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Introduction
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Definite Proportions (Law of Definite
Compositions)
Law of Multiple Proportions
Gay-Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes (Law of
Combining Volumes)
Avogadro’s Law
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I would like to thank my chemistry teacher, Mrs. Pratima Tiwari
Dubey mam for guiding me throughout this project work. I should
also thank our lab assistant who helped me with practical work.
A special acknowledgement goes to our principal G.S Pandey sir who
gave me the golden opportunity of this wonderful project, which also
helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things.
I wish to thank my parents as well for their support and
encouragement without which I could not have completed this
project in the time frame.
In the end, I want to thank my friends who displayed appreciation for
my work and motivated me to continue my work.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Charul Sahu ,a student of Class XI
SCIENCE, has successfully completed the research on the
below mentioned project under the guidance of Mrs. Pratima
Tiwari Dubey mam during the year 2023-24 in partial
fulfilment of chemistry practical examination conducted by
CBSE, NEW DELHI.
Sign of internal examiner Sign of external examiner
INTRODUCTION
The laws of chemical combination are fundamental principles that
describe how different elements and compounds react and combine
with each other in chemical reactions.
Law of Conservation of Mass
This law was put forth by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789.Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
was a meticulous experimenter, revolutionized chemistry. He established the
law of conservation of mass, determined that combustion and respiration are
caused by chemical reactions with what he named “oxygen,” and helped
systematize chemical nomenclature, among many other accomplishments.
According to the law of conservation of mass, sum of the masses of reactants is
always equal to the sum of the masses of products formed during the reaction.
This implies, in a closed system the mass of the elements involved initially in a
chemical reaction is equal to the mass of the product obtained by the
reaction. Hence, for any type of chemical reaction, the total mass of the
reactants and the products involved is conserved. This concept of
conservation of mass is widely used, not only in chemistry but in other fields
like mechanics, dynamics, etc.
Some examples are:-
Formation of Water
Formation of Carbon Dioxide
Limitation of Law of Conservation of Mass
A nuclear reaction produces an imbalance between the mass of the reactants
and the mass of the products because some of the mass is transformed
into energy.
Law of Definite Proportions (Law of Definite
Compositions)
This law was proposed by the French chemist Joseph Proust in the year of
1794. Joseph Louis Proust was a French chemist. He was best known for his
discovery of the law of definite proportions in 1794, stating that chemical
compounds always combine in constant proportions.
The law was experimentally proved by following examples:
1. Naturally occurring pure sample of copper carbonate or cupric carbonate
contains 51.35% of copper, 38.91% of carbon and 9.74% of oxygen. Later, a
pure sample of cupric carbonate was synthesized in laboratory and was found
that the percentage by weight of copper, carbon and oxygen were exactly
identical to that of sample of naturally occurring sample of cupric carbonate.
2. This law was further supported by different samples of pure water. It was
observed that irrespective of sources of water it contained 88.81% oxygen
and 11.19% hydrogen by weight.
3. The pure samples of sugar obtained 51.4% oxygen, 42.1 % carbon and 6.5 %
hydrogen by weight.
Law of Multiple Proportions
The law was proposed by British scientist John Dalton, in 1803. John Dalton FRS
was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist.
The law of multiple proportions states that if two elements form more than
one compound, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which
combine with a fixed mass of the first element will always be ratios of small
whole numbers. This law is also known as Dalton's Law, named after John
Dalton.
Example: 1
Carbon reacts chemically with oxygen forming two compounds carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous combustible gas. While carbon
dioxide is non-poisonous, non combustible gas. On analysis it was found that, 1g of
carbon reacts with 1.33 g of oxygen to form carbon monoxide and 1 g of carbon
reacts with 2.66 g of oxygen to yield carbon dioxide. Hence the ratio of weights of
oxygen to that of carbon for two compounds are,
Therefore the ratio of masses of oxygen that combine with the same mass of carbon
is 2 : 1.
2. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form two compounds water and hydrogen
peroxide. On analysis it is found that water (H2O) contains 2g of hydrogen and 16g of
oxygen.
3. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contains 2g of hydrogen and 32g of oxygen.
Hence the masses of oxygen 16g and 32g which combine with a fixed mass of
hydrogen (2g) bear a simple ratio, i.e., 16:32 or 1:2.
Gay-Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes (Law of
Combining Volumes)
This law was given by Gay-Lussac in 1808. He investigated a large number of
chemical reactions occurring in gases.
According to his law, when gases react together, they always do so in volumes
which bear a simple ratio to one another and to the volumes of the products, if
these are also gases, provided all measurements of volumes are performed
under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.
Consider the following illustrations.
When gases react together to produce gaseous products, the volumes of
reactants and products bear a simple whole number ratio with each other,
provided volumes are measured at same temperature and pressure.
Example 1:
Under identical conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes, say 1
litre i.e., 1L of each hydrogen and chlorine gases react together to produce
double the volume, 2L of hydrogen chloride gas.
Thus, the ratio of volumes is 1 : 1 : 2.
Example 2: Under identical conditions of temperature and pressure 2l of hydrogen
gas reacts with 1L of oxygen gas to produce 2L of steam (water vapour).
Thus, the ratio of volumes is 2 : 1 : 2.
Example 3: Under identical conditions of temperature and pressure 1L of nitrogen
gas reacts with 3L of hydrogen to produce 2L of ammonia gas.
Here the ratio of volumes is 1 : 3 : 2.
Conclusion: All examples cited above indicate that during gaseous reaction, gaseous
reactants and products bear a simple ratio of whole number of volumes with each
other.
Gay-Lussac’s law was explained in detail by Avogadro in 1811.
Avogadro’s Law
In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure should contain equal number of molecules.
According to Avogadro’s law Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
The distinction between atoms and molecules was made quite
understandable by Avogadro.
Let us again consider the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce water. We
see that two volumes of hydrogen combine with one volume of oxygen to give
two volumes of water without leaving any unreacted oxygen.
In the figure, each box contains equal number of molecules. In fact, Avogadro
could explain the above result by considering the molecules to be polyatomic; for
example, the diatomic molecules such as hydrogen and oxygen.
Avogadro’s proposal was published in the French Journal de Physique. Despite
being correct, it did not gain much support.
However, Dalton and others believed at that time that atoms of the same kind
cannot combine and molecules of oxygen or hydrogen containing two atoms do
not exist.
After about 50 years, in 1860, at a meeting held in Germany, Stanislao Cannizzaro
presented a sketch of a course of chemical philosophy which emphasised the
importance of Avogadro’s work.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
o www.brainkart.com
o www.embibe.com
o Wikipedia