Section 05 : Design of Structures (Steel ,Timber and Rcc structures)

Design philosophies / Method of design:

1. Working stress method (Permissible stress design)

2. Ultimate load method (ULM) / Load Factor method
(LFM)
3. Limit state method (LSM)
Working stress method (Permissible stress design)
i. Early 1990’s to 1960 ,Based on elastic theory (concrete and
steel obey Hooks law)
Assumptions:
1. A section which is plain before bending remains plain after bending
(Bernoulli's assumption)
2. All tensile stress is taken by reinforcement (tension strength of the concrete
is ignored)
3. The stress strain relation under working load is linear for both steel and
concrete (bond between steel and concrete is perfect within elastic limit of
steel)
4. Modular ratio i.e. ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to the concrete(m)
between steel and concrete remains constant
Modular ratio (m) = Es/Ec = (280/3 σcbc)
where σcbc is the permissible compressive stress in bending in
concrete (IS 456:2000 Table 21)
µR > L
where
µ = is inverse of factor of safety < 1
R = resistance of the structural element
L = working load on the structural element
Note: permissible stress= ultimate stress/factor of safety

 For Compressive permissible stress in bending of concrete FOS=3,

 FOS for concrete is direct compression is = 4
 Permissible tensile stress of the steel FOS=1.78
Design philosophies / Method of design:

At = Area of tension steel , b = width of beam section

C = Total force of compression T = Total force of tension
D = Total depth of the section , d= effective depth of the beam section
Nd = Depth of neutral axis
Jd = lever arm ( between point of application of compression and tension force) , σcb =
permissible compressive stress in concrete
σct = permissible tensile stress in steel εst = tensile strain in steel
c
Permissible stresses in compression ( Tabel 21)

Grade of Permissible stress in Permissible stress in Remarks

Concrete Compression Bond (Average value) for
Bending Direct
plain bar in Tension (τbd)
Compression Compression σcc
σcbc

M15 5 4 0.6 FOS for direct

M20 7 5 0.8 compression = 4 and
M25 8.5 6 0.9 FOS of concrete in

M30 10 8 1 bending
compression = 3
Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement ( Tabel 22)

Types of Steel Tension Compressi Shear Remark

(MPa) on (MPa) (MPa) s

Mild steel Bar Dia <= 20 mm 140 130 140 FOS =

confirming to IS 1.78 -
432-I Dia >20 mm 130 130 130 1.8

HYSD Fe415, IS Bar Dia <= 20 mm 230 190 190

1786
Dia >20 mm 230 190 190
Limitation Drawbacks of WSD:

i. Concrete is not elastic: the inelastic behavior of concrete starts from

very low stresses (actual stress distribution of stress in concrete
section can not be describe by linear triangular stress diagram)
ii. There is safety factor in case of stress only and there is no way to
account different degree of the uncertainty related to the different
type of loading
It is difficult to account for shrinkage and creep effects by using the
WSD
Ultimate load design method (ULD)/ultimate strength method or load
factory method

 1960-1975
 This method was introduced as an alternative to WSM
in the ACI code in 1956 and the British Code in 1957,
and subsequently in the Indian Code (IS 456) in 1964.
 Based on ultimate load (UL) = working load multiplied
by load factor
 Non linear stress strain of the concrete
Limit State Design method (LSD/LSM)

 Originated from ultimate and plastic design From 1975 till now
 A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a
structure ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in
terms of either safety or serviceability; i.e., it either collapses or
becomes unserviceable.
 Both safety and serviceability within acceptable limit
 This is probabilistic approach
 Design should ensure both safety and serviceability
1. Limit state of collapse/ultimate limit state
2. Limit state of serviceability
Limit state of collapse /ultimate limit state

 Concern with safety of people and safety of the

structure
 Ultimate limit state may correspond to:
A. Flexure
B. Compression
C. Shear
D. torsion
Limit state of serviceability

 It concerns with the functioning of the structural member or structure

under normal use or comfort of the people or appearance of the
construction work
 Limit state of serviceability may correspond to:
 A. Deformation that affect
 B. Vibrations
 C. Damage that are likely to adversely affect/cracking/fire etc.
Design philosophies / Method of design:
MCQ ON Method of design:
Partial safety factors for concrete and steel respectively may be taken as:
(A)1.5 & 1.15
(B) 1.5 & 1.78
(C) 3 & 1.78
(D) 3 & 1.2

The characteristic strength of concrete in the actual structure is taken as:

(A) fck
(B) 0.85 fck
(C) 0.67 fck
(D) 0.447 fck
MCQ ON Method of design:

The characteristic strength of concrete is defined as that strength below

which not more than ___________ of the test results are expected to
fall.
(A) 10 percent
(B) 5 percent
(C) 15 percent
(D) 20 percent

Characteristic strength of concrete is measured at:

(A) 14 days
(B) 28 days
(C) 91 days
(D) 7 days
MCQ ON Method of design:
Characteristic compression strength of M20 concrete is
(A) 30N/sqmm
(B) 27N/sqmm
(C) 28N/sqmm
(D) 20N/sqmm

Compressive strength of concrete is _________ tensile strength

(A) More than
(B) Less than
(C) Equal
(D) None
MCQ ON Method of design:

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) was evolved because plain concrete

has
(A) High tensile strength
(B) Low tensile strength
(C) Tensile strength
(D) None of the above

The size of cube to determine characteristic compressive strength of

concrete is
(A) 150 * 150 *150 mm
(B) 300 *300 *300 mm
(C) 200 * 200 *200 mm
(D) 450 * 450 * 450 mm
MCQ ON Method of design:
Construction of RCC slabs, columns, beams etc the minimum recommended grade
of concrete mix is
(A)M 10
(B) M 15
(C) M 20
(D) M 25

The modules of elasticity of M-25 grade concrete (in N/mm2 ) as per IS: 456-2000 is
assumed as
(A) 36,00
(B) 30,00
(C) 28,500
(D) 25,000
MCQ ON Method of design:
The Tensile strength of concrete to be used in the design of reinforced concrete
members is ,
(A) 0.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘
(B) 0.1 √𝑓𝑐𝑘
(C) zero
(D) 0.7 √𝑓𝑐𝑘

Ratio of compressive strength of concrete is structure to the characteristics strength of

concrete in cube is equal to
(A)1.67
(B) 1/0.67
(C) 0.67
(D) 1/1.67
MCQ ON Method of design:

The main reinforcement on RCC continuous member is placed at

(A) Top fibre
(B) Side fibre
(C) Bottom fibre
(D) Top and bottom fibre

An additional longitudinal reinforcement in webs of beams should be placed if the

depth of the web is more than 750 mm at
(A) Top fibre
(B) Side fibre
C) Bottom fibre
(D) Top and bottom fibre
 MCQ ON Method of design:
The main reinforcement on RCC simply supported RCC member is placed at
(A) Top fibre
(B) Side fibre
(C) Bottom fibre
(D) Top and bottom fibre

The main reinforcement on RCC cantilever member is placed at

(A) Top fibre
(B) Side fibre
(C) Bottom fibre
(D) Top and bottom fibre
 MCQ ON Method of design:
Which of the following is not an assumption for working stress design method?
a) Tensile strength of concrete is considered
b) Bond between steel and concrete is perfect within the elastic limit of steel
c) Concrete is elastic
d) A section which is plane before bending remains plane after bending

Which of the following IS Code has described about working stress design method?
a) IS 10626
b) IS 456
c) IS 4031
d) IS 800

Which of the following equation expresses the working stress method for reinforced
concrete?
a) μR > 4L b) μR > (L / 2) c) μR > 2L d) μR > L
 MCQ ON Method of design:
Which of the following method takes into account the serviceability requirements?
a) Working Stress method
b) Ultimate Load method
c) Limit State method
d) Load Factor method

Which of the following is not a limit state of collapse?

a) Premature cracking
b) Limit state in shear
c) Limit state in flexure
d) Limit state in torsion

Which of the following is not considered in limit state of serviceability?

a) Excessive cracking
b) Excessive deflection
c) Excessive compression
d) Excessive vibrations
 MCQ ON Method of design:
What is modular ratio in Working stress method?
a) Ratio of Modulus of elasticity of concrete and modulus of elasticity of steel
b) Ratio of Modulus of elasticity of steel and modulus of elasticity of concrete
c) Product of Modulus of elasticity of steel and modulus of elasticity of concrete
d) Sum of Modulus of elasticity of steel and modulus of elasticity of concrete

Which of the following equation expresses the modular ratio (m) for working stress
method?
a) (290/4 σcb) b) (290/3 σcb) c) (280/4 σcb) d) (280/3 σcb)

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of Working stress method?

a) This method is uneconomical
b) This method assumes that stress- strain relationship is constant
c) This method considers the modes of failure
d) In this method concrete does not have a definite modulus of elasticity
Design load: (IS456:2000): Factored load
• Design load is the load to be taken for use in the appropriate method of
design; it is the characteristic load in case of working stress method and
characteristic load with appropriate partial safety factors for limit state
design.
36.2 Characteristic Loads
• 'characteristic load' means that value of load which has a 95 percent
probability of not being exceeded during the life of the structure. Since
data are not available to express loads in statistical terms,
• Dead loads given in IS 875 (Part 1). imposed loads given in IS 875(Part 2),
wind loads given in IS 875 (Part3), snow load as given in IS 875 (Part 4) and
seismic forces given in IS 1893 shall be assumed as the characteristic loads
36.1 Characteristic Strength of Materials
• The term 'characteristic strength' means that
value of the strength of the material below
which not more than 5 percent of the test
results are expected to fall. The characteristic
strength for concrete shall be in accordance
with Table 2.
Partial safety factors (psf) for loading for limit state

1.5(D+L)
1.5(D + Eq) or
*0.9D+1.5 Eq.

1.2(D+L+Eq.)

* For the stability against overturning or stress reversal is critical

Stress strain relation in concrete
Stress strain relation in concrete
Stress strain relation in concrete

Typical stress strain curve for concrete Idealized stress strain curve (code idealized)
in compression
• The curve of concrete begins with parabolic
• Beyond 0.2% strain, the stress remains constan with
increasing load until a strain of 0.35%
• When the 0.35% strain is reached the concrete is said to
be failed
 Limit state of Collapse: Flexure
Assumptions: (Cl 38.1 IS 456:2000)
a. Plane section remains plane after bending
b. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending
c. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored
d. The relation between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may
be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of
strength in substantial agreement with the result of tests. For design purpose the compressive
strength of the concrete in the structure shall be assumed as 0.67 times the characteristic strength.
The partial factor shall be applied in additional to this i.e. γm = 1.5, So that σc = 0.44 fck
e. The stress in the reinforcement bars is derived from the representative stress strain
curve for the type of steel used.
f. The maximum strain in steel in tension in the section at failure shall not be less than:
𝑓𝑦 0.87𝜎𝑦
𝜀𝑠 ≥ + 0.002 = + 0.002
1.15𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
Where,
σy = fy = characteristic strength of the reinforcement steel Es = modulus of elasticity for
the steel
 Moment of Resistance (MOR)
Consider a simply supported beam subjected to bending moment under factored loads. For equilibrium
total force of compression must be equal to total force of tension.
 Below the NA tension exist, so the concrete is assumed to be cracked so that all the tension should
be taken by steel
 It is assumed stress in all the bars is equal
 Resultant tensile force thus act at the centroid of the rebar's
 The depth from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of the tensile force is termed as
effective depth d.
 Moment of Resistance (MOR)
From Strain
diagram above
0.0035 0.002
=
𝑋 𝑋1
4𝑋
𝑋1 = 7
And
3𝑋
𝑋2 =
7
 stress is rectangular for
concrete up to X2 and
 for the distance of X1 from
NA the stress distribution is
parabolic.
Force on the compression side:
i. Force on parabolic portion (C1)
C1 = Area × Stress = (2/3) (b) (4X/7) (0.446 σck )
C1 = 0.1699 σck b X (i)
ii. Force on rectangular portion (C2)
C2 = Area × Stress = b (3x/7) (0.446 σck )
C2 = 0.191 b X σck (ii)
iii. Total force of compression on the concrete is (C)
C = C1+C2
C = 0.36 σck b X (iii)
The depth of the neutral axis (X) can be determined as:
Considering the equilibrium of normal forces i.e.
Resultant of compression (C) = resultant of Tension (T)
0.36 σck b X = 0.87 σy Ast
0.87 𝜎 𝑦 𝐴 𝑠𝑡
𝑋=
0.36 𝜎 𝑐𝑘 𝑏
Where, Ast is area of steel in tension
Determination of the lever arm (z):
0.87 𝜎 𝑦 𝐴 𝑠𝑡 𝜎 𝑦 𝐴 𝑠𝑡
Lever arm (z) = d – a = d- 0.42 X = d- 0.42 ( ) = d-
0.36 𝜎 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝜎 𝑐𝑘 𝑏
Moment of Resistance w.r.t concrete (Mc) = C × z = 0.36 σck b x z
And moment of resistance w.r.t steel (Mt) = T × z = 0.87 σy Ast z
Maximum depth of neutral axis (Limiting value of Neutral axis)
Based on the assumption given above, an expression for the depth of the neutral axis at the
ultimate limit state can be easily obtained from the strain diagram in Fig below considering
similar triangles in strain diagram.
Maximum depth of neutral axis (Limiting value of Neutral axis)
0.002+ 0.87𝜎 𝑦
0.0035 𝐸𝑠
= (xii)
𝑥𝑚 𝑑−𝑥 𝑚
From equation (xii)
0.0035d-0.0035xm = 0.002 xm +xm (0.87σy/Es)
0.0035d = xm (0.0055 + (0.87σy/Es))
𝑥𝑚 0.0035
= (xiii)
𝑑 0.87𝜎𝑦
0.0055 + 𝐸𝑠 Table Maximum depth of neutral axis: IS 456:2000 Cl 38
Grade of Steel (xm/d) (xm/d)

Fe250 0.53 0.53d

Fe415 0.48 0.48d
Fe500 0.46 0.46d

FE 550 0.44
r, 0.44d
Failure Modes:
A. Balanced section
o Maximum strain in the two materials reach simultaneously (concrete and steel)
o A sudden failure would occur with less alarming deflections
Under reinforced section
 If the amount of steel kept is less than that in the balanced condition
 The neutral axis moves upward to satisfy the equilibrium condition
 In this condition center of gravity of the compression section also shift upward.
 Under increasing bending moment the steel is strained beyond the yield point and the maximum strain in
concrete remains less than 0.35%. On further loading the strain in the section increase, once steel has
yielded it does not taken any additional The failure is called tension failure.
Over reinforced section
 If steel is kept more than in the balanced section condition
 The NA tends to move downward and strain in steel remain in the elastic region.
 Thus to maintain equilibrium in tension and compression neutral axis shifts downwards.
 In this process neutral axis further shift downward until the maximum strain in concrete reaches its ultimate
value, that is 0.35% and concrete crushes. The steel is still well within elastic limit. Such a beam is referred
to as an over reinforced beam and failure as a compression failure.
A. Balanced section
o Maximum strain in the two materials reach simultaneously (concrete and steel)
o A sudden failure would occur with less alarming deflections
B. Under reinforced section
• If the amount of steel kept is less than that in the balanced condition
C. Over reinforced section
• If steel is kept more than in the balanced section condition
 Limiting value of tension steel and Moment of resistance:

Since the maximum depth of the neutral axis is limited so the maximum value of the
moment of the resistance is also limited. Its value for a singly reinforced rectangular
section is given as:
MOR with respect to concrete = Mlim = 0.36 σck b x z = 0.36 σck b xm (d-0.42 xm) (xiv)
MOR with respect to steel = Mlim = 0.87 σy Ast z = 0.87 σy Ast (d-0.42 xm) (xv)
MOR depends upon the grade of concrete and grade of steel used in the beam

Table: Limiting moment of the resistance (N mm)

Grade of Grade of Steel
Concrete
Fe250 Fe415 Fe500 Fe550
General 0.148 σck bd2 0.138 σck bd2 0.133 σck bd2 0.130 σck bd2
M20 2.96 b d2 2.76 b d2 2.66 b d2 2.60 b d2
M25 3.7 b d2 2.3.45 b d2 3.33 b d2
Limiting value of tension steel (Ast lim %)
Doing force of compression = force of tension
0.36 σck b xm = 0.87 σy Ast
Ast = 0.36 σck b xm /0.87 σy
Ast lim (%) = (Ast/bd)×100
Ast lim (%) = (Ast/bd)×100 = (0.36 σck xm /0.87 σy d ) 100

From equation (xiv) for different grade of concrete and steel the limiting reinforcement is
given as
Grade of % of tensile steel
Concrete, σck
Fe250 Fe415 Fe500 Fe550
(MPa)

M20 1.76 0.96 0.76 0.66

M25 2.20 1.19 0.94 0.83
M30 2.64 1.43 1.13 1.00
The modular ratio is the ratio of
a)Young’s modulus of steel to the Young’s modulus of concrete
b)Young’s modulus of concrete to the Young’s modulus of steel
c)Load carried by steel to the load carried by concrete
d)Load carried by concrete to the load carried by steel

In a beam section if steel reinforcement is of such a magnitude that the permissible stress in
concrete and steel are developed simultaneously, the section is known as
a)Balanced section
b)Critical section
c)Economical section
d)Any one of these

6/12/2024 Khem Raj Regmi 45

The section in which concrete is not fully stressed to its permissible value when stress
in steel reaches its maximum value , is called
a)Under-reinforced section
b)Over reinforced section
c)Critical section
d)Balanced section

The neutral axis of balanced section is called

a)Balanced neutral axis
b)Critical neutral axis
c)Equivalent neutral axis
d)All of these
6/12/2024 Khem Raj Regmi 46
In an over reinforced section
a)Steel reinforced is not fully stressed to its permissible value
b)Concrete is not fully stressed to its permissible value
c)Either (a) and (b)
d)Both (a) and (b)

For an over reinforced (singly reinforced) rectangular reinforced concrete section

a)The lever arm will be less than that for a balanced section
b)The maximum stress developed by steel will be equal to the allowable stress in steel
c)The maximum stress developed by concrete will be equal to the allowable stress in concrete
d)None of the above

n Khem Raj Regmi 47

The moment of resistance overran over reinforced section is determined on the basis
of
a)Tensile force developed in steel
b)Compressive force developed in concrete
c)Both (a) and (b)
d)None of these

The neutral axis of an over reinforced section falls

a)On the critical neutral axis of balanced section
b)Below the critical neutral axis of balanced section
c)Above the critical neutral axis of balanced section
d)None of the above
6/12/2024 Khem Raj Regmi 48
In a beam section, if the steel reinforcement is of such a magnitude that the
permissible stresses in concrete and steel are developed simultaneously, the is
known as
(a) balanced section (b) critical section
(c) economical section (d) any one of these

The section in which concrete is not fully stressed to its permissible value when
stress in steel reaches its maximum value, is called
(a) under – reinforced section (b) over – reinforced section
(c) critical section (d) balanced section
The neutral axis of a balanced section is called
(a) balanced neutral axis (b) critical neutral axis (Ans)
(c) equivalent neutral axis (d) all of these

For a balanced section , the moment of resistance obtained from compressive force
will be ……… the moment of resistance obtained from the tensile force.
a) Greater than
b) Less than
c) Equal to
d) d) none
The moment of resistance of an under reinforced section is computed on the basis of
a) Compressive force developed in concrete
b) Both (a) and (b)
c) None of these
d) Tensile force developed in steel

The moment of resistance of an under – reinforced section is computed on the basis of

(a) compressive force developed in concrete
(b) tensile force developed in steel (Ans)
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these

6/12/2024 Khem Raj Regmi 51

In a singly reinforced beam , if the concrete is stressed to its allowable limit earlier
than steel , the section is said to be
a ) over reinforced section
b ) under reinforced section
c ) balanced section
d ) economical section

The types of failure in which stress concrete and steel reaches its permissible value at
a time is called balance failure . At this stage location of neutral axis is
a ) above the critical neutral axis
b ) match with critical neutral axis
c ) below the critical neutral axis
d ) all of the above
 Design of RC Beam and Slab Section

Singly Reinforced Section:

 The section in which the reinforcing steel bars
are placed near the top or bottom of the
beam or slab where they are most effective in
resistance the tensile stresses.

 In case of SSB, bar placed at bottom and in

case of cantilever beam reinforcing bars are
placed at top.
Design of RC Beam

Double Reinforced Rectangular Section:

It is a section reinforcement is provided in both compression and tension regions to contribute to
the strength of the section.
Reasons of using steel in compression region are as follows:

I. When depth of the section is restricted and the strength available from a SRS is inadequate.
II. At a section of continuous beam or slab, where BM changes sign.
III.In the designed section of Circular beam in plan.
IV.If the members are in stress reversal condition.
Minimum and maximum amounts of tension reinforcement in DRS beam are the same as in
SRS beam. 𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒% 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎
General Design Requirements for Beam (as per IS456-2000
Longitudinal Reinforcement:
1. Minimum nominal cover, 𝑪𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮ 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 or (∅)𝐦𝒂𝒙 of main bar which is greater.
2. Diameter, (∅𝒍)𝒎𝒊𝒏≮ 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝐛𝐝
3. For main reinforcement,(𝐀𝐬𝒕)𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮ 𝐟𝐲

4. (𝐀𝐬𝐭)𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟔% 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐠. (without overlapping the bar in section)

5. (ALM)NOP 𝑘 4% of AQ = 0.04 ∗ 𝐵. 𝐷 (with overlapping the bar in section)

6. Minimum spacing of longitudinal bar (𝑺𝒍)𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ greater of following:
i. Diameter of the bars, if all diameters are same.
ii. Diameter of the larger bar, if the diameter are unequal.
iii. Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate + 5 mm.
8. Maximum spacing of longitudinal bar (𝑺𝒍)𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Transverse Reinforcement of RCC Beam(as per IS456-2000

Minimum diameter of the lateral ties should be greater among:

i. (∅𝒕)𝐦𝐢𝐧≮ ∅𝒍𝒍 . (∅𝑙𝑙 is the largest diameter of longitudinal bar)
𝟒
ii. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 , whichever is greater

Maximum pitch of the lateral ties should be greater among:

• 𝑺𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒅 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎, whichever is lesser. (vertical stirrups)

• 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎, whichever is lesser. (inclined stirrups)

Spacing is calculated as following relation:

• (𝐀 𝒔𝒗)𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≥ 𝟎.𝟒V𝑺𝒗 , whichever is lesser. (𝒇𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 )

𝒇𝒔

• Spacing is calculate by using the relation as, 𝑺𝒗 = 𝒇𝒔𝒗 𝑨𝒔𝒗

𝒅 𝑽𝒖𝒔

• 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

• 𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎, mostly used as100mm.

 Shear Stirrups

Modes of Shear Failure:

Three modes of failure occurs:

a. Flexural shear failure in which cracks are mainly vertical in the middle third of the
beam span. It occurs due to maximum bending moment and minimum shear. Angle of
failure plane with horizontal is 900.

b. Diagonal tension shear failure, where the strength of the beam in diagonal tension is
lower than its strength in flexure. It occurs due to maximum shear and minimum
bending moment. Angle of failure plane with horizontal is 450.

c. Diagonal compression shear failure occurs due to excessive shear force and
minimum bending moment near to support. In this failure concrete is in crushing.
 Shear Stirrups of RC Beam:
• Steel bars vertically placed around the tensile reinforcement at suitable
spacing along the length of the beam.
• Free ends of the stirrups are anchored in the compression zone of
the beam to the anchor bars (hanger bar) or the compressive reinforcement.
• Depending upon the magnitude of the shear force to be resisted the vertical
stirrups may be one legged, two legged, four legged Need to use closely
spaced stirrups for better prevention of the dia gonal cracks.
• Spacing of stirrups near the supports is less as compared to spacing near
the mid-span since shear force is maximum at the supports.
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 VERTICAL STRIPPUS

1.When shear reinforcement is provided vertically in the form of

stirrups (rings), it is known as vertical stirrups.

2.The diameter of the steel used for making stirrups varies from 6
mm to 10 mm.
3.Stirrups are bent around the tension reinforcement and the
compression reinforcement in the form of a loop. This reduces
the chances of slippage during tension.

4.The hook forming the free ends of stirrups are always provided
in the compression zone.
5.The magnitude of shear force (V1), to he resisted, decides the
number of legs of stirrups e.g., stirrups can be single legged,
two legged, four legged
1.In case of simply supported beams, the bending moment is
maximum at centre and gradually reduces to zero at the
supports.
2.Tensile reinforcement (longitudinal bars) can be bent up near
the support where they are no longer required to resist the
bending moment. Bars can be bent up at the same cross section
or at different cross sections along the length of the beam.
3.Combination of vertical stirrups and bent up bars is generally
used in case of heavily loaded beams.

Both bent up bars and vertical stirrups are used for resisting the
shear forces or stresses.

4.The bent up bars are inclined at an angle  (generally taken as

45° to the horizontal).
26.5.1.3 Side face reinforcement
Where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm, side face reinforcement shall be
provided along the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1
percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding
300 mm or web thickness whichever is less.

26.5.1.5 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement

The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not
exceed
0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45°, where d is the effective depth of
the section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm.
The minimum spacing of the vertical stirrups to resist shear in beam , in terms of effective
depth is restricted to
(A)D (B) 0.5d (C) 0.75d (D) 3d

The development length in tension in Fe 415 bars when used with M20 grade of concrete is
(A) 68 times the nominal dia. Of bar
(B) 51 times the nominal dia. Of bar
(C) 47 times the nominal dia. Of bar
(D) 78 times the nominal dia. Of bar

Shear reinforcement is provided to resist

(A)Diagonal compression
(B) Diagonal bending
(C) Diagonal tension
(D)None of the above
The main reason for placing of main bar at top in case of cantilever
slab is
a) compression at top
b) load at top
c) tension at top
d) all of the above

In a singly reinforced beam (concrete), as the load increases

a) only concrete will resist tension
b) only steel bars will resist tension
c) both concrete and steel will resist tension
d) both concrete & steel resist compression
In a singly reinforced concrete beam, as the load increases
(a) only concrete will resist tension
(b) only steel bars will resist tension
(c) both concrete and steel will resist tension
(d) both concrete and steel will resist compression

Shear reinforcement is provided in the form of

(a)vertical bars
(b) inclined bars
(c) combination of vertical and inclined bars
(d) any one of these
The centre to concrete spacing of vertical stirrups, in a rectangular beam, is
(a)increased towards centre of the beam
(b) decreased towards centre of the span of the beam
(c) increased at the ends
(d) none of these

The spacing of vertical stirrups in a rectangular beam is

(a)maximum near the supports
(b) minimum near the supports
(c) maximum near the centre
(d) minimum near the centre
In a doubly reinforced beam, steel reinforcement is provided in a
(a) tensile zone
(b) compression zone
(c) either (a) and (b)
(d) both (a) and (b)

A doubly reinforced section is used

(a) when the members are subjected to alternate external loads and the bending moment in the
sections reverses
(b) when the members are subjected to loading eccentric on either side of the axis
(c) when the members are subjected to accidental lateral loads
(d) all of the above
Theory on T-beam

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Theory on T-beam

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Theory on T-beam

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Theory on T-beam

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Theory on T-beam

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MCQ on T-beam

The neutral axis in a T-beam section falls

(a) within the flange
(b) outside the flange
(c) either (a) or (b)
(d) none of these

A T-beam behaves like a rectangular beam of width equal to its flange, if neutral axis
(a) remains outside the flange
(b) remains within the flange
(c) remains below the slab
(d) both (a) and (b)
MCQ on T-beam
The side face reinforcement, if required, in a T-beam will be
(a) 0.1 % of the web area
(b) 0.15 % of the web area
(c) 0.2 % to 0.3 % of the web area depending upon the breadth of the slab
(d) half the longitudinal reinforcement

The effective depth of a T-beam is the distance between the

(a) centre of the flange and the top of the tensile reinforcement
(b) top of the flange and the centre of the tensile reinforcement
(c) bottom of the flange and the centre of the tensile reinforcement
(d) centre of the flange and the bottom of the tensile reinforcement