13. A motor coach is being driven by two identical series motors.

First motor is geared to driving

wheel having diameter of 90 cm and other motor to driving wheel having diameter of 86 cm. The
speed of the first motor 500 r.p.m. when connected in parallel with the other across 600V supply.
Find the motor speeds when connected in series across the same supply. Assume armature current
to remain same and armature voltage drop of 10% at this current.

We can start by using the formula for the speed of a series motor:

Ns = (V - IaRa) / (K * Ф)

where:

Ns = speed of the motor

V = applied voltage

Ia = armature current

Ra = armature resistance

K = constant depending on the motor design

Ф = field flux

Since the two motors are identical, we can assume that they have the same values of K and Ф. We
can also assume that the armature current remains the same when the motors are connected in
series, so the total armature resistance will be doubled.

When the motors are connected in parallel, the total voltage across each motor is 600V. Using the
formula above and assuming a voltage drop of 10%, we can find the speed of each motor:

Ns1 = (600V - 0.9*(600V) / 2) / KФ = 500 rpm

Ns2 = (600V - 0.9*(600V) / 2) / KФ * (86/90) = 478.1 rpm

When the motors are connected in series, the total voltage across both motors is still 600V, but the
total armature resistance is doubled. Using the same formula as above, we can find the speed of the
motors:

Ns1+2 = (600V - 0.9*(600V)) / KФ * 2 * (86/90) = 455.6 rpm

Therefore, the speeds of the two motors when connected in series across the same supply are both
455.6 rpm.

14. Two D.C. traction motors run at speeds 700 r.p.m. & 750 r.p.m. respectively when each
takes a current of 50A from 500V mains. Each motor has an effective resistance of 0.3 ohm.
Calculate the speed and voltage across each machine when mechanically coupled and electrically
insulated in series and taking a current of 50A from 500V mains, the resistance of each motor being
unchanged.

When the two motors are mechanically coupled and electrically insulated in series, they will behave
like a single motor with twice the resistance and the same field flux. The equivalent resistance of the
two motors in series is:

Req = R1 + R2 = 0.3Ω + 0.3Ω = 0.6Ω

The equivalent field flux is the same as that of each motor since they are identical.

When the combined motor takes a current of 50A from the 500V mains, the voltage drop across the
combined resistance will be:

Vr = I * Req = 50A * 0.6Ω = 30V

The voltage across each motor will be:

Vm = V - Vr = 500V - 30V = 470V

Using the formula for the speed of a DC motor:

Ns = (V - IaRa) / (K * Ф)

where Ns is the speed in rpm, V is the voltage across the motor, Ia is the armature current, Ra is the
armature resistance, K is a constant depending on the motor design, and Ф is the field flux.
For each motor, with a voltage of 470V and a current of 50A, we can calculate the speed using the
formula above:

N1 = (470V - 50A * 0.3Ω) / (K * Ф) = 700 rpm

N2 = (470V - 50A * 0.3Ω) / (K * Ф) = 750 rpm

Therefore, the speed of the combined motor when mechanically coupled and electrically insulated in
series and taking a current of 50A from the 500V mains is 700 rpm, and the voltage across each
motor is 470V.

15. An illumination on the working plane of 100 lux is required in a room of 60m x 15m. The lamps
are required to be hung 5m above the work bench. Assume a utilization factor of 0.42, lamp
efficiency of 16 lumens per watt and maintenance factor of 0.8, estimate the number; wattage of
lamps and disposition of the lamps. Assume space/ height ratio of 1.

To calculate the number and wattage of lamps required for the given scenario, we need to follow
the below steps:

Step 1: Determine the total area of the working plane

Total area of the working plane = length x breadth = 60m x 15m = 900m²

Step 2: Determine the illuminance required on the working plane

Illuminance required = 100 lux

Step 3: Determine the number of luminaires required

Number of luminaires = (Area x Illuminance x UF) / (Lamp Flux x MF)

where UF = Utilization Factor, Lamp Flux = Lamp Efficiency x Lamp Wattage, MF = Maintenance
Factor

Substituting the given values in the formula, we get:

Number of luminaires = (900m² x 100 lux x 0.42) / (16 lumens per watt x 0.8) = 198.75

Round up to the nearest whole number, we need 199 luminaires.

Step 4: Determine the lamp wattage required

Lamp Wattage = (Area x Illuminance x UF) / (Number of Luminaires x Lamp Efficiency x MF)

Substituting the given values in the formula, we get:

Lamp Wattage = (900m² x 100 lux x 0.42) / (199 x 16 lumens per watt x 0.8) = 21.28 watts per lamp

Round up to the nearest whole number, we need 22 watts per lamp.

Step 5: Determine the disposition of the lamps

Given that the lamps are required to be hung 5m above the workbench and the space/height ratio is
1, we can place the lamps in a grid pattern with a spacing equal to the height of the lamp. Therefore,
the disposition of the lamps will be as follows:

Height of the lamp above the floor = 5m

Spacing between the lamps = 5m

Number of lamps per row = 60m / 5m = 12

Number of rows of lamps = 15m / 5m = 3

Total number of lamps = 12 x 3 = 36

Therefore, we need 36 rows of 199 luminaires with each lamp having a wattage of 22 watts and
disposed in a grid pattern as described above.

9. Filament lamp of 200w is suspended at a height of 5 meters above working plane and gives
uniform illumination over an area of 4 meter diameter. Assume efficiency of reflector as 50%.
Determine the illumination on the working plane. Efficiency of lamp is 0.89 watt/c.p.

To determine the illumination on the working plane, we can follow these steps:

Step 1: Determine the lamp's luminous flux

Luminous flux is the total amount of visible light emitted by a light source and is measured in
lumens. We know the lamp's power and its efficiency, so we can calculate its luminous flux as:

Luminous flux = Lamp power / Efficiency of lamp

Luminous flux = 200 W / 0.89 W/c.p. = 224.72 lumens

Step 2: Determine the area of the working plane

The area of the working plane is given as 4 meters in diameter, which is equal to a radius of 2
meters. Therefore, the area of the working plane is:

Area = π x radius^2 = 3.14 x 2^2 = 12.56 square meters

Step 3: Determine the distance between the lamp and the working plane

The lamp is suspended at a height of 5 meters above the working plane, so the distance between
them is 5 meters.

Step 4: Determine the illuminance on the working plane

Illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface per unit area, and is measured in lux. We can
calculate the illuminance on the working plane using the formula:

Illuminance = (Luminous flux x Reflectance factor x Utilization factor) / (π x Distance^2)

where Reflectance factor is the ratio of reflected light to incident light, and Utilization factor is the
fraction of light emitted by the lamp that reaches the working plane after accounting for losses due
to absorption and reflection by the luminaire and room surfaces.

In this case, the reflector efficiency is given as 50%, which means that 50% of the light emitted by
the lamp is reflected downwards towards the working plane. Assuming a utilization factor of 0.4, we
get:

Illuminance = (224.72 lumens x 0.5 x 0.4) / (3.14 x 5^2) = 1.81 lux

Therefore, the illumination on the working plane is 1.81 lux.

16. Write short notes:

a) Extraction and refining of metals

b) Coreless Induction furnace

c) ‘Rheostatic’ method of controlling the speed of electric motors d) LP sodium vapour lamp

e) HP mercury vapour lamp

a) Extraction and refining of metals:

The extraction and refining of metals involve processes that aim to separate and purify metals from
their ores. The extraction of metals from their ores involves physical and chemical processes such as
crushing, grinding, and leaching. The refining of metals involves further purification of the extracted
metal through processes such as electrolysis, distillation, and smelting. The extracted and refined
metals have various industrial applications and are widely used in the manufacturing of goods.

b) Coreless Induction furnace:

A coreless induction furnace is a type of furnace that uses electromagnetic induction to heat and
melt metal. Unlike traditional furnaces that use a refractory-lined vessel to hold the molten metal,
the coreless induction furnace uses a coil made of copper or aluminum to generate a magnetic field
that creates heat through eddy currents in the metal. Coreless induction furnaces are highly energy-
efficient, provide uniform heating, and are commonly used in the foundry industry for melting and
casting metals.

c) ‘Rheostatic’ method of controlling the speed of electric motors:

The rheostatic method of controlling the speed of electric motors involves varying the resistance in
the motor's armature circuit. By increasing or decreasing the resistance in the circuit, the voltage
drop across the motor changes, which affects the speed of the motor. This method is commonly
used in DC motors, and the variable resistance is usually achieved using a device called a rheostat.
However, this method is not as energy-efficient as other methods of motor speed control, such as
using a variable frequency drive.

d) LP sodium vapour lamp:

An LP sodium vapor lamp is a type of high-intensity discharge lamp that produces light by passing an
electric current through a mixture of neon and sodium vapor. The lamp emits a characteristic yellow-
orange light with a color temperature of around 2000K. LP sodium vapor lamps have high luminous
efficacy and are commonly used for outdoor lighting applications such as streetlights and security
lighting.

e) HP mercury vapour lamp:

An HP mercury vapor lamp is a type of high-intensity discharge lamp that produces light by passing
an electric current through mercury vapor. The lamp emits a bluish-white light with a color
temperature of around 4000K. HP mercury vapor lamps have high luminous efficacy and are
commonly used for indoor and outdoor lighting applications such as warehouses, factories, and
stadiums. However, they have a longer warm-up time and are not suitable for dimming applications.
8. Prove that in filament lamp, the diameter of filament is directly proportional to I 2 / 3 where I is
the current flowing in the filament.

In a filament lamp, the resistance of the filament wire increases as it heats up due to the
temperature coefficient of resistance. The resistance of the filament wire can be expressed as:

R = ρL/A

where R is the resistance of the wire, ρ is the resistivity of the wire material, L is the length of the
wire, and A is the cross-sectional area of the wire.

The power dissipated in the filament can be expressed as:

P = I^2R = I^2ρL/A

Solving for A, we get:

A = I^2ρL/P

Since the power dissipated in the filament is proportional to the diameter of the filament wire raised
to the third power (P ~ D^3), we can write:

D^3 = kI^2ρL, where k is a constant of proportionality.

Taking the cube root of both sides, we get:

D = (kI^2ρL)^(1/3)

Since ρ and L are constant for a given wire material, we can combine them with k to get a new
constant of proportionality, K:
D = KI^(2/3)

Therefore, the diameter of the filament is directly proportional to I^(2/3).

Hence, the statement is proved.