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Lecture 32 : FM AND NOISE II

In the previous lecture, we studied the effect of noise on Angle Modulation. After applying
the necessary approximations we recovered the angle. If we want Phase Modulation(PM),
we use it as it is and for Frequency Modulation(FM) we need to take the derivative.

1 PSD Of Noise

Power Spectral Density (PSD) for PM and FM is as follows:


 N20

if PM
Ac
Sηη (f ) =
 N0 f2 2

if FM
Ac

from the above expression, we can say that in case of FM, the noise is no longer remains

as White Noise. Also for FM, the PSD will increase with the increase in frequency.

Now we can obtain the Noise Power using Power Spectral Density. If bandwidth of sys-

tem is W then, Z W
Pn = Sηη (f )df
−W


 2W 2N0

if PM
Ac
Pn =
 2N0 W2 3

if FM
3Ac

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 Figure 1: PSD Spectrum for (a)PM and (b)FM

A2c
here 2N0
is known as Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR). We will represent it with symbol C.

Now if the power of message signal is given as Pm then we can find the signal power as,

k 2 Pm

if PM
p
Ps =
k 2 Pm if FM

f

We know that SNR is defined as,

Ps
SN R =
Pn

hence, 
2 2
 kp Pm Ac

if PM
2W N0
SN R = 2 2
 3kf Pm A3c

if FM
2N0 W

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now as we have defined Carrier to Noise Ratio, so in terms of CNR we can write it as


2
 k p Pm C

if PM
W
SN R = 2
 3kf P2m
 C
if FM
2W W

Now we know that for FM the modulation index is given by

kf max(m(t)))
βf =
W

also the signal power can be written in terms of m(t) as Pm = λ(max(m(t))2 where λ is a

constant.

which means we can write SNR for FM as,

C
SN R = 3λβ 2
W

There are two types of BandWidth’s related to Frequency Modulation:

1.Modulating BandWidth : This is also called Message BandWidth. This is denoted

by W. it helps to modulate FM and we keep it as small as possible.

2.Modulated BandWidth : This is also called Channel BandWidth. This is denoted by

B.

B = 2(β + 1)W

B = 2βW f orlargeβ

So from here we can calculate output SNR in terms of B.

3λB 2 C
SN R =
4W 2 W

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So we can see that in FM the output SNR is directly proportional to B 2 and inversely
proportional to W 3 . As B is directly proportional to β, so SNR will directly proportional to
β 2.

Therefore, increasing β increases the output SNR even with low received power. This is
in contrast to amplitude modulation where such an increase in the received SNR is not pos-
sible. The increase in the received SNR is obtained by increasing the bandwidth. Therefore,
angle modulation provides a way to trade-off bandwidth for transmitted power.

2 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering

In FM, the effect of noise is higher at higher frequencies. This means that signal components
at higher frequencies will suffer more from noise than the lower frequency components. In
order to avoid that, we pass the signal through a Pre-emphasis Filter and enhance the
higher frequency components.
Post demodulation we pass the signal through a De-emphasis Filter which is the inverse
of the Pre-emphasis Filter.

Another way to look at pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering is to note that, due to the
high level of noise in the high-frequency components of the message in FM, it is desirable
to attenuate the high-frequency components of the demodulated signal. This results in a
reduction in the noise level, but it causes the higher-frequency components of the message
signal to be also attenuated. To compensate for the attenuation of the higher components
of the message signal, we can amplify these components at the transmitter before modula-
tion.Therefore, at the transmitter we need a highpass filter and at the receiver we must use a
lowpass filter. The net effect of these filters should be a flat-frequency response. Therefore,
the receiver filter should be the inverse of the transmitter filter.

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 Figure 2: (a)Pre-emphasis and (b) de-emphasis filter characteristics

3 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation

The noise analysis of angle demodulation schemes is based on the assumption that the SNR
at the demodulator input is high. This assumption of high SNR is a simplifying assumption
that is usually made in analysis of nonlinear-modulation systems. In fact, this assumption is
not at all correct in general, and the signal and noise processes at the output of the demodula-
tor are completely mixed in a single process by a complicated nonlinear function. Only under
the high SNR assumption is this highly nonlinear function approximated as an additive form.

Particularly at low SNRs, signal and noise components are so intermingled that one can
not recognize the signal from the noise and, therefore, no meaningful SNR as a measure of
performance can be defined. In such cases, the signal is not distinguishable from the noise
and a mutilation or threshold effect is present. There exists a specific signal to noise
ratio at the input of the demodulator known as the threshold SNR, beyond which signal
mutilation occurs.

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4 Comparison of Analog Modulation Systems
The systems that we have studied include linear-modulation systems (DSB-SC, Conventional
AM,SSB-SC) and nonlinear systems(FM and PM).The comparison of these systems can be
done from various points of view. Here we can view a comparison based on three important
practical criteria.
1. Bandwidth Efficiency of the system : The most bandwidth-efficient analog commu-
nication system is the SSB-SC system with a transmission bandwidth equal to the signal
bandwidth. This system is widely used in bandwidth-critical applications such as voice trans-
mission over microwave and satellite links, and some point-to-point communication systems
in congested areas. Since SSB-SC cannot effectively transmit dc, it cannot be used for trans-
mission of signals that have a significant dc component such as image signals. PM and
particularly FM are least-favorable systems when bandwidth is the major concern, and their
use is only justified by their high level of noise immunity.
2. Power Efficiency of the system : A criterion for comparing power efficiency of var-
ious systems is the comparison of their output SNR at a given received signal power. We
have already seen that angle-modulation schemes and particularly FM provide a high
level of noise immunity and, therefore, power efficiency. FM is widely used on power-critical
communication links such as point-to-point communication systems and high fidelity radio
broadcasting. Conventional AM is the least power-efficient system and is not used when the
transmitter power is a major concern.
3. The ease of implementation of the system : The simplest receiver structure is the
receiver for conventional AM, and the structure of the receiver for VSB+C system is only
slightly more complicated. FM receivers are also easy to implement. These three systems
are widely used for AM, TV, and high-fidelity FM broadcasting (including FM stereo). The
power inefficiency of the AM transmitter is compensated by the extremely simple structure
of literally hundreds of millions of receivers. DSB-SC and SSB-SC require synchronous de-
modulation and, therefore, their receiver structure is much more complicated. These systems
are, therefore, never used for broadcasting purposes