Wa0013

INDEX
S. No. Title
1 Acknowledgement
2 Certificate
3 Introduction
Experiment
-Aim
4 -Materials required
-Observation
-Result
5. Bibliography
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the CBSE, for providing me the
opportunity to carry out this investigatory project. I also
take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to
my Physics teacher, Mrs. Vandita Rao and Mrs. Roshni
Upadhyayand My Principal Mrs. Madhu Verma, for
guiding me and imparting a sound base of knowledge
pertaining to this topic which ensured the successful
completion of this project. I would also like to thank
them for unending assistance to enable completion of
the exercise.
CERTIFICATE
This is to hereby certify that the
original and genuine investigatory
project has been completed sincerely
and satisfactorily by Priyanshu Singh
of class XII – B Aatmdeep Vidyalya,
regarding his project titled “To set up a
common base transistor and to study
its input and output characteristics
and to calculate its current gain” as
per the CBSE practical work
requirement for the session 2023-2024..
Teacher Sign Principal sign Examiner Sign
A transistor is a three terminal active device. The terminals are

emitter, base, collector. In CB configuration, the base is common to
both input (emitter) and output (collector). For normal operation, the
E-B junction is forward biased and C-B junction is reverse biased.
In CB configuration, IE is +ve, IC is –ve and IB is –ve.
With an increasing the reverse collector voltage, the space-charge
width at the output junction increases and the effective base width
‘W’ decreases. This phenomenon is known as “Early effect”. Then,
there will be less chance for recombination within the base region.
With increase of charge gradient within the base region, the current of
minority carriers injected across the emitter junction increases. The
current amplification factor of CB configuration is given by,
α= ∆IC/ ∆IE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AIM:
1. To observe and draw the input and output
characteristics of a transistor connected in
common base configuration.
2. To find current gain (α) of the given
transistor.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. A pnp Transistor
2. Regulated power supply (0-30V, 1A) and a 3-V battery
3. Voltmeter (0-30V)
4. Ammeters (0-50mA)
5. 2 high resistance rheostats
6. Connecting wires
PROCEDURE:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the input characteristics, the output voltage V CE is kept
constant at 0V and for different values of V EB note down the values of
IE.
3. Repeat the above step keeping V CB at 2V, 4V, and 6V. All the
readings are tabulated.
4. A graph is drawn between VEB and IE for constant VCB.
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the output characteristics, the input I E is kept constant at
10mA and for different values of VCB, note down the values of IC.
3. Repeat the above step for the values of IE at 20mA, 40mA, and
60mA, all the readings are tabulated.
4. A graph is drawn between VCB and Ic for constant IE
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Least count of voltmeter Vi = 0.1V
2. Range of voltmeter Vi= 0-5 volts
3. Zero error of voltmeter Vi= No error
4. Least count of voltmeter V0 = 0.1V
5. Range of voltmeter V0=0 to 5V
6. Zero error of voltmeter V0= No error
7. Range of milli-ammeter= 0-50mA
8. Zero error of milli-ammeter= No error
Table for input characteristics

Sl. Base-emitter Emitter current IE (mA) for
voltage VEB(V)
No. VCB= 0V VCB= -2V VCB= -4V
1 2.5 0 0 0
2 3.0 0 0 0
3 4.2 0 0 0
4 4.6 5 6 9
5 4.8 20 21 26
6 4.9 38 48 Out of range
Table for output characteristics

Sl. Base-collector Collector current IC (mA) for
voltage VCB(V)
No. IE=5mA IE=10mA IE=20mA
1 0 4.5 9.0 19.0
2 1 5.0 9.0 19.5
3 2 5.0 9.0 19.5
4 4 5.5 9.5 19.5
5 5 5.5 9.5 19.5
6 6 5.5 9.5 19.5
7 7 5.5 9.5 19.5
8 8 5.5 9.5 19.5
Table for transfer characteristics

Sl. Emitter current IE Collector current IC (mA) for
(mA)
No. VCB= 0V VCB= -2V VCB= -4V
1 0 0 0 0
2 5 5 5 5
3 6 6 6 6
4 7 7 7 7
5 8 8 8 8
6 10 10 10 10
RESULT
1. Input characteristic curve shows that emitter current IE
increases rapidly with small increases in input voltage
VEB after knee voltage at constant output voltage. As
output voltage VCB made more negative, IE rises more
rapidly.
2. Output characteristic curve shows that the output
current IC is approximately independent of output
voltage VCB at constant input current IE . Even at zero
output voltage, there is finite value of output current.
3. The forward current transfer characteristic curve
indicates that output current IC is linearly related with
input current IE. But the value of IC can not be greater
than the IE hence current gain will be less than 1.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The supply voltages should not exceed the rating of the
transistor.
2. Meters should be connected properly according to their
polarities.
SOURCES OF ERROR
The transistor may be faulty.
BIBILOGRPAHY
Various books and websites were referred while

making this project:
1) Physics Textbook for class XII, Part-I, NCERT
2) Physics Laboratory Manual for class XII, NCERT
3) Wikipedia.org
4) ConnectUEdu
5) Youtube.com

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INDEX

A transistor is a three terminal active device. The terminals are

Table for input characteristics

Table for output characteristics

Table for transfer characteristics

Various books and websites were referred while

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