Divisibility and Integers

Divisors
Number Theory (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)

o It is a branch of mathematics concerned with integers and their properties.
Divisibility (http://etihadaou.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/M131-Tutorial_3-Integers-Division-Matrices.ppt)
• It means dividing a number evenly.
Figure 1 Retrieved from: http://www.serffair.com/
• d | n; d divides n if there is no remainder on the division

• d ∤ n; d does not divide n
Figure 2 Integers Divisible by the Positive Integer d
Divisibility Rules (http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol3/divisibility.html)

• 2 divides n if the last digit of the number is even (e. g. 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8).
o Example:
▪ Determine whether 2 | 128 and 2 | 129
• 3 divides n if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
o Example:
• 4 divides n if the number formed by the last two (2) digits is divisible by 4.
o Example:
• 5 divides n if the last digit is either 0 or 5.
o Example:
• 6 divides n if it is divisible by 2 and it is divisible by 3.
o Example:
• To find out if 7 divides n, take the last digit, double it, and subtract it from the rest of the number.
• If you get an answer divisible by 7 (including zero), then the original number is divisible by seven; If you don't know
the new number's divisibility, you can apply the rule again.
o Example:
• 8 divides n if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.
o Example:
• 9 divides n if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
o Example:
• 10 divides n if the last digit is 0.
o Example:
• 11 divides n if the difference between the sum of one set of alternate digits (from left to right) and the sum of the
other set of alternate digits (from left to right) is 0 or divisible by 11
o Example:
• 12 divides n, if the number is divisible by both 3 and 4 (it passes both the 3 rule and 4 rule above)
o Example:
Practice Exercises (https://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/higher_math_online/section02.02.html#exercises)

• For the given d and n, show d | a by finding a q with n = d x q
o 4 | 20 o 1 | 23
o 5 | −25 o −1 | 17
o −3 | 9 o −5 | 0
o −9 | −27 o 75 | 75
Prime Numbers
• These are positive integers p (greater than 1) that cannot be divided by any number except themselves and 1.
Figure 3 7 cannot be divided up evenly
• Procedures on finding out the prime numbers (http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.prime.num.html)

o Write the numbers from 1 to 100 in 10 rows of 10.
o Cross off number 1 because all primes are greater than 1
o Number 2 is a prime, so we can keep it, but we need to cross off the multiples of 2 (i.e. even numbers).
o Number 3 is also a prime, so again, we keep it and cross off the multiples of 3.
o The next number left is 5 (because four has been crossed off), so we keep it and cross of the multiples of
this number.
o The final number left in the first row is number 7, so cross off its multiples. You have finished; All of the
"surviving" numbers on your grid are prime numbers.
Composite Numbers
• These are positive integers that is greater than 1 and is not prime.
• It can be divided by at least one (1) other number (a factor) other than itself.
Figure 4 Divided into 2 groups

Figure 5 Divided into 3 groups
Practice Exercises
• Determine if a number is a prime or composite and list their factors
o 29 o 28
o 24 o 20
o 11 o 23
o 17 o 12
Greatest Common Divisor

• It is the largest non-zero integer d that is a common divisor of all the given integers if d | a and d | b.
• It is denoted by gcd (a, b).
Steps in Obtaining the GCD of Two (2) or More Integers

• Example:
o Find the greatest common divisor of 375 and 525
• Find the prime factorization of the given integer
o Prime Factorization – It is a way to find which prime numbers multiply together to make the original
number.
▪ How to Do Prime Factorization Using a Factor Tree
• Write any pair of factors of the given number.
• Find factors of these factors.
• Write the numbers from least to greatest and count how many numbers are the same and
write exponents for them.
o List the common prime divisors (factors) with the least power of all the given integers.
o Multiply the common prime divisors (factors) to find the greatest common divisor (factor).
Practice Exercises (Cabero, J., Lopez, R., Salamat, L., & Sta. Maria, A., 2010)
• Find the greatest common divisor of the following pair of numbers
o 4480 and 10000 o 1346 and 2248
o 2345 and 5000 o 1101 and 2002
Least Common Multiple

• It is the smallest integer that is a common multiple (denominator) of all the given integers.
• It is denoted by lcm (a, b).
Steps in Obtaining the LCM of Two (2) or More Integers

• Example:
o Find the least common multiple of 18 and 20
• Find the prime factorization of the given integer
• List the prime divisors (factors) with the greatest power of all the given integers
• Multiply the prime divisors (factors) to find the least common multiple (denominator)
Find the LCM of the following: (Cabero, J., Lopez, R., Salamat, L. & Sta. Maria, A. (2010))
• 1101 and 1000 • 240 and 135
• 445 and 1125 • 172 and 426
Representations of Integers
Number System in Computer (Cabero, J., Lopez, R., Salamat, L., & Sta. Maria, A., 2010)
• Theorem. Let k be a positive integer greater than 1. Then if n is a positive integer, it can be expressed uniquely in
the form: n = amkm + am-1km-1 + … + a1k + a0
• Common Bases
o Decimal: k = 10, digits: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
o Binary: k = 2, digits: {0, 1}
o Octal: k = 8, digits: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
o Hexadecimal: k = 16, digits: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
Breakdown of the Decimal Number 3854 (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)
3 8 5 4
103 102 101 100
thousands hundreds tens ones
Breakdown of the Binary Number 101101 (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)
1 0 1 1 0 1
25 24 23 22 21 20
thirty twos sixteens eights fours twos ones
Breakdown of the Hexadecimal Number BF4 (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)
B F 4
162 161 160
sixty fours sixteens ones
References:
2.2 Divisibility. (n. d.) Retrieved from
https://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/higher_math_online/section02.02.html#exercises
3. Algorithms, the integers and matrices. (n. d.) Retrieved from http://etihadaou.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/12/M131-Tutorial_3-Integers-Division-Matrices.ppt.
Binary number system and conversion. (n. d.) Retrieved from http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/conversion.ppt.
Cabero, J., Lopez, R., Salamat, L., & Sta. Maria, A. (2010). Discrete mathematics 1. Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City:
National Book Store.
Chapter 3 (part 2): the fundamentals: algorithms, the integers & matrices. (2007) Retrieved from
http://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0057692/Subjects/210ch3part2.ppt.
“Divisible by” what does it mean?. (n. d.) Retrieved from http://star.spsk12.net/math/5/DivisabilityRules.ppt.
Divisibility. (n. d.) Retrieved from http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol3/divisibility.html
Johnsonbaugh, R. (2005). Discrete mathematics (6th ed.). Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd.
Number theory. (n. d.) Retrieved from http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~lomonaco/f05/203/slides/08-NumberTheory.ppt
Prime and composite numbers lesson 3. (n. d.) Retrieved from https://mr-van-raalte-math-
9.wikispaces.com/file/view/PRIME+AND+COMPOSITE+NUMBERS+-+Lesson+3.ppt
Prime numbers. (n. d.) Retrieved from http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.prime.num.html
Yuskaitis, M. (n. d.) Factors, primes, & composite numbers. Retrieved from
http://gator.gatewayk12.org/~smcgrail/myweb/powerpoint/phc3/Factors%20&%20Primes.ppt

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Divisors

Number Theory (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)

Figure 1 Retrieved from: http://www.serffair.com/

• d | n; d divides n if there is no remainder on the division

Figure 2 Integers Divisible by the Positive Integer d

Divisibility Rules (http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol3/divisibility.html)

Practice Exercises (https://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/higher_math_online/section02.02.html#exercises)

Figure 3 7 cannot be divided up evenly

• Procedures on finding out the prime numbers (http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.prime.num.html)

Figure 4 Divided into 2 groups

Greatest Common Divisor

Steps in Obtaining the GCD of Two (2) or More Integers

Least Common Multiple

Steps in Obtaining the LCM of Two (2) or More Integers

Breakdown of the Decimal Number 3854 (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)

Breakdown of the Binary Number 101101 (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)

Breakdown of the Hexadecimal Number BF4 (Johnsonbaugh, 2005)

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