
NPDL for at least six (6) months from the date of issuance
2.For RC 2 or 4 / DL Codes B, B1 and B2, must be a holder of a
valid NPDL for at least one (1) year from the date of issuance
DL
RENEWAL
• QUALIFICATIONS:
• Must be a holder of Driver's License or Conductor's License not expired
for more two (2) years including advance renewal for those who intend
to leave the country within one (1) year before expiry date
• Must have completed the Driving Enhancement Program (DEP) /
Conductor's Enhancement Program (CEP) prior to initial renewal of the
five (5) years DL/CL
• For DL holders with accumulated five (5) to nine (9) demerit points must
have completed the Driver's Re-orientation Course
• For DL holders with ten (10) or more but less than forty (40) demerit
points, must have completed the Driver/s Re-orientation Course and
passed the Theoretical Examination
RA 10930
• Starting Thursday, 28 October 2021, the Land Transportation Office
(LTO) will be issuing driver’s licenses that are valid for ten
(10) years in line with the provisions of Republic Act (RA) No.
10930 which amended the Land Transportation and Traffic Code.
• In addition to the granting of a driver’s license that is valid for 10 years,

Section 3 of RA 10930 also mandates the LTO to conduct an
examination on both applicants of new driver’s licenses and on those
who are renewing expired ones.
• Motorists who will be renewing their expired
driver’s licenses will have to pass the
Comprehensive Driver's Education (CDE)
which is composed of a refresher seminar
and an examination designed to make sure
that only deserving applicants who have
sufficient driving skills and are
knowledgeable of road safety and proper
road courtesy will have their licenses
renewed.
• Meanwhile, the validity of expired driver’s
licenses has been extended by two months
from the date of expiration. The extension
aims to ensure that motorists who are
renewing their licenses are given ample time
to comply with the CDE requirement.
SPECIAL TYPES OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
1. INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE
- Can be issued to bona fide tourists and transients who
are duly licensed to operate motor vehicle in their
respective countries
- Validity: 90 days
2. MILITARY DRIVER’S LICENSE

- Can be issued to enlisted military personnel of the AFP
operating motor
vehicles owned by the government shall be license In
accordance with
RA 4136 but no license or delinquency fees shall be
collected thereof.
- Shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT MOTOR
VEHICLES ONLY”
- Validity: 3 years
DRIVER’S RESTRICTION
CODE
• Now called as DRIVER’S LICENSE CODE (DL CODE)
• DL Code - refers to the collective code representing the

vehicle category/ies that a licensed person is allowed
to operate.
• Vehicle Category - refers to motor vehicle category as

specified in the Philippine National Standard on Road
Vehicles-Classification and Definition
• Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) - refers to the
maximum operating weight of a vehicle as
specified by the manufacturer including the
vehicle's chassis, body, engine, engine fluids,
fuel, accessories, driver, passengers and
cargo but excluding that of any trailers.
Vehicle categories
Before anything else, we’re listing down the vehicle categories first. These are what the LTO now uses to indicate
what vehicles a license holder with certain codes may or may not drive. Read on below for more details.
•L1 – A two-wheeled vehicle with a maximum design speed not exceeding 50kph
•L2 – A three-wheeled vehicle with a maximum design speed not exceeding 50kph
•L3 – A two-wheeled vehicle with a maximum design speed exceeding 50kph
•L4 – A motorcycle with sidecar with a maximum design speed exceeding 50kph
•L5 – Three-wheeler (symmetrically arranged) with a maximum speed exceeding 50kph
•L6 – Four-wheeler whose unladen mass is not more than 350kg and with a maximum design speed not
exceeding 45kph
•L7 – Four-wheeler whose unladen mass is not more than 550kg and with a maximum design speed not
exceeding 45kph
•M1 – Vehicles up to 5,000kg GVW with not more than eight passenger seats
or Automatic clutch up to 5,000kg GVW with not more than eight passenger
seats
•M2 – Vehicles up to 5,00kg GVW with more than eight passenger seats
•N1 – Vehicles up to 3,500kg GVW for carriage of goods
•N2, N3 – Vehicles exceeding 3,500 kgs GVW for the carriage of goods
•M3 – Vehicles above 5,000 kgs GVW with more than 8 passenger seats
•O1 – Articulated Vehicle not more than 750 kgs GVW
•O2 –Articulated Vehicle exceeding 750 up to 3,500 kgs GVW
•O3, O4 – Articulated Vehicle exceeding 3,500 kgs GVW
RESTRICTION CODE (OLD)
• 1 is limited to a motorcycle/motorized
Tricycles.
• 2 vehicle up to GVW of 4500 Kgs
• 3 vehicle with GVW above 4500 Kgs
• 4 automatic clutch up to 4500 Kgs GVW
• 5 automatic clutch above 4500 Kgs GVW
• 6 articulated vehicle 1600kgs GVW & below
• 7 articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 Kgs
GVW
• 8 articulated vehicle 4501 Kgs & above GVW
• 9 disabled
DRIVER’S CONDITION
Code Condition
1 Wear corrective lenses
2 Drive only w/ special equipment for
upper/ lower limbs
3 Drive customized motor vehicle only
4 Daylight Driving only

5 Hearing aid required
• CONDUCTOR - responsible for the loading of number of
passengers, freight, or cargo inside the public utility motor
vehicle.
• PASSENGER – person who is carried or conveyed in an automobile,

truck, train, airplane, or other conveyance
• PEDESTRIAN – one who goes or travel on foot or in perambulator.

CONDUCTOR'S LICENSE
(CL)
An authority granted by the LTO to a qualified person

to assist the driver of a public utility vehicle in fare
collection and/or ensuring ·the safety of the
passengers and/or cargo while the said vehicle is in
operation.
QUALIFICATIONS
• Must be at least eighteen (18) years old

• Must be physically and mentally fit to work and no contagious disease
• Must have passed the theoretical examination - New CL and those not
renewed for more than two (2) years from the expiry date
• Must have attended and passed the Conductor's Theoretical Course from
LTO Driver's Education Center, or LTO accredited Driving School / LTO
Accredited TESDA Training Center
• Must have completed the DEP for conductor's re-orientation prior to initial
renewal of five (5) year CL
VALIDITY:
• A new Conductor's License (CL) shall be valid for five (5)

years reckoned from the date of birth of the license,
unless sooner revoked or suspended. A holder of CL who
has not committed any violation/s during the five (5)
year period preceding its expiration shall be entitled to
renewal of such license valid for ten (10) years.
CONFISCATION OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
• WHEN A DRIVER’S LICENSE IS CONFISCATED FOR ANY REASON, THE

TRAFFIC ENFORCER MUST, HOWEVER ISSUE A RECEIPT (TEMPORARY
OPERATOR’S PERMIT) WHICH IS GOOD FOR 72 HOURS WITHIN
WHICH THE DRIVER MAY CONTINUE TO OPERATE HIS VEHICLE.
• FAILURE TO SETTLE THE CASE WITHIN 15 DAYS WILL CAUSE

SUSPENSION AND REVOCATION OF THE LICENSE
REGISTRATION OF MOTOR
VEHICLES
Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles/Plate Numbers

1. Private - personal use. Green with White Background
2. Public Utility Vehicle - conveyance of passengers and other
commercial goods Black with Yellow Background
3. Government - owned by the government Red (Maroon) with White
Background
4. Diplomatic - issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the
Philippines Blue with White Background
• VEHICLE LICENSE PLATES IN THE PHILIPPINES ARE
ISSUED AND REGULATED BY THE LAND
TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO), A GOVERNMENT
AGENCY UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION (DOTR).
THE NEW LICENSE PLATES WERE RELEASED IN JULY 2018
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. UNDER THIS NEW PLATE
SERIES, THE FIRST LETTER OF THE LICENSE PLATE WILL
DETERMINE WHERE THE VEHICLE IS REGISTERED.
• IN THE NEW FORMAT, THE LTO WILL ISSUE

1. LLL-DDDD PLATES (WHERE L REPRESENTS A LETTER AND D
REPRESENTS A ONE-DIGIT NUMBER) FOR FOUR-WHEEL
VEHICLES
2. DDD-LLL/L-DDD-LL PLATES FOR MOTORCYCLES.

• THE FIRST LETTER IN THE 2018 AUTOMOBILE PLATE
NUMBER DESIGN REPRESENTS THE PREFIX, WHICH
DENOTES THE REGION WHERE THE VEHICLE WAS
REGISTERED.
THE LETTER S IS USED TO INDICATE A
GOVERNMENT-OWNED VEHICLE.
•MOTORCYCLE CLASSIFICATION BY
COLOR STRIP AND ITS POSITION
•MOTORCYCLE REGISTRATION PLATES
RELEASED IN 2020 ARE COLOR-
CODED TO INDICATE THE REGION
WHERE THEY ARE REGISTERED.
•MOTORCYCLE CLASSIFICATION BY
COLOR STRIP AND ITS POSITION
•MOTORCYCLE REGISTRATION PLATES
RELEASED IN 2020 ARE COLOR-
CODED TO INDICATE THE REGION
WHERE THEY ARE REGISTERED.
• LTO PLATE STANDARD
SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION
LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE MONTHLY SCHEDULE
NUMBER
1 January
2 February
3 March
4 April
5 May
6 June
7 July
8 August
9 September
0 October, and onwards
NOTE: Vehicles may be registered one month in advance
WEEKLY SCHEDULE IS BASED ON THE 2ND TO
THE LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE
• LTO-AUTHORIZED 6-DIGIT TEMPORARY PLATE NUMBER[EDIT]
• THE TEMPORARY PLATE NUMBER WAS LATER ISSUED BY LTO,
WHICH HAS 6 DIGITS BASED ON WHERE THE INITIAL PURCHASE
LOCATION OF THE VEHICLE WAS AND ITS USE AS A PUV.
(E.G. 130123 FOR NCR USE). IT IS WIDELY USED DUE TO
EXTENSIVE BACKLOG OF VEHICLE PLATE DISTRIBUTION FROM
2016 TO 2019.
PLATE NUMBERS
• COMMEMORATIVE PLATES – special plate numbers issued for specific

purposes such as fund-raising for the government projects and programs
• VANITY PLATES – optional MV plates having preferred inscriptions for the
purpose of establishing personalized identity of the MV to the registered
owner
Personalized plates/vanity plates- A motorist who would like
to have personalized plates can choose any letter
combination upon three conditions:
1.It is unique i.e., the plate does not have a registered
duplicate anywhere else in the Philippines.
2.The plate is not in the same of those of government vehicles
3.The motorist pays a PHP 25,000 fee.
The plate number fees for these plates are:
1.P15,000 for three-letter, three-number OMVSP(OPTIONAL
MOTOR VEHICLE SPECIAL PLATES
2. plate (except 000)
3.P25,000 for three-letter, two-number plate (except 00)
4.P35,000 for three-letter, four-number plate (except 0000)
PROTOCOL/HIGH RANKING GOVERNMENT
PLATES
• 1 – PRESIDENT
• 2 – VICE PRESIDENT
• 3 – SENATE PRESIDENT
• 4 – SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE REPRESENTATIVE
• 5 – CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT
• 6 – CABINET SECRETARIES
• 7 – SENATORS
• 8 – CONGRESSMAN
• 9 – ASSOCIATE OF THE SUPREME COURT
• 10 – PRESIDING JUSTICE AND OTHER JUSTICES OF THE COURT OF APPEALS
• 11 – CHAIRMAN OF THE COMELEC
• 12 – CABINET SECRETARIES
• 13 – SOLICITOR GENERAL
• 14 – CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP, CHIEF PNP
TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TRAFFIC
1. Keep right.
2. Observe road courtesy.
3. Prohibited parking.
4. If in doubt, do not overtake
5. The bus stop rule
6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic jams
7. Observe the traffic Management Measures
8. The philosophy of a Pinoy driver
9. On pedestrian
10.Remember the international driving safety
reminder- SAFETY FIRST
• 1. KEEP RIGHT - (TWO LANES, TWO WAYS) IN CASE OF ONE WAY
THE LEFT LANE SHALL BE THE FAST LANE AND THE SLOW LANE IS THE
RIGHT.
• 2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- YIELD TO EMERGENCY VEHICLE, PEDESTRIANS, TRAINS,

VEHICLE WITH RIGHT OF WAY, VEHICLES AHEAD, LARGE VEHICLES, UPHILL TRAFFIC, VEHICLES
WITH MOMENTUM, STRAIGHT TRAFFIC, AND TRAFFIC SIGNS.
EMERGENCY VEHICLES:
a. VEHICLE WITH PHYSICIAN
b. AMBULANCE ON EMERGENCY CALL
c. VEHICLE WITH WOUNDED OR SICK PERSON
d. AFP/ PNP VEHICLE ON OFFICIAL CALL
e. VEHICLE IN PURSUIT OF CRIMINALS
f. A POLICE OR FIRE ON CALL
• UNDER REPUBLIC ACT 4136 OF THE "LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC
CODE," AN EMERGENCY VEHICLE ON OFFICIAL BUSINESS AND USING ITS
SIRENS MUST BE GIVEN THE RIGHT OF WAY. THERE ARE SUPPOSED TO BE NO
EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE.
• THE RULE STATES THAT ALL VEHICLES MUST YIELD TO EMERGENCY VEHICLES
• IF PEOPLE NEED MEDICAL ATTENTION AND ARE GETTING IT IN AN
AMBULANCE, THEN POLITICIANS MUST STOP. IN FACT, THEY MUST GIVE UP
THE POLICE ESCORTS THEY HAVE TO CLEAR TRAFFIC FOR THE AMBULANCE
• IN MORE ADVANCED COUNTRIES, LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS AND
EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS ALL OPERATE ON THE SAME CHANNELS,
SO COORDINATING ROUTES AND DRIVERS IS REGULARLY DONE.
• A SIMPLE CALLOUT FROM AN ALL-SEEING DISPATCHER CAN REROUTE A

FIREFIGHTING VEHICLE AWAY FROM THE ROUTE OF A POLITICIAN OR
DIGNITARY, SO THAT THEY NEVER HAVE TO SEE EACH OTHER.
• BUT AT THE SAME TIME, OPERATING ON THE SAME CHANNEL MEANS THAT
THEY CAN ALSO COORDINATE SO THAT, SHOULD THEY HAVE TO CROSS
PATHS, THE EMERGENCY VEHICLE CAN PASS THROUGH FIRST.
• RIGHT OF WAY RULE
- THE RIGHT TO PROCEED AHEAD OF ANOTHER VEHICLE OR PEDESTRIAN
•
a. INTERSECTION- WHEN TWO OR MORE VEHICLE IS ENTERING AN INTERSECTION THE ONE ON
THE LEFT WILL GIVE WAY TO THE RIGHT VEHICLE.
b. PEDESTRIAN- DRIVERS SHOULD YIELD TO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING EXCEPT AT INTERSECTION
WHEREAS THE MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES IS REGULATED BY A POLICE OFFICER.
c. THROUGH HIGHWAY/ RAILROAD CROSSING- THE DRIVER SHALL BRING TO A FULL STOP
BEFORE TRAVERSING TO AN INTERSECTION. IF THERE IS NO HAZARD THE DRIVER MAY
SLOWDOWN TO 5MPH.
d. POLICE /EMERGENCY VEHICLE- ALL DRIVERS SHOULD YIELD TO EMERGENCY TO
EMERGENCY VEHICLE EXCEPT AS DIRECTED BY TRAFFIC ENFORCER. FIRE TRUCKS ARE
ACCEPTED TO SPEED LIMIT BUT THEY ARE PROHIBITED TO HAVE UNNECESSARY SPEED.
e. FROM PRIVATE ROAD TO HIGHWAY- VEHICLE FROM PRIVATE ROAD MUST YIELD TO THAT ON
A HIGHWAY.
• THE BUS STOP RULE
a.THE BUSES QUEUE UP IN A SINGLE FILE IN
THEIR ORDER ARRIVAL.
b.LEAD BUS MOVING TOWARD THE CENTER OF

COLUMN OF BUSSES LINING ON THE BUS STOP
ZONE, AND REMAIN UNTIL ZONE IS FILLED WITH
BUSSES, BUT LONGER THAN THREE MINUTES.
• RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS
• - KEEP LANES AND INTERSECTION OPEN IN HEAVY AND SLOW
TRAFFIC TO AVOID OVERTAKING. IN A CONSTRUCTION,
VEHICLES SHOULD MERGE ALTERNATELY.
• OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES
• -OBSERVE AND OBEY TRAFFIC NOTICES SIGN LIKE NOTICES
AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS.
• THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER
• - MOTORIST SHOULD OBSERVE EQUITY OF THE
LEAD VEHICLE
• DOCTRINE OF THE LAST CLEAR
• ON PEDESTRIAN
• - KEEP OFF THE ROADWAY EXCEPT WHEN CROSSING
ON CROSSWALK. WAIT EMBARK AND ALIGHT AT BUS OR
JEEPNEY STOP.
• REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY
REMINDER- “SAFETY FIRST”
GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND
CONDUCT
The general rules of road use and conduct which include the
general prohibitions and restrictions are the basis of the traffic rules
in the Philippines.
The following are:
A. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed
B. Lateral Placement
C. Overtaking and Passing
D. Right of Way
E. Starting, Stopping or Turning Rules
F. Pedestrians’ Rights and Duties
G.General parking Rules and similar
Regulations
A. SPEED LIMIT AND OTHER RULES
ON SPEED
❖Any person driving vehicle shall drive the same
at careful and prudent speed.
❖No person shall drive at such speed as to
endanger the life and property.
1.Maximum Allowable Speeds

2.Exception to the speed limit
3.Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippines
• UPDATED SPEED LIMITS
• RA 4136 STATES THAT NO PROVINCIAL, CITY, OR MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY IS

ALLOWED TO ENACT OR ENFORCE ANY ORDINANCE OR RESOLUTION THAT
CHANGES THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED SPEED LIMITS IN THE ACT.
• HOWEVER, THIS IS SUPERSEDED BY THE DOTR-DPWH-DILG JOINT

MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2018-001, WHICH ENCOURAGES ALL LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUS) TO ENACT AND ENFORCE LOCAL SPEED LIMIT
ORDINANCES AND TO DEFINE SPEED LIMITS ACCORDING TO LOCAL
CONDITIONS
SPEED LIMITS ON NATIONAL ROADS
SPEED LIMITS ON PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL
ROADS
2. EXCEPTION TO THE SPEED LIMIT
The rates of speed hereinabove prescribed shall not apply to following.
a.A physician or his driver when the former responds emergency
calls.
b.The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the
place accident or other emergency.
c.Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency
treatment to a hospital, clinic or any other similar place.
D.THE DRIVER OF A MOTOR VEHICLE
BELONGING TO THE ARMED FORCES
WHILE IN USE FOR OFFICIAL PURPOSES
IN TIMES OF RIOT, INSURRECTION OR
INVASION.
e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his

passengers are pursuit of a criminal.
f.A law-enforcement officer who is trying to

overtake a violator of traffic laws.
g.The driver operating a vehicle of any fire

department provided that exemption shall
not be construed to allow useless or
unnecessary fast driving of drivers
aforementioned.
B. LATERAL
PLACEMENT
The proper positioning of the motor vehicle while
traversing on a traffic way or while parked.
➢ Proper positioning while traversing

➢ Proper placement while on Parallel Parking
➢ Proper Placement while Parked Diagonally
C. OVERTAKING AND PASSING
A driver should pass at a safe distance to the left of
the vehicle being overtaken and it shall resume driving on
the right side of the road only after passing clear of the
overtaken vehicle.
WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE.
-OVERTAKING LANE IS THE LANE TO THE LEFT OF
OVERTAKEN VEHICLE GOING IN THE SAME
DIRECTION, OVERTAKEN VEHICLE IS THE PRIVILEGED
VEHICLE
CONSIDER THESE IF YOU OVERTAKE:

IN A TWO LANES, ON A DIVIDED ROADWAY, THEY
MAY USE EITHER OF THE LANES.
IN AN EXPRESSWAY WITH FAST AND SLOW LANES, ON
A DIVIDED ROADWAY, THEY MAY USE EITHER OF THE
LANES.
OVERTAKING IS PROHIBITED AT CREST OF A GRADE
CURVE, RAILWAY CROSSING, AT THE INTERSECTION
AND BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION AND CAUTION
• IN ADDITION, YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO EXECUTE AN OVERTAKE WHEN
APPROACHING A CREST OF A GRADE, NOT UPON A CURVE IN THE
HIGHWAY, WHERE THE VIEW OF A DRIVER IS OBSTRUCTED WITHIN A
DISTANCE OF 500 FEET AHEAD. LASTLY, THEY ARE NOT ALLOWED TO
OVERTAKE ON A RAILROAD CROSSING OR AN INTERSECTION OF HIGHWAYS
UNLESS CONTROLLED BY A TRAFFIC SIGNAL OR ALLOWED BY A WATCHMAN.
• IN ROADS WITH PAVEMENT MARKINGS, OVERTAKING IS NOT ALLOWED IF IT

HAS TWO PARALLEL YELLOW LINES IN THE MIDDLE. ALSO, OVERTAKING IS
PROHIBITED WHEN THERE IS ONE CONTINUOUS LINE ON THE LEFT UNLESS
THE LINE CLOSEST TO YOU IS BROKEN.
OVERTAKING A VEHICLE
In overtaking
another vehicle, a driver
should pass at a safe
distance to the left of the
vehicle being overtaken
and shall resume driving
on the right side of the
road only after passing
clear of the overtaken
vehicles.
Exception: On the
highway with two or
more lanes where traffic
goes in one direction,
another vehicle may be
overtaken on the right.
GIVING WAY TO OVERTAKING
VEHICLES
The driver of a motor vehicle about to be
overtaken must give way to the overtaking
vehicle and shall not increase his speed until
the overtaking vehicles has fully passed by.
RIGHT OF WAY RULES
Eric Sawati Catte 145

D. RIGHT OF WAY
• Refers to the legal or customary precedence (priority in
place or time) which allows one vehicle to cross or pass in
front of another.
1. Rules on Right of Way (sec 42-44 of RA 4136)

a. In case of two vehicles approaching or entering an
intersection at the same time, the driver of the vehicle on
the left shall yield the right of way; however, the driver of
any vehicle traveling at an unlawful speed forfeits this right
(sect. 42.a)
1.
• In case of two vehicles approaching or
entering as intersection at the same
time, the driver of the vehicle on the
left shall yield the right of way;
however, the driver of any vehicle
travel at an unlawful speed forfeits this
right. (Section 42, a)

YIELD THE
RIGHT
of Way
Given the Right

of Way
1
2
.
• In case of a vehicle approaching but has
not yet entered the intersection, its
driver shall yield the right of way to
vehicle already within such intersection
or turning therein to the left across the
line of travel of the first mentioned
vehicle. (Section 42, b)

Yield the Right
of Way
Given the Right
1
of Way

3
.
• In case of a vehicle on a highway within a
business or residential district, its driver shall
yield the right of way to pedestrian crossing
the highway within crosswalk, except at
intersection where traffic is regulated by a
peace officer of a traffic signal.
• If there is no crosswalk, pedestrian shall yield
the right of way to vehicles on the highways.
(Section 42, c)
4
.
• In case of vehicle traversing a through-
highway, its driver should bring it to a full
stop before crossing. However, if it is
clear and no hazards exist, the vehicle
may slow down to 5 miles per hour
instead of a full stop. (Section 42, d)

Main Highway
Thru-Highway
Yield the Right
of Way
1
Given the Right
of Way

EXCEPTION TO THE RIGHT OF WAY
RULES
• Right of way rules do not apply in the
case of a vehicle entering a private road
or drive. The right of way is in favor of
all vehicles utilizing the highway.
(Section 43)

Main Highway
Private Driveway
Yield the Right

Given the Right
of Way
1
of Way

2. Exceptions to the Right of Way Rule
a.Right of Way to vehicles utilizing the highway

than vehicles from private road or drive. (Sec. 43)
b.Right of Way to police or fire department
vehicles and ambulance.
c.Right of Way to vehicles approaching either
direction on “through highway” than vehicle
entering.
E. STARTING, STOPPING OR TURNING
RULES
1. When Other Motorists are affected
The driver making the movement shall
give a signal to other drivers of his intention to
make such movement (Sec. 44, a).
2. HAND SIGNAL
(Sec. 44,b)
a. Standard hand signal
when turning to the
right
b. Standard hand signal

when about to stop
c. Standard hand signal

when turning to the left
3. MAKING A RIGHT
TURN
• A. Signal your intention to turn right with your

turning signal light or a hand signal at least 100ft.
Before you intend to make turn
• B. stay on the right turn from left lane
• C. NEVER make a right turn from left lane
• D. at an intersection with a red traffic light,
make a right turn ONLY after coming to a full stop
to make sure no vehicle is coming from left
• Making a Right Turn from a Four-lane Street to Four-
lane Street
• Vehicle 2 and 3 are doing the proper way of turning
to the right, whereas the vehicle 1 is doing in the
wrong way
4. MAKING A LEFT TURN
a. Signal your vehicle to turn left with your
turning signal or a hand signal at least 100 feet
before you intend to make your turn.
b. Stay on the left lane of the road.
c. NEVER make a left turn from the right lane.
d. At an intersection with a vehicle GOING

STRAIGHT have the right of way. Wait for them
to pass first before you turn left.
• Making a Left Turn from A Four-Lane Street to Four-Lane
Street
• Vehicle 1 is making a left turn the correct way, while
vehicle 2 and 3 are doing it the wrong way
• Making a U-Turn on a two-
Lane Road
Making a U-Turn on Four-Lane
Highway
G. GENERAL PARKING RULES AND SIMILAR
REGULATIONS
• Motor vehicles should park only on areas specifically

designated for parking.
Before leaving your vehicle, you should:

➢ Set the brakes
➢ Put the gear in low or reverse or park position
➢ Remove the key
1. PARKING ON
CITIES
• In cities and towns, motor vehicles will be

parked parallel and within 12 inches of the curb.
a.Downhill with or without curb – turn wheels to

the curb or to the side
b.Uphill with curb – turn wheels from curb.
c. Uphill without curb – turn wheels to the side of
the road
• PARKING IN DOWNHILL OR UPHILL
• IF YOU’RE PARKED FACING UPHILL, TURN YOUR WHEELS AWAY FROM THE CURB.
• IF YOU’RE FACING DOWNHILL, TURN YOUR WHEELS TOWARD THE CURB.
• THIS WAY, WHEN EVERYTHING ELSE THAT’S HOLDING YOUR CAR GIVES OUT AND THE
VEHICLE STARTS ROLLING DOWN, THE TIRES WILL HIT THE CURB, WHICH WILL THEN
ACT AS THE CHOCK THAT WILL PREVENT YOUR CAR FROM GOING ALL THE WAY DOWN
THE ROAD.
• IF NO CURB, SIMPLY TURN YOUR TIRES AWAY FROM THE HIGHWAY AND ONTO THE
SIDE OF THE ROAD, REGARDLESS OF WHICH WAY YOUR CAR IS FACING. IF THE VEHICLE
DOES DECIDE TO TAKE A JOURNEY WITHOUT A DRIVER, IT WILL MOVE AWAY FROM
THE HIGHWAY AND AVOID ANY POSSIBLE FATAL ACCIDENTS.
2. PARKING ON A HIGHWAY
Pull entirely off pavement to park. Turn on

your parking lights whenever practicable.
3. PARKING PROHIBITED IN SPECIFIED PLACES
No driver shall park a vehicle, whether attended or unattended upon a

highway in these following places:
a.Within an intersection
b.On a crosswalk
c.Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines
d.Within four meters of the driveway entrance to any fire station
d. Within four meters of a fire hydrant
e. In front of private driveway
f. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or packed at the
curb or edge of the highway
g.At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking
LAWS RELATED TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
• R.A. 4136 this is the basic law regulating land
transportation in the Philippines.
• R.A. 6539 The which is known as the “ Anti Carnapping Act
of 1972” The act preventing and penalizing carnapping.
• R.A 8749 Also known as the “ Clean air Act which regulates
emission of toxic gases of both gasoline and diesel engines
• R.A. 8750 It provides for the attachment of seat belts for all
types of motor vehicles and imposes penalty for the non-
compliance thereof.
• R.A. 7924 The Act creating the Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority, defining its powers and functions,
providing funds therefore and for other purposes.
• P.D. No. 96. Regulating the use of sirens, bells, hors, etc.,, by prohibiting
the attachment of any siren, horn bell, etc. on motor vehicles which
produce unusual or starting sounds as well as brinkers and other similar
devices unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP,
Hospitals and Fire Department and are specifically intended for use in
emergencies.
• P.D. No. 207 Declaring as part of the laws of the Philippines the vienna
Convention on Road Traffic Signs and Signals
LTO Memorandum on Motorcycle Escorts and Unauthorized
Use of Sirens and Blinkers, Markers, etc., dated 23 July 1998,
the only other government officials allowed to attach and use

sirens, blinkers, and other similar devices are the President,
Vice President, Senate President, Speaker of the House of
Representatives, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
• E.O. 125. Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its
powers and functions and for other purposes
• E.O. 202. Creating the Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board ( LTFRB)
REPUBLIC ACT No. 11229- "Child Safety in Motor

Vehicles Act"
REPUBLIC ACT No. 11229- "Child
Safety in Motor Vehicles Act"
Section 4. Mandatory Use of Child Restraint System

in Motor Vehicles. It shall be unlawful for the driver
of a covered vehicle not to properly secure at all
times a child, in a child restraint system while the
engine is running or transporting such child on any
road, street or highway unless the child is at least
one hundred fifty (150) centimeters or fifty-nine
(59) inches in height and is properly secured using
the regular seat belt. The child restraint system shall
be appropriate to the child’s age, height and weight,
and approved in accordance with Section 6 of this Act.
Section 5. Children in Rear Seats. - No child
twelve (12) years and below of age shall be
allowed to sit in a front seat of a motor vehicle
with a running engine or while such child is being
transported on any road, street or highway,
unless the child meets the height requirement
set forth in Section 4 of this Act and is
properly secured using the regular seat belt in
the front seat.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 10666
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE SAFETY OF CHILDREN
ABOARD MOTORCYLES
"Children’s Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015“
Section 4. Prohibition. – It shall be unlawful for any

person to drive a two (2)-wheeled motorcycle with a child
on board on public roads where there is heavy volume of
vehicles, there is a high density of fast moving vehicles
or where a speed limit of more than 60/kph is
imposed, unless
(a) The child passenger can comfortably reach his/her feet

on the standard foot peg of the motorcycle;
(b) The child’s arms can reach around and grasp the waist
of the motorcycle rider; and
(c) The child is wearing a standard protective helmet
referred to under Republic Act No. 10054, otherwise
known the "Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009."
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10642-
"Philippine Lemon Law“
Republic Act No. 10642 or the Philippine

Lemon Law is an ‘Act Strengthening
Consumer Protection in the Purchase of
Brand New Motor Vehicles,’ which aims
to promote full protection to the rights
of consumers in the sale of motor
vehicles against business and trade
practices which are deceptive, unfair, or
otherwise inimical to consumers and
the public interest.
The Philippine Lemon Law protects
owners of brand-new vehicles purchased
in the Philippines within a period of 12
months after the date of the original
delivery of the brand-new motor vehicle
or within the first 20,000km of
operation after delivery of the vehicle,
whichever comes first. It gives the
owner the right to report any
nonconformity with the vehicle’s
manufacturer or distributor’s standards
or specifications.
The Lemon Law rights may only be invoked within the
12-month period or within the first 20,000 kilometers
of operation of the vehicle, and after at least four
separate repair attempts by the same manufacturer,
distributor, authorized dealer, or retailer for the same
complaint, and the nonconformity issue remains
unresolved.
However, the following causes of nonconformity shall

be excluded:
1.Noncompliance by the consumer of the
obligations under the warranty;
2.Modifications not authorized by the manufacturer,
distributor, authorized dealer, or retailer;
3.Abuse or neglect of the brand-new motor vehicle;
and,
4.Damage to the vehicle due to accident or force
majeure.
DTI exercises exclusive and original
jurisdiction over the dispute. In case DTI
rules that there is nonconformity, it may
direct the manufacturer, distributor,
authorized dealer, or retailer to grant either
of the following remedies to the consumer:
1.Replace the motor vehicle with a similar

or comparable motor vehicle in terms of
specifications and values, subject to
availability; or,
2.Accept the return of the motor vehicle
and pay the consumer the purchase price
plus the collateral charges.
Smoke-belching, it’s a forceful
expulsion of smoke from a vehicle
that may have a mechanical issue
with the engine often seen in
diesel vehicles.
Smoke-belching is a violation
of RA 8749 because the act itself
emits excessive harmful fuels into
the air.
Based on LEGAL PROVISIONS EXTRA LOUD
MUFFLERS AND HORNS
existing LTO regulations, motorcycles

sporting exhaust pipes that emit a sound
exceeding 115 decibels are subject to
apprehension. LTO enforcers are directed
to confiscate the license plates of
violators, and since many two-wheelers
have not been issued LTO plates yet, these
motorcycles will likely end up in the
impounding area.
ROAD WORTHINESS
PMVICS ARE ESSENTIALLY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION’S MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION CENTERS
(MVICS) PRIVATIZED THROUGH AN AUTHORIZATION COMMITTEE WITHIN THE AGENCY (THROUGH
DEPARTMENT ORDER 2019-002).
MOTORISTS AND VEHICLE OWNERS ARE GIVEN THE OPTION TO HAVE THEIR MOTOR VEHICLES INSPECTED
EITHER BY AN AUTHORIZED PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION CENTER (PMVIC) OR HAVE IT INSPECTED
BY THE LTO.
Based on Memorandum Circular 2018-2158 and since revised through Memorandum Circular 2019-09, each
PMVIC will test both two- and four-wheeled private vehicles and will cover even more stuff than what’s
typically found in a casa’s free safety check.
Inspected items include everything from lights and windows to stabilizers/bushings to engine brackets and
fluid leakages (if any). From there, every vehicle will have to undergo a series of automated test using
equipment that complies with international standards (CE, ISO) to check things like alignment (sideslip
test), brakes (roller brake test), lights (headlight test), and of course, emissions
• Republic Act No. 10883,
otherwise known as
the "New Anti-
Carnapping Act of
2016"

CARNAPPING
• Unlawful taking, with intent to gain, through
force, violence or intimidation, a motor
vehicle belonging to another person without
the latter’s consent.
Any vehicle propelled by means other than
muscular power using the public highways, but
excepting road roller, trolley car, street sweeper,
sprinkle, lawnmower, bulldozer, grader, forklift,
amphibian trucks and crane, tractor, trailer and all
kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
THE ELEMENTS OF
CARNAPPING ARE:
1.Unlawful taking
2.Intent to gain
3.Motor vehicle belonging to another
4.Lack of owner’s consent
5.Use of violence against or intimidation of persons, or
force upon things

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND AIDS
Traffic Control
• It is the control of vehicles at a
certain point or area by mechanical
means, fixed objects or manpower.
Traffic Signs
• A device mounted or on a portable
support where a message is
conveyed by means of words or
symbols, officially erected or installed
for the purpose of regulating,
warning or controlling traffic.
Traffic Signs
• A device mounted or on a
portable
symbols, officially erected or

installed for the purpose of
regulating, warning or
controlling traffic.
CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
1. Caution Signs, Warning Signs and Danger
Signs
2. Guide Signs, Information Signs and

Direction Signs
3. Instruction Signs or Regulatory Signs

CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
1. Caution Signs, Warning Signs and Danger
Signs
2. Guide Signs, Information Signs and

Direction Signs
3. Instruction Signs or Regulatory Signs

CAUTION SIGNS, WARNING SIGNS AND
DANGER SIGNS
These signs convey messages that certain road conditions exist
on a certain stretch of the road or on street requiring the driver
to be more ATTENTIVE and are prepared for such road
conditions.
– Examples:
• Dangerous Bend
• Steep Ascent
• Turn Left or Right
• Rail Road Crossing
GUIDE SIGNS, INFORMATION SIGNS AND
DIRECTION SIGNS
These signs are modified signs that actually give spatial or
DIRECTIONAL INSTRUCTIONS for the driver to take. These signs
are designed to provide the driver with information that MAY OR
MAY NOT use but will assist him in one-way or another.
INSTRUCTION SIGNS OR
REGULATORY SIGNS
• These signs require the driver not only to be more attentive as
in caution signs but also require the driver to ACTUALLY
PERFORM OR NOT TO PERFORM a specified act.
• Round or Inverted Triangle or Octagonal, Red border, white

background, black markings
ELEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS OF A
TRAFFIC SIGN
1. It should compel
attention.
2. It should convey a
simple, closer meaning at
a glance.
3. It should allow time for
response.
4. It should command
respect.
METHODS OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC
CONTROL
I. Traffic signs
• Length of Sign Board- 750/950mm
• Height- 6ft. /2M
• International Traffic Signs (1968 United Nation’s Convention in Vienna, Austria on Road
Signs)
DANGER WARNING
A.
SIGNS Signs)
(Caution
These signs are intended to warn road

users of a danger that lies ahead and of
its nature.
This signs have an equilateral triangular
shape with one sided horizontal and
having red borders.
REGULATORY
B.
SIGNS
•These are round shape

signs (except Stop and Yield
sign) intended to warn road
users of special obligations,
restrictions or prohibitions
with which they must
comply. They are subdivided
into:
PRIORITY
SIGNS
Signs
intended to
regulate
priority
over a
particular
road
section.
PROHIBITORY OR
RESTRICTIVE SIGN
Used on
specified road
section to
indicate
prohibition or
restriction.
Mandatory
Sign
Used to notify
road users of
special rules
to comply.
C. Informative Signs (Guide or
Direction Signs)
•– These rectangular shape

signs (white-colored on blue
background for informative
and green background for
route markers and
destination signs) are
intended to guide road users
while traveling.
Place Identification Sign Direction Sign Advance Sign
INTERNATIONAL BASIC TRAFFIC SIGNS
• ROUND AND RED SIGN – regulates the movement of turning and passing traffic
regulations
• ROUND BLACK YELLOW SIGNS – a warning that you are approaching a railroad crossing
• EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE RED SIGNS – a sign at the intersection directing drivers to

yield the right-of-way to vehicles in the road being crossed
• EIGHT-SIDED RED AND WHITE STOP SIGN – the most popular and understood sign by all
tongues and colors
• TRIANGLE RED AND BLACK SIGN – approaching a danger zone hill, slope, winding road
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
• These refer to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic
is warned or directed to take some specific actions.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS:

1. TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS – designed primarily to control and regulate
traffic flows
2. SPECIAL PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS – provides regulation for pedestrians.
3. TRAIN APPROACH AND GATE SIGNALS – usually installed on rail-road
intersections designed to inform motorists of any approaching train on
the intersections
4. OTHER SPECIAL TRAFFIC SIGNALS – these are installed on traffic ways
where special regulations are emphasized.
TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS
• FIXED-TIME SYSTEM –traffic control signal by which traffic is

alternately commanded to stop and permitted to proceeding
accordance with pre-determined time schedule
• PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM – signals as successive intersections along the
artery are timed to change from red to green at staggered
intervals, permitting a vehicle that maintains a constant speed to
proceed without interruption under normal circumstance
• COMPUTERIZED CONTROL OF SIGNAL NETWORKS – signal changes are
ordered by demands of traffic and are directed by computers
TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS
• FIXED-TIME SYSTEM –traffic control signal by which traffic is

alternately commanded to stop and permitted to proceeding
accordance with pre-determined time schedule
• PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM – signals as successive intersections along the
artery are timed to change from red to green at staggered
intervals, permitting a vehicle that maintains a constant speed to
proceed without interruption under normal circumstance
• COMPUTERIZED CONTROL OF SIGNAL NETWORKS – signal changes are
ordered by demands of traffic and are directed by computers
ORDER OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS (FROM
THE TOP): RED-YELLOW (AMBER)-
GREEN
Steady RED
a. STOP
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
c. Expect pedestrians to cross
Flashing Red: proceed when clear
Steady Green:
a. GO
b. Expect vehicles on the other lane stop.
Steady Yellow:
a. Prepare to STOP or GO
b. It is the same as yield.
IT IS DEFINED AS A SIGNAL OPERATED MANUALLY, ELECTRICALLY BY
WHICH TRAFFIC IS ALTERNATIVELY COMMANDED TO STOP AND
PERMITTED TO PROCEED.
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
STEADY
RED
✓ STOP at designated line.
✓ Vehicles will be crossing from
the other side.
✓ Expect pedestrian to cross at the
pedestrian lane.
✓ Unless specified you can TURN
RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear
traffic coming from the left.
STEADY
GREEN
✓ GO
✓ It is the turn of the vehicles on the other
side to STOP.
✓ Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the
pedestrian lane in front of you.
✓ Unless specified, you can move up to the
middle of the intersection and make a left
turn when clear.
✓ Vehicles going straight have the right of way
✓ Do not anticipate a green light.
STEADY GREEN
ARROW
• GO
• Vehicles turning left can do so.
• On coming straight traffic is still
on red to give way for vehicles
turning left.
• Do not anticipate a green arrow.
STEADY YELLOW
(AMBER)
• Prepare to stop
• It is the turn of the vehicles
on the other side and will be
given the GO signal shortly.
• Do not beat a yellow light.
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
MARKINGS
• PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS – these are lines usually white and
yellow or a combination of yellow and white officially set on the
roadway as separation for motor vehicles travelling in the opposite
direction or same direction
• CURB MARKING FOR RESTRICTIONS - it is placed on the curbs or edges
of the traffic for restriction or for parking regulation.
• OBJECT MARKINGS - It is placed on objects on the road or beside the
road like humps, rocks or similar hazardous objects.
• REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS – designed to reflect and become luminous
when hit by vehicles headlight.
PAVEMENT
MARKINGS FOR
TWO-LANE ONE-
WAY STREET
PAVEMENT
MARKINGS FOR
TWO-LANE TWO-
WAY STREET
PAVEMENT
MARKINGS FOR
FOUR-LANE
TWO- WAY
STREET
CURB
MARKINGS
FOR
RESTRICTIONS
OBJECT
MARKINGS
RAISED
PAVEMENT
MARKER/
CAT’S EYE
REFELECTORIZED MARKINGS
• HAZARD MARKER
• Placed on the face of traffic obstructions
like bridges, guardrails, or traffic islands.
HAZARD
MARKER
REFELECTORIZED MARKINGS
• DELINEATORS
• These are small reflective panels or buttons
mounted on guideposts or guard fence as an
effective aid to delineate the roadway for
nighttime driving
DELINEATORS
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS
• A. LONGITUDINAL LINES
• These are markings laid on road pavement
in the direction of travel which includes:
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS
1. CENTER LINE/SEPARATION LINE

- Used to separate opposite traffic
movements of an undivided roadway and is
generally placed centrally on all roads and
bridges 6.0m or more in width.
PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
This are sign paved or printed on roadway’s floor to

signify direction and prohibition
1. SINGLE WHITE DOTTED LINE
✓ On two-lane road separates traffic moving in
separate directions.
✓ On a one-way street, separates traffic
moving in one direction.
✓ Overtaking is possible when other lane is
clear of oncoming vehicle.
2. SINGLE WHITE CONTINUOUS LINE
✓ Separates traffic moving in opposite
direction.
✓ Could be found in road sections that are
dangerous.
✓ Passing and overtaking can be made but
only after under circumstances when there
is no oncoming traffic.
3. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE WITH A
DOTTED WHITE LINE IN BETWEEN
✓ Absolutely no parking.
✓ Overtaking is extremely dangerous.
✓ Stay in your lane until you pass the
end of the solid lines.
4. SINGLE YELLOW LINE

✓ A yellow line with a dotted white line
means that you cannot overtake if
the solid line is on your side.
✓ If you overtake, return to your lane
before the solid line.
5. YELLOW CONTINUOUS LINE ON ROAD
PROVIDED WITH A PASSING LANE
✓ These are common on mountain roads.
✓ Slow moving vehicles such as buses and
heavy trucks should always use the outer
lane.
✓ Inner lane is for vehicles to pass without
having to use the other lane for vehicles
coming from the opposite direction.
✓ Vehicles coming from the opposite
direction should not use the inner lane at
the other side for overtaking
6. CROSSWALK a.k.a. PEDESTRIAN LANE

✓ Stop for pedestrians on an intersection
with no traffic light.
✓ Do not stop on pedestrian lane especially
to load or unload passengers.
✓ Pedestrian should always cross a street on
a crosswalk.
7. DIRECTIONAL ARROWS
✓ Indicates directions of permitted traffic
movement.
✓ When approaching intersections where pavement
arrows are used, you should enter the lane where
the arrow points in the direction you want to go.
8. STOP LINES
✓ These are painted across pavement lanes at traffic
signs or signals.
✓ Where these lines are present, you should stop behind
the stop line.
9. BARREL LINES
✓ A new concept in reducing the seriousness of
accidents.
✓ These are engineered to act as impact cushion.
Usually installed in front of a solid obstacle or traffic
island at an area of high accident frequency.
10. CURB MARKINGS
– These are markings placed on the curbs or edges
of the traffic for restriction or for parking
regulation purposes.
11. OBJECT MARKINGS
– These are markings placed on objects on the
road or beside the road like humps, rocks or
similar hazardous objects on the side of the road.
12. REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS
– These are markings or gadgets designed to
reflect and become luminous when hit by
vehicles’ light.
– These are placed or installed in the middle of the
roadway to supplement separation lines or on
object at the side of the roadways which are too
near or within the road pavement itself.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
The action taken by the police to compel obedience to traffic laws

and ordinance regulating the use and movement of motor vehicle
for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all
potential violators.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER – a person duly deputized by an agency of

government authorized by law to enforce traffic laws, rules, and
regulations.
POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
- Performed by the police and other agencies with police power
including deterrent to law violations created by the presence of
uniformed police officer and their special equipment. Special
assistance to court and prosecutor and incidental service to
highway users.
COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- Performed by the court through the adjudication and
penalization
FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS IN ENFORCEMENT
PROCESS
• 1. DETECTION – entails looking for defects in the behavior of

motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment, and roadway
condition
• 2. APPREHENSION – police are required to take action to
prevent continued and future violation
• 3. PROSECUTION
• 4. ADJUDICATION – determines the guilt or innocence of the
accused
• 5. PENALIZATION – imposition of penalty.
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM
• ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM – consist of legislation, police,

court, and penalties
• ROAD USER SYSTEM – includes pedestrians, pedal cyclists,

drivers, and passengers
• TRAFFIC SYSTEM – composed of the entire road and

vehicle complex
TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE OF
ENFORCEMENT
• VIOLATIONS – acts or omissions against traffic laws
• HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS – cause danger to road users

• NON-HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS – do not affect safety of the
public but affect the use of roads
POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
• KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

1. TRAFFIC ARREST – taking a person into custody of law
2. TRAFFIC CITATION – made to compel violators to appear in court
in absence of arrest
3. TRAFFIC WARNING – act reminding the driver of his violation in
order for him to not do it again.
TRAFFIC ARREST
TYPES OF TRAFFIC
WARNING
1.Visual Warning – usually used when you have observed a minor
violation and is indicated by gesture of the hand and or of the
head.
2.Verbal Warning – also a form of traffic safety education by
telling the driver about his violation and explain the hazards of
such.
3.Written Warning –This is a combination of verbal warning and
citations. It gives the spirit of verbal warning and the form of
citation. This is seldom used nowadays
TRAFFIC WARNING
TRAFFIC PATROL
• That part of police traffic supervision which consist

of driving and walking here and there in an area or to
and from on a road for the purpose of traffic law
enforcement and to provide traffic connected service to
the public.
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, DIRECTION AND
CONTROL
• Traffic Supervision – Keeping order on the street and

highway within existing regulations to make their use safe
and expeditious.
• Supervised Route – Any street or highway on which traffic is
supervised to some considerable degree.
• Police Traffic Direction – It is defined as telling drivers
and pedestrians how and where they may or may not
move or stand at a particular place, especially during
periods of congestion or emergencies.
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
• It is the control and direction of traffic units according

to proportionate time to prevent traffic accident to
maintain smooth flow of traffic
• MEANS OF DIRECTING
• 1. Signaling
• 2. Whistling
• 3. Gestures
WHISTLE SIGNALS
• One long blast for STOP.
• Two short snappy blast for GO.
• Three blast to be used for assistance and/or for motorist

to be attentive.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
• ACCIDENT – occurrence in a sequence of events which

usually produces unintended injury, death, or damage to
property.
• TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – accident involving travel
transportation on a traffic way
• MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT – event resulting to unintended
injury or property damage attributable directly or
indirectly to the action of motor vehicle or its loads
• TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION – this is looking for answers as
to when, where and why did it happen and how did it occur.
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• MOTOR VEHICLE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• any motor vehicle
accident occurring
on a traffic way
• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• any accident occurring
on a traffic way involving
persons using the traffic
way or travel or
transportation but not
involving a motor vehicle
in motion.
• MOTOR VEHICLE NON-

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• any motor vehicle
accident which occurs
entirely in any place
other than a trafficway
• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE NON-

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• any accident occurring in a
private traffic way involving
persons using vehicle or
transportation but not
involving a motor vehicle in
motion.
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
• Perception of hazard
- it is seeing,
feeling, or hearing and
understanding the usual
or unexpected
movement or condition
that could be taken as
sign of the accident
about to happen
CHAIN OF EVENTS
1. Perception of hazard
2. Start of evasive action
3. Initial contact
4. Maximum engagement
5. Disengagement
6. Stopping
7. Injury

PERCEPTION OF HAZARD
It is seeing, feeling, or hearing and
understanding the usual or
unexpected movement or condition
that could be taken as sign of the
accident about to happen.

START OF EVASIVE ACTION
It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape

from a collision course or otherwise avoid a
hazard.

INITIAL CONTACT
The first accidental touching of an object

collision course or otherwise avoids a
hazard.

MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT
It is the greatest collapse or overlap in a

collision. The force between the traffic unit and
the object collided with are greatest at
maximum engagement.

DISENGAGEMENT
It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion

from an object with which it has collided. The
force between the object ceases at this time.

STOPPING
This is when the traffic unit/s involved

come to rest. It usually stabilizes the
accident situation.

FINAL POSITION – IS THE PLACE AND TIME WHEN OBJECTS
INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT FINALLY COME TO REST
WITHOUT APPLICATION OF POWER
Injury
It is receiving bodily harm. This event does

not necessary occur after the accident but within
any of the chain of events. It may also happen
right after the evasive action taken by the
drivers involved or during the initial contact.
is that place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot
be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration
POINT OF NO ESCAPE
OTHER EVENTS THAT MAY OCCUR
DURING AN ACCIDENT
• Point of possible of perception

- the place and time of which the hazard
could have been perceived by a normal person. It
precedes actual perception and it’s the beginning
of perception delay
• Point of no Escape
- it is the place and time after or beyond which
accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit under
consideration
• Perception delay
- The time from the point of possible perception to
actual perception
• Final position
- It is the place and time when objects involved in
an accident finally comes at rest without the application
of power
• KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes
the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic
accident
• REACTION TIME – distance travelled before applying the
brakes.
• TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid
hazardous situations like steering, braking, or
accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
CLASSIFICATION OF MVTA ACC. TO
KEY EVENTS
• 1.Running off road

• This is usually
characterized by a
motor vehicle falling
on the road side or
cliff along
mountainous roads
• 2. Non- collision on
road
• This does not
involve collision
example of which is
overturning
• 3. Collision – on the other hand, this type of
accident includes all forms of accident as
long as there is collision
FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
1. REPORTING
This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a
motor vehicle, traffic, and persons,, property and planned
movements involved.
2. AT SCENE INVESTIGATION
This level involves all actions taken by the investigator at the
scene of the crime or accident
FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
3. TECHNICAL PREPARATION
This involves delayed traffic accident data collection and organization for
study and interpretation
4. PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
This involves efforts to determine from whatever information is
available, how the accident happened.
5. CAUSE ANALYSIS
This last level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident
which are bases for prevention of similar accident.
PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
SKID MARKS
• A mark which a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling

and slides or spins on the surface of the road.
• Skid marks are important for finding the maximum and minimum
vehicle speed prior to the impact or incident.
OTHER TIRE MARKS
• CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARKS – marking on a roadway left by a rotating

• TIRE AND A WHEEL OF A SPEEDING VEHICLE ON A CURVE WHEN THE SPEED OF THE VEHICLE IS
ABOVE THE CRITICAL SPEED OF THE CURVE AND THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ENTIRELY OR PARTIALLY
OVERCOMES THE FRICTION BETWEEN THE MASS OF THE VEHICLE AND ITS TIRES AND THE SURFACE
OF THE ROADWAY.
•
IMPENDING SKID MARK SHADOW - marks caused by the forward rotation of the
wheels being slower than the forward movement of the vehicle.
• YAWN MARK - scuffmark made while the vehicle is yawning. Mark
made on the road by a rotating tire which is slipping in a
direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.
IMPENDING SKID MARK SHADOW
• SKIP MARK – braking skid mark interrupted at frequent
regular intervals. It is made by a bouncing wheel on
which brakes keep the wheel from turning
• SCUFF MARK – roadway marking left by the tire and
wheel of a vehicle sliding sideways as a result of force
other than centrifugal force
• GAP SKID – braking skid mark which is interrupted by
release and reapplication of brakes
SKIP SKIDMARK CENTRIFUGAL SKIDMARK
GAP SKID
• RUTS – a sunken track worn by a wheel, groove forming a
path for anything
• GOUGE – a groove made by a hard part of a motor
vehicle to another car after side sweeping each other or
it may be left on a road surface by a motor vehicle which
overturned then slid on the road surface.
• PAINT STRIPS – when vehicle collided with other object,
it sometimes transfer its paint to other objects

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TRANSPORTATION VS.

• Transportation is the movement or conveying of

• Traffic is the movement of persons, goods, or

LJUBLANA MARSHES WOODEN WHEEL- IS

RAILWAYS – channel of transportation wherein parallel

• ORIGINALLY MEANT “TRADE”

• GREEK ORIGINALLY CALLED THE

• Refers to the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency

• FEEDER ROAD – intended to farm-to-market roads

❑PROVINCIAL ROADS- THOSE CONNECTING ONE MUNICIPALITY TO

• MUNICIPAL ROADS- THOSE ROADS /STREETS WITHIN THE POBLACION AREA OF

TUNNEL ROAD – passage of wide section cut through hill to

SKYWAY – a modern urban system of roadway above street

• ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION:

1. CONTROLLED INTERSECTION –CONTROLLED

2. UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION – IT HAS NO

BOX JUNCTION – generally prohibits entry unless

CLOVERLEAF - a highway interchange at which two

• 1. TRAFFIC BUILD-UP - gradual increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the

• 2. TRAFFIC CONGESTION – characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and

• 3. TRAFFIC JAMS (snarl-up) – movement of traffic users is very slow or stationary.

• 4. BOTTLENECKS – narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or

• 6. ACCIDENTS – may cause unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs,

• 7. COLLISIONS – incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person

usually refers to a complete

a more general term that

- state of severe road congestion

Eric Sawati Catte

• In general, Driver instruction aims primarily to teach the

❑ To install awareness of one’s legal and moral

❑ To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a

• is the process of giving training and travel and practice in the

• Traffic Safety Education

• This is highly unsystematic and is usually

2. Secondary- This level initiates driver education program

3. Higher Education- Some universities and colleges offer and

• b. Public Information Programs- Information dissemination

• is the science of measuring traffic and travel and the study of

Three important goals of enforcement activities

• b. Legislative Bodies (National- Local)

• is the study of dealing with potentially

• NO MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION (MVR) SHALL BE ISSUED UNLESS SUCH MOTOR

• People should also learn to develop schemes

EXCEEDING REGISTERED CAPACITY

• The construction of devices for

• (a) Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with

• This requirement, however, does not apply to motor vehicles equipped

• (b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or

• (e) Stop lights. - Every motor vehicle shall be

• (f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. - Every motor

That it shall be unlawful for the owner or possessor of any

• (g) Lights when parked or disabled. -

• (h) Windshield wiper. - Every motor

• (i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load

• No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a

• The following practices are prohibited:

• 7. DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR OR

• Driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA) refers to the

• A driver of a private motor vehicle with a gross vehicle