Bridge Engineering

Bridge Engineering
Module C : Reinforced Concrete Road Bridges

Nirjhar Dhang

√
Version : 1.732 : 3
Created on : July 11, 2016
Last revision : August 16, 2023
Module C : Reinforced Concrete Road Bridges
Module C-4 : Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures :
Review of Working Stress Method and
Limit State Method (IS456 and IRC 112)
Design of reinforced concrete elements
Design of reinforced concrete elements

Recapitulate and review different codes on RCC design

Working Stress Method (as per IS 456:2000, IRC 21:2000
and IRC 112:2011)
Limit State Method (as per IS 456:2000)
Limit State Method (as per IRC 112:2011)
Working Stress Method
Working Stress Method

Assumptions
At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plain
after bending
All tensile stresses are taken up by reinforcement and none by
concrete, except as otherwise specified
The stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete, under
working loads, is a straight line
The modular ratio m has the value 3σ280 cbc
Working Stress Method
Permissible stresses N/mm2 in concrete
Grade of Bending Direct Bond
Concrete compression compression (average)
(as per (as per Plain bars
IS 456:2000) IS 456:2000) as per
(IS 456:2000
M15 5.0 4.0 0.6
M20 7.0 5.0 0.8
M25 8.5 6.0 0.9
M30 10.0 8.0 1.0
M35 11.5 9.0 1.1
M40 13.0 10.0 1.2
M45 15.0 11.0 1.3
M50 16.0 12.0 1.4
Working Stress Method
Permissible stresses N/mm2 in concrete
Grade of Bending Direct Bond
Concrete compression compression (average)
(as per (as per Plain bars
IRC 21:2000) IRC 21:2000) as per
(IS 456:2000
M15 5.0 3.75 0.6
M20 6.67 5.0 0.8
M25 8.33 6.25 0.9
M30 10.0 7.5 1.0
M35 11.67 8.75 1.1
M40 13.33 10.0 1.2
M45 15.0 11.25 1.3
M50 16.67 12.5 1.4
Working Stress Method

Permissible stresses N/mm2 in steel

(Table 22 : IS 456:2000)
Type of Tension Compression Shear
steel bending
Fe250 140 130 130
Fe415 230 190 230
Fe500 275 190 230
For Fe250, 0.52 fy may be assumed for direct tension, flexural
tension, compression and shear
For Fe415, 0.55 fy may be assumed for tension 0.46 fy for
compression and shear
For Fe500, 0.55 fy may be assumed for direct tension, flexural
tension, 0.46 fy for shear in tension and 0.38 fy for compression
Working Stress Method
Permissible stresses N/mm2 in steel
(Table 10 : IRC 21:2000)
Type of Tension Compression Shear
steel bending
Fe240 125 115 125
Fe415 200 170 200
Fe500 240 205 200
For Fe250, 0.52 fy may be assumed for direct tension, flexural
tension, tension in shear and 0.48 fy for compression
For Fe415, 0.48 fy may be assumed for tension, shear 0.41 fy for
compression
For Fe500, 0.48 fy may be assumed for direct tension, flexural
tension, shear in tension and 0.41 fy for compression and tension
in shear
Working Stress Method
Working Stress Method

280
x = kd m=
3σcbc
1
Z = jd C = fcb bx
2 (1)
k
j =1− T = fst Ast
3
M = Cz = Tz
Working Stress Method

1 k
M = σcbc (kd)(bd)(1 − )
2 3
1 k
M = σcbc k(1 − )bd 2
2 3
mσcbc
kb = (2)
σst + mσcbc
280
m=
3σcbc
kd p
b(kd) = (bd)md(1 − k)
2 100
Working Stress Method

Balanced sections: Sections, in which the tension steel reaches

yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure
strain in bending are called balanced sections
Working Stress Method

Under reinforced sections: Sections, in which tension steel reaches

yield strain at loadslower than the load at which concrete
reaches failure strain, are called under reinforced sections
Working Stress Method

Overreinforced sections: Sections, in which the failure strain in

concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain of steel is
reached, are called overreinforced sections
Working Stress Method

Balanced sections: Sections, in which the tension steel reaches

yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure
strain in bending are called balanced sections

Under reinforced sections: Sections, in which tension steel reaches

yield strain at loadslower than the load at which concrete
reaches failure strain, are called under reinforced sections

Overreinforced sections: Sections, in which the failure strain in

concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain of steel is
reached, are called overreinforced sections
Working Stress Method : Shear
Working Stress Method : Shear

Shear force, V
Shear force to be taken by Vc = τc bd
Shear force to be resisted by stirrups, Vs = V − Vc
Working Stress Method : Shear

Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear

Vs = V − τc bd to be calculated as follows:
Vs sv
Asv = (3)
σs d(sinα + cosα)
Working Stress Method : Shear
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear
Vs = V − τc bd to be calculated as follows:
Vs sv
Asv = (4)
σs d(sinα + cosα)
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrups or bent-up bars witin
a distance s.
sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of
the member
b = breadth of the member which for flanged beams, shall be
taken as the breadth of the web
α = angle between the inclined stirrup or bent up bar and the
axis of the member, not less than 45◦
σs = permissible stress in shear reinforcement
d = the effective depth
Working Stress Method : Shear

Maximum shear stress in concrete

τmax in N/mm2
(Table 12A, IRC 21:2000)
Grade of concrete
Concrete grade M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
τmax , N/mm2 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5
Working Stress Method : Shear
Permissible shear strength in concrete
τc in N/mm2
(Part of Table 12B, IRC 21:2000)
Grade of concrete
As
100 bd M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
0.15 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.3 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.39 0.4 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.47 0.49 0.5 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
Limit State Method (IS 456:2000)
Limit State of Collapse
Flexure
Assumptions

Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending

The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression
fibre is taken as 0.0035
The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored
The stress block may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid,
parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of
strength in substantial agreement with the results of test
Note: Triangular as in the Working Stress Method
Assumptions

The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative

stress-strain curve for the type of steel used.
For design purposes, the partial safety factor γm , equal to 1.15
shall be applied.
The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section
at failure shall not be less than:
fy
+ 0.002
1.15Es
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IS 456)
Stress-strain curve of concrete
Stress-strain curve of concrete
Stress-strain curve of steel
Stress-strain curve of steel
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure

Note: k2 x is the distance of the centre of compression in the

concrete from the top compression fibre
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure

C =area of rectangle −
area of outer parabola
=0.45fck(x )b − 0.45fck(0.57/3)(x )b
=0.45fck(x )b − 0.086fck(x )b
=0.364fck(x )b
(5)
Therefore,
k1 = 0.364
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure

C =0.364fck (x )b (6)
Taking moment about NA
0.364fck xb(x − k2 x ) =045fck (x )b(x /2)−
0.45fck (0.57x )2b/12
1 − k2 = = 0.584
(7)
Therefore,

k2 = 0.416 = 0.42
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure

C =k1 fck (x /d)bd

T =0.87fy Ast
(8)
k1 =0.364
k2 =0.416 = 0.42

0.87fy Ast = 0.364fck bx (9)

Mu = k1 fck (x /d)(1 − k2 (x /d))bd 2 (10)

s
Mu
j = 0.5 + 0.25 − (11)
0.87fck bd 2
Limiting values of x/d

Type of steel fy Yield strain(ϵsu ) xu /d

Mild steel 250 0.0031 0.53
High yield strength steel 415 0.0038 0.48
High yield strength steel 500 0.0042 0.46
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)

Figure 1: Parabolic-rectangular diagram for concrete in compression

Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)

αfck
fcd = (12)
γm
where α=0.67
γm =1.5 for basic and
seismic combination
γm =1.2 for accidental
Figure 2: Parabolic-rectangular combination
diagram for concrete in compression
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)

Parabolic-rectangular stress block

For design of section, the following relationship may be used
" !n #
ϵc
σc = fcd 1 − 1 − for 0 ≤ ϵc ≤ ϵc2
ϵc2 (13)
σc = fcd for ϵc2 ≤ ϵc ≤ ϵcu2
Upto concrete grade : M60
n=2
ϵc2 =0.002
ϵcu2 =0.0035
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)

Simplified equivalent stress block

The parabolic rectangular stress-strain block is of general validity
for all design situations.
However, simplified equivalent stress blocks such as rectangle or
bilinear may be used for design purposes where the net results
are sufficiently accurate.
Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)

Figure 3: Bi-linear stress strain relation

Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)

Figure 4: Rectangular stress distribution

Limit State of Collapse : Flexure (IRC 112)

Figure 5: Rectangular stress distribution

For fck ≤ 60 MPa : λ=0.8, η=1 and fcd = 49 =0.445

Summary
Summary

Working stress method for design in bending and shear are

discussed.
References
References

IRC 21 : 2000 Standard specifications and code of practice for

road bridges, Section III : Cement concrete (plain and
reinforced) (Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi)
IRC 112 : 2011 Code of practice for concrete road bridges (Indian
Roads Congress, New Delhi)
IS 456 : 2000 Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete
(Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi)
Contacts:

Prof. Nirjhar Dhang

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur-721302
West Bengal
INDIA
Email:nirjhar@civil.iitkgp.ac.in