701 Directed - Numbers.and - Number.Line

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line

1.1 Concept of Directed Number


1
In primary school, we learnt math involving zero (0) and positive numbers (e.g. 1, 1.5, 50%, 1 3…).

And then in secondary school, the concept of negative numbers is introduced.

Directed number is a number that carries a positive sign “+” or a negative sign “–”.
Directed number includes positive number and negative number.

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Positive numbers such as 2, 3.5, and indicate Negative number such as –1, –2.5, and –
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numbers that are greater than zero. indicate numbers that are less than zero.

For example, For example,


2 is greater than 0 and 2.5 is greater than 0. –2 is less than 0 and –2.5 is less than 0.
i.e. 2 > 0, 2.5 > 0 i.e. –2 < 0, –2.5 < 0

In real life, we experience many examples on directed numbers.


We will first choose one direction as positive, and the opposite direction as negative.

For example,
1. Take the right direction as positive.
Tommy walking toward the right 800m can be represented by +800m.
Maggie traveling toward the left 400m can be represented by –400m.

2. Take north as positive.


Ship A sailing toward north 5km can be represented by +5km.
Ship B sailing toward south 3.5km can be represented by –3.5km.

3. Take depositing money into an account as positive.


Alex depositing $550 into the account can be represented by +$550.
Mary withdrawing $550 from the account can be represented by –$550.

Notes: 0 is neither a positive number nor a negative number. Zero can neither be written as
“+𝟎” nor “−𝟎”

701_Directed.Numbers.and.Number.Line.docx _1
701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
Try these
1. If +15% represents 15% gain in an 2. If −5kg represents the reduction of 5kg in
investment, what does −12.5% mean? weight, what does +1.25kg mean?

1.2 Number Line


A number line may be used when adding or subtracting numbers. All positive numbers, negative
numbers, and zero (note: zero is neither positive nor negative. ) can be represented by any points on a
number line.

Horizontal Number Line


The directed numbers are arranged in ascending order from left to right on the number line. When
the number is positioned more to the left, the number is smaller in value. Otherwise if it is positioned
more to the right, the number is larger in value.

Negative Direction Origin Positive Direction

Origin: The origin is the position of 0.


Positive direction: Any numbers on the right side of „0‟ are positive.
Negative direction: Any numbers on the left side of „0‟ are negative.

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
Vertical Number Line

Positive
Direction

Origin

Negative
Direction

Origin: The origin is the position of „0‟.


Positive direction: Any numbers above „0‟ are positive.
Negative direction: Any numbers below of „0‟ are negative.
Notes: The higher the number, the larger the number in value.

Comparing the value of numbers on the number line


On a horizontal number line, the number on the left is less than the number on the right.

D is obviously the smallest since it is on the left side of every other letters.
C is the largest since it is on the right side of every other letters.
Therefore the ascending order of the letters is D < A < B < C.

Try these
1. Label the following numbers on the number line, and then arrange them in ascending order.
1, −2, −3.5, 1.5, 0

Ans: < < < <

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
2. Determine the value of the following variables on the number line. Arrange the set of variables in
descending order.

Ans: _______________

1.3 Addition and Subtraction of Directed Numbers


A. Using the Number Line

Addition of Directed Numbers


When adding a positive number, move right to the corresponding value.
E.g. +3 + (+5)

5 Steps to right

When adding a negative number, move left to the corresponding value.

E.g. +2 + (−3)
5 steps to left 3 Steps to left

Subtraction of Directed Numbers


When subtracting a positive number, move left to the corresponding value.
E.g. +3 − (+5)

5 steps to left

When subtracting a negative number, move right to the corresponding value.

E.g. +2 − (−4)
4 Steps to right

701_Directed.Numbers.and.Number.Line.docx _4
701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
Try these
With the help of a number line, evaluate the value of the following expressions.
a) +5 + (−7)

b) −3 − (−5)

c) +2 − (+4)

1.3B Addition and Subtraction of Directed Numbers


Addition and Subtraction Rules for Directed Number

+ (+A) = +A + (–A) = –A

– (+A) = –A – (–A) = +A

E.g. (+2) + (–4) = 2 – 4 = –2 E.g. (+2) – (–4) = 2 + 4 = 6


Important Note
When removing the brackets, student can focus on the sign in front of the open bracket.
For instance, if the “+” sign is in front of the open bracket, then there is no need to change the sign
inside the brackets when removing the brackets.

E.g. (2) + (3 – 8 + 7)
Concept of Removing Brackets. Steps
Step 1 Note that the sign in front of the brackets is “+”. (2) + (3 – 8 + 7)
Step 2 Remove the brackets without changing the sign of 2+3–8+7
numbers inside the brackets.
The first bracket without any sign in front of it is
considered as having “+” sign in front of it.
Step 3 The terms in the expression can be rearranged so 2+3+7–8
that the addition is performed first.
Step 4 Evaluate the expression from left to right 2+3+7–8
accordingly. = 12 – 8
=4

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
If the sign in front of the open bracket is “−”, then change the sign from “+” to “−“ or from “−” to
“+” when removing the brackets.
E.g. (5) – (6 – 13 + 8)

Concept of Removing Brackets. Steps


Step 1 Note that the sign in front of the second (5) – (6 – 13 + 8)
bracket is “−”
Step 2 Remove the second bracket and change the 5 – 6 + 13 – 8
sign of numbers in it.
Step 3 The terms in the expression can be rearranged 5 + 13 – 6 – 8
so that the addition is performed first.
Step 4 Evaluate the expression from left to right 5 + 13 – 6 – 8
accordingly. = 18 – 8 – 6
= 10 – 6
=4

E.g. Calculate –3 – [–2 – (3 – 7)]


–3 – [–2 – (3 – 7)]
= –3 – (–2 – 3 + 7)  Removing the brackets – (3 – 7) = –3 + 7
= –3 + 2 + 3 – 7  Removing the brackets – (–2 – 3 + 7) = +2 + 3 – 7
=3+2–3–7  Student can rearrange the terms by doing addition, then subtraction
=5–3–7
=2–7
= –5
_____________________________________________________________________________
Try these
a. 6–8 b. –3 + 11

c. –1 – 4 d. –2 + 5 – 6

e. 5.3 – 20.4 f. – 27 + 22

g. 6.9 + 5.1 – 9.3 h. –8 – 3 + 1

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
i. (+13) + (–9) j. (–4) + (–3)

k. (+12) + (–10) –(–8) l. 1– (–4) + (–7)

m. –7 – (–2) +(–8.3) n. (–8) – (–8) + (–7.2)

o. –5 – [–2 + (–3 + 6)] p. [–2 – (–5.3 + 7.2)] – (2.7 – 3.8)

1.4 Multiplication and Division of Directed Numbers

Rules of Multiplication Examples Rules of Division Examples

( a) a (10)
+𝑎 × +𝑏 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 +3 +4 = +12   2
( b) b (5)

( a) a (10)
+𝑎 × −𝑏 = −𝑎 × 𝑏 +3 −4 = −12   2
(b) b (5)

(a) a (10)
−𝑎 × +𝑏 = −𝑎 × 𝑏 −3 +4 = −12   2
( b) b (5)

(a ) a (10)
−𝑎 × −𝑏 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 −3 −4 = +12   2
(b) b (5)

Important Note
In practice, we can evaluate the product or quotient of directed numbers by looking at these two things
1) The sign of the product or quotient
2) The value of the product or quotient

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
1) Figuring out the sign of product and quotient
In multiplication and division, the number of negative signs can tell us the sign of the product or
quotient.

If there are odd number of negative sign in the multiplication, the sign of the product will be „−‟.
Meanwhile, if there are even number of negative sign in the multiplication, the sign of the product will
be „+‟.

No. of Negative Sign Sign of product/Quotient


Odd (ie. 1, 3, 5, 7, …) −
Even (ie. 2, 4, 6, 8, …) +

For example in the expression −2 +3 (−3), there are 2 negative signs in the multiplication.
Therefore the sign of the product is “+”.
−2
There are 3 negative signs in ÷ (−4) × (−1.5), therefore the sign of the product is “−”.

2) Finding the value of product/quotient

When evaluating the value of product and quotient, you can ignore the sign first by treating all
numbers as positive and then attach the “−” sign if necessary. For example when calculating
−2 +3 −3 , you can just multiply 2 × 3 × 3 = 18.
And then combine the sign and the value of the product, −2 +3 −3 = 18.

Example, Calculate −3 +2 −4 (−2)


Step 1: The number of negative sign is 3, so the sign of product is “−”.
Step 2: The value of the product = 3 × 2 × 4 × 2 = 48
Then combine the sign and the value, −3 +2 −4 −2 = −48
Example No. of “−” Sign Sign of product Value Answer
(–2)(+3)(+3) 1 – (2)(3)(3)=18 –18

(2)(3) (2)(3)
2 + 3 +3
(2) (2)

(2) (2) 1 1
3 –  
(3)(2) (3)(2) 3 3

(2)(3) (2)(3) 3 3
4 +  
(1)(4) (1)(4) 2 2

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
Try These
1. Calculate the following expressions.
a. +3 × −2 b. 4 × −4

c. −9 × −5 d. −4 × −2

e. 80 ÷ −10 f. −216 ÷ −4

g. +7 ÷ 2 × (−6) h. −7 ÷ 2 × (−6)

i. + 7 2 ÷ − 2 3 × −6 j. −7.5 ÷ 3 × −6 − 4

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
k. 4 1 l.
− + ÷ 5 − −3 − 2 3 5
3 2 − ÷ − + −1 − −3 − 6
2 4

Challenge
1. Calculate the following expressions.
a) −2.3 + 1.4 ÷ 3.3 − −1.2 b) 1 2 1
−2 −0.25 −12 ÷ − −
3 3 −4

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701 Directed Numbers & Number Line
c) 2 2 d) −0.5 −5 + −3.5 + −27 ÷ −6
−3 − 10 ÷ −2 −
5 3

e) 2 5
− −5 + + −81 ÷ −3 + −2 −3.5
3 4

701_Directed.Numbers.and.Number.Line.docx _11

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