WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEM IN RAGHUMANDA

VILLAGE
Social Relevant Project Report submitted for partial fulfillment of requirements

for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
Submitted by

Alla Raj Kumar (20335A0101)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. B. Ramu
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
VIZIANAGARAM – 535 005
(Affiliated to JNT University, Kakinada, A.P)

December 2022
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Social Relevant Project entitled “A Social Relevant Project carried in
Raghumanda Village” is the bonafide work carried during the academic year 2022-2023 by
“A. Raj Kumar” under the guidance of Mr. B. Ramu, Assistant Professor is submitted to
the Department of Civil Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering (Autonomous),
Vizianagaram.

HoD – Civil Engineering Project Guide

---------------------------- ----------------------
Dr. P. Markandeya Raju Mr. B. Ramu
Professor Assistant Professor
 CONTENTS

Chapter I
1.1 Introduction about the program …………………………………………………… 1

Chapter II
2.1 Introduction about the village ………………………………………………… 2-11

Chapter III
3.1 Problems faced by village ……………………………………………………….. 12

Chapter IV
4.1 Focus of study ………………………………………………………………... 13-15

Chapter V
5.1 Solution ……………………………………………………………………… 16-21

List of Tables
1. Village Census Data (as per 2011 records) ………………………………………… 3
2. Details regarding available facilities ……………………………………………… 5
3. Workers profile …………………………………………………………………… 6

List of Maps
1. Satellite image of Raghumanda village …………………………………………… 2
2. Satellite image of agricultural fields ………………………………………………. 9

List of Figures
1. Fig. 1.1 & 1.2 Images captured during field visit ………………………………….1
2. Fig. 2.1 Satellite image of Raghumanda village ………………………………… 2
3. Fig. 2.2 Entrance image of Raghumanda village …………………………………. 2
4. Fig. 2.3 Entrance arch …………………………………………………………….. 4
5. Fig. 2.4 Overhead tank …………………………………………………………… 4
6. Fig. 2.5 Government Elementary school ………………………………………… 7
7. Fig. 2.6 ZP High school ………………………………………………………….. 7
8. Fig. 2.7 Amaravathi EM School …………………………………………………. 8
9. Fig. 2.8 & 2.9 Agriculture lands …………………………………………………. 8
10. Fig. 2.10 & 2.11 Satellite images of agriculture lands …………………………. 9
11. Fig. 2.12 Gram Sachivalayam office …………………………………………… 9
12. Fig. 2.13 Benificial schemes from government ………………………………... 10
13. Fig. 2.14 Cottage ………………………………………………………………...11
14. Fig. 2.15 Modern house ………………………………………………………….11
15. Fig. 2.16 Semi detached house …………………………………………………. 11
16. Fig. 3.1 Burning of waste ………………………………………………………..12
17. Fig. 3.2 Drainage problem …………………………………………………….....12
18. Fig. 3.3 Barren lands ……………………………………………………………..12
19. Fig. 3.4 Job scarcity …………………………………………………………..….12
20. Fig. 4.1 Open burning of domestic waste ………………………………………..13
21. Fig. 5.1 Dry waste & wet waste bins ………………………………………….....16
22. Fig. 5.2 Waste collection vehicle ……………………………………………...…16
23. Fig. 5.3 & 5.4 Unsegregated waste …………………………………………...….16
24. Fig. 5.5 Types of domestic waste ……………………………………………...…17
25. Fig. 5.6 Benefits of segregation of waste …………………………………….…. 18
26. Fig. 5.7 Waste segregation ……………………………………………………… 19
 CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE PROGRAM

Social relevant project is a community service project and is part of our academics. We have
been divided into a team of 4 members to carryout this project. As part of this, we have
chosen Raghumanda village for our project. We have made few field visits and gathered
detailed information about the village relating to various aspects which have been mentioned
in this report. We have inquired about available faciliities in the village, living conditions of
the people, their financial status. We have also identified few major problems that they are
facing, which they would like to get resolved.

Fig. 1.1 & 1.2 Images captured during field visit

Out of all the problems that are identified, we have selected individual problem statements
for carrying detailed analysis. We have focused on our areas of study, spent time regarding
this, referred various research journals and finally came up with one best solution for the
problem that we have chosen.
This project helped us to explore more about the village which helped us to acquire life skills
and knowledge. Also helped in acquiring team working spirit and in improving our
communication skills.
 CHAPTER - 2
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE VILLAGE
Location of Study Area : Raghumanda
According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Raghumanda
village is 583202. Raghumanda village is located in Denkada mandal of Vizianagaram district
in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is situated 16km away from sub-district headqua rte r Denkada
(tehsildar office) and 8km away from district headqua rter Vizianagaram. As per 2009 stats,
Raghumanda village is also a gram panchayat. As per the Census Data 2011 there are 906
Femals per 1000 males out of 1647 total population of village. There are 1023 girls per 1000
boys under 6 years of age in the village.

Fig. 2.1 Satellite image of Raghumanda village

Fig. 2.2 Entrance image of Raghumanda village

Village Census Data (as per 2011 records) :
Sl. No. Census Parameter Census Data

1. Village Name Raghumanda

2. Teshil Name Denkada

3. District Name Vizianagaram

4. State Name Andhra Pradesh

5. Total Population 1647

6. Total Area 529 Hectares

7. Total No of Houses 410

8. Total Male Population 864

9. Total Female Population 783

10. 0-6 Age group people 176

11. 0-6 Age group Male Population 87

12. 0-6 Age group Female Population 89

13. Total Literacy rate % 55.9 % ( 921)

14. Female Literacy rate 23.3 % ( 384)

15. Male Literacy rate 537

16. Total Ill-literate rate 726

17. Scheduled Tribes Population % 0.1 % ( 1)

18. Scheduled Caste Population % 13.0 % ( 214)

Fig. 2.3 Entrance arch

Fig. 2.4 Overhead tank

The total geographical area of village is 529 hectares. Raghumanda has a total population of
1,647 peoples, out of which male population is 864 while female population is 783. There are
about 410 houses in raghumanda village. Pincode of raghumanda village locality is 535005.
Vizianagaram is nearest town to raghumanda for all major economic activities, which is
approximately 8km away. Vizianagaram Junction Rail Way Station , Korukonda Rail Way
Station & Nellimarla Rail Way Station are the very nearby railway stations to Raghumanda.
Chintalavalasa Amakam, Chelluru & Malicherla are the nearby Villages to Raghumanda.
Raghumanda is surrounded by Vizianagaram Mandal towards North , Padmanabham Mandal
towards South , Bhoghapuram Mandal towards East , Nellimarla Mandal towards North .

Details regarding available facilities :

Sl. Availability
Basic Facilities Description
No. (Yes/No)
Two Government schools & One
1. Schools Yes
Private school.
Connected with bitumen roads &
2. Roads Yes
partly with kutcha road.
Grameena Vikas Bank, but no ATM
3. Bank & Atm Partial
facility.
Construction of new hospital is in
4. Hospital No progress. Weekly medication camps
were conducted.
5. Anganwadi schools Yes Two Anganwadi’s.
6. Petrol Bunk No NA
7. Restaurants/Hotel No Only Tiffin centres.
8. Waster supply Yes Overhead tank water is supplied daily
9. Transportation Facility Partial Only autos are available.
10. Police station No NA
11. Sports Club No NA
12. Environment Club No NA
13. Rhytu bazar No NA
14. Grama Sachivalayam Yes
15. Library No NA
Workers profile of Raghumanda Village ;
Agriculture is major occupation in this village from past decades. In addition to this, people
are working as workers, cultivators, labourers, marginal workers, household industries etc.
Total working population of Raghumanda is 667 which are either main or marginal workers.
Total workers in the village are 667 out of which 511 are male and 156 are female. Total
main workers are 571 out of which male main workers are 499 and female main workers are
72. Total marginal workers of village are 96.

Sl.No. Workers Profile Male Female Total

1. Main workers 499 72 571

2. Main workers cultivators 84 7 91

3. Agriculture labourer 80 37 117

4. Household industries 18 0 18

5. Other workers 317 28 345

6. Marginal workers 12 84 96

7. Non-workers persons 353 627 980

8. Total Workers 511 156 667

Educational Institutions :
Out of total poplation, total 921 people in Raghumanda Village are literate, among them 537
are male and 384 are female in the village. Total literacy rate of of Raghumanda is 62.61%,
for male literacy is 69.11% and for female literacy rate is 55.33%. There are 3 schools in
Raghumanda village. They are Government Elementary School, ZP High School and
Amaravathi English Medium School as shown below. MVGR College of Engineering is the
nearest Engineering college to this village which is 3.6 km far.

Fig. 2.5 Government Elementary school

Fig. 2.6 ZP High school

 Fig. 2.7 Amaravathi EM School

Agriculture Details :
 Type of Crop Grown : Paddy Crop (Vari).
 Sources of water : Gudigundam, Pedha cheruvu & Kothagundam.
 Quality of water : Suitable for cultivation.

Agriculture is major occupation for the people in this village. Most of the families relay on
this. But at times of less rainfall, cultivation is stopped due to lack of availability of sufficient
quantity of water from available sources. Paddy which is a kharif crop is sown in rainy
season every year in this village. Crop yielding is good.

Fig. 2.8 & 2.9 Agriculture lands

 Fig. 2.10 & 2.11 Satellite images of agriculture lands
Government Buildings :
1. Gram Sachivalayam office.
2. VRO office.
3. Grameena Vikas Bank.
4. Anganwadi school.

Fig. 2.12 Gram Sachivalayam office

Benefits from the government :
There are several schemes launched by the government of India this year. These programs
help in the social and economic welfare of the nation. All Schemes of the Government of
India are launched to solve many social and economic problems that are faced by the citizens.
In 2022 several schemes are launched and several old schemes are re-launched with extended
years of the policy. Government launches many schemes and programs every year to address
the concern of citizens over issues faced by them. The central and state government invests
the required amount for the commencement of the scheme and program.

Some of the benefits thar are received by people of this village include,

 YSR Raithu Bharosa.

 Arogyasri.
 Ammavodi.
 YSR colonies (Housing for poor).
 Pensions.

Fig. 2.13 Beneficial schemes from gov.

Additional information :
Hinduism is major religion and Telugu is the Mother tongue language in this village. Toilet
facility is available for almost all the houses and are well utilized. Gas cylinders and
traditional stoves are used for cooking.
For drinking water, overhead tank water, bore water & mineral water are used based on their
preferences. Electricity facility is available, but there is frequent power cuts. There are no
sports clubs, Rhytu bazars, Police station in this village.
Types of houses :

Fig. 2.14 Cottage Fig. 2.15 Modern house

Fig. 2.16 Semi-detached house

 CHAPTER - 3
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE VILLAGE

1. Open burning of domestic waste without proper disposal.

2. Improper maintenance of drainage system.

3. Insufficient water for cultivation, at times of less rainfall.
4. Disturbance due to mosquitoes & dogs.
5. Electricity & Signal problems.
6. Job Scarcity.

Fig. 3.1 Burning of waste Fig. 3.2 Drainage problem

Fig. 3.3 Barren lands Fig. 3.4 Job scarcity

 CHAPTER - 4
FOCUS OF STUDY

PROBLEM STATEMENT : ASSESSMENT ON EFFECTS OF OPEN

BURNING OF DOMESTIC WASTE

Fig. 4.1 Open burning of domestic waste

During our field visit, we have observed that all the household waste is being collected at a
place and burnt openly. Some people are burning the waste beside their houses and
surroundings. No proper disposal method is being followed. They were not aware of the
severity and consequences that have to be faced because of this open burning of waste. This
has resulted in release of harmful substances into the atmosphere.

Open burning :
Open burning refers to burning garbage in barrels, open pits, outdoor furnaces, wood stoves,
or fireplaces without proper disposal of waste.
Open burning of domestic waste:
Open burning of garbage is much more harmful to your health and the environment. Open
burning is performed by many people worldwide, especially in developing countries. Even
seemingly harmless materials like paper, cardboard, yard waste, and construction debris,
releases a hazardous mixture of cancer-causing compounds and other toxic substances when
open-burned.

Proper municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a critical issue in many developing
countries. Community awareness, habits, household collection services, and other related
factors are becoming essential to its management syste m. Open burning, waste dumping in
waterways, and other uncontrolled waste management practices are still problems being faced
when waste services are not present. These problems are strategically discussed in the local
community to fulfill sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, the local government
and community’s lack of discipline and commitment cause many strategic actions to go
slowly and become ineffective.

Causes of open burning :

 Human negligence due to lack of awareness on ill-effects of open burning of domestic
waste.
 Improperly maintained waste management systems such as municipalities.

 It is easier than hauling it to the local disposal site.

 To avoid paying for regular waste collection service.

Effects of open burning :

1. Emission of smoke :
Open burning of garbage poses health risks to those exposed directly to the smoke. It
especially affects people with sensitive respiratory systems, as well as children and the
elderly.
In the short term, exposure to smoke can cause headaches, nausea, and rashes. Over time, it
can increase the risk of developing heart disease.
Some of the pollutants contained in the smoke from open burning of garbage can include:

 Dioxins
 Furans
 Arsenic
  Mercury
 PCBs
 Lead
 Carbon monoxide
 Nitrogen oxides

 Sulphur oxides
 Hydrochloric acid
Some of these pollutants can also end up in the ash that is left behind from open burning of
garbage.

2. Severe health effects :

One of the greatest concerns with open burning of garbage is the health risks posed by the
release of dioxins and furans into the environment. Exposure to dioxins and furans has been
linked to:

 Certain types of cancers.

 Liver problems.
 Impairment of the immune system, the endocrine system, and reproductive functions.
 Eye irritation & breathing difficulties.
 Effects on the developing nervous system and other developmental events.

3. Environmental effects :
Since open burning of garbage is more common in rural and agricultural areas, there is
particular concern for high levels of dioxins and furans settling on crops, in our streams, and
in our lakes. Dioxins and furans produced by the open burning of garbage are deposited on
plants, which are eaten by animals. The dioxins and furans are absorbed by these animals and
stay in the food chain until they ultimately end up in our meat and dairy products. In fact,
over 90 percent of our intake of dioxins and furans is from our diet.
 CHAPTER - 5
SOLUTION
Awareness on importance of segregation of waste at household level
Creating awareness on importance of segregation of domestic waste at household level for
ensuring proper disposal of waste is chosen to be the best solution to tackle this problem of
burning waste.

Fig. 5.1 Dry waste & wet waste bins Fig. 5.2 Waste collection vehicle

Segregation of waste :
Segregation of waste refers to practice of separating waste into two forms i.e. into wet waste
and dry waste. This segregation is essential because it makes the task of recycling dry non-
biodegradable waste easier. It also simplifies the conversion of wet waste like leftover food,
used tea leaves, etc. to compost. If waste is not separated or segregated properly, it all gets
mixed up in landfills.

Fig. 5.3 & 5.4 Unsegregated waste

Types of domestic waste :
1. Dry waste :
Dry waste consists of waste that does not decay. It is also known as waste which cannot be
biodegradable. Dry waste consists of paper, glass, thermocol, Styrofoam, rubber, metal, cloth,
empty bottles, stationery, etc. and can be recycled into new products further. Before
segregating, sharp materials like glass and other metals shall be kept in a separate
bag/container. Dry waste is the kind of waste which is not biodegradable. Hence wet waste
can be converted and recycled into new products and reused further.
2. Wet waste :
Wet waste is all the kitchen waste that we produce i.e. vegetable peels, used tea bags, fruits,
leftovers, coconut shells, flowers, leaves, meat or non- veg, expired food items, bread,
biscuits, etc. This is organic waste which can be recycled and converted into compost. Most
of the wet waste comes from the kitchen itself. Restaurants, buildings and factories need
efficient wet waste management systems.
3. Sanitary waste :
Sanitary Waste means wastes comprising of used diapers, sanitary towels or napkins,
tampons, condoms, incontinence sheets and any other similar waste.

Fig. 5.5 Types of domestic waste

Advantages of segregation of waste :
 Source segregation reduces the need for secondary segregation, which is capital,
energy and land intensive.
 Waste segregated at source is least likely to be contaminated with other waste types,
and therefore more likely to be recycled. As it is also more likely to be clean, the cost
of pre-treatment before recycling or re-purposed is also reduced. For the above
reasons, waste segregated at source is more attractive to recyclers.
 The treatment or recycling options for different waste types depends on the nature of
waste. More often than not, the processes are cumbersome and expensive. Waste
segregation contributes towards reducing the quantum of waste to be treated or
recycled, thereby reducing cost.
 It also supports decentralized treatment options like community composting units and
dry waste collection centres that are more efficient in waste management.
 Source segregation and recycling results in waste minimization, or lesser waste
reaching landfills. This directly translates into longer life spans of landfills, and
reduced demand for land for new landfills.
 Waste minimization resulting from primary and secondary segregation also translates
into reduced greenhouse-gas emissions from waste dumps and landfills.
 Source segregation reduces the attractiveness of the existing in-human, unhealthy and
hazardous practice of rag pickers rummaging through waste piles to salvage seal-able
waste items.

Fig. 5.6 Benefits of segregation of waste

Importance of segregation of waste :
Waste management is one of the most crucial problems our country is facing right now. India
produces 62 million tonnes of waste each year and households are responsible for most of
this colossal number. When we segregate waste, there is not only a reductio n of waste that
gets land filled, it also further reduces pollution levels by lowering the percentage of garbage
exposed to air and water. Wet waste and Dry waste segregation is necessary for every
individual because it will help us keep our environment po llution free and also keep the
environment healthy. These segregated wastes can be reused and especially plastic waste can
be recycled into new products and plastic granules.

 Minimizes health risks.

 Makes the job easier for waste collectors.

 Minimizes dumping & Promotes recycling.

 Beneficial for upcoming generations.

Fig. 5.7 Waste segregation

Procedure to segregate the waste :
Before understanding how we can separate waste in our homes, it is essential to know the
difference between wet waste and dry waste. Wet waste is all the kitchen waste that we
produce. This can include vegetable peels, used tea, fruits, leftovers, etc. This is
biodegradable organic waste that can also be composted. Dry waste comprises paper, glass,
plastic, cardboard, Styrofoam, rubber, metal, food packaging material, etc. Even milk cartons
and packets go into a dry waste bin. Dry waste is recyclable but will be rejected if it is
contaminated or soiled.

 Label and keep two separate containers, one for wet waste and the other for dry waste.
You may also use two different colors it will help you differentiate quickly.

 Keep two bags for dry waste collection, one for plastics and paper and the other for
the rest of the household waste.

 Dispose sanitary waste in a paper bag. Diapers (adults and babies), synthetic sanitary
napkins and hygiene-related products are classified as sanitary waste.

 Keep plastic waste from the kitchen clean and dry before you drop it into the dry
waste bin. Keep glass/plastic containers rinsed of food matter.

 Wet waste should be sent out for composting daily. Try sending dry waste for
recycling once every week.
 CONCLUSION

Hence by creating awareness on importance of segregation of domestic waste at household

level helps in reducing all the consequences that may arise because of open burning of
domestic waste. This in turn results in efficient management of waste. Making people of the
village aware of this makes them realize their role & responsibility towards the nature and
society. Making them segregating the waste before disposal makes the management process
easier and reduce severe health problems that may occur.
References :
 2011 Census of India.

 Satellite images downloaded from google maps.

 A comprehensive review of domestic-open waste burning: recent trends, methodology

comparison, and factors assessment.

 Environment Canada and Environics Research Group (2001) Household garbage

disposal andburning: Ontario survey, Toronto.

 Lemieux, P. M. (1997) Evaluation of emissions from the open burning of household

waste in barrels,EPA-600/R-97-134a, US Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington DC.

 Christopher Neurath, Work on Waste, 82 Judson St., Canton NY 13617. Open

burning of domestic wastes: The single largest source of dioxin to air?.

 Park, Y.K., Kim, W. and Jo, Y.M. (2013). Release of Harmful Air Pollutants from
Open Burning of Domestic Municipal Solid Wastes in a Metropolitan Area of Korea.
Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13: 1365-1372.