Fundamentals of

Electrical Engineering
THIRD EDITION

Rajendra Prasad
Former Professor and Head
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Patna

Delhi-110092
2014
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Third Edition
Rajendra Prasad

© 2014 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the
publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4895-0

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Ninth Printing (Third Edition)    January, 2014

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj
Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC,
Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.
 To
My beloved granddaughters
Aishwarya, Ananya and Aarna
and
my beloved grandson
Ayaan
 Contents

Preface xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv

1. Fundamentals of Electrical Energy 1–60

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electrical Current and Voltage 3
1.3 Electrical Power and Energy 6
1.4 Electrical Circuit Elements 7
1.4.1 Resistor 7
1.4.2 Capacitor 11
1.4.3 Inductor 20
1.5 Sources of Electrical Energy 28
1.5.1 Independent Sources 28
1.5.2 Dependent Sources 29
1.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws 30
Review Questions 32
Solved Problems 32
Exercises 56

2. Circuit Analysis: Resistive Network 61–130

2.1 Electrical Circuit and Network 61
2.2 Applications of Kirchhoff’s Laws 62
2.3 Source Equivalence and Conversion 67
2.4 Nodal Analysis 69
2.5 Mesh Analysis 73
2.6 Node and Loop Equations with Controlled Sources 74
2.7 Principle of Superposition 77
2.8 Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem 81
2.9 Network Simplification 84
2.10 Maximum Power Transfer 89
Review Questions 90
Solved Problems 91
Exercises 125
v
vi Contents

3. Circuit Analysis: Time Varying Excitation 131–234

3.1 Network Responses 131
3.2 Responses to Exponential Excitations 132
3.3 Responses to Sinusoidal Excitation 138
3.4 R.M.S. Values, Power and Reactive Power 145
3.5 Phasor Method of AC Circuit Analysis 150
3.6 Resonance 155
3.7 Mesh and Nodal Analysis 161
3.8 Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 165
3.9 Maximum Power Condition 168
3.10 Volt-Ampere Method 172
3.11 Fourier Series 176
3.12 Response to Periodic Functions 184
Review Questions 187
Solved Problems 187
Exercises 228

4. Electrostatics 235–312
4.1 Electric Charge and Laws of Electrostatics 235
4.2 Electric Field and Lines of Force 239
4.3 Electrostatic Induction 241
4.4 Electric Field Intensity 241
4.5 A Charge Particle in an Electric Field 248
4.6 Electric Flux and Electric Flux Density 252
4.7 Gauss’s Law and Its Applications 253
4.8 Electrical Potential and Energy 257
4.9 Dielectric Materials and Their Properties 272
4.10 Poisson’s Equation and Laplace’s Equation 277
4.11 Capacitor 280
4.12 Insulation Resistance of a Cable 286
4.13 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 287
Review Questions 289
Solved Problems 290
Exercises 310

5. Electromagnetism and Electromechanical Energy Conversion 313–370

5.1 Electromagnetism 313
5.2 Effect of Magnetic Field on Current Carrying Conductor 318
5.3 Magnetic Circuit 323
5.4 Magnetizing Curves 330
5.5 Characteristics of Magnetic Materials 334
5.6 Electromagnetic Induction 337
5.7 Excitation to Magnetic Circuits 340
5.8 Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses 342
Contents vii

5.9 Energy Stored in Magnetic Circuits 344

5.10 Mutual Inductance and Transformer 345
5.11 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 348
Review Questions 350
Solved Problems 351
Exercises 368

6. Measuring Instruments 371–434

6.1 Measurement of Current and Voltage 371
6.2 Moving Iron Ammeter and Voltmeter 374
6.3 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Ammeter and Voltmeter 381
6.4 Dynamometer Type Moving Coil Ammeter and Voltmeter 384
6.5 Thermal Ammeter and Voltmeter 389
6.6 Rectifier Ammeter and Voltmeter 394
6.7 Extension of Range of Ammeter and Voltmeter 395
6.8 Measurement of Power 399
6.9 Measurement of Energy 406
6.10 Measurement of Resistance 411
6.11 Megger 414
6.12 Multimeter 415
Review Questions 415
Solved Problems 416
Exercises 432

7. Transformer 435–480
7.1 Practical Transformer 435
7.2 Phasor Diagram and Equivalent Circuit 438
7.3 Voltage Regulation 442
7.4 Losses and Efficiency of a Transformer 444
7.5 Open-circuit and Short-circuit Tests 447
7.6 Three-phase Transformer 451
7.7 Auto-transformer 456
7.8 Current Transformer 458
7.9 Pulse Transformer 461
Review Questions 462
Solved Problems 463
Exercises 478

8. Direct Current Machines 481–573

8.1 Principle 481
8.2 Commutator Action 482
8.3 Armature Winding 483
8.4 EMF Equation 491
8.5 Armature Reaction 493
viii Contents

8.6 Commutation 496

8.7 Direct Current Generators 499
8.8 Direct Current Motors 506
8.9 Characteristics of DC Motors 509
8.10 Starting of DC Motors 513
8.11 Speed Control of DC Motors 517
8.12 Braking of DC Motors 524
8.13 Losses and Efficiency of DC Machines 531
8.14 Dynamics of DC Machines 539
Review Questions 544
Solved Problems 545
Exercises 571

9. Synchronous Machines 574–642

9.1 Introduction 574
9.2 Windings 576
9.3 Flux and M.M.F. Wave 584
9.4 Steady State Equivalent Circuit 591
9.5 Determination of Armature Reaction and Leakage Reactance 595
9.6 Two Reaction Theory 597
9.7 Alternator Power Output 601
9.8 Voltage Regulation 606
9.9 Synchronizing and Parallel Operation 608
9.10 Synchronous Motor 612
9.11 Starting of Synchronous Motor 617
9.12 Synchronous Condensers 618
Review Questions 623
Solved Problems 624
Exercises 640

10. Three Phase Induction Motor 643–708

10.1 Principle of Operation 643
10.2 Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram 646
10.3 Types of Three Phase Induction Motors 649
10.4 Output Characteristics 650
10.5 Different Modes of Operation 657
10.6 Performance and Testing 658
10.7 Current Locus (Circle Diagram) 666
10.8 Starting of Induction Motors 672
10.9 Braking of Induction Motors 680
10.10 Speed Control of Induction Motors 683
10.11 Cogging and Crawling 691
Review Questions 692
Solved Problems 693
Exercises 707
Contents ix

11. Special Purpose Electrical Machines 709–769

11.1 Single Phase Induction Motors 709
11.1.1 Principle of Operation 709
11.1.2 Equivalent Circuit 710
11.1.3 Determination of Parameters 712
11.1.4 Starting 716
11.2 Single Phase AC Series Motors 719
11.3 Repulsion Motor 721
11.4 Rotary Converter 724
11.5 Induction Regulator 726
11.6 Schrage Motor 728
11.7 Linear Induction Motor 729
11.8 Single Phase Synchronous Motors 733
11.8.1 Reluctance Motor 733
11.8.2 Hysteresis Motor 735
11.9 Stepper Motors 736
11.10 Special DC Machines 742
11.11.1 Permanent Magnet dc Motor 742
11.11.2 Brushless dc Motors 744
11.11 Metadyne and Amplidyne 745
11.12 Tachogenerator 748
11.13 Servomotor 749
11.14 Synchros 754
Review Questions 758
Solved Problems 758
Exercises 768

12. Analysis of Three Phase Circuits 770–824

12.1 Introduction 770
12.2 Three Phase Voltage, Current and Power 772
12.3 Relationship between Line and Phase Voltages and Currents 774
12.4 Analysis of Balance Three Phase Circuits 777
12.5 Analysis of Unbalance Three Phase Circuits 781
12.6 Measurement of Power in Three Phase Circuits 793
Review Questions 798
Solved Problems 798
Exercises 823

13. Dynamic Response of Network 825–891

13.1 Introduction 825
13.2 Response of RC Circuit 827
13.3 Response of RL Circuit 834
13.4 Response of RLC Circuit 840
 Fundamentals Of Electrical Engineering

30%
OFF

Author : PRASAD,
Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 978812034 8950
RAJENDRA

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/764 8

Get this eBook