Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry-1

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry-1

PC-101
Credit hour: 3

Dr. Marwa Rifat El-Zahry

Lecture 1: Matter: Properties and measurements

 Course contents
A. Matter: Properties and measurements.
B. Atomic structure.
C. Chemical bonding and intermolecular bonding.
D. Electromagnetic spectrum & electrochemical cells.
E. Gas Laws.
G. Chemical reactions in aqueous solutions & kinetics.
H. Solubility, concentation expressions.
Course Specification

The aim of this course:-

Upon successful completion of this course, the
students will develop various aims:-
-The course covers the basic concepts of state of
matter, chemical bonding, light interaction with
matter, general inorganic reactions and their
relevance to pharmaceutical sciences.

-The course provides the students with a broad

knowledge on the molecular model of gases, diffusion
and effusion of gases and osmosis.
 Student Assessment methods
Method of Weight Mark Week
Assessment
Quiz 12 % 12 5, 8, 11
Activity 3% 3
Practical Exam 25 % 25

Final Written 50% 50 15

Exam
Oral Exam 10 % 10 15

Total 100 % 100

 Method of Practical Assessment

25 Marks

Practical Exams Practical Sheet Attendance

(15 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks)

Anions Exam (7½ Marks)

Cations Exam (7½ Marks)

 What is Matter?

- Everything in this universe is made up of material

which scientists have named “matter”
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupied a
space.
- Matter is made up of particles.

Ø Examples:
Air, food, water, stones, clouds, stars …..etc.
 Characteristics of particles of matter:
- The particles of matter are very small.
- The particles of matter have space between them.
- Particles of matter attract each other.
- Particles of matter move continuously.

o But, the behavior of these particles differ according

to its type.
q States of matter:
- The three states of matter are Solid, Liquid, gases.

- There is also a special state of matter called

“ ”.

Plasma: is often called “the fourth state of matter”.

- As a liquid will boil, it will change into a gas,

- When energy is added, heating a gas will form a

plasma which has properties different to classic state of
matter.
Fundamental States of Matter:
- There are three main states of matter are Solid,
Liquid, gases.
- In this journey, we will learn the characteristics of
these states, examples, and learning about matter
changes.
Examples of solids: book, brick, pen,….etc.
What is a Liquid?

• Water is the common liquid on earth.

• Liquids resist compression.
• Unlike gas, liquid does not disperse to fill every space of container
& maintains constant volume.
Examples: Oil, Water, Juice, ….. etc.
What is a Gas?

• They spread out, so they have no fixed shape and volume.

• Are highly compressible.
• Have large space between particles.
• Particles of gases move randomly at high speed.
Examples: Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen, ….. etc.
 What is the difference?

Table (1):Different characteristics of matter.

Character Solid Liquid Gas
Particle Packed close in a Packed close in an Arranged
arrangement regular arrangement irregular totally
arrangement irregular
Shape Fixed shape and No fixed shape but No fixed
volume fixed volume shape and
volume
Motion of No freely motion but Move
particles in its
positions
Ability to No compression Little Easy
compress
 1. Matter properties and measurements
1- Physical property is any characteristic that can be
determined only by change substance’s
( structure of substance).
qPhysical properties either extensive or intensive.
qExtensive properties are that depend on amount of matter
to be measured such as mass and volume.
qIntensive properties are that not depend on amount of
matter to be measured such as color, taste and density.
 Matter properties and measurements (Cont.)
qPhysical properties include:
1. Volume (extensive).
2. Mass (extensive).
3. Color & electrical conductivity (intensive).
4. Density & hardness (intensive).
5. Boiling point (intensive): Temp. at which substance boils.
6. Melting point (intensive): Temp. at which substance
melts.
 Example of physical changes:-

Ø When water liquid freezes into solid state (ice); it

appears changed, however this change is only physical
as the composition of the constituent molecules is the
same: 11.19% hydrogen and 88.81% oxygen by mass.
 Chemical properties
Ø Chemical property is that property leads to change in
substance’s chemical structure.
Ø Examples of chemical properties:
A. Heat of combustion (∆Hc): Energy released upon
complete combustion (burning) of compound with
oxygen.

B. Stability: refers to reactions that alter chemical

structures of compounds such as oxidation (reaction
with oxygen), hydrolysis (reaction with water) and
photosensitivity (decomposition by light).
Chemical properties (Cont.)
C. Flammability: ability of compound to burn when exposed
to flame ; commonly high temperature in presence of
oxygen.
D. Oxidation-Reduction: oxidation refers to loss of electrons
while reduction is gain of electrons.

Chemical change or chemical reaction: process that cause a

substance to change into a new substance with a new
chemical formula.
A+B (reactants) C (product)
Example of chemical changes:-
§ A chemical property of iron is its capability of
combining with oxygen to form iron oxide, the
chemical name of rust .
§ The more general term for rusting and other similar
processes is corrosion.
Corrosion is the unwanted oxidation of metals resulting
in metal oxides.
 Units of measurement
qInternational system of units (SI): metric system
measurement used in science, medicine and industry.
qThere are seven basic dimensions and units in SI system:
1. Meter (m): Unit of length
2. Kilogram (Kg): unit of mass
3. Second (S): unit of time
4. Kelvin (K): unit of temperature
5. Ampere (A): unit of current intensity
6. Mole (mol.): amount of substance
7. Candela (cd): unit of amount of light (luminous intensity
emitted by a light source)
Table (1): Different basic units of SI system. Basic SI units
Dimension
Unit name Unit symbol Primary dimension
Symbol
meter m Length L or l
Kilogram kg Mass M or m
second s Time T or t
ampere A electric current I or i
thermodynamic T or Θ
kelvin K
temperature
Amount of light
Iv or J
candela cd (luminous
intensity)
mole mol Amount of matter N or n
 Prefix for SI units
Table (2): Standard prefixes for SI units of measure.
• A method of converting one unit to another.
• List of some commonly derived units:
Term Definition Unit
Area Quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional m2
Volume quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed m3
surface
Speed Distance taken by object to move to another place with m/s
respect to time
Acceleration Rate of change of speed of an object with respect to time m/s2

Density Substance mass per unit volume g/ml or

g/cm3
Force Strength that cause an object with mass to change its Newton or
velocity kg m/s2
Energy Force that must be supplied to an object in order to move Joule or
a certain distance. kg m2 s−2
Q1 Which of the following is a chemical property of iron?
a-Iron corrodes in moist air.
b-Density = 7.874 g/cm3.
c-Iron is soft when pure.
d-Iron melts at 1808 K.
Q2 Which of the following is a physical property of matter?
a- stability b- pH (acidity)
c- density d- flammability
Q3 Which of these is an intesive physical property of matter?
a- mass b- color c- stability d- volume
Q4 Which of these states has no fixed shape but fixed volume ?
a- Liquid b- solid c- gas d- plasma
Q5 To convert mg to nanogram, you should ........
a- multiply by 103 b- multiply by 106
c- divide by 103 d-divide by 106
Q6 Which of the following is correct about the gas?
a-has fixed shape and volume. b-has fixed shape but not volume.
c-has no fixed shape nor volume. d-has no fixed shape & fixed volume.
Q7 Which of the following is the unit of the amount of light?
a- Kilogram b- Candela
c- Kelvin d- Ambere
Q8 Complete: -
1- The unwanted oxidation of metals resulting in metal oxides is .....
2- The fourth state of matter is ..................
3- Examples of plasma are ............., ..................., and .............
4- .................... can not be converted to plasma state.
5- Change the water into ice is considered ................... change.
6- When a substance changes into a new substance with a new
chemical formula, this is called ......................
7- The motion of solid particles is ........................