Magnitude

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Dimensional Analysis, Order of

Magnitude and Significant figures


Revision
• Units
• SI
• BIPM- International Bureau of Weights and
Measures
SI units
Defining Constants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Apo5L0vRjDA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpn9eTNZiCs
Derived quantities
SI prefixes
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol

1024
yotta Y 10-1 deci d
1021 zetta Z 10-2 centi c
1018 exa E 10-3 milli m
1015 peta P 10-6 micro µ
1012 tera T 10-9 nano n
109 giga G 10-12 pico p
106 mega M 10-15 femto f
103 kilo k 10-18 atto a
102 hecto h 10-21 zepto z
101 deka da 10-24 yocto y
Dimensions of base quantities
Base quantity SI base unit Dimension
Length metre (m) L
Mass kilogram (kg) M
Time second (s) T
Electric Current ampere (A) I
Temperature kelvin (K) Θ
Amount of substance mole (mol) N
Luminous intensity candela (cd) J
Dimensions of Some Derived
Quantities
Dimensional Analysis
• The study of the relationship between physical quantities
with the help of dimensions and units of measurement .
• it keeps the units the same,
• helping us perform mathematical calculations smoothly
• to Check the Correctness of Physical Equation
• Principle of Homogeneity -dimensions of each of the terms
of a dimensional equation on both sides should be the
same. It helps us convert the units from one form to
another.
• Dimensional analysis is also called Factor Label
Method or Unit Factor Method because we use conversion
factors to get the same units
Dimensional Analysis
• Applications
• To check the consistency or correctness of a dimensional equation
• To derive the relation between physical quantities in physical
phenomena
• To change units from one system to another
• The expressions of dimensions can be manipulated as algebraic
quantities.
• Dimensional analysis is used to derive formulae.
• Limitations
• It doesn’t give information about the dimensional constant.
• The formula containing trigonometric function, exponential
functions, logarithmic function, etc. cannot be derived.
• It gives no information about whether a physical quantity is a scalar
or vector.
order of magnitude
• the order of magnitude can be understood as the
number of digits in the base-10 representation of the
value.
• used to make approximate comparisons.
• If numbers differ by one order of
magnitude, x is about ten times different in quantity
than y.
• If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ
by a factor of about 100.
• Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have
roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten
times the smaller value.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FglEbPXxka4
order of magnitude
• An order of magnitude is an approximate
position on a logarithmic scale.
• An order-of-magnitude estimate of a variable,
whose precise value is unknown, is an
estimate rounded to the nearest power of ten.
• An order-of-magnitude difference between
two values is a factor of 10.
Standard form & Order of magnitude
Number {N} Expression in {N=ax 10b} Order of magnitude {b}
0.2 2 × 10−1 −1
1 1 × 100 0
5 5 × 100 0
6 0.6 × 101 1
31 3.1 × 101 1
32 3.2 × 101 1
999 0.999 × 103 3
1000 1 × 103 3

In Britain this is another name for Scientific Notation, where


you write down a number this way:

example, 5326.6 is written as 5.3266 × 103,


because 5326.6 = 5.3266 × 1000 = 5.3266 × 103
significant figures
• The significant figures (also known as
the significant digits or precision) of a number
written in positional notation are digits that
carry meaningful contributions to
its measurement resolution.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCJ76hz
7jPM
RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• 1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant.
• The number 33.2 has THREE significant figures
because all of the digits present are non-zero.
• 2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE
significant.
• 2051 has FOUR significant figures. The zero is
between a 2 and a 5.
• 3. Leading zeros are NOT significant.
• They're nothing more than "place holders." The
number 0.54 has only TWO significant figures.
0.0032 also has TWO significant figures. All of the
zeros are leading.
RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• 4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant.
• FOUR significant figures in 92.00.
• 92.00 is different from 92: a scientist who measures 92.00 milliliters knows
his value to the nearest 1/100th milliliter; meanwhile his colleague who
measured 92 milliliters only knows his value to the nearest 1 milliliter. It's
important to understand that "zero" does not mean "nothing." Zero denotes
actual information, just like any other number. You cannot tag on zeros that
aren't certain to belong there.
• 5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown ARE
significant.
• Placing a decimal at the end of a number is usually not done. By convention,
however, this decimal indicates a significant zero. For example, "540."
indicates that the trailing zero is significant; there are THREE significant
figures in this value.
• 6. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal shown are NOT
significant.
• Writing just "540" indicates that the zero is NOT significant, and there are
only TWO significant figures in this value.
RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• 7. Exact numbers have an INFINITE number of significant figures.
This rule applies to numbers that are definitions. For example, 1 meter = 1.00
meters = 1.0000 meters =
1.0000000000000000000 meters, etc.
• So now back to the example posed in the Rounding Tutorial: Round 1000.3 to
four significant figures. 1000.3 has five significant figures (the zeros are
between non-zero digits 1 and 3, so by rule 2 above, they are significant.) We
need to drop the final 3, and since 3 < 5, we leave the last zero alone. so 1000.
is our four-significant-figure answer. (from rules 5 and 6, we see that in order
for the trailing zeros to "count" as significant, they must be followed by a
decimal. Writing just "1000" would give us only one significant figure.)
• 8. For a number in scientific notation: N x 10x, all digits comprising N ARE
significant by the first 6 rules; "10" and "x" are NOT significant.
• 5.02 x 104 has THREE significant figures: "5.02." "10 and "4" are not significant.
• Rule 8 provides the opportunity to change the number of significant figures in a
value by manipulating its form. For example, let's try writing 1100 with THREE
significant figures. By rule 6, 1100 has TWO significant figures; its two trailing
zeros are not significant. If we add a decimal to the end, we have 1100., with
FOUR significant figures (by rule 5.) But by writing it in scientific notation: 1.10
x 103, we create a THREE-significant-figure value.
Rounding
• 1. If the digit to the right of the last digit you want to keep
(that is, the first digit you want to drop off, N+1) is less
than 5, then drop it (and everything to its right.) The value
left behind is your rounded value.
• 2. If the digit in the N+1 place is greater than 5, then drop
it (and everything to its right), and raise the last remaining
digit by 1.
• 3. If the digit in the N+1 place is equal to 5, drop it, and if
the preceding (Nth) digit is even -- leave N alone; if the Nth
digit is odd, raise it by 1. This convention is necessary to
keep a set of numbers as "balanced" as possible; i.e., if you
round down for digits 1-5 (five cases) and up for 6-9 (only 4
cases), the sum of the resulting numbers will be, on
average, lower than the sum of the unrounded terms
Rounding: Examples:

• 1. Round 4.3127 to four significant figures. 4.3127 has 5 significant figures; we need
to drop the final "7". That leaves us 4.312. But following rule 1 above, we note that
since 7 is greater than 5, we need to add 1 to the last number we're keeping (the 2.)
So our rounded number becomes 4.313.
• You can appreciate that 4.313 is a better approximation of 4.3127 than 4.312 would
be. Since the "7" we dropped indicates that the true value of the number is "closer"
to 4.313 than it is to 4.312, we've created a better approximation by making that
change.
• 2. Round 10.412 to three significant figures. 10.412 has 5 significant figures, so we
get rid of the last two. That leaves 10.4. The digit to the right of the "4" is 1 -- and 1 is
less than 5. So we leave the 4 alone. Our final estimate is 10.4.
• 3. Round 14.65 to three significant figures. Here, N+1 = 5. To decide what to do with
6 (our N), recall rule 3. If the number before the 5 is even, we leave it alone when we
drop the 5. 6 is even, so our final value is 14.6.
• 4. Round 1000.3 to four significant figures. This one's more complex, because it
involves zeros. The rules governing whether a digit qualifies as "significant" are more
complicated for zeros.
• 1000.
Eg. 12.345
Rounded to Rounded to
Precision significant figures decimal places
6 12.3450 12.345000
5 12.345 12.34500
4 12.34 or 12.35 12.3450
3 12.3 12.345
2 12 12.34 or 12.35
1 10 12.3
0 N/A 12
0.012345:

Rounded to Rounded to
Precision significant figures decimal places
7 0.01234500 0.0123450
6 0.0123450 0.012345
5 0.012345 0.01234
4 0.01234 or 0.01235 0.0123
3 0.0123 0.012
2 0.012 0.01
1 0.01 0.0
0 N/A 0
Significance arithmetic
• For quantities created from measured quantities
by multiplication and division, the calculated result
should have as many significant figures as
the measured number with the least number of
significant figures.
• Eg. 1.234 × 2.0 = 2.468… ≈ 2.5
• with only two significant figures. The first factor has
four significant figures and the second has two
significant figures. The factor with the least number of
significant figures is the second one with only two, so
the final calculated result should also have a total of
two significant figures.
• For quantities created from measured quantities
by addition and subtraction, the last significant decimal
place (hundreds, tens, ones, tenths, and so forth) in the
calculated result should be the same as the leftmost or
largest decimal place of the last significant figure out of all
the measured quantities in the terms of the sum.
• For example,100.0 + 1.234 = 101.234… ≈ 101.2with the last
significant figure in the tenths place. The first term has its
last significant figure in the tenths place and the second
term has its last significant figure in the thousandths place.
The leftmost of the decimal places of the last significant
figure out of all the terms of the sum is the tenths place
from the first term, so the calculated result should also have
its last significant figure in the tenths place.
Accuracy and precision
• "accuracy (കൃത്യത)-the closeness of a given
measurement to its true value;
• "precision“ (സൂക്ഷ്മത) -the stability of that
measurement when repeated many times.
Refer
• https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithme
tic-home/arith-review-decimals/arithmetic-sig
nificant-figures-tutorial/
• https://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/fr
ontiers/web/chapter_5/6665.html

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