Module 1: tourism impacts and sustainability and promoting sustainable tourism

practices amongst them.

Sustainability- meet the needs and PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE
aspirations of a region’s present generation of TOURISM
people without compromising those future (basahin mo nalang notes mo self hehe)
generation.
STAKEHOLDERS
Sustainable development- development that - LGU
meets the needs of the present, without - Community
compromising the ability of future generation - Investors
to meet their own needs. (Brundtland, 1987)
- Development that lasts (Pearce and LIMITATIONS PF TOURISM AS A
barbier, 2000) TOLL FOR SUSTAINABLE
3 pillars DEVELOPMENT
- economic
- Social • Not everyone’s voice will be heard
- Environment concerning a proposed tourism
project.
Tourism- social, cultural, and economic • Decisions tend to be dominated by
phenomenon related to the movement of local elites and external agents
people outside their usual place of residence. • Tourism professionals and academics
- Has an impact on economy, the often assume that loacals lack the
natural and built environment, the knowledge and skills to participate in
local population at the places visited tourism ( moscardo, 2007)
and the visitors themselves.
TOURISM ISSUES
Sustainable tourism- tourism that takes full
account on its current and future economic, Over tourism- excessive growth of
social and environmental impacts, addressing visitors leading to overcrowding in areas
the needs of visitors, the industries, the where residents suffer the consequences
environment and host communities. of temporary and seasonal tourism peaks,
- Its development requires the informed which enforced permanent changes to
participation of all relevant their lifestyles, access to amenities and
stakeholders, as well as strong general well-being. (milano et al 2018)
political leadership to ensure wide
participation and consensus building. Climate change-
- It should maintain high level of tourist
satisfaction and ensure a meaningful RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
experience to the tourist, raising their
awareness about sustainability issues
 •Minimizes negative social, ENVIRONMENTS, intended to support
economic, and environmental conservation efforts and observe WILDLIFE.
impacts.
• Generates greater economic Sustainable tourism- make OPTIMAL USE
benefits for local people and OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES that
enhances the well-being of host constitute a key element in tourism
communities. development, maintaining essential
• Improves working conditions and ecological processes and helping to conserve
access to the industry. natural heritage and biodiversity.
• Involves local people in decisions
that affect their lives and life Responsible travel- a term referring to the
chances. BEHAVIOR AND STYLE OF
• Makes positive contributions to INDIVIDUAL travelers.
the conservation of natural and
cultural heritage embracing Triple bottom line approach- about
diversity. measuring the impact of tourism in
• Provides more enjoyable economy, on society and cultures, and on
experiences for tourist through the environment.
more meaningful connections 3 pillars of sustainability (triple bottom
with local people and a greater line approach)
understanding of local cultural, - Economy
social, and environmental issues. - Social
- environment
• Provides access for physically
3 types of impacts
challenged people.
- Economic
• Culturally sensitive, encourages
- Socio-cultural
respect between tourist and hosts
- Environmental
and builds local pride and
These three are interrelated.
confidence.
- Responsible tourism is like
ECONOMIC IMPORATNCE OF
sustainable tourism, however as often
TOURISM INDUSTRY
the word sustainability is often
overused and not understood, • Tourism economy represents 5
percent of world GDP
responsible tourism has been adopted
as term used by industry. • Tourism contributes 6-7% of total
ECOTOURISM VS. SUSTAINABLE employment
TOURISM VS. RESPONSIBLE • International tourism ranks fourth
TOURISM in global exports.
• Tourism industry is valued at
Ecotourism- a tourism directed towards US$1 trillion a year
exotic, often threated, NATURAL
 • Tourism accounts for 30 percent Positive economic impacts
of the worlds export of 1. Provides employment opportunities.
commercial services. 2. Generates foreign exchange
• Tourism accounts for 6% of total 3. Increases investment
exports 4. Increases income
• 1.4 billion international tourists 5. Increases GNI/GNP
were recorded in 2018 6. Diversifies the economy
• In over 150 countries, tourism is 7. Spreads development
one of the five top export earners. 8. High multiplier effect
9. Increases government revenue
WHY GOVERNMENT INVEST Foreign exchange earnings
- Tourism bring huge economic impact Strong currencies
for a destination • British pound
• Employment • American, Australian, and Singapore
• Currency exchange dollar
• Imports • euro
• Taxes CONTRIBUTION TO
- It includes: GOVERNMENT REVENUE
• Improvements in technology
Two main ways:
• Increases in disposable
1. direct contributions- generated by
income.
taxes on incomes from tourism
• The growth of budget airlines
employment and tourism businesses
• Consumer desires to trave;
and things such as departures taxes.
further, to new destinations
2. Indirect contributions- come from
goods and services supplied to
TYPES OF ECONOMIC IMPACT
tourists which are not directly related
1. Direct effects- production changes
to the tourism industry.
associated with the immediate effects
Primary tourism enterprises
of changes in tourism expenditures.
1. Accommodations establishments
2. Indirect effects- production changes
2. Travel and tour services
resulting from various rounds of re-
3. Tourist transport operators
spending of the hotel’s industry
4. Meetings, incentives, conventions,
receipts in other backward-linked
and exhibitions
industries (industries supplying
5. Adventure/sports and ecotourism
products and services to hotels)
facilities.
3. Induced effects- changes in
Secondary tourism enterprises
economic activity resulting from
1. Restaurant
household spending of income earned
2. Tourism training center
directly or indirectly as a result of
3. Target shooting range
tourism spending.
 4. Shopping mall/ tourist shop/ specialty ROLES OF LGU IN TOURISM
shop Provincial government- develop and
5. Farm tourism camp promote tourism.
6. Gallery/ museum Municipality and city government- provide
7. Tourism entertainment complex tourism facilities, regulates tourism
8. Tourism recreation center establishments.
9. Zoos
10. Rest area/ restroom - In every LGU shall have a permanent
tourism officer and tourist
3 induced contributions- accounts for information and assistance center.
money spent by the people who are employed Multiplier effect
in the tourism industry. - Relates to spending in one place
creating economic benefits
Employment generation- rapid expansion elsewhere.
of international tourism has led to significant - Tourism can do wonders for a
employment creation. From hotel managers destination in areas that may seem to
to theme park operatives to cleaners. be completely unrelated to tourism,
but which are actually connected
Two types of employment in the tourism somewhere in the economic system.
industry: Development of the private sector
1. Direct employment- includes jobs - It has continuously developed within
that are immediately associated with the tourism industry and owning a
the tourism industry. business within the private sector can
2. Indirect employment- includes jobs extremely profitable: making this
which are not technically based in the positive economic impact of tourism.
tourism industry, but are related to the NEGATUVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS
tourism industry. 1. causes inflation.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO LOCAL 2. results in high leakage
ECONOMIES 3. opportunity cost
- Employment, business development, 4. creates difficulties of seasonality
cultural revival, environmental 5. can result in unbalanced economic
consciousness, and conservation. development.
- If sustainable tourism is 6. over-dependence on tourism
demonstrated, money will be directed LEAKAGE- when money spent does not
to areas that will benefit the local remain in the country but ends up elsewhere.
community most. - Biggest culprit of economic leakage
- The government may reinvest money are multinational and internationally-
towards public services and money owned corporations.
earned by tourism employees will be
spent in the local community.
Infrastructure cost- tourism may require the - Villages and townscapes
government to improve the airport, roads and - Transport infrastructure (roads and
other infrastructure which are costly. airport)
- Another example is countries hosting - Dams and reservoirs
Olympics invest billions to build • NATURAL RESOURCE
infrastructure. - Water
Dependence on tourism- - Climate
Foreign ownership and management- - Air
some businesses choose to go abroad. This ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
may save the business money, it is usually not - In terms of environment, tourism can
so beneficial for the economy of the host be the reason for protecting natural
destination. areas, can raise awareness of
environmental issues and can
Module 3: encourage tourists to adopt pro-
Environmental impacts, mitigation and environmental behavior.
sustainable practices - unfortunately, tourism also has the
potential to harm the environment by
CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT contributing to air and water
(Swarbrooke,1999) pollution, littering, and overuse of
natural resources.
The environment FACTORS INFLUENCING
• NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMETAL IMPACTS
- Mountainous areas 1. “where”’ factor
- Seas 2. Type of tourism activity
- Rivers and lakes 3. Nature of any tourist
- Caves infrastructure
- Beaches 4. “when” the activity occurs.
- Natural woodland CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
• WILDLIFE IMPACTS
- Land based mammals and reptiles - The quality of the environment is
- Flora essential to tourism
- Birds - However, tourism’s relationship[ with
- Insects the environment is complex and many
- Fish and marine mammals activities can have adverse
• FARMED ENVIRONMENT environmental effects if careful
- Agricultural landscape tourism planning and management is
- Man-made forest undertaken.
- Fish farms - It is ironic really, that tourism often
• BUILT ENVORNMENT destroys the very things that it relies
- Individual buildings and structure on.
 - Many of the negative environmental - Introduction of exotic species
impacts that results from tourism and SOFT TOURISM
linked with the construction of - Form of tourism, that does not put too
general infrastructure such as roads much load on the environment and
and airports and of tourism facilities, offers services and experiences that
including resorts, hotels, restaurants, are sustainable.
shop, golf course and marinas. REGENERATIVE TOURISM
- The negative impacts of tourism - Aim to bring a positive impact to the
development can gradually destroy local systems, social and
the environmental resources on which environment.
it depends. MITIGATION MEASURES
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MINIMIZING CARBON FOOTPRINT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS - The tourism industry contributes
about 5% of global carbon emissions.
POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS - Half of this footprint is caused by the
- Protection of natural environments or aviation sector.
prevention of further ecological • Transport offsets
decline. • Electricity
- Preservation of historic buildings and • Emissions
monuments. • Fuel
- Improvement of areas appearance • Gas
(visual and aesthetic) • Recycling
- A “clean” industry (no smokestacks)
• Waste
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL - Alternative fuels emit less carbon
IMPACTS
because they are cleaner burning than
- Pollution ( air, water, noise, solid diesel or gasoline
waste, and visual) - Using public transportation reduces
- Loss of natural landscape and
an individual’s carbon footprint when
agricultural lands to tourism compared with driving.
development. - Biodiesel is produced by vegetable
- Loss of open space oils and animal fats.
- Destruction of flora and fauna - Ethanol is made from plant materials
(including collection of plants, - Gasoline can be blended with
animals, rocks, coral or artifacts by or between 10% and 85% ethanol
for tourists) - Propane or liquefied petroleum gas
- Degradation of landscape historic (lpg) is a by-product od natural gas
sites, and monuments processing and crude oil refining
- Disruption of wildlife breeding cycles - Other renewable sources of energy
and behaviors. are wind and sunlight. Windfarm or
- Water shortage wind park uses several wind turbines
 in the same location to produce supplies, refrigerators and other bulk
electricity items.
- Bangui wind farm in ilocos Norte is SOLID WASTE REDUCTION
the first power-generating windfarm • Sorting/ recycling of glass,
in southeast Asia. aluminum, paper, and plastics from
AIR POLLUTION MITIGATION guest rooms;
- When a place succeeds as tourist • Providing bulk dispensers for soap,
destination, it is inevitable that there shampoo, and lotion
will be increased vehicular traffic. • Returning laundered clothes to guest
Vehicles emit air pollutants. in reusable cloth bags/baskets;
Two ways to mitigate these problems are: • Offering rarely used items such as
- To set as far back facilities away from sewing kits by request only;
the road. • Instructing housekeeping not to
- To plant trees which will serve as replace half-used rolls of toilet
buffer between the tourism facilities paper/tissue boxes; and
and the road. • Leaving replacements for guest touse
WATSEWATER-SAVING if required
TECHNOLOGIES
• Encourage the use of durable
- Tourism is a water intensive industry, equipment and high-quality, reusable
particularly in the context of golf linens, utensils, dishes, and tableware
course and luxury hotels that have
• Cloth roll towels or hand dryers could
bathtubs installed as standard hotel
be installed to lessen the use of paper
amenities.
products
- A low-flush toilet (or low-flow toilet
• For administrative offices, bulletin
or high efficiency toilet) uses only 6
board and email could be utilized to
liters or less per flush compared to
send memos to employees.
13.2 liters for previous toilets.
• Flowers from guest rooms should be
collected for composting if needed, or
SOLID WASTE REDUCTION
donated to local hospitals, schools, or
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE:
charitable organizations
- Newspapers and magazine
• Recycling turns used materials into
- Cleansing agent containers used by
valuable resources and diverts waste
housekeeping and laundry services
from landfills besides saving energy
- Flowers in guestroom and public
and water and reducing air pollution.
areas]plastic shampoo and cosmetic
soap bottles
NOISE REDUCTION
- Old towels, linens, bedsheets,
- According to WHO ambient sound
furniture, paint, varnishes, used
levels should not exceed 30 decibels
fittings, fixtures and plumbing
(dBA) for sound sleep.
- Places close to airports exceeds 100
dBA
- NASA together with aircraft engine
manufacturers, has designed engines
with larger fans, which turn at a
slower top speed, reducing noise
levels and fuel consumption
- Two zones adjacent to each other
must have compatible uses
- Buffer areas for non-noise sensitive
use between two zones can reduce
noise impacts to the residents.
- Schools, which require silent
surroundings, may be relocated in
non-populated areas.