Diffraction SMIT

Diffraction
Tanay K. Dey
Physics, SMIT
Diffraction
• Light travels in straight lines. Rectilinear propagation of light can
be easily explained on the basis of Newton‟s corpuscular theory.
• But it has been observed that when light passes through a small
opening (a small circular hole or narrow slit) it spreads to some
extent into the region of the geometrical shadow also.
• This effect can not be explain by the Newton‟s corpuscular theory

Diffraction
• We can explain by Huygen‟s principle.
• HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE:
• Huygens principle said that each point on a wave front may be
regarded as a new source of waves.
• When light wave front passes through slit we can say there are
infinite number of secondary sources and each can send the light in
all possible directions.
So light can go to the
shadow area
Types of Diffraction
• Diffraction phenomena are conveniently divided into two
general classes,
• (i) Fraunhofer diffraction: Those in which the source of light
and the screen on which the pattern is observed are effectively
at infinite distances from the aperture causing the diffraction,
• (ii) Fresnel diffraction: Those in which either the source or
the screen, or both, are at finite distances from the aperture.
Differences between Fraunhofer and
Fresnel diffraction
Fraunhoffer diffraction Fresnel diffraction
1. Source and the screen are separated 1. Source and the screen are at finite
infinitely from the slit. distance from the slit.
1. Incident wave fronts on the 2. Incident wave fronts on the

diffracting slit are plane. diffracting slit are spherical.
2. Wave fronts leaving the slit are also 3. Wave fronts leaving the slit are also
plane. spherical.
2. Two lens are required 4. No lens required

Single Slit Fraunhofer Diffraction
• The distances of screen and source from slit are infinite.
• In lab which is not possible.
• What we can do: place the source in the focal point of the
lens so that when light rays pass through it becomes parallel
and seems coming from infinity.
• Similarly we can place screen on the focal plane of the
other lens and parallel light rays converge in a point on the
screen.
Intensity of light
• Due to the Huygens principle, large number of rays
produced in the slit and they converge in the point
„P‟ of the screen .
• So the resultant wave at „𝑃1 ‟ can be written as
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛
W
Intensity
• Consider a small element „ds‟ at the center of the slit.
• A wave of amplitude „a‟ is illuminating the slit.
• So at „𝑃1 ‟ the wave reached from the „ds‟ can be written as
𝑎 𝑑𝑠
• 𝑑𝑦0 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥)
𝑥
• Here x is the distance of the point ′𝑃1 ‟ from slit
Intensity
Now consider another small
element „ds‟ of slit at a „-s‟
distance from the center of the
slit.
So the path difference between
the ray produce from this slit
element and the previous slit
element will be
𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ phase difference =
2𝜋
𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
λ
• So we can write the this ray as

𝑎 𝑑𝑠
• d𝑦−𝑠 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑥
Intensity
• Similarly if we consider a small element in the slit
at „s‟ distance from the slit the wave produce by
that element can be written as;
𝑎 𝑑𝑠
• d𝑦+𝑠 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑥
Intensity
• The resultant of the these last two waves at „𝑃1 ‟ can be written as;
• dy = d𝑦−𝑠 + d𝑦+𝑠
𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑠
• = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑥 𝑥
•
𝑎 𝑑𝑠
• dy = ,𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)]
𝑥
• dy
2𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝜔𝑡 −𝑘 𝑥 −𝑘 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝜔𝑡 −𝑘 𝑥+𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜔𝑡 −𝑘 𝑥 −𝑘 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝜔𝑡+𝑘 𝑥−𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
= ,𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠( )
𝑥 2 2
2𝑎 𝑑𝑠
• = ,𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠(−𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)]
𝑥
2𝑎 𝑑𝑠
• = ,𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)]
𝑥
Intensity
• Now consider all the possible element in the slit and find out the
resultant at „𝑃1 ‟
𝑏
2𝑎𝑑𝑠
• 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 ,𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)]
𝑥
𝑏
2𝑎
• = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 2
0
𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)]ds
𝑥
2𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑘 𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑏/2
• = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 , -0
𝑥 𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑘 𝑏/2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
• = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
2𝑎 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
• = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 𝑏
2
𝑏
𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛( 𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
• y= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 𝑏
2
2
Intensity
𝑏
𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛( 𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)
• y= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 𝑏
2
2
𝑏 𝑏 2𝜋 𝜋𝑏
• Consider 𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃= ꞵ ⇒ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2 λ λ
• Then the resultant wave can be written as,
𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ
• y= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥
𝑥 ꞵ
𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ 𝑎𝑏
• y = {A , ] }𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑥 where, A =
ꞵ 𝑥
• Amplitude
Intensity
• Intensity;
2 𝑆𝑖𝑛
2 ꞵ 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ
• 𝐼= 𝐴 2 = 𝐼0 2
ꞵ ꞵ
2 𝜋𝑏
• Where we consider; 𝐼0 = 𝐴 and ꞵ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
λ
• Since in the intensity there is a sin term so it varies
from a maximum value to a minimum value zero.
Condition for Minimum Intensity
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ
• Intensity: 𝐼 = 𝐼0 2
ꞵ
𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ 0
• = 0 ; but ꞵ ≠ 0. [ because is undefined]
ꞵ 0
𝜋𝑏
• ꞵ= 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ± m 𝜋 where m = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
λ
• 𝑏𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ± m λ
• This is the condition for minima‟s in single slit
diffraction.
Condition for Maximum Intensity
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ
ꞵ
𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ
• = 0 ; but ꞵ ≠ 0. (minimum condition)
ꞵ
0
• What about ꞵ = 0 ? [ because is undefined]
0
𝜋𝑏
• Take limiting value of ꞵ → 0; [ꞵ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃; θ → 0-
λ
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ
• lim , 𝐼0 2 ] = 𝐼0 lim , 2 ] = 𝐼0
ꞵ→0 ꞵ ꞵ→0 ꞵ
• Central Maximum.
Condition for Other(Secondary) Maximum
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ
ꞵ
• ꞵ = ± 2m + 1 𝜋/2 ; No, because ꞵ is in the
denominator.
• We find the condition by taking the derivative of
intensity I with respect to ꞵ and equate with zero.
𝑑𝐼
• = 0 (the condition for maxima or minima of a
𝑑ꞵ
function I with respect to ꞵ)
• Then we can write:
2
𝑑𝐼 ꞵ 2𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ 𝐶𝑜𝑠ꞵ−2ꞵ𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ
• = 𝐼0 [ -=0
𝑑ꞵ ꞵ
4
2
𝑑𝐼 ꞵ 2𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ 𝐶𝑜𝑠ꞵ−2ꞵ𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ
• = 𝐼0 [ -=0
𝑑ꞵ ꞵ
4
• ꞵ2 2𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ𝐶𝑜𝑠ꞵ − 2ꞵ𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ = 0
• 2ꞵ𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ (ꞵ𝐶𝑜𝑠ꞵ − 𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ) = 0
• ꞵ𝐶𝑜𝑠ꞵ − 𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ = 0
• ꞵ𝐶𝑜𝑠ꞵ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ
𝑆𝑖𝑛ꞵ
• ꞵ= = tanꞵ
𝐶𝑜𝑠ꞵ
• ꞵ = tanꞵ
• The condition for other maximums.
• ꞵ = tanꞵ 𝑦
• We find the ꞵ values by geometrical ways.
• Consider ꞵ = tanꞵ = 𝑦
• That is : 𝑦 = ꞵ and y = tanꞵ
• 𝑦 = ꞵ; if we plot “y” against “ꞵ”
• We get a straight line. ꞵ
• Similarly if we plot y = tanꞵ
• against “ꞵ” then:
• The points of intersection of the two curves give the values of ꞵ.
• The points of intersection are ꞵ =0 and ꞵ ≈ 3π/2, 5π/2, 7π/2, …….. or

ꞵ =(2m+1)π/2 are the condition of other maximums.
𝜋𝑏
• ꞵ= = (2m+1)π/2 is the condition secondary
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
λ
maximums.
𝑏
• 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (2m+1)/2
λ
• b𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (2m+1)λ/2
• When 𝜃 = 0 gives the position of central maxima.
• Other 𝜃 values gives the position of secondary

maximum.
Relative intensity of the secondary maximums
• To obtain the relative intensities at the secondary

maxima, we consider the approximate values of ꞵ for
the secondary maxima.
• We find the relative intensity with respect to intensity

of central maxima.
• We get
𝐼𝑚 𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ꞵ 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 (2m+1)π/2 1
• = 2 = 2 = =
𝐼0 𝐼0 ꞵ ꞵ *(2m+1)π/2+ 2 *(2m+1)π/2+ 2
Relative intensity of the secondary maximums
𝐼𝑚 1
=
𝐼0 *(2m+1)π/2+ 2
𝐼1 1 1
= = ≈ 0.045
𝐼0 *(2+1)π/2+ 2 *3π/2+ 2
That is 4.5% of the central intensity.
𝐼2 1 1
= = ≈ 0.016
𝐼0 *(2x 2+1)π/2+ 2 *5π/2+ 2
That is 1.6% of the central intensity.
𝐼3 1 1
= = ≈ 0.00826
𝐼0 *(2x 3+1)π/2+ 2 *7π/2+ 2
That is 0.8% of the central intensity
Width of the Central Maxima
• Width of the Central Maxima:
• The distance between two first order minima
• Angular Width: 𝜃 + 𝜃 = 2𝜃
• Linear width: 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 2𝑦
• For small angle
𝑦 𝑦
• = = tan 𝜃 ≈ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐷 𝑓
• f is focal length of the lens
• So 𝑦 = 𝐷𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐷 𝐷
• 𝑦= 𝑏𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = λ [because 𝑏𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚λ ]
𝑏 𝑏
2𝐷
• So the linear width = 2y = λ
𝑏
Difference between interference and diffraction
INTERFERENCE DIFFRACTION
1. Interference is the result of 1. Diffraction is the result of interaction of
interaction of light coming from light coming from different parts of the
different wave fronts originating same wavefront.
from the source.
1. Interference fringes are of the 2. Diffraction fringes are not of the same
same width. width.
1. Regions of minimum intensity are 3. Regions of minimum intensity are not

perfectly dark. dark.
1. All bright bands are of same 4. The different maxima are of varying
intensity. intensity with maximum intensity for
central maximum.

Diffraction SMIT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diffraction SMIT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diffraction SMIT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diffraction

• This effect can not be explain by the Newton‟s corpuscular theory

1. Incident wave fronts on the 2. Incident wave fronts on the

2. Two lens are required 4. No lens required

• So we can write the this ray as

• The points of intersection of the two curves give the values of ꞵ.

• The points of intersection are ꞵ =0 and ꞵ ≈ 3π/2, 5π/2, 7π/2, …….. or

• When 𝜃 = 0 gives the position of central maxima.

• Other 𝜃 values gives the position of secondary

• To obtain the relative intensities at the secondary

• We find the relative intensity with respect to intensity

1. Regions of minimum intensity are 3. Regions of minimum intensity are not

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.