Magnitude
Magnitude
Magnitude
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Apo5L0vRjDA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpn9eTNZiCs
Derived quantities
SI prefixes
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
1024
yotta Y 10-1 deci d
1021 zetta Z 10-2 centi c
1018 exa E 10-3 milli m
1015 peta P 10-6 micro µ
1012 tera T 10-9 nano n
109 giga G 10-12 pico p
106 mega M 10-15 femto f
103 kilo k 10-18 atto a
102 hecto h 10-21 zepto z
101 deka da 10-24 yocto y
Dimensions of base quantities
Base quantity SI base unit Dimension
Length metre (m) L
Mass kilogram (kg) M
Time second (s) T
Electric Current ampere (A) I
Temperature kelvin (K) Θ
Amount of substance mole (mol) N
Luminous intensity candela (cd) J
Dimensions of Some Derived
Quantities
Dimensional Analysis
• The study of the relationship between physical quantities
with the help of dimensions and units of measurement .
• it keeps the units the same,
• helping us perform mathematical calculations smoothly
• to Check the Correctness of Physical Equation
• Principle of Homogeneity -dimensions of each of the terms
of a dimensional equation on both sides should be the
same. It helps us convert the units from one form to
another.
• Dimensional analysis is also called Factor Label
Method or Unit Factor Method because we use conversion
factors to get the same units
Dimensional Analysis
• Applications
• To check the consistency or correctness of a dimensional equation
• To derive the relation between physical quantities in physical
phenomena
• To change units from one system to another
• The expressions of dimensions can be manipulated as algebraic
quantities.
• Dimensional analysis is used to derive formulae.
• Limitations
• It doesn’t give information about the dimensional constant.
• The formula containing trigonometric function, exponential
functions, logarithmic function, etc. cannot be derived.
• It gives no information about whether a physical quantity is a scalar
or vector.
order of magnitude
• the order of magnitude can be understood as the
number of digits in the base-10 representation of the
value.
• used to make approximate comparisons.
• If numbers differ by one order of
magnitude, x is about ten times different in quantity
than y.
• If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ
by a factor of about 100.
• Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have
roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten
times the smaller value.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FglEbPXxka4
order of magnitude
• An order of magnitude is an approximate
position on a logarithmic scale.
• An order-of-magnitude estimate of a variable,
whose precise value is unknown, is an
estimate rounded to the nearest power of ten.
• An order-of-magnitude difference between
two values is a factor of 10.
Standard form & Order of magnitude
Number {N} Expression in {N=ax 10b} Order of magnitude {b}
0.2 2 × 10−1 −1
1 1 × 100 0
5 5 × 100 0
6 0.6 × 101 1
31 3.1 × 101 1
32 3.2 × 101 1
999 0.999 × 103 3
1000 1 × 103 3
• 1. Round 4.3127 to four significant figures. 4.3127 has 5 significant figures; we need
to drop the final "7". That leaves us 4.312. But following rule 1 above, we note that
since 7 is greater than 5, we need to add 1 to the last number we're keeping (the 2.)
So our rounded number becomes 4.313.
• You can appreciate that 4.313 is a better approximation of 4.3127 than 4.312 would
be. Since the "7" we dropped indicates that the true value of the number is "closer"
to 4.313 than it is to 4.312, we've created a better approximation by making that
change.
• 2. Round 10.412 to three significant figures. 10.412 has 5 significant figures, so we
get rid of the last two. That leaves 10.4. The digit to the right of the "4" is 1 -- and 1 is
less than 5. So we leave the 4 alone. Our final estimate is 10.4.
• 3. Round 14.65 to three significant figures. Here, N+1 = 5. To decide what to do with
6 (our N), recall rule 3. If the number before the 5 is even, we leave it alone when we
drop the 5. 6 is even, so our final value is 14.6.
• 4. Round 1000.3 to four significant figures. This one's more complex, because it
involves zeros. The rules governing whether a digit qualifies as "significant" are more
complicated for zeros.
• 1000.
Eg. 12.345
Rounded to Rounded to
Precision significant figures decimal places
6 12.3450 12.345000
5 12.345 12.34500
4 12.34 or 12.35 12.3450
3 12.3 12.345
2 12 12.34 or 12.35
1 10 12.3
0 N/A 12
0.012345:
Rounded to Rounded to
Precision significant figures decimal places
7 0.01234500 0.0123450
6 0.0123450 0.012345
5 0.012345 0.01234
4 0.01234 or 0.01235 0.0123
3 0.0123 0.012
2 0.012 0.01
1 0.01 0.0
0 N/A 0
Significance arithmetic
• For quantities created from measured quantities
by multiplication and division, the calculated result
should have as many significant figures as
the measured number with the least number of
significant figures.
• Eg. 1.234 × 2.0 = 2.468… ≈ 2.5
• with only two significant figures. The first factor has
four significant figures and the second has two
significant figures. The factor with the least number of
significant figures is the second one with only two, so
the final calculated result should also have a total of
two significant figures.
• For quantities created from measured quantities
by addition and subtraction, the last significant decimal
place (hundreds, tens, ones, tenths, and so forth) in the
calculated result should be the same as the leftmost or
largest decimal place of the last significant figure out of all
the measured quantities in the terms of the sum.
• For example,100.0 + 1.234 = 101.234… ≈ 101.2with the last
significant figure in the tenths place. The first term has its
last significant figure in the tenths place and the second
term has its last significant figure in the thousandths place.
The leftmost of the decimal places of the last significant
figure out of all the terms of the sum is the tenths place
from the first term, so the calculated result should also have
its last significant figure in the tenths place.
Accuracy and precision
• "accuracy (കൃത്യത)-the closeness of a given
measurement to its true value;
• "precision“ (സൂക്ഷ്മത) -the stability of that
measurement when repeated many times.
Refer
• https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithme
tic-home/arith-review-decimals/arithmetic-sig
nificant-figures-tutorial/
• https://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/fr
ontiers/web/chapter_5/6665.html
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